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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TxhcgzKq5VS4MVmVWmXv8rB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240570</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular: Uma Alternativa para Maior Disponibilidade da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular e Metab&#243;lica no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9263-5916</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-1915-1642</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mangia</surname>
            <given-names>Ariella Sebasti&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">N&#250;cleo de Cardio-oncologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e do Esporte</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Cardio-oncologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>:Ariella Sebasti&#227;o Mangia &#8226; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina &#8211; N&#250;cleo de Cardio-oncologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio &#8211; Rua Pascoal Simone, 358. CEP 80080-350, Coqueiros Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ariella.mangia@edu.udesc.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240570</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca &#8211; Alternativa para pacientes com dificuldade de frequentar centros de reabilita&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TxhcgzKq5VS4MVmVWmXv8rB/60996f4ff9c539b38e81a8444d0a048003c73e19.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TxhcgzKq5VS4MVmVWmXv8rB/b960e798dd6a883ce11d27c5cc21d63417cccde9.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TxhcgzKq5VS4MVmVWmXv8rB/22c5f2c88c64c3266c78bb3f26d6e37842a2ffda.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemonitoramento</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular (RCV) &#233; vital para a preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar de suas recomenda&#231;&#245;es robustas, ainda &#233; subutilizada globalmente devido ao baixo referenciamento, barreiras geogr&#225;ficas, como a falta de centros de RCV nos centros urbanos e falta de cobertura em &#225;reas remotas, log&#237;stica, al&#233;m de limita&#231;&#245;es nos sistemas de sa&#250;de e na forma&#231;&#227;o profissional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No Brasil, a situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; ainda mais desafiadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A pandemia de COVID-19 exp&#244;s a fragilidade dos modelos tradicionais de RCV, impulsionando solu&#231;&#245;es inovadoras que assegurassem a continuidade dos cuidados. Nesse contexto, a telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular (TRC) surge como uma abordagem vi&#225;vel e acess&#237;vel, representando uma solu&#231;&#227;o moderna, alinhada &#224;s necessidades tecnol&#243;gicas e culturais, devendo fazer parte idealmente de todos os programas de RCV no Brasil.</p>
    <p>At&#233; 2022, eram apenas 59 programas de RCV formais, sendo a maioria destes concentrados na regi&#227;o Sul e Sudeste do pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No ano seguinte, dados de um estudo que descreveu as caracter&#237;sticas dos Programas de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (PRCs) no Brasil e os impactos da COVID-19 mencionaram que dos 75 PRCs existentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 59 participaram do estudo e 29% estavam localizados nas regi&#245;es centro-oeste e nordeste, 51% estavam localizados na regi&#227;o sudeste e 20% estavam na regi&#227;o sul, sendo que 42 PRCs (71%) implementaram estrat&#233;gias de reabilita&#231;&#227;o remota durante a pandemia. Esses dados demonstram a escassez e a grande lacuna de vagas e servi&#231;os nas demais regi&#245;es brasileiras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
    <p>A RCV continua a ser estruturada da mesma forma que tem sido nos &#250;ltimos anos, demonstrando incompatibilidade com o momento atual,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> tornando-se mais evidente ap&#243;s pandemia de COVID-19. A crise da COVID-19 trouxe desafios significativos para a entrega de servi&#231;os em reabilita&#231;&#227;o, destacando a urg&#234;ncia em encontrar solu&#231;&#245;es inovadoras e remotas que fossem capazes de assegurar a continuidade dos cuidados essenciais aos pacientes durante aquele momento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, a TRC emergiu como uma solu&#231;&#227;o para preencher essa lacuna.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular &#8211; conceito</title>
      <p>A TRC &#233; um programa que compreende um ou mais componentes da RCV tradicional, comumente ofertados em programas de RCV domiciliar, ou fora do ambiente hospitalar/centro especializado;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> &#233; entregue por meio de tecnologia digital (telemonitoramento, e-learning, telecoaching).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tem por objetivo o manejo da DCV e a melhora de diferentes aspectos f&#237;sicos, emocionais, psicol&#243;gicos e sociais dos pacientes, em especial aqueles localizados em &#225;reas com baixos n&#237;veis de acesso, seja pelo local de moradia ou dificuldade de acesso aos cuidados avan&#231;ados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre as diferentes formas de aplica&#231;&#227;o da TRC, as principais s&#227;o aplicativos baseados em dispositivos m&#243;veis, <italic>wearables</italic> (vest&#237;veis ou port&#225;teis) e plataformas de gerenciamento de m&#237;dia social,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que, utilizados em conjunto, s&#227;o capazes de avaliar remotamente, realizar prescri&#231;&#245;es eletr&#244;nicas, ofertar educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e facilitar a comunica&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;dico, profissionais de sa&#250;de e paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Esta possibilidade de monitoramento de sinais vitais e supervis&#227;o pr&#243;xima dos pacientes garantem a viabilidade da telemedicina e, portanto, da TRC, tornando-a um sistema alternativo &#224; RCV tradicional.</p>
