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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4gTVCCLKVSjrrmFZkzvvdPv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240546</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular e Placas nas Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas em um Estudo Populacional &#8211; Estudo SHIP-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Burger</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9444-9209</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Burger</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beraldi</surname>
            <given-names>Enrico Klug</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Campanelli Franco da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0676-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zabot</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Pereira de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Starke</surname>
            <given-names>Siegmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Helena</surname>
            <given-names>Ernani Tiaraju de Santa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markus</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello Ricardo Paulista</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universidade Regional de Blumenau</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Blumenau</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Isabel Blumenau</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Blumenau</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Isabel Blumenau, Blumenau, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Medicine Greifswald</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department and Polyclinic of Internal Medicine B</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Greifswald</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Medicine Greifswald Department and Polyclinic of Internal Medicine B, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">German Centre for Cardiovascular Research</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Greifswald</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Greifswald &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">German Center for Diabetes Research</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Greifswald</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">German Center for Diabetes Research, Greifswald &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: S&#233;rgio Luiz Zimmermann &#8226; Rua Floriano Peixoto, 245, sala 59. CEP 89010-500, Blumenau, SC &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>slzimmermann@cardioblu.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240546</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; uma causa relevante de morbidade e mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, e importante para detectar fatores que possam influenciar sua preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular com placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida em participantes do Estudo de Sa&#250;de na Pomer&#226;nia (<italic>The Study of Health in Pomerania</italic>, SHIP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 1953 participantes foram avaliados quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovasculares (hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, diabetes tipo 2, obesidade, tabagismo e inatividade f&#237;sica) e vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas (sexo, idade, cultura alem&#227;, cor/ra&#231;a autodeclarada, e consumo de &#225;lcool), circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/quadril, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-altura. A presen&#231;a de placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida foi analisada por ultrassonografia. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis do estudo e a presen&#231;a de placas foi avaliada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> As placas estiveram presentes em 56,5% dos pacientes hipertensos (p&lt;0,001), 49,8% dos pacientes dislipid&#234;micos (p&lt;0,001), 62% dos pacientes diab&#233;ticos (p&lt;0,001), 52% dos fumantes e 29% dos pacientes que nunca fumaram (p&lt;0,001), 39,5% dos indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios e 33,1% dos n&#227;o sedent&#225;rios (p=0,014), 43,7% das pessoas obesas e 26,1% dos eutr&#243;ficos (p&lt;0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Placas nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas foram prevalentes em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, com idade entre 60 e 79 anos, da ra&#231;a branca, hipertensos, dislipid&#234;micos, diab&#233;ticos, tabagistas, sedent&#225;rios e obesos, de cultura alem&#227;, analfabetos, da classe econ&#244;mica A1/A2 e com baixo consumo de &#225;lcool.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular e Placas nas Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas em um Estudo Populacional &#8211; Estudo SHIP-Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4gTVCCLKVSjrrmFZkzvvdPv/b14bff4441873fd6290cc85bac16a88e3973f908.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura Intima-Media Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco de Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ateroscler&#243;ticas est&#227;o associadas a altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica causada por um desequil&#237;brio no metabolismo lip&#237;dico, principalmente devido &#224; elevada concentra&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL colesterol) no sangue, gerando placas ateromatosas nos vasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a s&#227;o hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, diabetes, tabagismo, obesidade, estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio e hist&#243;rico familiar, al&#233;m da influ&#234;ncia de fatores como idade e sexo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As primeiras manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ateroscler&#243;ticas incluem angina est&#225;vel, angina inst&#225;vel e sinais de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Elas tamb&#233;m podem ser silenciosas e se manifestar como um evento potencialmente fatal como o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Diante disso, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; extremamente importante para identificar indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com uma maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o para desenvolverem doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m dos v&#225;rios escores de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco existentes, &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar a presen&#231;a de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas. Trata-se de um marcador subcl&#237;nico de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica que pode ser avaliado pelo exame de ultrassonografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As Diretrizes Brasileiras de Dislipidemia classificaram a aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, detectada pela presen&#231;a de placas nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, como um indicador de alto risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular em indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A investiga&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, nosso estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular com placas nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas. Isso &#233; importante, uma vez que a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de pacientes com maior risco de desenvolverem doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica carot&#237;dea pode levar a melhores programas de rastreamento em sistemas de sa&#250;de.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico, transversal, de base populacional de participantes no momento basal do Estudo de Sa&#250;de na Pomer&#226;nia (<italic>The Study of Health in Pomerania</italic>, SHIP).</p>
      <p>O SHIP-Brazil &#233; um estudo do tipo coorte conduzido por pesquisadores do Programa de Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Funda&#231;&#227;o Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB) em parceria com o Instituto de Medicina de Comunidade da Faculdade de Medicina de Greifswald, Universidade de Greifswald Alemanha. Os objetivos, delineamento, m&#233;todos e resultados preliminares do estudo foram descritos previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em resumo, obteve-se uma amostra aleat&#243;ria simples, com pessoas com idade entre 20 e 79 anos de ambos os sexos (12 estratos de amostragem, dois estratos por sexo e seis estratos por grupo et&#225;rio de dez anos), com um total de 3678 participantes. O c&#225;lculo amostral considerou uma preval&#234;ncia de eventos de 50%, precis&#227;o de 5% e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram pessoas que residiam em Pomerode, Santa Catarina, por pelo menos seis meses. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram pacientes com alguma condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica e/ou mental que os impediram de responder os question&#225;rios ou ser submetidos a exames. Ao final da coleta de dados, no estudo, ocorreram cerca de 30% de perdas e/ou recusas, e a amostra final foi composta de 2488 pessoas.</p>
      <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada entre 2014 e 2016. Os participantes receberam visita no domic&#237;lio, onde os question&#225;rios foram administrados. Ao final da visita, os participantes receberam as orienta&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para realizarem exames no hospital universit&#225;rio de Blumenau. Todos os procedimentos de coleta de dados est&#227;o descritos nos Procedimentos Operacionais Padr&#227;o (http://www.furb.br/vspomerode).</p>
      <p>Os exames de ultrassonografia das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas foram realizados por um examinador treinado, usando o equipamento Vivid<sup>TM</sup> I (General Electric), equipado com um transdutor e um sistema de registro de imagem. Os participantes permaneceram na posi&#231;&#227;o supina com a cabe&#231;a ligeiramente inclinada para o lado contralateral da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida. Cada segmento &#8211; art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum distal, bifurca&#231;&#227;o da car&#243;tida e as por&#231;&#245;es proximais da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna e da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida externa &#224; direita e &#224; esquerda &#8211; foi examinado separadamente e em sequ&#234;ncia. Primeiramente, a imagem em modo B foi estudada tanto longitudinalmente e em uma imagem transversal em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s placas ateroscler&#243;ticas. Aqui, os vasos foram examinados com diferentes &#226;ngulos de sons. Isso significa que, do &#226;ngulo localizado na posi&#231;&#227;o mais anterior at&#233; o &#226;ngulo localizado na posi&#231;&#227;o mais posterior, todos os vasos devem ser examinados para detectar at&#233; as menores placas exc&#234;ntricas. A presen&#231;a de placa foi considerada quando houvesse (1) uma protrus&#227;o focal do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal em dire&#231;&#227;o ao l&#250;men do vaso, que emergisse acima da espessura da camada da &#237;ntima-media circundante; ou (2) um aumento focal na ecogenicidade em uma se&#231;&#227;o longitudinal determinada por uma aspereza da superf&#237;cie luminal, mesmo sem proje&#231;&#227;o ou com uma m&#237;nima proje&#231;&#227;o para o l&#250;men do vaso. As placas foram avaliadas visualmente e quantificadas com base na localiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>As seguintes vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas foram escolhidas: sexo (masculino/feminino), grupo et&#225;rio: 20 a 39, 40 a 59 e 60 a 79, estado civil &#8211; casado e solteiro(a)/separado(a)/vi&#250;vo(a), ra&#231;a/cor autodeclarada e educa&#231;&#227;o (analfabeto, ensino fundamental, ensino m&#233;dio, faculdade). Os indiv&#237;duos que relataram falar alem&#227;o regularmente em casa e frequentar associa&#231;&#245;es culturais alem&#227;s foram considerados de cultura alem&#227;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A classe econ&#244;mica de consumo foi obtida de acordo com o &#8220;Crit&#233;rio Brasil&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e a soma dos escores foi convertida em categorias que foram agrupadas em A1/A2, B1/B2, C1/C2, ou D/E.