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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QyFjQfm3bKhnWGNfCmVgnvh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250147</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Do Eletrocardiograma &#224; Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica &#8211; A Busca pelo Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o Reconhecido</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2282-4492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mateus</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vila Real</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>:Pedro Sousa Mateus &#8226; Centro Hospitalar de Tr&#225;s-os-montes e Alto Douro EPE &#8211; Avenida da Noruega Vila Real 5000-508 &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>PSMATEUS@chtmad.min-saude.pt</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250147</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Imageamento por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>No artigo &#8220;Detec&#231;&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pelo eletrocardiograma: valida&#231;&#227;o pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> os autores analisam de forma sistem&#225;tica e completa a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas no eletrocardiograma (ECG) e o realce tardio com padr&#227;o isqu&#234;mico na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM). S&#227;o apresentados dados muito relevantes sobre o desempenho diagn&#243;stico do ECG na detec&#231;&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), expandindo as evid&#234;ncias acumuladas em estudos anteriores.</p>
    <p>Os autores estudaram dois grupos de pacientes: um composto por pacientes com hist&#243;rico documentado de IM e o outro selecionado entre pacientes diab&#233;ticos sem anormalidades card&#237;acas significativas na RM.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo destacam a sensibilidade moderada do ECG no diagn&#243;stico de IM, em conson&#226;ncia com o estudo de Jaarsma et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> mas notavelmente superior &#224; sensibilidade de 13,2% encontrada em uma metan&#225;lise recente de estudos de coorte prospectivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Deve-se enfatizar que o ECG apresentou sensibilidade significativamente maior para IM com &#225;reas mais extensas de fibrose e com maior n&#250;mero de segmentos com fibrose transmural. A maior sensibilidade observada no presente estudo e no estudo de Jaarsma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com tamanhos maiores de infarto, pois ambos os estudos inclu&#237;ram principalmente pacientes que apresentaram IM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
    <p>Embora a presen&#231;a de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas no ECG tenha sido inicialmente associada a infartos transmurais, estudos de RM desafiaram esse conceito, relatando uma associa&#231;&#227;o mais pr&#243;xima com o tamanho total do territ&#243;rio do infarto do que com cicatrizes transmurais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A concord&#226;ncia entre ECG e RM para detectar a localiza&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica foi limitada. Vale ressaltar que a sensibilidade do ECG foi significativamente menor para detectar IM na parede lateral, um achado que corrobora resultados anteriores de estudos menores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de um IM em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos tem implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas importantes, uma vez que um IM n&#227;o reconhecido confere um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de IM n&#227;o reconhecido varia com base nos m&#233;todos de triagem e no risco cardiovascular da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Em adultos mais velhos, a preval&#234;ncia de IM n&#227;o reconhecido detectado por ECG pode exceder 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Entretanto, em uma regi&#227;o europeia com baixo risco cardiovascular, Ramos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> relataram uma preval&#234;ncia de ondas Q anormais de 0,67%, mas apenas 0,18% de IM confirmado por m&#233;todos de imagem adicionais.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, o recrutamento de participantes foi baseado em pacientes ap&#243;s IM clinicamente reconhecido ou com diabetes, o que pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral do pa&#237;s. Al&#233;m disso, os padr&#245;es de ECG e o desempenho diagn&#243;stico podem diferir entre IM n&#227;o reconhecido e clinicamente reconhecido. Portanto, dados insuficientes est&#227;o presentes para reconhecer o uso de EGG para triagem generalizada em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o selecionadas.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, o uso de medicamentos cardioprotetores em pacientes com IM n&#227;o reconhecido foi significativamente menor do que em pacientes com IM conhecido,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> portanto, em pacientes com risco cardiovascular aumentado, um ECG pode ser recomendado para rastrear altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas. No entanto, um ECG sem ondas Q pode ser insuficiente para uma exclus&#227;o correta de IM pr&#233;vio em diab&#233;ticos e outras popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O uso de par&#226;metros adicionais de ECG e/ou exames de imagem nessas popula&#231;&#245;es pode potencialmente modificar a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco e interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas subsequentes.</p>