      <p>O modelo da TRC, inclui os seguintes componentes:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Plano de tratamento individualizado: por meio de um programa abrangente que inclui exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico personalizado, aconselhamento de atividade f&#237;sica, orienta&#231;&#227;o educacional sobre modifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de riscos (cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, gest&#227;o do diabetes, gest&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia), e orienta&#231;&#245;es nutricionais e psicol&#243;gicas.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de algum sistema de telemonitoramento: permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos sinais vitais antes, durante ou ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio, podendo variar de acordo com os recursos e necessidades. Exemplos de dispositivos utilizados: monitoramento de eletrocardiograma (ECG) sem fio, monitores de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), monitores de press&#227;o arterial (PA), monitores de satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, ped&#244;metros, e aceler&#244;metros que utilizam dados geoespaciais e podem ser carregados via Bluetooth e smarthphone.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>A entrega de um programa de TRC pode ocorrer das seguintes formas:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>Virtual s&#237;ncrono: intera&#231;&#227;o audiovisual em tempo real entre paciente e equipe de RCV. Esse modelo pode beneficiar pacientes mais fragilizados que tenham menor capacidade funcional e necessitam de mais orienta&#231;&#227;o e cuidado durante a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios, al&#233;m de favorecer as comunica&#231;&#245;es interpessoais e afetivas. Um ponto negativo &#233; que as interven&#231;&#245;es carecem de disponibilidade de tempo compat&#237;veis entre equipe e paciente, al&#233;m do n&#250;mero ideal de pacientes em um ambiente virtual simultaneamente ser desconhecido.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Remoto ass&#237;ncrono: N&#227;o h&#225; intera&#231;&#227;o em tempo real entre paciente e equipe de RCV. O paciente recebe orienta&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios e pode relatar suas atividades f&#237;sicas e outros dados de sa&#250;de por meio de tecnologia remota. Os benef&#237;cios desse modelo &#233; a n&#227;o restri&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de pessoas que podem ser contempladas pelas orienta&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios ou educacionais, por meio de videoaulas para executarem de acordo com a disponibilidade pessoal.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>H&#237;brida: alguns componentes da RCV s&#227;o entregues presencialmente com o paciente e equipe no mesmo local e outras sess&#245;es s&#227;o combinadas s&#237;ncronas ou ass&#237;ncronas remotas, apara atender melhor &#224;s necessidades do paciente.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>A forma como a troca de dados ocorre na TRC classificada como s&#237;ncrona beneficia o paciente na motiva&#231;&#227;o e seguran&#231;a da interven&#231;&#227;o proposta, pois permite verificar as condi&#231;&#245;es gerais dos participantes, ajustar a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio e fornecer instru&#231;&#245;es e feedback imediato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Evid&#234;ncias em telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As investiga&#231;&#245;es e an&#225;lises da TRC t&#234;m sido objeto de crescente interesse em diversas na&#231;&#245;es, sobretudo ap&#243;s a pandemia de COVID-19, que acarretou uma significativa transforma&#231;&#227;o no panorama da RCV.</p>
        <p>Os programas de telessa&#250;de em RCV existem desde o in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1980, ofertados em &#225;reas rurais, onde as barreiras geogr&#225;ficas dificultavam a participa&#231;&#227;o em um programa tradicional de RCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em 2014, um estudo pioneiro em TRC avaliou o impacto de um modelo de cuidados domiciliares baseado em smartphones e comparou com um programa de RCV tradicional em pacientes ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Os principais resultados foram maior ades&#227;o e taxa de conclus&#227;o ao programa baseado em smartphones comparado ao tradicional (94% vs. 68% e 80% vs. 47%, respectivamente). Para os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e qualidade de vida, ambos os grupos obtiveram melhorias significativas no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e na ingest&#227;o alimentar. Redu&#231;&#245;es significativas no peso e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e melhores resultados no estado emocional e na qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de foram superiores no modelo domiciliar baseado em smartphones, al&#233;m de uma leve redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final de 6 semanas tamb&#233;m ter sido observado neste grupo. Este estudo acompanhou os pacientes por um per&#237;odo de 6 meses e observou que as melhorias observadas ao final do programa (6 semanas), especialmente o teste de caminhada e as melhorias psicossociais, foram mantidas a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em 2018, a Associa&#231;&#227;o Holandesa de Cardiologia publicou um adendo &#224; diretriz multidisciplinar de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca espec&#237;fica sobre este &#8220;novo&#8221; modelo de TRC, sendo um dos primeiros no mundo a estabelecer condutas profissionais na &#225;rea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Grandes estudos de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lises foram realizados em pa&#237;ses da &#193;sia Oriental, publicados nos &#250;ltimos dois anos, com fortes evid&#234;ncias sobre efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> efetividade de longo prazo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>e compara&#231;&#227;o entre TRC e RCV tradicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Diferentes grupos de pacientes foram estudados, desde os menos complexos, como p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> at&#233; cen&#225;rios mais desafiadores, como em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos quais a TRC demonstrou ser vi&#225;vel e segura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A TRC ganhou mais evid&#234;ncia no per&#237;odo da pandemia de COVID-19, momento em que os maiores centros de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tradicional fecharam (momentaneamente ou a longo prazo)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e muitos profissionais de sa&#250;de optaram pela abordagem &#8220;online&#8221;, explorando as diversas aplica&#231;&#245;es m&#243;veis como os smartphones e smartwatches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> No Brasil, um estudo transversal investigou os impactos da primeira onda epidemiol&#243;gica da COVID-19 sobre os programas de RCV e verificou que somente dois programas, dos 75 existentes no territ&#243;rio brasileiro, utilizaram plataformas digitais durante a pandemia de COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> O mesmo estudo constatou tamb&#233;m que, para manter os participantes nos programas de RCV, as atividades remotas por meio de chamadas por v&#237;deo (33%) foram a estrat&#233;gia mais utilizada, seguidas de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de fotos e v&#237;deos (27%).</p>
