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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ytT5F8W8qkbh4cXTLRvYgkw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240537</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ades&#227;o &#224; Vacina Contra Influenza em Idosos com Comorbidades Cardiovasculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguilar</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Rosim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1524-721X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Delia</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Paula Barbieri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roscani</surname>
            <given-names>Meliza Goi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3126-2946</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pott</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Biotecnologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Biotecnologia - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar), S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (HU-UFSCar), S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Gerontologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Gerontologia - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar), S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Carlos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label>Henrique Pott &#8226; Departamento de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos - Rod. Washington Luis, km 235. CEP 13656-905, S&#227;o Carlos, SP - Brasil Email: <email>henriquepott@ufscar.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240537</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A vacina de influenza diminui a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as e mortes em idosos, principalmente naqueles com comorbidades cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina contra Influenza em pacientes brasileiros idosos que vivem na comunidade e possuem comorbidades cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo transversal analisou dados da segunda onda do ELSI-Brasil (2019-2021), que compreendeu a participa&#231;&#227;o de 9.949 idosos. Os participantes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares relataram se haviam recebido a vacina contra Influenza no ano anterior. Foram identificados fatores relacionados &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o com an&#225;lises de subgrupos para cada comorbidade cardiovascular. Realizou-se uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria para identificar os principais fatores que levaram &#224; n&#227;o vacina&#231;&#227;o. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como bicaudal p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Este estudo contou com a participa&#231;&#227;o de 5.296 indiv&#237;duos. Dentre eles, 76,6% relataram ter recebido a vacina contra Influenza no ano anterior &#224; coleta de dados. Os indiv&#237;duos vacinados eram, em geral, do sexo feminino, de idade mais avan&#231;ada, vi&#250;vas, n&#227;o fumantes, com h&#225;bitos de vida mais saud&#225;veis e acesso a planos de sa&#250;de privados, apesar de apresentarem maior fragilidade e comorbidades cardiovasculares. Entre os subgrupos analisados, a idade teve um impacto significativo na probabilidade de vacina&#231;&#227;o. Entre os participantes hipertensos, o acesso a planos de sa&#250;de privados e uma boa condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de aumentaram as chances de vacina&#231;&#227;o, enquanto o tabagismo e o consumo de &#225;lcool as reduziram. Os motivos mais frequentes para a recusa de vacina&#231;&#227;o contra Influenza foram o medo de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas (18,2%), senso de baixo risco de infec&#231;&#227;o (14,9%), indisponibilidade da vacina (13,9%) e incerteza quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia (12%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> No Brasil, cerca de 24% de idosos com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares continuam n&#227;o vacinados contra Influenza, representando s&#233;rios riscos &#224; sa&#250;de. O fomento de estrat&#233;gias que abordem cren&#231;as pessoais, ampliem o acesso &#224; vacina e aumentem o engajamento dos profissionais de sa&#250;de &#233; fundamental. As interven&#231;&#245;es individualizadas devem considerar as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o a fim de superar esses obst&#225;culos de forma eficaz.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Ades&#227;o &#224; Vacina Contra Influenza em Idosos com Comorbidades Cardiovasculares</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Ades&#227;o &#224; vacina contra Influenza em idosos com comorbidades cardiovasculares.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ytT5F8W8qkbh4cXTLRvYgkw/592f30f851e5d05bf0e384fc81318665cc06a20a.tif"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Influenza Humana</kwd>
        <kwd>Vacinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>SCTIE</funding-source>
          <award-id>404965/2012-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>SCTIE</funding-source>
          <award-id>28/2017</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>SAPS</funding-source>
          <award-id>20836</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>SAPS</funding-source>
          <award-id>22566</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>SAPS</funding-source>
          <award-id>23700</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>SAPS</funding-source>
          <award-id>25560</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>SAPS</funding-source>
          <award-id>25552</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>SAPS</funding-source>
