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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9Mwz6MFH8QhgKDDhFzb6mRF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20240683</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240683</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angiossarcoma Peric&#225;rdico Prim&#225;rio Complicado por Pericardite Constritiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7833-2994</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Augusto Reissig Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pauletto</surname>
            <given-names>Maiane Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tscheika</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Michalski Velho</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9828-8107</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Folador</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Guilherme Augusto Reissig Pereira</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>guilhermereissig@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240683</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Tumor Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiossarcoma Card&#237;aco Prim&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiossarcoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardite Constritiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Tumores card&#237;acos malignos secund&#225;rios s&#227;o met&#225;stases de tumores prim&#225;rios e 22-132 vezes mais comuns que tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios (TCP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os TCPs s&#227;o raros, com uma preval&#234;ncia na aut&#243;psia estimada de 0,001-0,03%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e majoritariamente benignos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entre os TCPs, o angiossarcoma card&#237;aco &#233; um subtipo raro de sarcoma de tecido mole, e o tumor prim&#225;rio maligno mais comum do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os angiossarcomas consistem em canais vasculares de formato irregular, revestidos por c&#233;lulas epiteliais anapl&#225;sticas, com grandes &#225;reas de necrose e hemorragia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O angiossarcoma card&#237;aco &#233; um tumor agressivo com uma alta taxa de recorr&#234;ncia local de dissemina&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Sem ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, a sobrevida global dos pacientes &#233; de 3,8 (DP 2,5) meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O tumor cresce e se infiltra rapidamente, o que pode levar a manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas incluindo ruptura do mioc&#225;rdio, derrame peric&#225;rdico, tamponamento card&#237;aco e pericardite constritiva (PC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, a tuberculose &#233; a principal causa de PC, enquanto em outras partes do mundo, causas virais ou idiop&#225;ticas continuam a etiologia mais comum. Em uma minoria dos casos, uma doen&#231;a maligna card&#237;aca &#233; identificada como a etiologia de PC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Relatamos um caso de angiossarcoma peric&#225;rdico complicado por PC e apresentamos uma revis&#227;o da literatura relevante.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Um homem de 46 anos, branco, com hipotireoidismo, diabetes tipo 1, vitiligo, e tumor de c&#233;lulas germinativas n&#227;o-seminomatosas aos 24 anos de idade, apresentou-se com dor retrosternal, dispneia aos esfor&#231;os moderados, e sudorese noturna por um m&#234;s. O exame f&#237;sico revelou taquicardia, taquipneia, press&#227;o arterial normal, press&#227;o venosa jugular aumentada, sons card&#237;acos normais, e sons respirat&#243;rios vesiculares diminu&#237;dos em base pulmonar.</p>
      <p>Exames laboratoriais mostraram hemoglobina de 9,3 g/dL, contagem de leuc&#243;citos de 9500 leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>, neutr&#243;filos 72%, plaquetas 624 000/mm<sup>3</sup>, prote&#237;na C reativa 23 mg/dL, creatinina 0,9 mg/dL, troponina 22 ng/mL, por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (NT-pro-BNP) 2750 pg/mL, anticorpo antinuclear negativo, fator reumatoide negativo, e concentra&#231;&#245;es normais de complementos C3 e C4. O eletrocardiograma mostrou taquicardia sinusal, baixa voltagem, e anormalidades de repolariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o espec&#237;ficas. Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) bidimensional revelou grane derrame peric&#225;rdico.</p>
      <p>O paciente foi submetido a uma pericardiocentese, com remo&#231;&#227;o de 650 mL de l&#237;quido. Houve recorr&#234;ncia de derrame peric&#225;rdico e tamponamento card&#237;aco dentro de um curto per&#237;odo e, por isso, realizou-se uma janela peric&#225;rdica, com drenagem de 900mL de l&#237;quido com sangue. A an&#225;lise do l&#237;quido mostrou teste negativo para adenosina desaminase, culturas negativas, e a citologia deu negativa para c&#233;lulas malignas. Uma bi&#243;psia do peric&#225;rdio tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostrou evid&#234;ncia de malignidade.</p>