        <p>Uma s&#237;ntese dos resumos das publica&#231;&#245;es pode ser visualizada no suplemento, <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240570-40570-suppl01.pdf">tabela 1</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Proposta de desenvolvimento e implementa&#231;&#227;o da telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o no Brasil</title>
        <p>Na atualidade, desconhecemos quais programas de RCV do Brasil, em especial na rede p&#250;blica, t&#234;m abordado a telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o como forma de atendimento para aqueles pacientes que s&#227;o impedidos de participar de programas de RCV em decorr&#234;ncia de barreiras geogr&#225;ficas e de acesso.</p>
        <p>Embora evid&#234;ncias demonstrem os benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos e econ&#244;micos da TRC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> infelizmente, as interven&#231;&#245;es ficam limitadas a ambientes de pesquisa e raramente s&#227;o implementadas aos cuidados regulares, o que pode ocorrer, em parte, devido ao desconhecimento da TRC e dos desafios de sua implementa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida de programas de TRC requer uma alian&#231;a entre os principais centros de pesquisa e os grandes centros de RCV em n&#237;vel nacional. A colabora&#231;&#227;o entre essas institui&#231;&#245;es pode possibilitar a realiza&#231;&#227;o conjunta de estudos para testar protocolos eficazes, garantindo a efetividade desse m&#233;todo inovador.</p>
        <p>Um recente estudo destaca os desafios relacionados ao uso da tecnologia, especialmente entre os usu&#225;rios mais idosos, como uma dificuldade de implementa&#231;&#227;o da TRC, sugerindo a necessidade de revisar os dispositivos digitais dispon&#237;veis para pacientes idosos com doen&#231;a coronariana. Os autores tamb&#233;m destacam a necessidade de promover a TRC por meio de pol&#237;ticas e gest&#227;o de sa&#250;de, a fim de reduzir as desigualdades, assim como projetar interven&#231;&#245;es que promovam a ades&#227;o a longo prazo e impacte em mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, investimentos substanciais em infraestrutura tecnol&#243;gica s&#227;o essenciais, tanto por parte de institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas quanto privadas para que a ado&#231;&#227;o de programas de TRC ocorram no Brasil, via Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de e redes privadas.</p>
        <p>As parcerias entre Universidades e centros de RCV podem ser um caminho inicial para implementar, validar e expandir esse modelo de entrega de RC para a realidade do Brasil. Embora a dificuldade em educa&#231;&#227;o digital mencionada seja conhecida, acredita-se que as maiores barreiras para a implementa&#231;&#227;o da TRC no Brasil seja a prepara&#231;&#227;o e capacita&#231;&#227;o das equipes de profissionais que ir&#227;o lidar com a tecnologia. &#201; essencial que esses profissionais estejam devidamente treinados e capacitados para instruir e orientar os pacientes, de forma que compreendam como utilizar a tecnologia para realizar seus tratamentos por meio da telemedicina. No Brasil, observa-se um crescimento cont&#237;nuo no n&#250;mero de pessoas que utilizam celulares e acessam a internet. Em 2023, 213 milh&#245;es de pessoas possu&#237;am assinatura de celular m&#243;vel e 84% da popula&#231;&#227;o utilizavam a internet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; uma variedade de plataformas de m&#237;dias sociais, servi&#231;os de streaming e aplicativos de treinamento f&#237;sico, que oferecem possibilidades adaptadas a usu&#225;rios com diferentes perfis de compet&#234;ncia digital. Por outro lado, mesmo que pacientes mais idosos enfrentem maiores dificuldades em utilizar a tecnologia, eles podem contar com o apoio de familiares e cuidadores, desde que estes tamb&#233;m recebam a devida orienta&#231;&#227;o. O suporte dos familiares ou cuidadores torna-se essencial para viabilizar o tratamento de forma eficaz.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Triagem e avalia&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A triagem dos pacientes eleg&#237;veis &#224; TRC deve, idealmente, ser realizada por um m&#233;dico cardiologista ou, na aus&#234;ncia deste, pelo m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel pelo programa. &#201; recomendado, mas n&#227;o impeditivo, que pacientes realizem o teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) e/ou teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) antes de iniciarem seu programa de exerc&#237;cios para identifica&#231;&#227;o da zona alvo de treinamento, assim como &#233; recomendado em programas de RCV tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>Na impossibilidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE ou TCPE, o Talk Test<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> ou teste de caminhada de 6 minutos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> podem auxiliar a identificar a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio adequada para melhorar a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O profissional respons&#225;vel pela prescri&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento das sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio, seja o profissional de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica ou fisioterapeuta, deve realizar uma anamnese detalhada, al&#233;m de testes de avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e antropometria, para complementar as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre estado geral do paciente, pr&#233;vio aos exerc&#237;cios. Reavalia&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o recomendadas, principalmente para propiciar ao paciente informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o seu progresso no programa. Desta forma, acredita-se que a motiva&#231;&#227;o e as chances de mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida do paciente, possam ser favorecidas.</p>
