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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6v5CKPJxqLGypn37yDJLgzQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250178</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20250178</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de Hipercolesterolemia Familiar em Adolescentes: o Rastreamento Universal &#233; Fundamental</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Fernando Yue Cesena</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Se&#231;&#227;o de Hipertens&#227;o e Tabagismo - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250178</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Programas de Rastreamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; um dist&#250;rbio gen&#233;tico caracterizado pela depura&#231;&#227;o prejudicada de part&#237;culas de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) do plasma para os hepat&#243;citos, resultando em n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol LDL (LDL-C) no plasma e um risco significativamente aumentado de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) prematura. Metan&#225;lises recentes indicam uma preval&#234;ncia de HF de aproximadamente 1 em 310 indiv&#237;duos na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que a HF continua substancialmente subdiagnosticada, e a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos afetados vive com n&#237;veis de LDL-C acima das metas recomendadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da HF &#233; cr&#237;tica para prevenir eventos de DCVA. De uma perspectiva fisiopatol&#243;gica, a aterosclerose se desenvolve devido &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o arterial cumulativa a part&#237;culas LDL elevadas. Tanto a magnitude de part&#237;culas LDL excessivas no plasma quanto a dura&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o relevantes para o desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o da placa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, a HF &#233; particularmente preocupante porque os indiv&#237;duos afetados t&#234;m n&#237;veis muito altos de LDL-C desde o nascimento/inf&#226;ncia. O diagn&#243;stico precoce e consequente conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do problema aumentam a chance de ado&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel a longo prazo. A redu&#231;&#227;o precoce do LDL-C melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, atenua a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose e diminui o risco de eventos coron&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, um subestudo do ERICA, um estudo transversal brasileiro conduzido em 2013&#8211;2014, avalia anormalidades lip&#237;dicas sugestivas de HF em adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos da regi&#227;o metropolitana de Curitiba. Entre 2.383 adolescentes avaliados, 11 (aproximadamente 0,5% ou 1 em 217) apresentaram LDL-C &gt;160 mg/dL ou colesterol n&#227;o-HDL &gt;190 mg/dL. O rastreamento em cascata foi aplicado a parentes de primeiro grau. Nenhum dos 7 alunos avaliados tinha diagn&#243;stico de HF poss&#237;vel ou prov&#225;vel de acordo com a vers&#227;o modificada da <italic>Dutch Lipid Clinic Network</italic> (Dutch MEDPED), enquanto 3 entre 15 parentes de primeiro grau (20%) tinham crit&#233;rios para HF poss&#237;vel ou prov&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es, incluindo a falta de um diagn&#243;stico definitivo de HF por teste gen&#233;tico. Ainda assim, oferece uma oportunidade para discutir aspectos relevantes do diagn&#243;stico de HF na juventude.</p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de adolescentes com crit&#233;rios positivos para HF usando o Dutch MEDPED concorda com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o contra o uso desta pontua&#231;&#227;o para diagnosticar HF em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Esses indiv&#237;duos apresentam com menos frequ&#234;ncia caracter&#237;sticas t&#237;picas da HF, como xantoma tendinoso, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a DCVA cl&#237;nica, um crit&#233;rio no Dutch MEDPED, ocorre tipicamente na vida adulta em indiv&#237;duos com HF heterozig&#243;tica. Portanto, a HF deve ser suspeita em crian&#231;as/adolescentes quando o LDL-C estiver acentuadamente elevado (&gt;190 mg/dL n&#227;o tratado) ou naqueles com LDL-C moderadamente elevado juntamente com hist&#243;rico parental de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria prematura, LDL-C muito elevado ou uma muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica identificada causando HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Testes gen&#233;ticos para variantes causadoras de HF devem ser feitos sempre que poss&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma variante patog&#234;nica indica um risco cardiovascular maior, melhora a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e pode levar ao rastreamento em cascata para identificar parentes afetados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No Brasil, o Hipercol Brasil (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://hipercolbrasil.com.br/o-programa/">https://hipercolbrasil.com.br/o-programa/</ext-link>), um programa de rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata da HF, exemplifica uma iniciativa bem-sucedida para facilitar o diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico da HF mesmo em regi&#245;es distantes de centros especializados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No n&#237;vel comunit&#225;rio, o diagn&#243;stico precoce da HF depende de uma estrat&#233;gia de rastreamento eficaz, o que constitui um forte argumento a favor do rastreamento universal. Neste sentido, a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de HF de 2021 recomenda a realiza&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico para todas as crian&#231;as a partir dos 10 anos ou j&#225; a partir dos 2 anos em situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas (por exemplo, hist&#243;rico parental de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria prematura ou LDL-C muito alto).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A chance de detectar hipercolesterolemia em adolescentes n&#227;o &#233; irris&#243;ria. Uma publica&#231;&#227;o anterior do estudo ERICA mostrou que 25% das adolescentes do sexo feminino e 15% dos do sexo masculino tinham altos n&#237;veis de colesterol total plasm&#225;tico (&#8805;170 mg/dL), enquanto outros 26% das mulheres e 23% dos homens tinham colesterol total entre 150 mg/dL e 169 mg/dL, resultando em uma estimativa de quase 3 milh&#245;es de adolescentes brasileiros com colesterol sangu&#237;neo elevado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A falta de uma estrat&#233;gia estruturada para rastreamento lip&#237;dico universal na pr&#225;tica rotineira representa uma oportunidade perdida para redu&#231;&#227;o precoce do risco cardiovascular por meio de interven&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida e terapias preventivas. Outras barreiras significativas permanecem, incluindo baixa conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre HF, especialmente em crian&#231;as/adolescentes, percep&#231;&#245;es err&#244;neas do paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco cardiovascular e baixa obten&#231;&#227;o da meta de LDL-C em indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Abordar essas quest&#245;es requer uma estrat&#233;gia multifacetada envolvendo ag&#234;ncias governamentais de sa&#250;de, sociedades m&#233;dicas e grupos organizados de pacientes, com programas abrangentes e campanhas educacionais direcionadas a profissionais de sa&#250;de e &#224; comunidade em geral. Essas a&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o essenciais para reduzir efetivamente o impacto da HF e o risco de DCVA associado.