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis de estilo de vida, os participantes foram classificados em fumantes, ex-fumantes e n&#227;o fumantes. O consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica (baixo, moderado, alto e grave) foi estimado usando o question&#225;rio AUDIT-C adaptado e validado em portugu&#234;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic> (IPAQ-vers&#227;o curta)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> foi usado para estimar a atividade f&#237;sica, e os que relataram praticar atividade f&#237;sica moderada ou vigorosa por 150 minutos ou mais por semana foram considerados suficientemente ativos.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas inclu&#237;ram &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), raz&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ), raz&#227;o cintura-altura (RCA) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC). A massa corporal foi medida usando uma balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica (WELMY<sup>&#174;</sup> Adult W300) com capacidade de 300 Kg e precis&#227;o de 50g. A altura foi medida usando um estadi&#244;metro com uma haste fixa &#224; balan&#231;a. O IMC foi obtido dividindo-se a massa corporal (em quilogramas) pela altura ao quadrado (m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>). Os participantes foram classificados como eutr&#243;ficos (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>), com sobrepeso (25,0 a 29,9 Kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) e obesos (&#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>). Os idosos foram considerados com sobrepeso se apresentassem IMC &#8805; 27 Kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>). As circunfer&#234;ncias foram medidas usando uma fita inel&#225;stica Cescorf<sup>&#174;</sup> (em cent&#237;metros). A RCQ foi calculada, e os valores menores que 0,85 para mulheres e menores que 0,90 para homens foram considerados inadequados.</p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial, Diabetes Mellitus e dislipidemia foi autorrelatada pelos participantes com base em um diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico pr&#233;vio.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados usando estat&#237;stica descritiva &#8211; m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e/ou frequ&#234;ncias (absolutas e relativas) e apresentados em tabelas. As vari&#225;veis foram testadas quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o (assimetria e curtose usando o teste de D&#8217;Agostino). A associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis do estudo e o escore da placa (nenhum, um ou dois, e tr&#234;s ou mais)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> foi examinada usando o programa Stata 11,2 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, EUA). Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        <p>O SHIP-Brazil segue a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 e a resolu&#231;&#227;o 510/2016 do Conselho Nacional da Sa&#250;de, bem como a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento, e o estudo foi submetido e aprovado ao comit&#234; de &#233;tica da FURB (2.969.842).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta de 2488 participantes. Desses, 235 (9,4%) n&#227;o compareceram ao centro de exames e 300 (12,1%) n&#227;o aceitaram a serem submetidos ao exame de ultrassonografia das car&#243;tidas. N&#243;s analisamos 1953 participantes.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes. A idade m&#233;dia foi 50,85 anos (DP=14.64) e a mediana foi 51,4 anos. Observou-se uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de participantes do sexo feminino, estado civil casado, ra&#231;a branca e cultura alem&#227;. Quanto &#224; escolaridade, a maioria dos participantes haviam completado entre um e quatro anos de ensino fundamental. A classe B1/B2 foi a predominante. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estilo de vida, observou-se um baixo consumo de &#225;lcool na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, bem como uma alta porcentagem de pessoas que nunca haviam fumado, e uma baixa porcentagem de pessoas sedent&#225;rias. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados antropom&#233;tricos, houve uma alta preval&#234;ncia de obesidade, CC de alto risco, RCQ de alto risco, e RCQ de alto risco. Foi poss&#237;vel observar ainda uma porcentagem baixa de participantes com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas: hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia em compara&#231;&#227;o aos participantes sem doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. Neste estudo, a presen&#231;a de placas nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas foi observada em 36% dos participantes: 64,0% n&#227;o apresentaram placas, 23,3% apresentaram uma ou duas placas e 12,8% apresentaram tr&#234;s ou mais placas nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes do &#8220;The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) &#8211; Brazil&#8221; 2014-2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o (n = 1953)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Frequ&#234;ncia</th>
                <th>Porcentagem</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>1 &#8211; Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">820</td>
                <td align="center">42,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1133</td>
                <td align="center">58,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>2 &#8211; Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">20-39</td>
                <td align="center">498</td>
                <td align="center">25,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">40-59</td>
                <td align="center">885</td>
                <td align="center">45,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">60-79</td>
                <td align="center">570</td>
                <td align="center">29,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>3 &#8211; Estado civil</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Casado</td>
                <td align="center">1482</td>
                <td align="center">77,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Solteiro/Separado/Vi&#250;vo</td>
                <td align="center">438</td>
                <td align="center">22,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>4 &#8211; Ra&#231;a/Cor</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">1779</td>
                <td align="center">92,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o-branca</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
                <td align="center">7,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>5 &#8211; Cultura alem&#227;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">572</td>
                <td align="center">29,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1345</td>
                <td align="center">70,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">
                  <bold>6 &#8211; Educa&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Ensino superior</td>
                <td align="center">263</td>
                <td align="center">13,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">493</td>
                <td align="center">26,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ensino fundamental (5&#186; - 8&#186; ano)</td>
                <td align="center">374</td>
                <td align="center">19,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ensino fundamental (1&#186; - 4&#186; ano)</td>
                <td align="center">739</td>
                <td align="center">39,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Analfabeto</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">1,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">
                  <bold>7 &#8211; Classe socioecon&#244;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">A1/A2</td>
                <td align="center">244</td>
                <td align="center">12,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">B1/B2</td>
                <td align="center">1148</td>
                <td align="center">58,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">C1/C2</td>
                <td align="center">547</td>
                <td align="center">28,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">D/E</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">0,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">
                  <bold>8 &#8211; Consumo de &#225;lcool</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">1346</td>
                <td align="center">70,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Moderado</td>
                <td align="center">322</td>
                <td align="center">16,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Alto</td>
                <td align="center">150</td>
                <td align="center">7,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Grave</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">4,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>9 &#8211; Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Nunca fumou</td>
                <td align="center">1271</td>
                <td align="center">66,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Tabagista</td>
                <td align="center">434</td>
                <td align="center">22,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ex-tabagista</td>
                <td align="center">202</td>
                <td align="center">10,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>10 &#8211; Atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1239</td>
                <td align="center">68,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">575</td>
                <td align="center">31,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">
                  <bold>11 &#8211; Obesidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">0,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Eutr&#243;fico</td>
                <td align="center">445</td>
                <td align="center">24,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">668</td>
                <td align="center">36,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Obeso</td>
                <td align="center">712</td>
                <td align="center">38,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>12 &#8211; Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Risco baixo</td>
                <td align="center">632</td>
                <td align="center">34,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Risco alto</td>
                <td align="center">1194</td>