        <p>Pacientes que apresentarem arritmia ventricular e/ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica sintom&#225;tica importante durante o teste de esfor&#231;o s&#227;o considerados de maior risco ao treinamento f&#237;sico supervisionado remotamente. Nesses casos, os riscos e benef&#237;cios devem ser avaliados individualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ainda quanto &#224; elegibilidade e seguran&#231;a do paciente, aten&#231;&#227;o especial deve ser dada aos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, fragilidade, defici&#234;ncia ortop&#233;dica ou cognitiva, que vivem sozinhos ou que se sentem desconfort&#225;veis com o uso da tecnologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um protocolo de conting&#234;ncia em caso de evento adverso grave, como parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, ou mesmo eventos adversos moderados a leves, deve estar descrito no programa de TRC e deve ser repassado ao paciente, familiares e cuidadores. Recomenda-se incluir os seguintes procedimentos:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Contatos de emerg&#234;ncia: fornecer aos pacientes os n&#250;meros de contato do Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia (SAMU) e do Corpo de Bombeiros. Esses n&#250;meros devem estar acess&#237;veis e vis&#237;veis, facilitando o acionamento em emerg&#234;ncias.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Orienta&#231;&#227;o para comunica&#231;&#227;o eficiente: instruir os pacientes sobre a forma adequada de comunica&#231;&#227;o com os atendentes de emerg&#234;ncia: <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Quem ligar, dever&#225; informar aos atendentes que o caso envolve portadores de cardiopatia, especificando o tipo de cardiopatia diagnosticada;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Quem ligar, dever&#225; informar aos atendentes que o caso envolve algu&#233;m que realiza exerc&#237;cios supervisionados como parte de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Os sintomas apresentados, como dor no peito, falta de ar, tontura, entre outros, devem ser descritos com precis&#227;o.</p></list-item><list-item><p>O endere&#231;o e o local de acesso em que o paciente receber&#225; o atendimento dever&#225; ser informado.</p></list-item></list> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Capacita&#231;&#227;o dos cuidadores: disponibilizar aos cuidadores uma videoaula abrangente sobre reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP), com o objetivo de prepar&#225;-los para eventuais situa&#231;&#245;es de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Alternativamente, quando poss&#237;vel, essas orienta&#231;&#245;es podem ser fornecidas por meio de palestra presencial, em modelo h&#237;brido.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Este plano visa garantir que os pacientes e cuidadores estejam adequadamente preparados para responder de forma eficaz em situa&#231;&#245;es emergenciais, promovendo maior seguran&#231;a durante a pr&#225;tica de telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prescri&#231;&#227;o das sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O conte&#250;do de um programa de exerc&#237;cios supervisionados remotamente deve ser personalizado, com base nos objetivos, prefer&#234;ncias e habilidades funcionais individuais de cada paciente, de maneira similar a um programa de RCV tradicional. A experi&#234;ncia e viv&#234;ncia pr&#233;vias do paciente na modalidade escolhida podem aumentar a ades&#227;o, motiva&#231;&#227;o e a seguran&#231;a. Os modelos de RCV h&#237;brida, que combinam sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios em centros especializados com TRC, t&#234;m sido alvo de pesquisas e tem ganhado popularidade com evid&#234;ncias em desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico deve ser prescrito de acordo com o modelo FITT (frequ&#234;ncia, intensidade, tempo/dura&#231;&#227;o e tipo de exerc&#237;cio).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> A frequ&#234;ncia dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios deve ser de pelo menos tr&#234;s dias por semana, preferencialmente todos os dias. Intercalar o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico com atividades f&#237;sicas realizadas no dom&#237;nio do lazer ou de deslocamento pode ser uma boa estrat&#233;gia para aumentar o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica. Para os exerc&#237;cios resistidos, recomenda-se uma frequ&#234;ncia de pelo menos duas vezes por semana, com &#234;nfase em atividades que melhorem as habilidades necess&#225;rias para as atividades de vida di&#225;ria, de forma eficiente e segura, com foco em movimentos naturais e funcionais, como empurrar, puxar, agachar, levantar e girar. Podem ser utilizados pesos livres, el&#225;sticos, cadeira, bast&#227;o, bola, over ball, entre outros acess&#243;rios.</p>
        <p>Para a prescri&#231;&#227;o da intensidade, recomenda-se orienta&#231;&#227;o individualizada, combinando diferentes vari&#225;veis obtidas pelo TCPE ou TE com score individual de percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do esfor&#231;o (Borg) ou teste de fala. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica &#233; considerar um dom&#237;nio de intensidade moderado ou moderado a alto, quando poss&#237;vel (pacientes de baixo risco), ajustado &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas individuais do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em pacientes que realizam o TCPE, pode-se utilizar como refer&#234;ncia a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca observada nos limiares aer&#243;bio e anaer&#243;bio, iniciando pr&#243;ximo ao primeiro limiar e progredindo para FC entre os limiares 1 e 2. No TE, a intensidade pode variar de 60% a 80% da FC m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada no teste, evoluindo para at&#233; 90% da FC m&#225;xima. Tamb&#233;m pode-se utilizar 50 a 70% da FC de reserva para pacientes sem teste. As sess&#245;es podem ter dura&#231;&#227;o entre 30 e 60 minutos. Diferentes tipos de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos podem ser realizados: exerc&#237;cios resistido, de mobilidade, flexibilidade, com o peso corporal, caminhadas, e exerc&#237;cios em erg&#244;metros.</p>
        <p>Destaca-se que, diante dos diferentes protocolos dos estudos realizados at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o se conhece a intensidade &#243;tima para a TRC. Observa-se que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es seguem um padr&#227;o semelhante &#224;s descritas em programas de RCV baseada em centros tradicionais, o que viabiliza estudos adicionais e padroniza&#231;&#227;o de protocolos, para que possamos dispor de informa&#231;&#245;es mais robustas. Surge a hip&#243;tese de que a ades&#227;o ao programa de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e a sua manuten&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo sejam mais impactantes em desfechos de sa&#250;de do que a intensidade dos exerc&#237;cios realizados.</p>