      <p>A tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons/Tomografia Computadorizada usando fluorodesoxiglicose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/TC) revelou espessamento difuso dos folhetos peric&#225;rdicos com formato irregular, realce com contraste, e atividade hipermetab&#243;lica com um valor de capta&#231;&#227;o padronizado m&#225;ximo (SUVmax, <italic>standardized uptake value</italic>) de 12,8 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Em seguida, o paciente apresentou aumento da press&#227;o jugular venosa, edema nos tornozelos, e dispneia progressiva. A ausculta pulmonar revelou aus&#234;ncia de sons respirat&#243;rios vesiculares na metade inferior de ambos os pulm&#245;es. A TC card&#237;aca mostrou grande derrame pleural bilateral, espessamento septal interlobular, e significativo espessamento nodular dos folhetos peric&#225;rdicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>). O exame de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC) confirmou extenso realce por gadol&#237;nio no peric&#225;rdio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2B-C</xref>). Um novo ETT mostrou derrame peric&#225;rdico leve e presen&#231;a de uma massa peric&#225;rdica ecog&#234;nica ao redor dos ventr&#237;culos, estendendo-se pr&#243;ximo &#224;s v&#225;lvulas atrioventriculares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3A e B</xref> e <xref ref-type="other" rid="f11">v&#237;deos 1</xref>-<xref ref-type="other" rid="f12">2</xref>). O ETT tamb&#233;m revelou a presen&#231;a de "annulus reversus" e movimento at&#237;pico do septo interventricular, sugestivo de PC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). O paciente recebeu furosemida e foi submetido &#224; drenagem pleural bilateral e pericardiectomia. An&#225;lise patol&#243;gica do peric&#225;rdio revelou positividade imuno-histoqu&#237;mica para CD31, ERG, e D2-40, e um &#237;ndice de prolifera&#231;&#227;o Ki-67 de 90%, consistente com angiossarcoma peric&#225;rdico.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons/Tomografia Computadorizada usando fluorodesoxiglicose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/CT) revela atividade hipermetab&#243;lica do peric&#225;rdio, com um valor de capta&#231;&#227;o padronizado m&#225;ximo (SUVmax) de 12,8 g/mL.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240683-40683-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca p&#243;s-contraste (A), resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca com realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio: corte eixo curto (B) e corte quatro c&#226;maras (C) mostrando realce difuso e espessamento nodular (setas brancas) do peric&#225;rdio com derrame peric&#225;rdico leve.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240683-40683-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiograma Transtor&#225;cico (ETT) corte eixo longo (A) e corte apical quatro c&#226;maras (B) mostrando uma massa peric&#225;rdica ecog&#234;nica (setas brancas) ao redor dos ventr&#237;culos, e se estendendo at&#233; pr&#243;ximo &#224;s v&#225;lvulas atrioventriculares; ETT em corte quatro c&#226;maras (C) e duas c&#226;maras (D) revelando espessamento do peric&#225;rdio anterior e apical de 15mm, com nodula&#231;&#227;o (setas brancas).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240683-40683-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de pericardite constritiva; Ecocardiograma Transtor&#225;cico (ETT) em corte quatro c&#226;maras mostrando movimento an&#244;malo do septo interventricular ("<italic>septal bounce</italic>") (A-B); Doppler tecidual do anel mitral septal (C) revela uma velocidade anular mitral diast&#243;lica precoce (e&#8217;) medial de 14,7 cm/s, a qual &#233; mais alta que a velocidade lateral e&#8217; de 7,8 cm/s (D), caracterizando annulus reversus.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240683-40683-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O tratamento foi iniciado com paclitaxel 80 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, que levou &#224; melhora cl&#237;nica e remo&#231;&#227;o dos drenos do t&#243;rax e descontinua&#231;&#227;o do oxig&#234;nio. O paciente recebeu alta com uma r prescri&#231;&#227;o de furosemida e bisoprolol.</p>
      <p>Dois meses e meio depois, o paciente foi readmitido no hospital por dispneia a m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os. O exame de imagem revelou um derrame pleural loculado e um n&#243;dulo no l&#243;bulo inferior do pulm&#227;o direito, sugestivo de met&#225;stase. O ETT mostrou sinais de PC e espessamento do peric&#225;rdio a 15mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3C-D</xref> e <xref ref-type="other" rid="f13">v&#237;deos 3</xref>-<xref ref-type="other" rid="f14">4</xref>). Devido ao alto grau de invas&#227;o, dificuldade em se definir o plano de clivagem, e &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente, n&#227;o se decidiu por cirurgia. A dose de furosemida foi aumentada, realizou-se drenagem pleural, um ciclo por m&#234;s. Infelizmente, o paciente continuou a apresentar piora cl&#237;nica e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria. O paciente passou a ser mantido em cuidados paliativos, e foi a &#243;bito oito meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Linha do tempo do caso apresentado.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240683-40683-gf05.