                <td align="center">65,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>13 &#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-altura</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Risco baixo</td>
                <td align="center">558</td>
                <td align="center">30,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Risco alto</td>
                <td align="center">1269</td>
                <td align="center">69,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>14 &#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-altura</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Risco baixo</td>
                <td align="center">551</td>
                <td align="center">30,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Risco alto</td>
                <td align="center">1277</td>
                <td align="center">69,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>15 &#8211; Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">1100</td>
                <td align="center">63,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">640</td>
                <td align="center">36,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>16 &#8211; Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">1719</td>
                <td align="center">91,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">171</td>
                <td align="center">9,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>17 &#8211; Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">1297</td>
                <td align="center">68,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">604</td>
                <td align="center">31,8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>18 &#8211; Placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1249</td>
                <td align="center">64,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1-2</td>
                <td align="center">455</td>
                <td align="center">23,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8805;3</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">12,8%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) &#8211; Brazil</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> apresentam a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis apresentadas e a presen&#231;a de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida. Observou-se uma porcentagem mais alta de participantes sem placas com as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: sexo feminino, idade entre 20 e 39 anos, solteira/separada/vi&#250;va, ra&#231;a n&#227;o branca, cultura n&#227;o alem&#227;, educa&#231;&#227;o superior completa, classe econ&#244;mica B1/B2, consumo moderado de &#225;lcool, nunca fumaram, e praticava atividade f&#237;sica. Quanto aos dados antropom&#233;tricos, a porcentagem mais alta de pessoas sem placas encontrava-se no grupo eutr&#243;fico, com medidas de CC, RCQ e RCA de baixo risco. Quanto &#224;s doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, havia uma porcentagem mais alta de indiv&#237;duos sem placas naqueles n&#227;o hipertensos, n&#227;o dislipid&#234;micos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e de estilo de vida e risco cardiovascular com a presen&#231;a de placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida em participantes do estudo &#8220;The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) &#8211; Brazil&#8221; 2014-2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="3">Escore de placas</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">0 n = 1249</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">1 ou 2 n = 455</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">&#8805;3 n = 249</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>1 &#8211; Estado civil</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Casado</td>
                <td align="center">948 (64%)</td>
                <td align="center">350 (23,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">184 (12,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,690</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Solteiro / Divorciado / Vi&#250;vo</td>
                <td align="center">290 (66,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (22,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (11,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>2 &#8211; Cultura alem&#227;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">458 (80,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (14,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (5,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">778 (57,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">362 (26,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">205 (15,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">
                  <bold>3 &#8211; Educa&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Ensino superior</td>
                <td align="center">231 (87,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (9,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">407 (82,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (14,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (13,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ensino fundamental (5&#186; - 8&#186; ano)</td>
                <td align="center">261 (69,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (20,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (9,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ensino fundamental (1&#186; - 4&#186; ano)</td>
                <td align="center">310 (42,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">252 (34,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">177 (24,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Analfabeto</td>
                <td align="center">10 (41,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (45,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">
                  <bold>4 &#8211; Classe socioecon&#244;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">A1/A2</td>
                <td align="center">137 (56,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (27,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (16,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">B1/B2</td>
                <td align="center">784 (68,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">251 (21,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (9,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">C1/C2</td>
                <td align="center">320 (58,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">136 (24,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (16,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">D/E</td>
                <td align="center">8 (61,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (30,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">
                  <bold>5 &#8211; Consumo de &#225;lcool</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">828 (61,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">337 (25,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">181 (13,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Moderado</td>
                <td align="center">239 (74,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (17,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (8,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Alto</td>
                <td align="center">107 (71,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (18,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (10,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Grave</td>
                <td align="center">55 (66,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (21,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (12,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>6 &#8211; Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Nunca fumou</td>
                <td align="center">903 (71,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">263 (20,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (8,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Tabagista</td>
                <td align="center">235 (54,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (27,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (18,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ex-tabagista</td>
                <td align="center">97 (48,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (29,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (22,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>7 &#8211; Atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">829 (66,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">263 (21,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (11,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">348 (60.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (27.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (12.4%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) &#8211; Brazil</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas e risco cardiovascular com a presen&#231;a de placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida com a presen&#231;a de placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida nos participantes do estudo &#8220;The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) &#8211; Brazil&#8221; 2014-2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="3">Escore de placas</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">0 n = 1249</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">1 ou 2 n = 455</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">&#8805;3 n = 249</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>1 &#8211; Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">481 (58,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">199 (24,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">768 (67,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">256 (22,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (9,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>2 &#8211; Grupo et&#225;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">20-39</td>
                <td align="center">483 (97%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (2,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">40-59</td>
                <td align="center">623 (70,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">206 (23,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (6,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">60-79</td>
                <td align="center">143 (25,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">235 (41,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">192 (33,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>3 &#8211; Ra&#231;a / Cor</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">1126 (63,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">426 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">227 (12,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o branca</td>
                <td align="center">111 (80,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (15,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">
                  <bold>4 &#8211; Obesidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">11 (73,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (26,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Eutr&#243;fico</td>
                <td align="center">329 (73,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (15,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (10,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">442 (66,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (22,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (11,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Obeso</td>