        <p>As sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico remotas devem ser prescritas e supervisionadas por profissionais de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e fisioterapeutas habilitados e capacitados, preferencialmente com experi&#234;ncia em programas de RCV em centros especializados. Recomenda-se que pacientes de fase II, antes de iniciarem um programa remoto, tenham a viv&#234;ncia m&#237;nima de 4 sess&#245;es presenciais em centro especializado. Essa abordagem h&#237;brida tem como objetivo proporcionar uma pr&#225;tica de percep&#231;&#227;o aos esfor&#231;os, orientar e corrigir movimentos, e direcionar a pr&#225;tica remota das sess&#245;es. Nesse momento, &#233; aconselh&#225;vel que o paciente receba orienta&#231;&#245;es de uso da escala de percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do esfor&#231;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> que dever&#225; ser utilizada em conjunto com monitores de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Ainda na fase II, as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio online devem ocorrer em tempo real, com comunica&#231;&#227;o bilateral entre o profissional de sa&#250;de e o paciente. Recomenda-se que o paciente fa&#231;a uso de algum monitor de sinais vitais, como frequenc&#237;metro ou ox&#237;metro, que esteja na presen&#231;a de um acompanhante e que tenha ao seu alcance contatos de emerg&#234;ncia para casos de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos. Minimizar os riscos e priorizar a seguran&#231;a s&#227;o recomenda&#231;&#245;es emergenciais.</p>
        <p>Na fase III, as sess&#245;es podem ser ass&#237;ncronas, por meio de videoaulas ou de orienta&#231;&#227;o individualizada utilizando aplicativos espec&#237;ficos para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, existem aplicativos para prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios em academia de muscula&#231;&#227;o ou com o peso corporal, que podem ser executados em casa ou academias de forma ass&#237;ncrona. Esses novos aplicativos s&#227;o simples de utilizar e permitem a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de v&#237;deos explicativos, com informa&#231;&#245;es sobre execu&#231;&#227;o, n&#250;mero de s&#233;ries, repeti&#231;&#245;es e cargas. Esta tecnologia proporciona a entrega de programas de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos personalizados ou em grupo, e ganhou destaque durante a pandemia de COVID-19, sendo cada vez mais utilizada em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Considerando o Brasil um pa&#237;s de dimens&#245;es continentais, a telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca surge como uma solu&#231;&#227;o relativamente simples e eficaz para proporcionar uma maior oferta de RCV, principalmente em &#225;reas carentes de servi&#231;os dispon&#237;veis para a popula&#231;&#227;o. As plataformas digitais possibilitam treinamento universal para diversos servi&#231;os, com possibilidades de cria&#231;&#227;o de centros coordenadores e consultores especializados. A telerreabilita&#231;&#227;o deve idealmente fazer parte de todos os servi&#231;os estruturados de RCV no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Ariella Sebasti&#227;o Mangia pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Movimento Humano, Atividade f&#237;sica e sa&#250;de &#8211; UDESC/Cefid.</p>
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        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0570_PV_tabela-suplementar.pdf">clique aqui.</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240570i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Telerehabilitation: An Alternative for Greater Availability of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Rehabilitation in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9263-5916</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
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          <name>
            <surname>Mangia</surname>
            <given-names>Ariella Sebasti&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
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        </contrib>
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        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Cardio-oncologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Ariella Sebasti&#227;o Mangia &#8226; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina &#8211; N&#250;cleo de Cardio-oncologia e Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio &#8211; Rua Pascoal Simone, 358. Postal Code 80080-350, Coqueiros Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil E-mail: ariella.mangia@edu.udesc.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac Telerehabilitation &#8211; An alternative for patients with difficulty attending rehabilitation centers</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240570-40570-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Telerehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemonitoring</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular rehabilitation (CVR) is vital for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Despite robust CVR recommendations, it is still underutilized globally due to low referral, geographical barriers, such as the lack of CVR centers in urban areas and the lack of coverage in remote areas, logistics, and limitations in healthcare systems and professional training.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In Brazil, the situation is even more challenging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of traditional CVR models, driving innovative solutions to ensure the continuity of care. In this context, cardiovascular telerehabilitation (CTR) emerges as a viable and accessible approach, representing a modern solution that is aligned with technological and cultural needs and should ideally be part of every CVR program in Brazil.</p>
      <p>By 2022, there were only 59 formal CVR programs, most of which were concentrated in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The following year, data from a study that described the characteristics of Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs (CRPs) in Brazil and the impacts of COVID-19 showed that of the 75 existing CRPs,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 59 participated in the study and 29% were located in the Mid-West and Northeast regions, 51% were located in the Southeast region, and 20% in the South region, with 42 CRPs (71%) implementing remote rehabilitation strategies during the pandemic. These data demonstrate the scarcity and the lack of vacancies and services in other Brazilian regions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      <p>The CVR has been structured without change over the last few years, and this has shown to be inconsistent with the current times,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> becoming even more evident after the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis has brought significant challenges to the delivery of rehabilitation services, highlighting the urgency for innovative and remote solutions that can ensure the continuity of essential care for patients during this time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In this context, CTR has emerged as a solution to fill this gap.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular telerehabilitation &#8211; concept</title>
