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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Q7BLL9CrjWrTNMjcwd8CkCd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20250150</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250150</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis Ideais de Press&#227;o Arterial: Adeus Curva J, Bem-vindo "Quando Mais Baixo Melhor"</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sommer Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pittsburgh</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pittsburgh</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade de Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Marcio Sommer Bittencourt</bold> &#8226; University of Pittsburgh &#8211; Department of Medicine &#8211; Pittsburgh <postal-code>15261</postal-code> &#8211; EUA E-mail: <email>bittencourtms@upmc.edu</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250150</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Embora a hipertens&#227;o seja um dos fatores de risco mais bem reconhecidos para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, n&#227;o h&#225; n&#237;veis claros e universais de press&#227;o arterial definidos como ideais. Dados originais do estudo de Framingham na d&#233;cada de 1970 sugeriram que n&#227;o havia limite de normalidade para press&#227;o arterial alta, indicando que "quanto menor, melhor", particularmente para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. No entanto, a rean&#225;lise subsequente dos mesmos dados sugere uma associa&#231;&#227;o de curva J entre press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Curiosamente, o padr&#227;o da curva J foi restrito &#224; press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, uma vez que as associa&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica com a mortalidade e os resultados cardiovasculares sempre foram lineares, sem um limite claro, pelo menos para n&#237;veis t&#227;o baixos quanto 90-110<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> mmHg. Com base em tais dados epidemiol&#243;gicos, bem como no conhecimento cl&#237;nico de que n&#237;veis mais baixos de press&#227;o arterial podem causar sintomas, as diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o recomendaram uma defini&#231;&#227;o parcimoniosa de meta de press&#227;o arterial adaptada ao risco individual do paciente. Na d&#233;cada de 1970, a primeira vers&#227;o do tratamento do <italic>Joint National Committee</italic> foi consistentemente indicada apenas com press&#245;es arteriais diast&#243;licas acima de 105 mmHg,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mas desde ent&#227;o, as metas t&#234;m sido progressivamente menores.</p>
    <p>Essa curva J foi reavaliada em v&#225;rios estudos desde ent&#227;o. Uma suban&#225;lise interessante do estudo SPRINT demonstrou que, embora a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica mais baixa esteja associada a um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares, uma redu&#231;&#227;o ainda mais agressiva da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica para a meta do estudo ainda leva a uma redu&#231;&#227;o em eventos cardiovasculares, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis mais baixos de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Outro grande estudo epidemiol&#243;gico demonstrou que, embora a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica baixa esteja associada ao aumento de eventos, o efeito n&#227;o persiste quando ajustado para idade, sexo, fatores de risco e n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Este estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou que o risco aumentado associado &#224; press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica baixa foi explicado principalmente por sua associa&#231;&#227;o com idade avan&#231;ada e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica mais alta. Coletivamente, as evid&#234;ncias indicam que a PA diast&#243;lica baixa n&#227;o causa resultados piores; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos cardiovasculares representa apenas causalidade reversa e efeitos de confus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Com base no conhecimento de que n&#227;o h&#225; aumento de risco com n&#237;veis mais baixos de press&#227;o arterial, v&#225;rios ensaios randomizados recentes avaliaram a efic&#225;cia de metas de press&#227;o arterial mais intensas, geralmente definidas como abaixo de 130/80 mmHg. Este t&#243;pico &#233; o foco de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica no volume atual dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia por Brand&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os nove estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o demonstram consistentemente uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 13 a 17% no risco relativo de eventos cardiovasculares com uma meta de press&#227;o arterial mais rigorosa quando comparada &#224; meta usual de 140/90 mmHg.</p>