    <p>Considerando as limita&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas do ECG e as dificuldades de acesso aos exames de imagem, estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para abordar os benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos e a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efic&#225;cia dessa abordagem, tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral quanto em popula&#231;&#245;es selecionadas de alto risco cardiovascular.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p> Detec&#231;&#227;o e Localiza&#231;&#227;o do Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio pelo Eletrocardiograma: Valida&#231;&#227;o pela Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250147i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>From Electrocardiogram to Magnetic Resonance Imaging &#8211; The Quest for Unrecognized Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2282-4492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mateus</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Tr&#225;s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Pedro Sousa Mateus &#8226; Centro Hospitalar de Tr&#225;s-os-montes e Alto Douro EPE &#8211; Avenida da Noruega Vila Real 5000-508 &#8211; Portugal E-mail: PSMATEUS@chtmad.min-saude.pt </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In the article &#8220;Detection and localization of myocardial infarction using electrocardiogram: validation by cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> the authors systematically and thoroughly analyze the relationship between the presence of pathological Q waves on the electrocardiogram (ECG) and delayed enhancement with an ischemic pattern on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Very relevant data on the diagnostic performance of the ECG in detecting and localizing myocardial infarction (MI) are presented, expanding the evidence accumulated in previous studies.</p>
      <p>The authors studied two groups of patients: one consisting of patients with a documented history of MI and the other selected from diabetic patients without significant cardiac abnormalities on MRI.</p>
      <p>The results of the present study highlight the moderate sensitivity of the ECG in diagnosing MI, in line with the study of Jaarsma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> but remarkably superior to the 13.2% sensitivity that was found in a recent meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It should be emphasized that the ECG showed significantly greater sensitivity for MI with more extensive areas of fibrosis and with a greater number of segments with transmural fibrosis. The higher sensitivity observed in the present study and the study by Jaarsma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> may be attributed to the selection of patients with larger infarct sizes, as both studies included mostly patients who experienced an ST elevation MI.</p>
      <p>Although the presence of pathological Q waves on ECG was initially associated with transmural infarcts, MRI studies challenged this concept, reporting a closer association with the total infarct territory size rather than with transmural scars.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The agreement between ECG and RMI to detect the location of the myocardial scar was limited. Of note, the sensitivity of ECG was significantly lower for detecting MI in the lateral wall, a finding that corroborates previous results from smaller studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Detecting an MI in asymptomatic patients has important prognostic implications since an unrecognized MI confers an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in different populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The prevalence of unrecognized MI varies based on the screening methods and the cardiovascular risk of the studied population. In older adults, the prevalence of unrecognized MI detected by ECG can exceed 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, in a European region with low cardiovascular risk, Ramos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> reported a prevalence of abnormal Q waves of 0.67%, but only 0.18% of confirmed MI by additional imaging methods.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the recruitment of participants was based on patients after clinically recognized MI or with diabetes, which may limit the generalizability of the results to the general population of the country. Furthermore, ECG patterns and diagnostic performance can differ between unrecognized and clinically recognized MI. Therefore, insufficient data is present to acknowledge the use of EGG for widespread screening in non-selected populations.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the use of cardioprotective medications in patients with unrecognized MI was significantly lower than in patients with known MI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> so in patients with increased cardiovascular risk, an ECG could be recommended to screen for ischemic changes. However, an ECG without Q-waves may be insufficient for a correct exclusion of previous MI in diabetic and other high-risk populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The use of additional ECG parameters and/or imaging tests in these populations may potentially modify risk assessment and subsequent therapeutic interventions.</p>
      <p>Considering the diagnostic limitations of the ECG and difficulties in accessing imaging tests, additional studies are needed to address the clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of this approach, both in the general population and selected high cardiovascular-risk populations.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p> Detection and Location of Myocardial Infarction Using Electrocardiogram: Validation by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