          <award-id>27510</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Influenza (gripe) &#233; um v&#237;rus altamente contagioso e se espalha rapidamente por todo o mundo, afetando pessoas de qualquer idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entretanto, idosos, gestantes, crian&#231;as com menos de cinco anos e indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas est&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis a complica&#231;&#245;es e at&#233; mesmo ao &#243;bito em decorr&#234;ncia do v&#237;rus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), cerca de 5-15% dos adultos contraem Influenza anualmente, o que resulta em 3-5 milh&#245;es de casos graves e 250.000 a 500.000 mortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos recentes demostraram que a Influenza tem um impacto significativo nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, representando um aumento not&#225;vel nas consultas cl&#237;nicas e hospitalares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Dados dos Estados Unidos destacam que uma grande parte das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es (54-70%) e &#243;bitos (71-85%) relacionadas &#224; gripe ocorrem em indiv&#237;duos com 65 anos ou mais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de representar riscos graves &#224; sa&#250;de, a Influenza tamb&#233;m gera uma sobrecarga financeira consider&#225;vel, decorrente de gastos como consultas m&#233;dicas, interna&#231;&#245;es, medicamentos, entre outros custos relacionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diversos estudos demonstraram os efeitos positivos da vacina contra Influenza, mostrando benef&#237;cios significativos para a sa&#250;de e redu&#231;&#227;o de custos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esses achados s&#227;o particularmente importantes para popula&#231;&#245;es vulner&#225;veis, como idosos, que apresentam um maior risco de doen&#231;as graves e complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares aumenta com o avan&#231;o da idade, afetando tanto homens quanto mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Segundo a literatura, a Influenza pode agravar consideravelmente as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ao elevar a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, podendo resultar na ruptura de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e em eventos isqu&#234;micos agudos posteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, estudos recentes destacaram a import&#226;ncia da vacina contra Influenza na preven&#231;&#227;o da piora cl&#237;nica, diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade geral e redu&#231;&#227;o de mortes associadas a complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar desses riscos, muitos adultos em grupos de alto risco, especialmente aqueles com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, optam por n&#227;o se vacinar contra Influenza.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Essas decis&#245;es s&#227;o influenciadas por fatores como a autopercep&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, preocupa&#231;&#245;es com os efeitos adversos da vacina, incertezas quando &#224; efic&#225;cia e praticidade de receber a vacina&#231;&#227;o fora de hospitais ou cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>Ademais, carecem dados sobre a cobertura vacinal entre idosos com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e os fatores que influenciam suas escolhas em contextos comunit&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de disponibiliza a vacina contra Influenza de forma gratuita para idosos, com uma meta de cobertura vacinal de 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Contudo, essa meta n&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ada de forma consistente, o que indica &#225;reas que precisam melhorar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A fim de entender melhor a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina contra Influenza, utilizamos dados do estudo ELSI-Brasil para investigar os fatores determinantes que influenciam essa vacina&#231;&#227;o. O objetivo desse estudo &#233; investigar a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina contra Influenza em pacientes idosos brasileiros que vivem na comunidade e possuem comorbidades cardiovasculares, bem como explorar os motivos por tr&#225;s da hesita&#231;&#227;o em se vacinar. Este estudo &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia, j&#225; que proporciona insights para otimizar as estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica voltadas a idosos em grupos de alto risco, considerando os contextos de pesquisa atuais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Fonte de dados: Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil)</title>
        <p>O ELSI-Brasil trata-se de uma pesquisa conduzida para analisar a din&#226;mica do envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e os fatores que a influenciam. Ele representa indiv&#237;duos com 50 anos ou mais de 70 munic&#237;pios de todas as cinco regi&#245;es do Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O estudo teve como objetivo determinar como os servi&#231;os sociais e de sa&#250;de podem beneficiar a popula&#231;&#227;o idosa. A primeira onda da pesquisa foi realizada entre 2015 e 2016 com 9.412 participantes, e a segunda onda se deu entre 2019 e 2021, contando com 9.949 participantes. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto Ren&#233; Rachou, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (CAAE: 34649814.3.0000.5091) e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento. Para mais informa&#231;&#245;es e acesso aos dados, acesse a URL fornecida: http://elsi.cpqrr.fiocruz.br</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e participantes</title>
        <p>Este estudo transversal utilizou os dados da segunda onda do ELSI-Brasil (2019-2021). O estudo incluiu indiv&#237;duos com 50 anos ou mais, diagnosticados com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, que informaram se receberam a vacina contra Influenza no ano anterior. As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares consideradas para a an&#225;lise foram hipertens&#227;o, press&#227;o alta, angina est&#225;vel cr&#244;nica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os participantes responderam sobre seu hist&#243;rico vacinal, em particular se haviam recebido a vacina contra Influenza no ano anterior. Foram exclu&#237;dos os participantes com dados incompletos relativos a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ou ao hist&#243;rico vacinal contra Influenza no ano anterior. Indiv&#237;duos cujos dados ausentes ultrapassaram 20% das vari&#225;veis utilizadas para o desenvolvimento do &#237;ndice de fragilidade tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos. O processo de sele&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo encontra-se ilustrado no Material Complementar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Principais motivos para n&#227;o administrar a vacina contra Influenza (N = 1.241).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240537-40537-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>As seguintes vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas foram retiradas dos arquivos de dados p&#250;blicos da segunda onda do ELSI-Brasil: idade, sexo, etnia/cor, estado civil, &#225;rea de resid&#234;ncia (urbana ou rural), status de tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool, participa&#231;&#227;o em atividades f&#237;sicas (tanto intensidade quanto frequ&#234;ncia), autopercep&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares espec&#237;ficas e o tipo de servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de (p&#250;blico ou privado).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comorbidades cardiovasculares</title>