    <p>Em conson&#226;ncia com a evid&#234;ncia de que metas de press&#227;o arterial mais baixas reduzem eventos e a evid&#234;ncia consistente documentando aus&#234;ncia de qualquer aumento de risco associada a n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica mais baixos, este manuscrito tamb&#233;m fornece recomenda&#231;&#245;es sociais formais para usar &lt;130/80 mmHg como a meta para o n&#237;vel de press&#227;o arterial na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta em geral, incluindo indiv&#237;duos mais velhos. Reconhecer a seguran&#231;a e o valor de metas de press&#227;o arterial mais baixas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia alinha as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da nossa sociedade com a literatura contempor&#226;nea de outras regi&#245;es, como as publicadas recentemente pela Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia em suas diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora uma abordagem personalizada deva sempre incluir um equil&#237;brio individualizado de riscos e benef&#237;cios do tratamento, o tratamento intenso com o objetivo de n&#237;veis mais baixos de press&#227;o arterial deve sempre ser considerado com uma meta de 130/80 mmHg ou menos, com a no&#231;&#227;o de que a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica baixa n&#227;o deve impedir que se busque esses n&#237;veis, a menos que seja limitado pelos sintomas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica sobre a Efic&#225;cia de Metas Intensivas do Tratamento Anti-Hipertensivo: Recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250150i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ideal Blood Pressure Levels: So Long the J-Curve, Lower is Better</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sommer Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pittsburgh</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade de Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Marcio Sommer Bittencourt</bold> &#8226; University of Pittsburgh &#8211; Department of Medicine &#8211; Pittsburgh <postal-code>15261</postal-code> &#8211; USA E-mail: <email>bittencourtms@upmc.edu</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>While hypertension is one of the most well-recognized risk factors for cardiovascular disease, there are no clear universally accepted ideal blood pressure levels. Original data from the Framingham heart study in the 1970s suggested no normality threshold for high blood pressure, indicating that "the lower, the better", particularly for systolic blood pressure. However, subsequent reanalysis of the same data suggests a J-curve association between diastolic blood pressure and outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Interestingly, the J-curve pattern was restricted to the diastolic blood pressure as the associations of systolic blood pressure with mortality and cardiovascular outcomes have always been linear with no clear threshold at least to levels as low as 90-110<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> mmHg. Based on such epidemiological data as well as clinical knowledge that lower blood pressure levels may cause symptoms, hypertension guidelines have recommended a parsimonious definition of blood pressure target tailored to the individual patient risk. In the 1970s, the first version of the Joint National Committee treatment was only consistently indicated with diastolic blood pressures above 105 mmHg,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> but since then, targets have been progressively lower.</p>
      <p>This J-curve has been reassessed in multiple studies since then. An interesting sub-analysis of the SPRINT trial demonstrated that although lower diastolic blood pressure is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, further aggressive reduction of systolic blood pressure to the study target still leads to a reduction in cardiovascular events, even in individuals with lower diastolic blood pressure levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Another large epidemiologic study demonstrated that while low diastolic blood pressure is associated with increased events, the effect is no longer present once adjusted for age, sex, risk factors, and systolic blood pressure levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This study also demonstrated that the increased risk associated with low diastolic blood pressure was mostly explained by its association with older age and higher systolic blood pressure. Collectively, the evidence indicates that low diastolic BP does not cause worse outcomes; its association with cardiovascular events only represents reverse causation and confounding effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Building on the knowledge that there is no increase in risk with lower blood pressure levels, several recent randomized trials have evaluated the efficacy of more intense blood pressure targets, usually defined as below 130 / 80 mmHg. This topic is the focus of a systematic review in the current volume of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> by Brand&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The nine studies included in the review consistently demonstrate a 13 &#8211; 17% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular events with a more stringent blood pressure target when compared to the usual target of 140/90 mmHg.</p>
      <p>In line with the evidence that lower blood pressure targets reduce events and the consistent evidence documenting no increased risk of lower diastolic blood pressure levels, this manuscript also provides formal societal recommendations to use &lt;130/80 mmHg as the target for blood pressure level in the general adult population, including older individuals. Recognizing the safety and value of lower blood pressure targets by the <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> brings our society's recommendations in line with contemporary literature of other cultures, such as recently published by the European Society of Cardiology in their hypertension guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Although a personalized approach should always include an individualized balance of risk and benefits of treatment, intense treatment with a goal of lower blood pressure levels should always be considered with a goal of 130 / 80 mmHg or lower with the notion that low diastolic blood pressure should not preclude aiming at those levels unless limited by symptoms.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Intensive Antihypertensive Treatment Goals: Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) Recommendation</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