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O angiossarcoma card&#237;aco afeta preferencialmente homens jovens, com um pico de incid&#234;ncia na quarta d&#233;cada de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Sua origem &#233; atrial em 75% dos casos, tipicamente preenche essa c&#226;mara e ent&#227;o infiltra no peric&#225;rdio, v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, ventr&#237;culo direito, e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. Em 47% a 89% dos casos, met&#225;stases ocorrem mais comumente nos pulm&#245;es (22-55%), mas tamb&#233;m no f&#237;gado, ossos, c&#243;lon e c&#233;rebro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os sintomas iniciais s&#227;o inespec&#237;ficos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e as manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais comuns s&#227;o dispneia (50-80%), derrame peric&#225;rdico (29-56%), e dor tor&#225;cica (10-39%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Sintomas constitucionais tamb&#233;m podem estar presentes, incluindo perda de peso e fadiga relacionada &#224; anemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de TCPs aumentou na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Parte desse aumento pode ser atribu&#237;da a um melhor acesso e avan&#231;os nas modalidades de imagens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O ETT &#233; geralmente a primeira modalidade de imagem utilizada, que permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho, da localiza&#231;&#227;o e da mobilidade do tumor, e do envolvimento do peric&#225;rdio. A RMC &#233; &#250;til por possibilitar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o multiplanar da massa e seu potencial envolvimento com as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e o peric&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Similar &#224; RMC, a TC card&#237;aca fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as margens das les&#245;es e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com estrutura extracard&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O escaneamento com <sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/TC &#233; &#250;til por investigar tumores card&#237;acos avaliando-se sua atividade metab&#243;lica, que se baseia tipicamente na avalia&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia do SUVmax. Em um estudo com 20 pacientes que foram submetidos ao escaneamento com <sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/TC, a t&#233;cnica demonstrou uma sensibilidade de 100% e uma especificidade de 92% para diferenciar massas card&#237;acas malignas de massas card&#237;acas benignas. A SUVmax foi mais alta nos casos de malignidade (13,2 &#177; 6,2 g/mL) que nos casos n&#227;o malignos (2,3 &#177; 1,2 g/mL) (p=0,0004).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A SUVmax observada nos casos malignos &#233; similar &#224; encontrada em nosso caso: 12,8 g/mL.</p>
      <p>A raridade do angiossarcoma card&#237;aco torna dif&#237;cil a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos algoritmos de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A maioria dos estudos s&#227;o s&#233;ries de casos retrospectivos ou relatos de casos envolvendo popula&#231;&#245;es heterog&#234;neas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os melhores desfechos de longo prazo s&#227;o obtidos com ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com margens negativas, mas isso &#233; geralmente impedido pela presen&#231;a de met&#225;stase e proximidade do tumor aos condutos vasculares. Quando a ressec&#231;&#227;o completa &#233; poss&#237;vel, os pacientes geralmente sofrem recorr&#234;ncia local. A quimioterapia neoadjuvante, combinada com a remo&#231;&#227;o do tumor pode promover uma vantagem de sobrevida pela redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O angiossarcoma card&#237;aco metast&#225;tico &#233; tratado com quimioterapia sist&#234;mica. Antraciclinas est&#227;o associadas com uma taxa de resposta de 16-27% e uma sobrevida mediana de at&#233; 12 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O paclitaxel tamb&#233;m &#233; comumente utilizado devido &#224;s suas propriedades antiangiog&#234;nicas. No estudo ANGIOTAX, o paclitaxel foi associado a uma sobrevida mediana de oito meses nos pacientes com angiossarcoma n&#227;o ressec&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O interesse na terapia anti-Fator de Crescimento Endotelial Vascular (VEGF) levou a ensaios cl&#237;nicos de fase I/II com bevacizumab, por&#233;m, sua adi&#231;&#227;o &#224; quimioterapia n&#227;o melhorou significativamente a sobrevida livre de progress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca maligna &#233; uma etiologia rara de PC. A PC &#233; cr&#244;nica e progressiva na maioria dos pacientes, que tipicamente apresentam sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita que potencialmente causa dispneia por derrame pleural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O ETT permite a detec&#231;&#227;o dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. O peric&#225;rdio constritivo limita o volume card&#237;aco. Durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o, o ventr&#237;culo direito n&#227;o consegue se expandir para acomodar o retorno venoso aumentado e, em vez disso, seu volume aumenta e invade o espa&#231;o ventricular esquerdo devido a um desvio no septo ventricular. Por outro lado, durante a expira&#231;&#227;o, o septo retorna em dire&#231;&#227;o ao ventr&#237;culo direito. Esse fen&#244;meno, conhecido como o movimento an&#244;malo do septo interventricular conhecido como "<italic>septal bounce</italic>", tem uma sensibilidade de 93% para detectar PC. Outro importante achado ecocardiogr&#225;fico &#233; <italic>annulus reversus</italic>, em que a velocidade e&#8217; mitral medial precoce (e&#8217;) &#233; mais alta que a velocidade e&#8217; lateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a terapia diur&#233;tica reduza sintomas, ela n&#227;o modifica o curso natural da PC. O &#250;nico tratamento definitivo &#233; a pericardiectomia cir&#250;rgica, apesar da alta mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em um centro de grande volume, 89 pacientes com PC foram submetidos &#224; pericardiectomia, com uma taxa de mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria de 7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em resumo, apresentamos um caso de angiossarcoma card&#237;aco complicado por PC, com um desfecho cl&#237;nico desfavor&#225;vel apesar da pericardiectomia e da quimioterapia. O desafio em tratar esse tumor est&#225; na sua raridade, os est&#225;gios tipicamente avan&#231;ados no momento do diagn&#243;stico, seu curso agressivo com alto potencial metast&#225;tico, e o risco de recorr&#234;ncia. Quando vi&#225;vel, a ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica completa &#233; a melhor op&#231;&#227;o paliativa, mas ela raramente oferece uma chance de cura.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 3, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0683_CC_Transthoracic_echocardiography_3.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