                <td align="center">401 (56,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">209 (29,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (14,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>5 &#8211; Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Risco baixo</td>
                <td align="center">465 (73,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (15,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (10,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Risco alto</td>
                <td align="center">713 (59,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">326 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">155 (13,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>6 &#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-altura</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Risco baixo</td>
                <td align="center">424 (76,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (14,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (9,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Risco alto</td>
                <td align="center">754 (59,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">347 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">168 (13,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>7 &#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Risco baixo</td>
                <td align="center">467 (84,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (10,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (4,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Risco alto</td>
                <td align="center">712 (55,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">369 (28,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">196 (15,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>8 &#8211; Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">845 (76,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">188 (17,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">279 (43,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">216 (33,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">145 (22,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>9 &#8211; Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1160 (67,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">381 (22,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">178 (10,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">65 (38,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (32,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (29,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>10 &#8211; Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">923 (71,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">256 (19,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (9,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">303 (50,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">185 (30,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (19,2%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) &#8211; Brazil</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Uma porcentagem mais alta de participantes com uma ou duas placas ateroscler&#243;ticas foi encontrada com as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: sexo masculino, idade entre 60 e 79 anos, casado, branco, cultura alem&#227;, analfabeto, classe econ&#244;mica A1/A2, baixo consumo de &#225;lcool, fumantes, insuficientemente ativos, hipertenso, diab&#233;tico e dislipid&#234;mico. Quanto aos dados antropom&#233;tricos, houve uma porcentagem mais alta de obesidade, medida de CC de alto risco, medida de RCA de alto risco e RCQ de baixo risco.</p>
      <p>Observou-se uma porcentagem mais alta de participantes com tr&#234;s ou mais placas entre os indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, idade entre 60 e 79 anos, ra&#231;a branca, cultura alem&#227;, analfabetos, classe econ&#244;mica A1/A2, baixo consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagistas, sedent&#225;rios, obesos, hipertensos, diab&#233;ticos e dislipid&#234;micos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea trem sido descrita em uma parcela consider&#225;vel de popula&#231;&#245;es na Am&#233;rica Latina h&#225; d&#233;cadas. Um estudo mexicano publicado em 1999 relatou uma preval&#234;ncia de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica carot&#237;dea em 64,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Um estudo brasileiro<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> publicado em 2021 demonstrou uma frequ&#234;ncia de presen&#231;a de placas em 35,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero, encontramos que a preval&#234;ncia de pessoas com placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida foi mais alta entre homens. Isso foi observado em participantes com uma ou duas placas e naqueles com tr&#234;s ou mais placas. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com achados de estudos pr&#233;vios<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> que demonstram que homens est&#227;o em um risco maior de eventos cardiovasculares. Por outro lado, em mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa, esse risco &#233; igualado pela aus&#234;ncia de efeito protetor proporcionado pelo estr&#243;geno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que &#224; medida que o grupo et&#225;rio aumentava, ocorria um aumento na preval&#234;ncia dos participantes com placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida. Vale mencionar que a porcentagem dos participantes com placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida no grupo 40-59 anos foi significativamente maior que a porcentagem encontrada no grupo 20-39 anos. Ainda, a porcentagem dos participantes com placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida no grupo 60-79 anos aumentou de 29,6% para 74,9% em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo et&#225;rio anterior. Essa caracter&#237;stica foi descrita em outros estudos, que observou um aumento substancial nas placas nos participantes com idade de 50 anos ou mais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas, como demonstrado em v&#225;rios estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o diabetes &#233; caracterizado em v&#225;rias fontes de literatura como uma importante comorbidade associada &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de placa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, encontrou-se uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre dislipidemia e a presen&#231;a de placas. No grupo dislipid&#234;mico, placas ateroscler&#243;ticas estiveram presentes em mais da metade dos participantes. Essa correla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi observada em v&#225;rios estudos em que essa vari&#225;vel foi analisada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estilo de vida, as pessoas sedent&#225;rias apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia significativamente mais alta de placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida que em pessoas fisicamente ativas (p=0,014), e essa associa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi observada em outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo, encontrou-se uma porcentagem mais alta de placas em tabagistas atuais, mas tamb&#233;m foi observada uma alta preval&#234;ncia de placas em ex-tabagistas. Estudos sugerem que a taxa de altera&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica pode ser reduzida por interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, mas um efeito residual parece estar presente por pelo menos 10 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A cronologia desses fatos pode n&#227;o ser explicada pelo processo de inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica associado com tabagismo, o que pode danificar c&#233;lulas endoteliais das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e favorecer o ac&#250;mulo de fatores trombog&#234;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quanto ao consumo de &#225;lcool, houve uma alta preval&#234;ncia de placas em pessoas com baixo consumo de &#225;lcool. Outro estudo baseado no SHIP utilizou a espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea como um m&#233;todo de avaliar aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, e encontrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversamente proporcional entre consumo de &#225;lcool e um aumento na espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia, outro marcador subcl&#237;nico de aterosclerose. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi observada em homens com uma ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de at&#233; 80 g de &#225;lcool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados demonstram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e presen&#231;a de placas. Uma rela&#231;&#227;o similar tamb&#233;m foi observada entre medidas de alto risco da CC, RCA, e RCQ e a presen&#231;a de placas. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada em v&#225;rios estudos publicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; escolaridade, n&#237;veis mais baixos foram associados com preval&#234;ncia mais alta de placas. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o pode ser explicada pelo baixo n&#237;vel educacional dessa popula&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as. Quanto &#224; classe socioecon&#244;mica, a porcentagem mais alta de participantes com uma ou duas placas encontrava-se na classe A1/A2 (27,1%), e a preval&#234;ncia mais alta de tr&#234;s ou mais placas encontrava-se na classe D/E (30,8%). Outros estudos associaram o baixo n&#237;vel educacional e socioecon&#244;mico dos participantes com a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Estudos futuros poder&#227;o demonstrar se indiv&#237;duos de classes sociais mais altas possam ter maior acesso a exames complementares, enquanto em classes sociais mais baixas, o diagn&#243;stico seria feito quando a doen&#231;a j&#225; estivesse avan&#231;ada.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; etnia, houve uma preval&#234;ncia mais baixa de placas car&#243;tidas em pessoas da ra&#231;a branca. Segundo as diretrizes de preven&#231;&#227;o da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>, o risco estimado de desenvolver doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica em 10 anos &#233; mais alto em pessoas afro-americanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>N&#243;s observamos uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de placas em participantes de cultura alem&#227; (usado aqui como substituto de ascend&#234;ncia alem&#227;). Um estudo avaliando descendentes de alem&#227;es na regi&#227;o do Vale do Itaja&#237; mostrou que descendentes da primeira gera&#231;&#227;o de alem&#227;es n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas em termos de fatores de risco cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o a imigrantes alem&#227;es, exceto pelo colesterol HDL, que foi mais alto na popula&#231;&#227;o alem&#227;, embora essa fra&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tenha sido analisada em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o existem dados na literatura que indicam diferen&#231;as significativas no n&#250;mero de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas. De fato, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos com 1-2 placas e grupos com tr&#234;s ou mais placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida que pudessem influenciar decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <p>O estudo de fatores de risco e de caracter&#237;sticas prevalentes na associa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica pode levar a medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o e de controle para combater seus efeitos delet&#233;rios. Mas, &#233; importante mencionar que esse estudo pode ter algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Por ser um estudo transversal, ele n&#227;o define uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito entre as vari&#225;veis, somente levantando hip&#243;teses que requerem an&#225;lises novas e mais profundas em estudos longitudinais para confirm&#225;-las. Vale ainda ressaltar o fato de algumas informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas terem sido autorrelatadas pela popula&#231;&#227;o em an&#225;lise, e o alto n&#250;mero de perdas e recusas, que podem gerar vieses. Esse fator pode ser mais bem analisado no futuro por revis&#245;es de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e por outros testes confirmat&#243;rios.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e a presen&#231;a de placas na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida nos participantes. As placas foram mais prevalentes nos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, dislipid&#234;micos, diab&#233;ticos, tabagistas, sedent&#225;rios e obesos. Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o, as placas eram mais prevalentes em homens, com idade entre 60 e 79 anos, de cultura alem&#227;, analfabeto, da classe socioecon&#244;mica A1/A2 e com baixo consumo de &#225;lcool. As placas ateroscler&#243;ticas eram mais prevalentes entre os participantes com valores de alto risco para CC, RCQ e RCA.</p>
