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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kQc3LTZPLH4cQY4qfjzWFZF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ades&#227;o &#224; Vacina Contra Influenza em Pessoas Idosas &#8211; Reflex&#245;es e Perspectivas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0508-0818</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luchesi</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Moretti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Bruna Moretti Luchesi</bold> &#8226; UFMS &#8211; Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de &#8211;- Cidade Universit&#225;ria - Av. Costa e Silva. CEP <postal-code>79070-900</postal-code>. Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>bruna.luchesi@ufms.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250210</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cobertura Vacinal</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Vacinas contra Influenza</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A vacina&#231;&#227;o contra influenza no Brasil foi implantada em 1999 com o objetivo de vacinar pelo menos 70% da popula&#231;&#227;o com 65 anos ou mais. Em 2000, a idade baixou para 60 anos; em 2010, novos grupos de risco foram inclu&#237;dos como eleg&#237;veis a receber a vacina; em 2008 a meta de vacina&#231;&#227;o subiu para 80%; e em 2017 para 90%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a qual se mant&#233;m at&#233; os dias atuais.</p>
    <p>As pessoas idosas s&#227;o consideradas um grupo de risco para vacina&#231;&#227;o por apresentarem maior suscetibilidade a doen&#231;as graves e complica&#231;&#245;es da influenza.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Dentro desse grupo, aqueles que possuem comorbidades cardiovasculares s&#227;o ainda mais vulner&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dados do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es do Programa Nacional de Imuniza&#231;&#245;es indicam que a meta vacinal de 90% foi atingida no grupo de pessoas idosas de 2016 a 2019; e que, em 2020, a cobertura vacinal chegou a 120,7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, a partir de 2021, os dados mostraram uma queda na cobertura vacinal para influenza nesse grupo, chegando a 70,9% e continuando a cair nos anos seguintes: 2022 (70,2%), 2023 (63,3%) e 2024 (48,7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Assim, evid&#234;ncias atuais sobre a ades&#227;o vacinal e motivos para n&#227;o ades&#227;o se mostram necess&#225;rias em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Aguilar et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> teve como objetivo analisar a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o contra influenza em pessoas idosas com comorbidades cardiovasculares, utilizando dados de 5.296 indiv&#237;duos, coletados na segunda onda do projeto ELSI-Brasil (2019-2021).</p>
    <p>Trata-se de uma investiga&#231;&#227;o com amostra grande e representativa, que identificou cobertura vacinal de 76,6% entre os participantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A m&#233;dia de cobertura vacinal entre 2019 e 2021 no Brasil foi 96,99%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> indicando que os resultados encontrados est&#227;o abaixo da cobertura vacinal do pa&#237;s. Um dos motivos para essa inconsist&#234;ncia pode ser a superestima&#231;&#227;o das coberturas vacinais, que aconteceu at&#233; o ano de 2020, devido &#224; desatualiza&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de pessoas idosas utilizadas no denominador do c&#225;lculo da cobertura, como j&#225; reconhecido anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o fato de o estudo incluir apenas pessoas idosas com comorbidades cardiovasculares pode ser um fator importante, j&#225; publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores mostram que ter comorbidades pode ou n&#227;o aumentar a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina contra influenza.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entre os fatores associados a uma maior ades&#227;o &#224; vacina, foram elencados maior idade, estar casado ou vivendo com companheiro, fazer uso de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de privados e ter autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de boa ou excelente. J&#225; os fatores ser da etnia negra, consumir &#225;lcool mais de uma vez ao m&#234;s, ser tabagista e praticar atividades f&#237;sicas intensas mais de uma vez por semana foram relacionados &#224; menor chance de ades&#227;o &#224; vacina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esses dados s&#227;o consoantes &#224; estudos anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e s&#227;o excelentes ind&#237;cios dos grupos mais vulner&#225;veis &#224; n&#227;o ades&#227;o vacinal, os quais devem ser alvo de interven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m foi conduzida uma an&#225;lise de acordo com cada comorbidade cardiovascular estudada (i.e., hipertens&#227;o, angina, infarto e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). A idade permaneceu significativa para todas as comorbidades. Para hipertens&#227;o, identificou-se tamb&#233;m como fatores etnia preta, consumo de &#225;lcool mais de uma vez ao m&#234;s, tabagismo, pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas intensas mais de uma vez por semana e melhor autopercep&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de. Para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o outro fator significativo foi o tabagismo; e para angina e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, n&#227;o foram identificados fatores adicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Assim, os fatores podem ser diferente em cada grupo de doen&#231;as, indicando a necessidade de uma maior aten&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>O estudo aborda ainda os motivos para n&#227;o ades&#227;o &#224; vacina, com destaque para quest&#245;es pessoais como medo de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas, raramente contrair gripe e contraindica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica; seguidas pelas quest&#245;es contextuais como indisponibilidade da vacina; e quest&#245;es espec&#237;ficas da vacina, como n&#227;o saber que era necess&#225;rio tomar a vacina contra gripe e n&#227;o acreditar que a vacina ofere&#231;a prote&#231;&#227;o contra a doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Alguns motivos chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o e j&#225; haviam sido relatados anterioremente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> como a falta de orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre a necessidade e import&#226;ncia da vacina, evidenciando o papel crucial dos profissionais de sa&#250;de; bem como a indisponibilidade da vacina, que indica a necessidade de uma maior organiza&#231;&#227;o do sistema de sa&#250;de para atender &#224;s demandas.</p>