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        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 4, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0683_CC_Transthoracic_echocardiography_4.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
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    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240683i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Primary Pericardial Angiosarcoma Complicated by Constrictive Pericarditis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7833-2994</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Augusto Reissig Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pauletto</surname>
            <given-names>Maiane Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tscheika</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Michalski Velho</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9828-8107</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Folador</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Guilherme Augusto Reissig Pereira</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>guilhermereissig@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Tumor</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Cardiac Angiosarcoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiosarcoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Constrictive Pericarditis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Secondary malignant cardiac tumors are metastases from primary tumors and 22 to 132 times more common than primary cardiac tumors (PCTs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> PCTs are rare, with an estimated autopsy prevalence of 0.001-0.03%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and mostly (90%) benign.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among PCTs, cardiac angiosarcoma is a rare subtype of soft tissue sarcoma and the most common primary malignant tumor of the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Angiosarcomas consist of irregularly shaped vascular channels lined by anaplastic epithelial cells with substantial areas of necrosis and hemorrhage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Cardiac angiosarcoma is an aggressive tumor with a high rate of local recurrence and systemic dissemination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Without surgical resection, it has a mean overall survival of 3.8 (SD 2.5) months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The rapid infiltrating growth of this tumor can lead to emergency clinical presentations including myocardial rupture, pericardial effusions, cardiac tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis (CP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In high-income countries, tuberculosis is the leading cause of CP, whereas in other parts of the world, idiopathic or viral causes remain the most common etiology. In a minority of cases, cardiac malignancy is identified as the etiology of CP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We report a case of pericardial angiosarcoma complicated by CP and provide a review of the relevant literature.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Description</title>
        <p>A 46-year-old white man with hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes, vitiligo, and non-seminomatous germ cell tumor at age 24 presented with retrosternal pain, dyspnea on moderate exertion, and night sweats for one month. Physical examination showed tachycardia, tachypnea, normal blood pressure, elevated jugular venous pressure, normal heart sounds, and diminished vesicular breath sounds at the lung bases.</p>
        <p>Laboratory tests revealed hemoglobin of 9.3 g/dL, leukocyte count 9500/mm<sup>3</sup>, neutrophils 72%, platelets 624,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, C-reactive protein 23 mg/dL, creatinine 0.9 mg/dL, troponin 22 ng/mL, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) 2750 pg/mL, negative antinuclear antibody, negative rheumatoid factor, and normal C3 and C4 complement levels. Electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia, low voltage, and nonspecific repolarization abnormalities. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed a large pericardial effusion.</p>
        <p>The patient underwent pericardiocentesis with removal of 650 mL of fluid. He experienced recurrence of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade within a short period of time, so a pericardial window was performed, and 900 mL of bloody fluid was drained. Fluid analysis showed a negative test for adenosine deaminase, negative cultures, and cytology was negative for malignancy. A pericardial biopsy also showed no evidence of malignancy.</p>