      <p>Esses achados destacam a import&#226;ncia de se identificar grupos de risco que se beneficiariam mais consistentemente de protocolos de rastreamento com bom custo-benef&#237;cio, sem serem expostos desnecessariamente a procedimentos invasivos que pudessem levar a danos f&#237;sicos e psicol&#243;gicos. Assim, estudos longitudinais e delineamentos experimentais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o de causalidade e progress&#227;o de risco.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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              <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moretti</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vianna</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Starke</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cesar</surname>
              <given-names>LAM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ischemic Heart Disease in German Immigrants and Their Descendants in a Region of Southern Brazil: A Comparison of Initial Symptoms Reported between two Generations</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiovasc Sci</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>48</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/ijcs.20200353</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de gradua&#231;&#227;o de Fernanda Burger Zimmermann pela Universidade Regional de Blumenau.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Funda&#231;&#227;o Universidade Regional de Blumenau sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2.969.842. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240546i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Carotid Plaques in a Population-Based Study - The SHIP-Brazil Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Burger</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9444-9209</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Burger</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beraldi</surname>
            <given-names>Enrico Klug</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research;</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Campanelli Franco da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0676-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zabot</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Pereira de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Starke</surname>
            <given-names>Siegmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Helena</surname>
            <given-names>Ernani Tiaraju de Santa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markus</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello Ricardo Paulista</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Isabel Blumenau, Blumenau, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Medicine Greifswald Department and Polyclinic of Internal Medicine B, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern &#8211; Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Greifswald &#8211; Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">German Center for Diabetes Research, Greifswald &#8211; Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> S&#233;rgio Luiz Zimmermann &#8226; Rua Floriano Peixoto, 245, sala 59. Postal Code 89010-500, Blumenau, SC - Brazil. E-mail: slzimmermann@cardioblu.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Atherosclerotic disease is a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality in the general population, and it is important to detect factors that can influence its prevention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the association of cardiovascular risk factors with carotid plaques in participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) &#8211; Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A total of 1,953 participants were assessed for the presence of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, obesity, smoking and physical inactivity) and sociodemographic variables (gender, age group, Germanic culture, color/race self-declared, and alcohol consumption), waist circumference measurement, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio. The presence of carotid plaques was analyzed by ultrasound. The association between the study variables and carotid plaques was assessed using the Chi-square test. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Plaques were present in 56.5% of hypertensive patients (p&lt;0.001), 49.8% of dyslipidemic patients (p&lt;0.001), 62% of diabetic patients (p&lt;0.001), 52% of smokers, 29% of those who had never smoked (p&lt;0.001), 39.5% of sedentary people and 33.1% of non-sedentary people (p=0.014), 43.7% of obese people and 26.1% of eutrophic people (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Carotid plaques were prevalent in men, aged between 60 and 79, white, hypertensive, dyslipidemic, diabetic, smokers, sedentary and obese, illiterate, in economic class A1/A2, and of Germanic culture, and low alcohol consumption.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Association between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Carotid Plaques in a Population-Based Study - The SHIP-Brazil Study</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240546-40546-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Disease Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Arteries Ultrasonography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by an imbalance in lipid metabolism, mainly due to the high concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood, generating atheromatous plaques in the vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>The main risk factors for developing this disease are hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and family history; in addition to the influence of factors such as age and gender.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases can have as their first clinical manifestation: stable angina, unstable angina or signs of ischemic heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>They can also be silent and manifest as a potentially fatal event such as acute myocardial infarction. In view of this, risk stratification is extremely important to identify asymptomatic individuals with a greater predisposition to develop cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to numerous risk stratification scores, it is possible to identify the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries. This is a subclinical marker for atherosclerotic disease that can be assessed using ultrasound.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>The Brazilian Dyslipidemia Guidelines have classified the finding of subclinical atherosclerosis through the presence of carotid plaques, as a high-risk indicator for the development of cardiovascular disease in individuals undergoing primary prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>The investigation of this marker is of great importance.</p>
        <p>In this context, our study sought to evaluate the association of cardiovascular risk factors with carotid plaques. This is important because the identification of groups of patients at higher risk for carotid atherosclerosis may lead to better screening programs in health systems.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a population-based, cross-sectional epidemiological study of participants in the baseline of the &#8220;The Study of Health in Pomerode - SHIP Brazil&#8221; study.</p>
        <p>SHIP-Brazil is a cohort study conducted by researchers from the Graduate Program in Public Health at the Regional University of Blumenau (FURB) in partnership with the Institute of Community Medicine of the Greifswald Medical School, University of Greifswald, Germany. The objectives, design, methods and preliminary results were described previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In short, a simple random sample was drawn, with people aged between 20 and 79 of both sexes (12 sampling strata, two strata by sex and six strata by 10-year age group), totaling 3678 participants. The sample calculation considered a prevalence of events of 50%, a precision of 5% and a 95% confidence interval. Inclusion criteria were people who had lived in Pomerode, Brazil, for at least six months. Exclusion criteria: patients with a physical and/or mental disorder that prevented them from answering the questionnaires or undergoing tests. At the end of data collection, the study had around 30% losses and/or refusals, and the final sample totaled 2488 people.</p>
        <p>Data collection took place between 2014 and 2018. Participants were visited at home, where the questionnaires were administered. At the end of the visit, the participants were given the necessary instructions for taking the exams at the Examination Center located at the Blumenau University Hospital (CE-HUB). All data collection procedures are described in the Standard Operating Procedures (http://www.furb.br/vspomerode).</p>
        <p>Ultrasound examinations of the carotid arteries were carried out by a trained examiner, using Vivid<sup>TM</sup> I (General Electric), equipped with a linear ultrasonic transducer and an image recording system. The participants remained in the supine position with their heads slightly inclined to the side contralateral to the carotid artery being studied. Each individual segment &#8211; distal common carotid artery, carotid bifurcation and the proximal portions of the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery, on the right and left &#8211; was examined separately and in succession. Firstly the B-mode image was studied both longitudinally and in a cross-sectional image with regard to atherosclerotic plaques. Here, vessels were also examined from different sound angles. This means that from the angle in the most anterior position to the one located in the most posterior position, all vessels should be examined to detect even the smallest eccentric plaques. Plaque was considered to be present when there was (1) a focal protrusion of the intima-media complex into the vessel lumen, which rose above the thickness of the surrounding intima-media layer (IMT), or (2) a focal increase in echogenicity in a longitudinal section determined by a roughness of the luminal surface, even without projection or with a minimal projection into the vessel lumen. Plaques were assessed by visual judgment and quantified based on their location.</p>