        <p>Utilizamos dados do question&#225;rio de autorrelato, coletados por meio de entrevistas individuais, para identificar indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. As perguntas espec&#237;ficas e os filtros aplicados para cada condi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o os seguintes:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Hipertens&#227;o ou press&#227;o alta:</italic> Uma resposta positiva &#224; pergunta: &#8220;n28 - Voc&#234; j&#225; foi diagnosticado com hipertens&#227;o arterial (press&#227;o alta) por algum m&#233;dico?&#8221; Exclu&#237;ram-se casos cujas respostas &#224; pergunta sobre hipertens&#227;o ou press&#227;o alta foram &#8220;Sim, apenas durante a gravidez&#8221;.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Angina est&#225;vel cr&#244;nica:</italic> Uma resposta positiva &#224; pergunta: &#8220;n48 - Voc&#234; j&#225; foi diagnosticado com angina pectoris por algum m&#233;dico?&#8221;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</italic>: Uma resposta positiva &#224; pergunta: &#8220;n46 - Voc&#234; j&#225; foi diagnosticado com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (ataque card&#237;aco) por algum m&#233;dico?&#8221;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</italic>: Uma resposta positiva &#224; pergunta: &#8220;n50 - Voc&#234; j&#225; foi diagnosticado com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por algum m&#233;dico?&#8221;</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Todas essas condi&#231;&#245;es foram agrupadas em uma classifica&#231;&#227;o bin&#225;ria, &#8220;Comorbidades cardiovasculares&#8221; (sim/n&#227;o). Como parte da an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria, realizamos an&#225;lises individuais para cada condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da cobertura vacinal contra influenza</title>
        <p>Identificamos o status de vacina&#231;&#227;o contra Influenza dos participantes ao coletar as respostas &#224; pergunta &#8220;n67 - Voc&#234; recebeu a vacina contra gripe nos &#218;LTIMOS 12 MESES?&#8221; Com base nas respostas afirmativas ou negativas, os participantes foram classificados, respectivamente, como &#8220;Vacinados&#8221; ou &#8220;N&#227;o vacinados&#8221;. Casos com dados ausentes foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>Para aqueles classificados como &#8220;N&#227;o vacinados&#8221;, tamb&#233;m investigamos os principais motivos para a recusa da vacina contra a gripe, utilizando a pergunta &#8220;n68 - Qual foi o principal motivo para a recusa da vacina contra gripe?&#8221; As poss&#237;veis respostas para a pergunta eram: (1) Raramente contrai gripe; (2) N&#227;o sabia que era necess&#225;rio tomar a vacina contra gripe; (3) N&#227;o sabia onde poderia tomar a vacina; (4) Tem receio das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas; (5) Tem medo de inje&#231;&#227;o; (6) N&#227;o tinha acompanhante para ir ao servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de; (7) Enfrentava dificuldades financeiras; (8) Teve dificuldades quanto ao transporte; (9) O servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de era muito longe; (10) A vacina contra gripe n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel no servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de escolhido; (11) Contraindica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica; (12) N&#227;o acredita que a vacina contra gripe ofere&#231;a prote&#231;&#227;o contra a doen&#231;a; (13) Outro motivo; (99) N&#227;o sabia ou n&#227;o respondeu. Com o intuito de investigar os motivos por tr&#225;s da hesita&#231;&#227;o vacinal, adotamos a defini&#231;&#227;o do Grupo de Trabalho SAGE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>que descreve essa hesita&#231;&#227;o como o adiamento ou a recusa da vacina, mesmo quando os servi&#231;os est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis. As respostas foram divididas entre tr&#234;s t&#243;picos principais: (1) fatores contextuais, (2) influ&#234;ncias pessoais e (3) influ&#234;ncias relacionadas especificamente &#224; vacina contra Influenza.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de fragilidade</title>
        <p>A fragilidade, que indica a vulnerabilidade dos participantes a desfechos negativos de sa&#250;de, foi avaliada por meio de um &#237;ndice de fragilidade fundamentado na abordagem de d&#233;ficits de sa&#250;de acumulados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Acreditamos que a fragilidade pode explicar o vi&#233;s favor&#225;vel &#224; ades&#227;o &#224; vacina da gripe,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> evidenciando a import&#226;ncia de ajustar nossos modelos de regress&#227;o para considerar o n&#237;vel de fragilidade da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, estabelecemos procedimentos padr&#227;o para a elabora&#231;&#227;o de um &#237;ndice de fragilidade com base nos dados da segunda onda do ELSI-Brasil. Em suma, calculamos os escores de d&#233;ficit de cada indiv&#237;duo com base no n&#250;mero total de d&#233;ficits de sa&#250;de, incluindo doen&#231;as associadas &#224; idade, incapacidades e funcionalidade. (Vide Material Complementar, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Esse escore foi, ent&#227;o, convertido em um &#205;ndice de Fragilidade (IF) dentro de uma escala de 0 a 1 (IF = escore de d&#233;ficit/n, onde &#8220;n&#8221; &#233; o n&#250;mero de componentes derivados de doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; idade, incapacidades e funcionalidade). Para fins pr&#225;ticos, o escore do IF foi categorizado entre tr&#234;s classes: n&#227;o fr&#225;gil (IF &lt; 0,1), pr&#233;-fr&#225;gil (IF &gt; 0,1 e &lt; 0,21) e fr&#225;gil (IF &gt; 0,21).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211;Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e de vacina&#231;&#227;o da amostra do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">N&#237;vel</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o vacinados</th>