        <p>Positron emission tomography/computed tomography using fluorodeoxyglucose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/CT) revealed diffuse thickening of pericardial leaflets with an irregular shape, contrast enhancement, and hypermetabolic activity with a maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 12.8 g/mL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>). The patient subsequently developed elevated jugular venous pressure, ascites, ankle swelling, and progressive dyspnea. Lung auscultation revealed absent vesicular breath sounds over the lower half of both lungs. Cardiac CT showed large bilateral pleural effusion, interlobular septal thickening, and significant nodular thickening of pericardial leaflets (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2A</xref>). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed extensive late gadolinium enhancement in the pericardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2B-C</xref>). A new TTE showed mild pericardial effusion and the presence of an echogenic pericardial mass surrounding the ventricles and extending close to the atrioventricular valves (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figures 3A-B</xref> and <xref ref-type="other" rid="f15">videos 1</xref>-<xref ref-type="other" rid="f16">2</xref>). The TTE also revealed annulus reversus and atypical movement of the interventricular septum suggestive of CP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>). The patient received furosemide and underwent bilateral pleural drainage and pericardiectomy. Pathologic examination of the pericardium revealed immunohistochemical positivity for CD31, ERG, and D2-40 and a Ki-67 proliferation index of 90% consistent with pericardial angiosarcoma.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Positron emission tomography/computed tomography using fluorodeoxyglucose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET/CT) reveals hypermetabolic activity of the pericardium with a maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 12.8 g/mL.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240683-40683-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Post-contrast cardiac computed tomography (A) and post-gadolinium cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in short-axis view (B) and four-chamber view (C) shows diffuse enhancement and nodular thickening (white arrows) of the pericardium with mild pericardial effusion.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240683-40683-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in long-axis view (A) and apical 4-chamber view (B) shows an echogenic pericardial mass (white arrows) surrounding the ventricles and extending close to the atrioventricular valves; TTE in 4-chamber view (C) and 2-chamber view (D) reveals thickening of the apical and anterior pericardium to 15 mm, with nodulation (white arrows).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240683-40683-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic signs of constrictive pericarditis. TTE in the 4-chamber view shows septal bounce (A-B), an atypical movement of the interventricular septum. Tissue Doppler of the septal mitral annulus (C) reveals an early medial diastolic mitral annular velocity (e&#8217;) of 14.7 cm/s, which is higher than the lateral e&#8217; velocity of 7.8 cm/s (D), characterizing annulus reversus.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240683-40683-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Treatment was initiated with weekly paclitaxel 80 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, which led to clinical improvement allowing for the removal of chest drains and discontinuation of oxygen. The patient was discharged with a prescription for furosemide and bisoprolol.</p>
        <p>Two and a half months later, the patient was readmitted for dyspnea on minimal exertion. Imaging revealed a large loculated pleural effusion and a nodule in the lower lobe of the right lung, suggestive of metastasis. TTE showed signs of CP again and thickening of the pericardium to 15 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figures 3C-D</xref> and <xref ref-type="other" rid="f17">videos 3</xref>-<xref ref-type="other" rid="f18">4</xref>). Due to high-grade invasion, difficulty in defining the surgical cleavage plane, and the patient's poor clinical condition, surgery was not pursued. The furosemide dose was increased, pleural drainage was performed, and second-line chemotherapy was initiated with liposomal doxorubicin 40 mg/m&#178;, one cycle per month. Unfortunately, the patient continued to experience clinical deterioration, developed ventilatory dysfunction, transitioned to palliative care, and subsequently died eight months after the onset of symptoms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Timeline of the case reported.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240683-40683-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Cardiac angiosarcoma preferentially affects young men, with a peak incidence in the fourth decade of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is of right atrial origin in 75% of cases, typically fills this chamber and then infiltrates into the pericardium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and right coronary artery. In 47% to 89% of cases, metastases develop most commonly in the lungs (22-55%) but also to the liver, bone, colon, and brain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Initial symptoms are nonspecific,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and the most common manifestations are dyspnea (50-80%), pericardial effusion (29-56%), and chest pain (10-39%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Constitutional symptoms may also be present, such as weight loss and anemia-related fatigue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The