        <p>The following sociodemographic variables were selected: gender (male/female), age group: 20 to 39, 40 to 59 and 60 to 79, marital status (married and single/separated/widowed), self-declared race/color and education (illiterate, elementary, high school, college). Those who reported speaking German regularly at home and attending German cultural associations were of Germanic culture (GC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The economic class of consumption was obtained according to &#8220;Crit&#233;rio Brasil&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and the sum of the scores was converted into categories that were grouped into A1/A2, B1/B2, C1/C2, or D/E.</p>
        <p>As for lifestyle variables, participants were classified as current smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers. Alcohol consumption (low, moderate, high and severe) was estimated using the AUDIT-C questionnaire adapted and validated in Portuguese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-short form)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> was used to estimate physical activity, and those who reported practicing moderate or vigorous physical activity for 150 minutes or more per week were considered sufficiently active.</p>
        <p>Anthropometric variables included body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) and waist circumference (WC). Body mass was measured on a WELMY<sup>&#174;</sup> Adult W300 electronic scale with a capacity of 300kg and 50g divisions. Height was measured using a stadiometer with a rod attached to the scale. BMI was obtained by dividing body mass (in kilograms) by the square of height (in meters). Adult participants were classified as eutrophic (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>), overweight (BMI 25.0 to 29.9 Kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) and obese (BMI &#8805; 30 Kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>). Among the elderly, they were considered overweight if BMI &#8805; 27 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>). Circumferences were measured using a Cescorf<sup>&#174;</sup> inelastic tape measure (in centimeters). The WHR was calculated, and values less than 0.85 for women and less than 0.90 for men were considered adequate.</p>
        <p>The presence of systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) and dyslipidemia was self-reported by the participants based on a previous medical diagnosis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data were examined using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation [SD] and/or frequencies [absolute and relative]) and presented in tabular form. The variables were tested for their distribution (skewness and kurtosis using the D&#8217;Agostino test). The association between the study variables and the plaque score (none, one or two and three or more)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> was examined using the Chi-square test (categorical variables). Data were analyzed using Stata 11.2 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). A p- value of &lt;0.05 was accepted as significant.</p>
          <p>SHIP-Brazil complies with Resolution 466/2012 and Resolution 510/2016 of the National Health Council, as well as the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants signed the respective Informed Consent, and the study was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the FURB (2.969.842).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study population consisted of 2488 participants. Of these, 235 (9.4%) did not go to the Examination Center and 300 (12.1%) refused to perform the carotid ultrasound. We analyzed 1953 participants.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the characteristics of the participants. The mean age was 50.85 years (SD=14.64) and median was 51.4 years old. There was a higher prevalence of female participants, married, white and Germanic. Regarding the level of education, most participants have completed between one and four years of primary education. Economic class B1/B2 predominated. As for lifestyle, low alcohol consumption was observed in the study population, as well as a high percentage of people who had never smoked, and a low percentage of sedentary people. With regard to anthropometric data, there was a high prevalence of obesity, high-risk WC, high-risk WHR and high-risk WtHR. It was also possible to observe a lower percentage of participants with chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia, when compared to participants without chronic diseases. In this study, the presence of carotid plaques was observed in 36% of participants: 64.0% had no plaques, 23.3% had one or two plaques and 12.8% had three or more carotid plaques.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the SHIP- Brazil study participants 2014-2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Population characteristics (n = 1953)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Frequency</th>
                  <th>Percentage</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>1 &#8211; Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">820</td>
                  <td align="center">42.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">1133</td>
                  <td align="center">58.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>2 &#8211; Age group</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20-39</td>
                  <td align="center">498</td>
                  <td align="center">25.5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">40-59</td>
                  <td align="center">885</td>
                  <td align="center">45.3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">60-79</td>
                  <td align="center">570</td>
                  <td align="center">29.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>3 &#8211; Marital status</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Married</td>
                  <td align="center">1482</td>
                  <td align="center">77.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Single/Separated/Widowed</td>
                  <td align="center">438</td>
                  <td align="center">22.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>4 &#8211; Race/Color</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">White</td>
                  <td align="center">1779</td>
                  <td align="center">92.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Non-white</td>
                  <td align="center">138</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>5 &#8211; Germanic culture</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">572</td>
                  <td align="center">29.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1345</td>
                  <td align="center">70.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">
                    <bold>6 &#8211; Education</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Higher Education</td>
                  <td align="center">263</td>
                  <td align="center">13.9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High School</td>
                  <td align="center">493</td>
                  <td align="center">26.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Elementary School (5-8 grade)</td>
                  <td align="center">374</td>
                  <td align="center">19.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Elementary School (1-4 grade)</td>
                  <td align="center">739</td>
                  <td align="center">39.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Illiterate</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>7 &#8211; Economic Class</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">A1/A2</td>
                  <td align="center">244</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">B1/B2</td>
                  <td align="center">1148</td>
                  <td align="center">58.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">C1/C2</td>
                  <td align="center">547</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">D/E</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>8 &#8211; Alcohol consumption</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Low</td>
                  <td align="center">1346</td>
                  <td align="center">70.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">322</td>
                  <td align="center">16.9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High</td>
                  <td align="center">150</td>
                  <td align="center">7.9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>9 &#8211; Smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Never smoked</td>
                  <td align="center">1271</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">434</td>
                  <td align="center">22.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Former smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">202</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>10 &#8211; Physical Activity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Active</td>
                  <td align="center">1239</td>
                  <td align="center">68.3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sedentary</td>
                  <td align="center">575</td>
                  <td align="center">31.7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>11 &#8211; Obesity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Low weight</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Eutrophic</td>
                  <td align="center">445</td>
                  <td align="center">24.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">668</td>
                  <td align="center">36.3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Obese</td>
                  <td align="center">712</td>
                  <td align="center">38.7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>12 &#8211; Waist Circunference</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Low risk</td>
                  <td align="center">632</td>
                  <td align="center">34.6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High risk</td>
                  <td align="center">1194</td>
                  <td align="center">65.4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>13 &#8211; Waist-to-height ratio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Low risk</td>
                  <td align="center">558</td>
                  <td align="center">30.5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High risk</td>
                  <td align="center">1269</td>
                  <td align="center">69.5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>14 &#8211; Waist-to-hip ratio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Low risk</td>
                  <td align="center">551</td>
                  <td align="center">30.1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High risk</td>
                  <td align="center">1277</td>
                  <td align="center">69.9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>15 &#8211; Hypertension</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">1100</td>
                  <td align="center">63.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">640</td>
                  <td align="center">36.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>16 &#8211; Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">1719</td>