                  <th>Vacinados</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N = 5.296</th>
                  <th>N = 1.241</th>
                  <th>N = 4.055</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, mediana [IIQ]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Anos</td>
                  <td align="center">67 [60, 75]</td>
                  <td align="center">61 [56, 71]</td>
                  <td align="center">68 [62, 76]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Sexo, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">3.059 (57,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">686 (55,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.373 (58,5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">2.237 (42,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">555 (44,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.682 (41,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">
                    <bold>Etnia, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Branco</td>
                  <td align="center">2.361 (44,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">502 (40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.859 (45,8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Preto</td>
                  <td align="center">619 (11,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (14,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">445 (11,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Pardo</td>
                  <td align="center">2.270 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">558 (45,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.712 (42,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Amarelo/Ind&#237;gena</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (0,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o responderam</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (0,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Estado civil, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Solteiro</td>
                  <td align="center">2.506 (47,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">572 (46,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.934 (47,7)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,339</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Casado/Vive com o parceiro</td>
                  <td align="center">2.790 (52,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">669 (53,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.121 (52,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>&#193;rea de resid&#234;ncia, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Rural</td>
                  <td align="center">855 (16,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">195 (15,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">660 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,669</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Urbana</td>
                  <td align="center">4.441 (83,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.046 (84,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.395 (83,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Consumo de &#225;lcool, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Nunca</td>
                  <td align="center">4.318 (81,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">969 (78,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.349 (82,8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Menos de uma vez ao m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">407 (7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">314 (7,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Uma vez ao m&#234;s ou mais</td>
                  <td align="center">559 (10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">382 (9,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>Status de tabagismo, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o tabagista</td>
                  <td align="center">3.518 (66,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">768 (61,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.750 (67,8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Tabagista</td>
                  <td align="center">564 (10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">376 (9,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ex-tabagista</td>
                  <td align="center">1.199 (22,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">282 (22,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">917 (22,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o responderam</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (0,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Pratica atividade f&#237;sica mais de uma vez por semana, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Intensidade baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">2.284 (43,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">529 (42,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.755 (43,3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Intensidade moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">991 (18,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">244 (19,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">747 (18,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Intensidade alta</td>
                  <td align="center">459 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (11,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">315 (7,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">
                    <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia de pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas intensas, como correr, nadar, andar de bicicleta, fazer aer&#243;bica ou jogar t&#234;nis, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Mais de uma vez por semana</td>
                  <td align="center">459 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (11,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">315 (7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Uma vez por semana</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (2,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Uma a tr&#234;s vezes por m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (1,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Raramente ou nunca</td>