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Rastreamento em Cascata em Adolescentes com Altera&#231;&#245;es Lip&#237;dicas Sugestivas de Hipercolesterolemia Familiar: Dados do Estudo ERICA &#8211; Curitiba</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250178i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Detecting Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Adolescents: Universal Screening is Key</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yue Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Fernando Yue Cesena</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Se&#231;&#227;o de Hipertens&#227;o e Tabagismo - Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Mass Screening</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by impaired clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles from plasma to hepatocytes, resulting in elevated plasma LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and a significantly increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Recent meta-analyses indicate an FH prevalence of approximately 1 in 310 individuals in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Importantly, FH remains substantially underdiagnosed, and most affected individuals live with LDL-C levels above recommended targets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Early identification of FH is critical for preventing ASCVD events. From a pathophysiological perspective, atherosclerosis develops due to cumulative arterial exposure to elevated LDL particles. Both the magnitude of excessive LDL particles in plasma and the duration of exposure are relevant for plaque development and progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this regard, FH is of particular concern because affected individuals have very high LDL-C levels since birth/childhood. Early diagnosis and consequent awareness of the problem increase the chance of adopting a healthy lifestyle in the long term. Early LDL-C lowering improves endothelial function, attenuates atherosclerosis progression, and diminishes the risk of coronary events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, a substudy from ERICA, a cross-sectional Brazilian study conducted in 2013&#8211;2014, evaluates lipid abnormalities suggestive of FH in adolescents aged 12&#8211;17 from the Curitiba metropolitan region. Among 2,383 adolescents assessed, 11 (approximately 0.5% or 1 in 217) exhibited LDL-C &gt;160 mg/dL or non-HDL cholesterol &gt;190 mg/dL. Cascade screening was applied to first-degree relatives. None of the 7 students evaluated had a diagnosis of possible or probable FH according to the modified version of the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (Dutch MEDPED), while 3 among 15 first-degree relatives (20%) had criteria for possible or probable FH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The study has limitations, including the lack of a definitive diagnosis of FH by genetic test. Still, it offers an opportunity to discuss relevant aspects of FH diagnosis in the youth.</p>
      <p>The absence of adolescents with positive criteria for FH using the Dutch MEDPED agrees with the recommendation against the use of this score for diagnosing FH in children and adolescents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> These individuals less frequently have typical FH features such as tendon xanthoma compared to adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Furthermore, clinical ASCVD, a criterion in the Dutch MEDPED, typically occurs in adult life in individuals with heterozygous FH. Therefore, FH should be suspected in children/adolescents when the LDL-C is markedly elevated (&gt;190 mg/dL untreated) or in those with moderately elevated LDL-C alongside parental history of premature coronary heart disease, severely elevated LDL-C, or an identified genetic mutation causing FH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Genetic testing for FH-causing variants should be made whenever feasible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Identifying a pathogenic variant indicates a higher cardiovascular risk, improves treatment adherence, and may prompt cascade screening to identify affected relatives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In Brazil, the Hipercol Brasil (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://hipercolbrasil.com.br/o-programa/">https://hipercolbrasil.com.br/o-programa/</ext-link>), an FH cascade genetic screening program, exemplifies a successful initiative to facilitate FH genetic diagnosis even in regions distant from specialized centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At the community level, early diagnosis of FH depends on an effective screening strategy, which constitutes a strong argument in favor of universal screening. Accordingly, the 2021 Update of the Brazilian Guideline for FH recommends lipid profiling for all children starting at age 10 or as early as age 2 in specific situations (e.g., parental history of premature coronary heart disease or very high LDL-C).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The chance of detecting hypercholesterolemia in adolescents is not negligible. A previous report from the ERICA study showed that 25% of female and 15% of male adolescents had high levels of plasma total cholesterol (&#8805;170 mg/dL), while an additional 26% of females and 23% of males had total cholesterol between 150 mg/dL and 169 mg/dL, resulting in an estimate of almost 3 million Brazilian adolescents with elevated blood cholesterol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The lack of a structured strategy for universal lipid screening in routine practice represents a missed opportunity for early cardiovascular risk reduction through lifestyle interventions and preventive therapies. Other significant barriers remain, including low awareness of FH, especially in children/adolescents, patient misperceptions regarding cardiovascular risk, and low LDL-C target achievement in individuals with severe hypercholesterolemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach involving governmental health agencies, medical societies, and organized groups of patients, with comprehensive programs and educational campaigns targeting healthcare professionals and the broader community. These actions are essential to reduce FH burden effectively and associated ASCVD risks.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Cascade Screening in Adolescents with Lipid Disorders Suggestive of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Findings from the ERICA Study in Curitiba</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