        <p>CTR is a program that comprises one or more components of traditional CVR, commonly offered in CVR programs at home or outside a hospital/specialized center environment;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> it is delivered through digital technology (telemonitoring, e-learning, telecoaching).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Its objective is to manage CVD and improve different physical, emotional, psychological, and social aspects of patients, especially those located in areas with low levels of access, whether due to their place of residence or difficulty in accessing advanced care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the different forms of application of CTR, the main ones are based on mobile devices, wearables, and social media management platforms,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> which, when used together, can remotely evaluate, make electronic prescriptions, offer health education, and facilitate communication between physicians, healthcare professionals, and patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The possibility of closely monitoring vital signs and patients guarantees the viability of telemedicine and, therefore, of CTR, making it an alternative system to traditional CVR.</p>
        <p>The CTR model includes the following components:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Individualized treatment plan: through a comprehensive program covering personalized physical exercise, physical activity counseling, guidance on modifying risk factors (smoking cessation, diabetes management, and hypertension and dyslipidemia management), and nutritional and psychological counseling.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Use of a telemonitoring system: allows the assessment of vital signs before, during, or after exercise sessions, and may vary according to resources and needs. Examples of devices used are wireless electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring, heart rate (HR) monitors, blood pressure (BP) monitors, oxygen saturation monitors, pedometers, and accelerometers that use geospatial data and can be downloaded via Bluetooth and a smartphone.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>The delivery of a CTR program can occur in the following ways:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Synchronous Virtual: real-time audiovisual interaction between the patient and the CVR team. This model can be beneficial to more fragile patients with reduced functional capacity, who require more guidance and care during exercise. This model also fosters interpersonal and emotional communication. A negative point is that interventions lack compatible time availability between the team and the patient, in addition to the ideal number of patients simultaneously in a virtual environment being unknown.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Asynchronous Remote: There is no real-time interaction between the patient and the CVR team. The patient receives exercise guidance and can report their physical activities and other health data through remote technology. The benefits of this model are that there is no restriction on the number of people who can receive exercise or educational guidance through video classes, who then can perform the exercise according to their personal availability.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hybrid: Some components of CVR are delivered in person with the patient and team in the same location, and other sessions are combined synchronously or asynchronously remotely to meet the patient&#8217;s needs best.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>The way in which data exchange occurs in synchronous CTR benefits the patient in terms of motivation and safety of the proposed intervention. In this model, the team can check the general conditions of the participants, adjust the intensity of the exercise, and provide instructions and immediate feedback.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Evidence in Telerehabilitation</title>
          <p>CTR investigations and analyses have been the subject of growing interest in several nations, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, which brought about a significant transformation in the CVR landscape.</p>
          <p>CVR telehealth programs have existed since the early 1980s, offered in rural areas where geographic barriers made participation in a traditional CVR program difficult.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In 2014, a pioneering CTR study evaluated the impact of a smartphone-based home care model and compared it with a traditional CVR program in patients after myocardial infarction. The main results were higher adherence and completion rates for the smartphone-based program compared to the traditional one (94% vs 68% and 80% vs 47%, respectively). As for clinical outcomes and quality of life, both groups achieved significant improvements in the 6-minute walk test and food intake. The smartphone-based home group showed significant reductions in weight and waist circumference, and better improved emotional state and health-related quality of life outcomes. It also showed a slight reduction in 6-week end-diastolic blood pressure. This study followed patients for 6 months and observed that the improvements seen at the end of the program (6 weeks), especially the walking test and psychosocial improvements, were maintained in the long term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In 2018, the Dutch Association of Cardiology published an addendum to the multidisciplinary cardiac rehabilitation guideline specifically covering this &#8220;new&#8221; CTR model, being one of the first in the world to establish professional guidelines in the area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Large systematic review studies and meta-analyses have been conducted in East Asian countries, published in the last two years, with strong evidence on efficacy and safety,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> long-term effectiveness,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and comparison between CTR and traditional CVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Different groups of patients were studied, from the least complex, such as post-coronary intervention,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> to more challenging scenarios, such as patients with heart failure in whom CTR proved to be viable and safe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>CTR gained more prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic when the largest traditional cardiac rehabilitation centers closed (temporarily or long-term),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and many healthcare professionals resorted to the &#8220;online&#8221; approach, exploring various mobile applications such as smartphones and smartwatches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In Brazil, a cross-sectional study investigated the impacts of the first epidemiological wave of COVID-19 on CTR programs and found that only two programs, out of 75 existing in Brazil, used digital platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The same study also found that to maintain participants in CTR programs, the most used strategy was remote activities through video calls (33%), followed by the use of photos and videos (27%).</p>