                  <td align="center">4.524 (85,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.008 (81,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.516 (86,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o responderam</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (1,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">P&#250;blico</td>
                  <td align="center">4.262 (80,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.052 (84,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.210 (79,2)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Privado</td>
                  <td align="center">1.029 (19,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (15,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">840 (20,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o responderam</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">
                    <bold>Status de autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Muito ruim</td>
                  <td align="center">304 (5,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (6,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="7">0,036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Ruim</td>
                  <td align="center">816 (15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">202 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">614 (15,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Regular</td>
                  <td align="center">2.225 (42,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">530 (42,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.695 (41,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Boa</td>
                  <td align="center">1.645 (31,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">350 (28,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.295 (31,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Muito boa</td>
                  <td align="center">222 (4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (4,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excelente</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (1,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o responderam</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>Comorbidades cardiovasculares,%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">5.103 (96,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.190 (95,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.913 (96,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,444</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Angina est&#225;vel cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td align="center">420 (7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">329 (8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">425 (8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">330 (8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,416</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">
                    <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de fragilidade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice de fragilidade, mediana [IIQ]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 [0,12, 0,32]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 [0,12, 0,30]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21 [0,13, 0,32]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#237;vel de fragilidade, %</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o-fr&#225;gil</td>
                  <td align="center">925 (17,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">238 (19,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">687 (16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,136</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Pr&#233;-fr&#225;gil</td>
                  <td align="center">1.737 (32,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">410 (33,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.327 (32,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fr&#225;gil</td>
                  <td align="center">2.634 (49,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">593 (47,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.041 (50,3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O estudo comparou os respondentes &#8220;Vacinados&#8221; e &#8220;N&#227;o vacinados&#8221;. De acordo com o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como mediana (intervalo interquartil), e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, como frequ&#234;ncia absoluta (frequ&#234;ncia relativa). Inicialmente, foram realizadas an&#225;lises n&#227;o ajustadas, examinando de forma individual as vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e o teste de Mann-Whitney, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
        <p>Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foram aplicados para explorar os fatores associados &#224; ades&#227;o &#224; vacina contra Influenza nos 12 meses anteriores &#224; coleta de dados. As vari&#225;veis que comp&#245;em o modelo foram selecionadas por meio do m&#233;todo stepwise, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o sua signific&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise univariada entre os grupos. Antes da modelagem, exclu&#237;mos todos os casos de &#8220;N&#227;o respondido&#8221;, pois sua baixa frequ&#234;ncia poderia comprometer a confiabilidade dos resultados. As an&#225;lises de subgrupos foram conduzidas separadamente para cada comorbidade cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria investigou os principais motivos para a recusa de vacina&#231;&#227;o contra gripe entre os indiv&#237;duos classificados como &#8220;N&#227;o vacinados&#8221;.</p>