                  <td align="center">91.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">171</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>17 &#8211; Dyslipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">1297</td>
                  <td align="center">68.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">604</td>
                  <td align="center">31.8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>18 &#8211; Carotid plaques</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1249</td>
                  <td align="center">64.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1-2</td>
                  <td align="center">455</td>
                  <td align="center">23.3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;3</td>
                  <td align="center">249</td>
                  <td align="center">12.8%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) &#8211; Brazil</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">3</xref> show the association between the variables presented and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid artery. There was a higher percentage of participants without carotid plaques with the following characteristics: female gender, age range between 20 and 39 years, single/separated/widowed, non-white, non-Germanic culture, complete higher education, economic class B1/B2, who drink moderate amounts of alcohol, who have never smoked, and who practiced physical activity. As for the anthropometric data, the highest percentage of people without plaques was in the eutrophic group, with low-risk WC measurement, low-risk WHR and low-risk WtHR measurements. Regarding chronic diseases, there was a higher percentage of individuals without plaques in non- hypertensive, non-dyslipidemic and non-diabetic ones.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Association between sociodemographic and lifestyle variables and cardiovascular risk with the presence of carotid plaques in participants in the SHIP-Brazil study 2014-2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Plaque score</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> 0 n = 1249 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> 1 ou 2 n = 455 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> &#8805;3 n = 249 </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>1 &#8211; Marital status</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Married</td>
                  <td align="center">948 (64%)</td>
                  <td align="center">350 (23.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">184 (12.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.690</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Single / Divorced / Widowed</td>
                  <td align="center">290 (66.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (22.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (11.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>2 &#8211; Germanic culture</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">458 (80.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (14.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (5.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">778 (57.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">362 (26.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">205 (15.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">
                    <bold>3 &#8211; Education</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Higher Education</td>
                  <td align="center">231 (87.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (9.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High School</td>
                  <td align="center">407 (82.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (14.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Elementary School (5 - 8 grade)</td>
                  <td align="center">261 (69.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (20.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (9.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Elementary School (1 - 4 grade)</td>
                  <td align="center">310 (42.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">252 (34.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (24.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Illiterate</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (41.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (45.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>4 &#8211; Economic Class</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">A1/A2</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (56.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (27.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (16.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">B1/B2</td>
                  <td align="center">784 (68.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">251 (21.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (9.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">C1/C2</td>
                  <td align="center">320 (58.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (24.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (16.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">D/E</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (61.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (7.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (30.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>5 &#8211; Alcohol consumption</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Low</td>
                  <td align="center">828 (61.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">337 (25.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">181 (13.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">239 (74.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (17.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (8.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (71.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (18.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (10.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (66.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (21.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (12.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>6 &#8211; Smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Never smoked</td>
                  <td align="center">903 (71.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">263 (20.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (8.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">235 (54.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (27.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (18.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Former smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (48.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (29.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (22.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>7 &#8211; Physical Activity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Active</td>
                  <td align="center">829 (66.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">263 (21.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (11.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sedentary</td>
                  <td align="center">348 (60.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (27.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (12.4%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) &#8211; Brazil</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Association between clinical and anthropometric variables and cardiovascular risk with the presence of carotid plaques in participants in the SHIP-Brazil study 2014-2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Plaques score</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> 0 n = 1249 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> 1 ou 2 n = 455 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> &#8805;3 n = 249 </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>1 &#8211; Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">481 (58.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">199 (24.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">768 (67.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">256 (22.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (9.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>2 &#8211; Age group</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20-39</td>
                  <td align="center">483 (97%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (2.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">40-59</td>
                  <td align="center">623 (70.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">206 (23.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (6.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">60-79</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (25.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">235 (41.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">192 (33.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>3 &#8211; Race / Color</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">White</td>
                  <td align="center">1126 (63.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">426 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">227 (12.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Non-white</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (80.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (15.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>4 &#8211; Obesity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Underweight</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (73.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (26.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Eutrophic</td>
                  <td align="center">329 (73.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (15.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (10.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">442 (66.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (22.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (11.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Obese</td>
                  <td align="center">401 (56.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">209 (29.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (14.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>5 &#8211; Abdominal circumference</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Low risk</td>
                  <td align="center">465 (73.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (15.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (10.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High risk</td>
                  <td align="center">713 (59.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">326 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (13.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>6 &#8211; Waist-to-height ratio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Low risk</td>
                  <td align="center">424 (76.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (14.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (9.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High risk</td>
                  <td align="center">754 (59.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">347 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">168 (13.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>7 &#8211; Waist-to-hip ratio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Low risk</td>