          <p>A summary of the publications&#8217; abstracts can be seen in the supplement, <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240570-40570-suppl01-en.pdf">Table 1</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Proposal for the development and implementation of telerehabilitation in Brazil</title>
          <p>Currently, we do not know which CVR programs in Brazil, especially in the public network, have addressed telerehabilitation as a form of care for those patients who are prevented from participating in CVR programs due to geographical and access barriers.</p>
          <p>Although evidence demonstrates the clinical and economic benefits of CTR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> unfortunately, interventions are limited to research settings. They are rarely implemented in regular care, which may be in part due to a lack of awareness of CTR and the challenges of its implementation.</p>
          <p>Successful implementation of CTR programs requires an alliance between leading research centers and major CVR centers at the national level. Collaboration between these institutions can enable joint studies to test effective protocols, ensuring the effectiveness of this innovative method.</p>
          <p>A recent study highlights the challenges associated with the use of technology, especially among elderly users, as a barrier to implementing CTR, suggesting the need to review the digital devices available for older patients with coronary heart disease. The authors also highlight the need to promote CTR through healthcare policies and health management to reduce inequalities, as well as to design interventions that promote long-term adherence and impact long-term lifestyle change.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In this context, substantial investments in technological infrastructure are key, both by public and private institutions, so that CTR programs are implemented in Brazil through the country&#8217;s Unified Health System and private networks.</p>
          <p>Partnerships between Universities and CVR centers can be a way to implement, validate, and expand the CR delivery model according to the reality of Brazil. In addition to the issue of digital education, it is believed that the greatest barriers to the implementation of CTR in Brazil are the qualification and training of the professionals who will deal with the technology. These professionals must be properly trained and qualified to instruct and guide patients so that they understand how to use technology to carry out their treatments through telemedicine. In Brazil, the number of people using smartphones and accessing the Internet is growing. In 2023, 213 million people had a mobile phone subscription and 84% of the population used the Internet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In addition, there is a variety of social media platforms, streaming services, and fitness apps that offer different possibilities to users according to their different digital competence profiles. On the other hand, when elderly patients face problems using technology, they can count on the support of family members and caregivers, as long as they also receive appropriate guidance. The support of family members or caregivers is key to making treatment effective.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Screening and Assessments</title>
          <p>Screening of patients eligible for CTR should ideally be performed by a cardiologist or, when a cardiologist is not available, by the physician responsible for the program.</p>
          <p>It is recommended, while not prohibitive, that patients perform an exercise stress test (EST) and/or a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) before starting their exercise program to identify the target training zone, just as recommended in traditional CVR programs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>If it is not possible to perform an EST or CPET, the Talk Test<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> or 6-minute walk test<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> can help identify the appropriate exercise intensity to improve cardiorespiratory fitness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The professional responsible for prescribing and monitoring exercise sessions, whether a physical education professional or physiotherapist, must carry out a detailed anamnesis, in addition to tests to assess functional capacity and anthropometry, to complement the information on the patient&#8217;s general condition before the exercises. Reassessments after the intervention are recommended, mainly to provide the patient with information about their progress in the program. Therefore, it is believed that the patient&#8217;s motivation and the chances of changing their lifestyle can be improved.</p>
          <p>Patients with ventricular arrhythmia and/or significant symptomatic myocardial ischemia during the stress test are considered to be at greater risk for physical training monitored remotely. In these cases, the risks and benefits must be assessed individually.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding patient eligibility and safety, special attention should be given to patients with severe heart failure, frailty, orthopedic or cognitive impairment, who live alone, or who feel uncomfortable using technology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A contingency protocol in case of serious adverse events, such as cardiorespiratory arrest, or even moderate to mild adverse events, must be described in the CTR program and must informed to the patient, family members, and caregivers. The following procedures should be included in the program:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Emergency contacts: provide patients with the contact numbers for the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU, in Brazil) and the Fire Department. These numbers must be accessible and visible, making it easier for anyone to call the service in case of an emergency.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Guidance for effective communication: instruct patients about the appropriate way to communicate with emergency responders <list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The person calling must inform the responder that the case involves a person with a heart disease, specifying the type of heart disease diagnosed;</p></list-item><list-item><p>The person calling must also inform the responder that the case involves a person who is practicing supervised exercise as part of a rehabilitation program;</p></list-item><list-item><p>The symptoms should be accurately described, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and dizziness, among others.