        <p>A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como bicaudal p &lt; 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no R, vers&#227;o 4.4.0 (2024-04-24 ucrt) &#8211; &#8220;Puppy Cup&#8221;, utilizando o RStudio IDE (RStudio 2024.04.0+735 &#8220;Chocolate Cosmos&#8221; Release).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Cobertura vacinal</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a filtragem dos dados da segunda onda do ELSI-Brasil (N = 9.949) para excluir vari&#225;veis com mais de 20% de dados ausentes entre aquelas utilizadas na elabora&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de fragilidade (n = 48), aplicamos um segundo filtro para selecionar todos os participantes com 50 anos ou mais, diagnosticados com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, que informaram se receberam a vacina contra Influenza no ano anterior (N = 5.296). Dentre esses, 4.055 (76,6%) relataram ter recebido a vacina contra Influenza no ano anterior &#224; coleta de dados da segunda onda do ELSI-Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ilustra as diferen&#231;as significativas entre as coortes com base no status de vacina&#231;&#227;o contra a influenza. O grupo de idosos vacinados eram, em sua maioria, do sexo feminino, de idade mais avan&#231;ada, vi&#250;vas, divorciadas ou separadas. Geralmente, essas pessoas tinham h&#225;bitos de vida mais saud&#225;veis, como menor consumo de &#225;lcool e aus&#234;ncia de tabagismo. Por outro lado, idosos n&#227;o vacinados demonstraram maior participa&#231;&#227;o em atividades f&#237;sicas intensas com uma frequ&#234;ncia maior que uma vez por semana. Al&#233;m disso, os idosos vacinados relataram receber atendimento de profissionais de sa&#250;de servi&#231;os privados e apresentaram uma autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de mais elevado. Apesar desses h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis, tamb&#233;m apresentaram taxas mais altas de comorbidades cardiovasculares (exceto hipertens&#227;o) e um &#237;ndice de fragilidade mais elevado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores que influenciam a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, categorizados de acordo com as comorbidades cardiovasculares. A ades&#227;o &#224; vacina contra Influenza nos 12 meses anteriores &#224; coleta de dados foi associada de forma significativa a diversos fatores. Observou-se uma maior probabilidade de ades&#227;o &#224; vacina entre indiv&#237;duos de idade mais avan&#231;ada, que estavam casados ou vivendo com um parceiro, fazendo uso de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de privados e com uma autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de boa a excelente. Em contrapartida, fatores como ser da etnia negra, ter um consumo elevado de &#225;lcool, o status de tabagismo e a pr&#225;tica frequente de atividades f&#237;sicas intensas foram associados a uma menor probabilidade de vacina&#231;&#227;o. Embora a an&#225;lise de subgrupos por comorbidades cardiovasculares tenha mostrado resultados variados, a idade permaneceu significativamente associada a uma maior probabilidade de vacina&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m da idade, v&#225;rios fatores foram associados de forma significativa &#224; ades&#227;o &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o em cada subgrupo. Em especial no subgrupo de hipertensos, o fato de depender de um servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de privado e ter uma autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de boa ou excelente esteve associado de forma positiva a maiores chances de vacina&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, fatores como ser da etnia negra, ter um hist&#243;rico de consumo de &#225;lcool uma vez por m&#234;s ou mais, tabagismo ativo e a pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas intensas mais de uma vez por semana foram associados a uma menor probabilidade de vacina&#231;&#227;o. Essas associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram observadas nos subgrupos de angina est&#225;vel cr&#244;nica e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, enquanto apenas uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa com o tabagismo foi observada no subgrupo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada estratificados por subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de comorbidades cardiovasculares</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Total (N = 5.112)*</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Comorbidades Cardiovasculares*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Hipertens&#227;o (N = 4.927)</th>
                  <th>Angina est&#225;vel cr&#244;nica<sup><bold>1</bold></sup> (N = 179)</th>
                  <th>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup><bold>2</bold></sup> (N = 389)</th>
                  <th>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup><bold>3</bold></sup> (N = 409)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (1,05 - 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 (1,05 - 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 (1,01 &#8211; 1,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,99 &#8211; 1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (1,01 &#8211; 1,07)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,80 &#8211; 1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 (0,80 &#8211; 1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 (0,45 &#8211; 2,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 (0,41 &#8211; 1,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,46 (0,83 &#8211; 2,56)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Etnia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branco</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Preto</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76 (0,61 &#8211; 0,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74 (0,60 &#8211; 0,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19 (0,31 &#8211; 4,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,49 &#8211; 2,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 (0,38 &#8211; 1,92)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pardo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 (0,80 &#8211; 1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,78 &#8211; 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,58 (0,66 &#8211; 3,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89 (0,51 &#8211; 1,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,63 &#8211; 1,84)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amarelo/Ind&#237;gena</td>