    <p>As pessoas idosas compreendem um grupo que, no geral, possui baixo letramento em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Por esse motivo os esfor&#231;os para promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, especialmente sobre a quest&#227;o vacinal, nesse grupo, devem ser redobrados. Destaca-se a import&#226;ncia dos profissionais da sa&#250;de no combate &#224;s not&#237;cias falsas sobre a vacina&#231;&#227;o para que a alta cobertura vacinal, observada no pa&#237;s desde o in&#237;cio da campanha at&#233; o ano de 2020, possa ser alcan&#231;ada novamente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> evitando assim que casos graves e &#243;bitos preven&#237;veis causados pelo v&#237;rus influenza ocorram. Estaremos vivenciando mais um ano de queda nas coberturas vacinais contra influenza? Qual &#233; o nosso papel nesse cen&#225;rio?</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Ades&#227;o &#224; Vacina Contra Influenza em Idosos com Comorbidades Cardiovasculares</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250210i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influenza Vaccine Adherence in Older Adults &#8211; Reflections and Perspectives</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0508-0818</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luchesi</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Moretti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Bruna Moretti Luchesi</bold> &#8226; UFMS - Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de &#8211; Cidade Universit&#225;ria &#8211; Av. Costa e Silva. Postal Code <postal-code>79070-900</postal-code>. Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>bruna.luchesi@ufms.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Vaccination Coverage</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Influenza Vaccines</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Influenza vaccination in Brazil was implemented in 1999 with the goal of vaccinating at least 70% of the population aged 65 or over. In 2000, the age limit was lowered to 60 years; in 2010, new risk groups were included as eligible to receive the vaccine; in 2008, the vaccination target was raised to 80%; and in 2017, to 90%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a target that remains to this day.</p>
      <p>Older people are considered a risk group for vaccination because they are more susceptible to serious illnesses and complications from influenza.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Within this group, those with cardiovascular comorbidities are even more vulnerable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Data from the National Immunization Program Information System indicate that the 90% vaccination target was reached in the elderly group from 2016 to 2019 and that, in 2020, vaccination coverage reached 120.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, as of 2021, the data showed a drop in influenza vaccination coverage in this group, reaching 70.9% and continuing to fall in the following years: 2022 (70.2%), 2023 (63.3%) and 2024 (48.7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Thus, current evidence on vaccination adherence and reasons for non-adherence is necessary in our country.</p>
      <p>The study by Aguilar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> aimed to analyze adherence to influenza vaccination in older adults with cardiovascular comorbidities, using data from 5,296 individuals collected in the second wave of the ELSI-Brazil project (2019-2021).</p>
      <p>This is a study with a large and representative sample, which identified vaccination coverage of 76.6% among participants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The average vaccination coverage between 2019 and 2021 in Brazil was 96.99%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> indicating that the results found are below the country's vaccination coverage. One of the reasons for this inconsistency may be the overestimation of vaccination coverage, which occurred until 2020, due to the outdated number of older adults used in the denominator of the coverage calculation, as previously recognized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In addition, the fact that the study included only older people with cardiovascular comorbidities may be an important factor since previous publications show that having comorbidities may or may not increase adherence to the influenza vaccine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Factors associated with greater vaccine adherence included being older, being married or living with a partner, using private health services, and having a self-perceived good or excellent health. Factors such as being black, consuming alcohol more than once a month, being a smoker, and engaging in intense physical activity more than once a week were associated with a lower chance of vaccine adherence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> These data are consistent with previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> They are excellent indicators of the groups most vulnerable to vaccine non-adherence and which interventions should target.</p>
      <p>In addition, an analysis was also conducted according to each cardiovascular comorbidity studied (i.e., hypertension, angina, infarction, and heart failure). Age remained significant for all comorbidities. For hypertension, black ethnicity, alcohol consumption more than once a month, smoking, intense physical activity more than once a week, and better self-perception of health were also identified as factors. For heart failure, the other significant factor was smoking, and for angina and myocardial infarction, no additional factors were identified.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Thus, the factors may be different in each group of diseases, indicating the need for greater attention from health professionals.</p>
      <p>The study also addresses the reasons for non-adherence to the vaccine, highlighting personal issues such as fear of adverse reactions, rarely contracting the flu, and medical contraindication, followed by contextual issues such as unavailability of the vaccine and specific issues related to the vaccine, such as not knowing that it was necessary to take the flu vaccine and not believing that the vaccine offers protection against the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Some reasons are noteworthy and have already been reported previously,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> such as the lack of guidance on the need for and importance of the vaccine, highlighting the crucial role of health professionals, as well as the unavailability of the vaccine, which indicates the need for greater organization of the health system to meet demands.</p>
      <p>Older adults are a group that generally has low health literacy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> For this reason, efforts to promote health, especially regarding vaccination, in this group must be redoubled. It is important to highlight the importance of health professionals in combating fake news about vaccination so that the high vaccination coverage observed in the country from the beginning of the campaign until 2020 can be achieved again,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> thus preventing serious cases and preventable deaths caused by the influenza virus from occurring. Will we be experiencing another year of declining vaccination coverage against influenza? What is our role in this scenario?</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Uptake of Influenza Vaccine among Older Adults with Cardiovascular Comorbidities</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