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The address and the location where the patient will receive care must also be informed.</p></list-item></list> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Caregiver training: provide caregivers with a comprehensive video lesson on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to prepare them for potential cardiorespiratory arrest situations. Alternatively, when possible, this guidance can be provided through a face-to-face lecture, in a hybrid model.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>This plan aims to ensure that patients and caregivers are adequately prepared to respond effectively in emergencies, promoting a safer environment during telerehabilitation practice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prescribing physical exercise sessions in telerehabilitation</title>
          <p>The content of a remotely supervised exercise program should be personalized based on each patient&#8217;s individual goals, preferences, and functional abilities, similar to a traditional CVR program. The patient&#8217;s previous experience and knowledge of the chosen modality can increase adherence, motivation, and safety. Hybrid CVR models, which combine exercise sessions in specialized centers with CTR, have been the subject of research and are gaining popularity with evolving evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Physical training should be prescribed according to the FITT model (frequency, intensity, time/duration, and type of exercise).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> The frequency of aerobic exercises should be at least three days a week, preferably every day. Alternating physical exercise with physical activities carried out during leisure or commuting can be a good strategy for increasing the level of physical activity. For resistance exercises, a frequency of at least twice a week is recommended, with an emphasis on activities that improve the skills necessary for the effective and safe performance of daily life activities, focusing on natural and functional movements, such as pushing, pulling, squatting, lifting, and rotating. Free weights, elastic bands, chairs, sticks, balls, overballs, and other accessories can be used.</p>
          <p>For intensity prescription, individualized guidance is recommended, combining different variables obtained during the CPET or the EST with an individual score of subjective perception of effort (Borg) or talk test. The basic recommendation is to consider a moderate or moderate to high-intensity domain, when possible (low-risk patients), adjusted to the individual characteristics of each person.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In patients who perform the CPET, the heart rate observed at the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds can be used as a reference, starting close to the first threshold and progressing to the HR between thresholds 1 and 2. In the EST, the intensity can vary from 60% to 80% of the maximum HR achieved in the test, progressing to up to 90% of the maximum HR. 50 to 70% of the reserve HR can also be used for patients without testing. Sessions can last from 30 to 60 minutes. Different types of physical exercises can be performed: resistance exercises, mobility exercises, flexibility exercises, using body weight, walking, and exercises on ergometers.</p>
          <p>It is worth noting that, given the different protocols of the studies carried out to date, the optimal intensity for CTR is not known. The recommendations follow a pattern similar to those described in CVR programs carried out in traditional centers. This enables additional studies and protocol standardization so that we can have more robust information. Adherence to the physical exercise program and its long-term maintenance are thought to have a greater impact on health outcomes than the intensity of the exercises performed.</p>
          <p>Remote physical exercise sessions must be prescribed and supervised by qualified and trained physical education professionals and physiotherapists, preferably with experience in CVR programs in specialized centers. Before starting a remote program, phase II patients should have a minimum experience of 4 face-to-face sessions in a specialized center. This hybrid approach aims to provide patients with a perception of the efforts, guide and correct movements, and direct the practice of remote sessions. At this time, the patient should receive guidance on using the subjective perception of effort scale,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> which should be used in conjunction with heart rate monitors during exercise sessions.</p>
          <p>Still, during phase II, online exercise sessions must take place in real-time, with bilateral communication between the healthcare professional and the patient. The patient should use a vital signs monitor, such as a heart rate monitor or an oximeter, be accompanied by another person, and have emergency contacts within reach in case of adverse events. Minimizing risks and prioritizing safety are emergency recommendations.</p>
          <p>In phase III, sessions can be asynchronous through video classes or individualized guidance via specific exercise applications.</p>
          <p>Currently, exercise prescription apps are available for use in weight training gyms or with body weight. The exercises can be performed at home or in gyms asynchronously. These new applications are simple to use and display explanatory videos with information about how to perform the exercise, the number of sets, repetitions, and loads. This technology provides the delivery of personalized or group exercise programs, and gained prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic, being increasingly used among different populations.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Considering that Brazil is a country of continental dimensions, cardiac telerehabilitation appears as a relatively simple and effective solution to enable a greater offer of CVR, especially in areas lacking this kind of healthcare service. Digital platforms enable universal training for different services, with the possibility of creating coordinating centers and specialized consultants. Telerehabilitation should ideally be part of every structured Cardiovascular Rehabilitation service in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ariella Sebasti&#227;o Mangia, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Movimento Humano, Atividade f&#237;sica e sa&#250;de &#8211; UDESC/Cefid.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0570_PV_tabela-suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