incidence of PCTs has increased over the past decade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Part of this increase may be attributed to improved access and advances in imaging modalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> TTE is often the first imaging modality used and allows for the assessment of tumor size, location, mobility, and pericardial involvement. Cardiac MRI is useful because it provides a multiplanar evaluation of the mass and its potential involvement with the cardiac chambers and pericardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Similar to cardiac MRI, cardiac CT provides information on lesion margins and their relationship to extracardiac structures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p><sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET scanning is useful for investigating cardiac tumors by evaluating their metabolic activity, which is typically based on SUVmax evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In a study of 20 patients who underwent to <sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET scanning, the technique demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 92% for differentiating malignant from benign cardiac masses. The mean SUVmax was higher in malignant cases (13.2 &#177; 6.2 g/mL) than in nonmalignant cases (2.3 &#177; 1.2 g/mL) (p=0.0004).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The SUVmax found in malignant cases is similar to that found in our case: 12.8 g/mL.</p>
        <p>The rarity of cardiac angiosarcoma has made it difficult to standardize treatment algorithms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Most studies are retrospective case series or case reports involving heterogeneous populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The best long-term outcomes are obtained with surgical resection with negative margins, but this is often precluded by metastatic spread and close proximity of the tumor to vital vascular conduits. When complete resection is possible, patients commonly experience local recurrence. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgical debulking may provide a survival advantage by reducing tumor size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Metastatic cardiac angiosarcoma is managed with systemic chemotherapy. Anthracyclines are associated with a response rate of 16-27% and a median overall survival of up to 12 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Paclitaxel is also commonly used due to its anti-angiogenic properties. In the ANGIOTAX study, paclitaxel was associated with a median overall survival of 8 months in patients with unresectable angiosarcoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Interest in anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy led to phase I/II trials with bevacizumab, but its addition to chemotherapy did not significantly improve progression-free survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac malignancy is a rare etiology of CP. CP is chronic and progressive in most patients, who typically present with signs of right heart failure potentially causing dyspnea due to pleural effusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> TTE allows for the detection of this condition. The constrictive pericardium limits cardiac volume. During inspiration, the right ventricle cannot expand to accommodate increased venous return; instead, its volume increases by invading into the left ventricular space due to a ventricular septal shift. Conversely, during expiration, the septum shifts back towards the right. This phenomenon, known as septal bounce, has a sensitivity of 93% for detecting CP. Another important echocardiographic finding is annulus reversus, where the medial early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e&#8217;) is higher than the lateral e&#8217; velocity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diuretic therapy mitigates symptoms, but it does not change the natural course of CP. The only definitive treatment is surgical pericardiectomy, despite the high perioperative mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In a large-volume center, 89 patients with CP underwent pericardiectomy with a perioperative mortality rate of 7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In summary, we presented a case of cardiac angiosarcoma complicated by CP with an unfavorable clinical outcome despite pericardiectomy and chemotherapy. The challenge in treating this tumor lies in its rarity, the commonly advanced stage at diagnosis, its aggressive course with high metastatic potential, and the risk of recurrence. Complete surgical resection, when feasible, is the best option for palliation, but it rarely offers a chance for cure.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0683_CC_Transthoracic_echocardiography_1.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <media id="f15" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9Mwz6MFH8QhgKDDhFzb6mRF/946c461573573698b6c467b240cab9620134172b.mp4">
            <label>Video 1</label>
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          <p>See the Supplemental Video 2, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0683_CC_Transthoracic_echocardiography_2.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
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          <p>See the Supplemental Video 3, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0683_CC_Transthoracic_echocardiography_3.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
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            <label>Video 4</label>
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