                  <td align="center">467 (84.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (10.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (4.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">High risk</td>
                  <td align="center">712 (55.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">369 (28.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">196 (15.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>8 &#8211; Hypertension</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">845 (76.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (17.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">279 (43.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (33.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (22.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>9 &#8211; Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">1160 (67.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">381 (22.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (10.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (38.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (32.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (29.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>10 &#8211; Dyslipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">923 (71.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">256 (19.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (9.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">303 (50.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (30.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (19.2%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) &#8211; Brazil</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A higher percentage of participants with one or two atherosclerotic plaques were found with the following characteristics: male, aged between 60 and 79, married, white, Germanic culture, illiterate, economic class A1/A2, low alcohol consumption, smokers, insufficiently active, hypertensive, diabetic and dyslipidemic. As for anthropometric data, there was a higher percentage of obesity, high-risk WC and high-risk WtHR measurements, and low-risk WHR.</p>
        <p>There was a higher percentage of participants with three or more plaques among men; age group from 60 to 79 years old; married; whites; Germanic culture; education with 1-4 complete years of primary education; economy class A1/A2; low alcohol consumption; smokers, sedentary, hypertensive, diabetic and dyslipidemic. Regarding anthropometric data, underweight, waist circumference with high-risk measurements, waist-height ratio with high-risk measurements and waist-hip ratio with high-risk measures.</p>
        <p>With regard to the presence or absence of plaques, there was a higher prevalence of plaques in men, aged 60-79, married people, white people, Germanic culture, illiterate people, economic class A1/A2, participants with low alcohol consumption, smokers, sedentary participants, obese, hypertensive, diabetic and dyslipidemic participants.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Carotid atherosclerosis has been described in a considerable portion of populations in Latin America for decades. A Mexican study published in 1999 reported a prevalence of atherosclerotic carotid lesion in 64.8% of the studied population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A Brazilian study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> published in 2021 demonstrated presence of plaques in 35.8% of the population.</p>
        <p>About gender, we found that the prevalence of people with carotid plaques was higher among men. This was observed both in participants with one or two plaques and in those with three or more plaques. This information is in line with the findings of previous studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>that demonstrated that men are at greater risk of cardiovascular events. On the other hand, in women after the menopause, this risk is equalized by the lack of the protective effect that estrogen provides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It was also observed that as the age group increased, there was an increase in the prevalence of participants with carotid plaques. Noteworthy, the percentage of participants with carotid plaques in the 40-59 age group was significantly higher than the percentage found in the 20-39 age group. Also, the percentage of participants with carotid plaques in the 60-79 age group rose from 29.6% to 74.9% when compared to the previous age group. This characteristic was found in other studies, which observed a substantial increase in plaques in participants aged 50 and over.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The presence of hypertension is an important risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic plaques, as has been shown in various studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In the same way, diabetes is characterized in various literature sources as an important comorbidity associated with plaque formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, the presence of dyslipidemia was also found to be highly correlated with the presence of plaques. In the dyslipidemic group, atherosclerotic plaques were present in more than half of the participants. This correlation was also observed in several studies in which this variable was analyzed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With regard to lifestyle, sedentary people had a higher prevalence of carotid plaques than physically active people. This finding was statistically significant (p=0.014), and this association has also been observed in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>With regard to smoking, a higher percentage of plaques was found in current smokers, but there was also a high prevalence of plaques in former smokers. Studies suggest that the rate of atherosclerotic change can be reduced by smoking cessation, but a residual effect seems to be present for at least 10 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>The chronology of these facts could not be observed in our study, as it was a cross-sectional study. This factor can be explained by the chronic inflammation process associated with smoking, which can damage the endothelial cells of the carotid arteries and favor the accumulation of thrombogenic factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As for alcohol use, there was a higher prevalence of plaques in people with low alcohol consumption. Another study based on the SHIP used the carotid intima-media layer as a method of assessing subclinical atherosclerosis and found an inversely proportional association between alcohol consumption and an increase in the thickness of the carotid intima-media layer, another subclinical marker of atherosclerosis. This association was observed in men with a daily intake of up to 80g of alcohol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our results demonstrate an association between obesity and the presence of plaques. A similar relationship was also observed between high-risk measures of waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist- to-hip ratio and the presence of plaques. This association has been found in several other previously published studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With regard to schooling, lower levels were associated with higher prevalence of plaques. This relationship can be explained by the low level of education of this population in relation to disease prevention. For economic class, the highest percentage of participants with 1 or 2 plaques was in the A1/A2 economic class population (27.1%), and the highest prevalence of 3 or more plaques was in the D/E class population (30.8%). Studies such as those carried out previously have associated the participant&#8217;s low level of education and social class with the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in the participants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>Other studies can demonstrate whether individuals from higher social classes may have better conditions to access complementary exams, while lower social classes would only reach the diagnosis when the disease is more advanced.</p>
        <p>As for ethnicity, there was a higher prevalence of carotid plaques in white people. According to the American Heart Association&#8217;s prevention guideline, the estimated risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease within 10 years is higher in people of African- American descent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>We observed a higher prevalence of plaques in participants of Germanic culture (assumed here as <italic>proxy</italic> of German descendent). A study evaluating Germanic descendants in Vale do Itaja&#237; region showed that first-generation Germanic descendants had no significant differences in terms of cardiovascular risk factors when compared to German immigrants, except for HDL cholesterol, which was higher in the Germanic population, but this lipid fraction was not analyzed in our population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are no data in the literature that indicate significant differences in the number of atherosclerotic plaques. Similarly, we did not observe any significant differences between the groups with 1 to 2 plaques and those with 3 or more carotid plaques that could influence changes in clinical practice with regard to this information.</p>
        <p>The importance of studying risk factors and prevalent characteristics in association with atherosclerotic disease can lead to prevention and control measures to combat its harmful effects. But it is important to mention that this study has certain limitations. As it is a sectional study, it does not define a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables, only raising hypotheses that require new and more in-depth analyses in longitudinal studies to confirm them. Also noteworthy is the fact that some clinical information is self-reported by the population under analysis, and the high number of losses and refusals, which may generate bias. This factor can be better assessed in the future through records in medical records and by carrying out additional confirmatory tests.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The conclusion of our study, as seen in the central figure, was that there was an association between the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and the presence of carotid plaques in the participants. Plaques were more prevalent in hypertensive, dyslipidemic, diabetic, smoking, sedentary and obese individuals. As for the characteristics of the population, plaques were more prevalent in: men, aged between 60 and 79, white, Germanic culture, illiterate, economic class A1/A2, and low alcohol consumption. Atherosclerotic plaques were more prevalent in participants who had high-risk measurements of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio.</p>
        <p>These findings highlight the importance of identifying risk groups that would benefit more consistently from cost-effective screening protocols. These protocols should identify patients who would benefit from morbidity and mortality, without being exposed to unnecessary invasive procedures that can lead to physical and psychological harm.</p>
        <p>Thus, longitudinal studies and experimental designs are needed to improve the assessment of causality and risk progression.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fernanda Burger Zimmermann, from Universidade Regional de Blumenau.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Funda&#231;&#227;o Universidade Regional de Blumenau under the protocol number 2.969.842. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