                  <td align="center">2,53 (0,75 &#8211; 8,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,24 (0,66 &#8211; 7,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Estado civil</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Solteiro</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Casado/Vive com o parceiro</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (1,01 &#8211; 1,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16 (0,99 &#8211; 1,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34 (0,55 &#8211; 3,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44 (0,82 &#8211; 2,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38 (0,79 &#8211; 2,38)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>&#193;rea de resid&#234;ncia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rural</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urbana</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,77 &#8211; 1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 (0,77 &#8211; 1,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,45 (0,96 &#8211; 12,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36 (0,12 &#8211; 1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,41 &#8211; 1,96)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Consumo de &#225;lcool</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nunca</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Menos de uma vez ao m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 (0,89 &#8211; 1,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 (0,87 &#8211; 1,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23 (0,04 &#8211; 1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,62 (0,48 &#8211; 5,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 (0,23 &#8211; 1,68)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uma vez ao m&#234;s ou mais</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78 (0,63 &#8211; 0,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 (0,64 &#8211; 0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57 (0,15 &#8211; 2,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78 (0,32 &#8211; 1,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77 (0,31 &#8211; 1,93)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Status de tabagismo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o tabagista</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagista</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68 (0,55 &#8211; 0,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 (0,57 &#8211; 0,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46 (0,13 &#8211; 1,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69 (0,34 &#8211; 1,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42 (0,20 &#8211; 0,88)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-tabagista</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,77 &#8211; 1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,76 &#8211; 1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,40 &#8211; 2,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 (0,53 &#8211; 1,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34 (0,76 &#8211; 2,39)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia de pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica intensa</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raramente ou nunca</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uma a tr&#234;s vezes por m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 (0,59 &#8211; 2,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (0,62 &#8211; 2,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 (0,13 &#8211; 11,40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uma vez por semana</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 (0,49 &#8211; 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71 (0,48 &#8211; 1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 (0,09 &#8211; 9,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39 (0,16 &#8211; 12,20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mais de uma vez por semana</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 (0,58 &#8211; 0,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74 (0,59 &#8211; 0,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 (0,23 &#8211; 2,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34 (0,13 &#8211; 0,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68 (0,30 &#8211; 1,54)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#250;blico</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Privado</td>
                  <td align="center">1,29 (1,08 &#8211; 1,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30 (1,08 &#8211; 1,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89 (0,34 &#8211; 2,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,67 (0,85 &#8211; 3,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42 (0,75 &#8211; 2,71)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Status de autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Muito ruim/Ruim</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 (0,94 &#8211; 1,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (0,95 &#8211; 1,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68 (0,26 &#8211; 1,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 (0,53 &#8211; 1,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08 (0,59 &#8211; 1,96)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Boa/Excelente</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28 (1,02 &#8211; 1,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33 (1,06 &#8211; 1,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48 (0,14 &#8211; 1,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52 (0,68 &#8211; 3,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (0,48 &#8211; 2,51)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore do &#237;ndice de fragilidade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68 (0,37 &#8211; 1,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74 (0,40 &#8211; 1,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33 (0,01 &#8211; 9,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 (0,10 &#8211; 3,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53 (0,08 &#8211; 3,47)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>*As estimativas s&#227;o apresentadas como Taxas de Probabilidades (Intervalos de Confian&#231;a de 95%). 1 Para evitar estimativas enviesadas resultantes de um n&#250;mero pequeno de observa&#231;&#245;es, exclu&#237;mos dois casos (&#8220;Etnia Amarela/Ind&#237;gena&#8221; e &#8220;Uma a tr&#234;s vezes por m&#234;s&#8221; da se&#231;&#227;o sobre a frequ&#234;ncia de pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas intensas) do subgrupo &#8220;Angina est&#225;vel cr&#244;nica&#8221;. 2 Para evitar estimativas enviesadas resultantes de um n&#250;mero pequeno de observa&#231;&#245;es, exclu&#237;mos dois casos (&#8220;Etnia Amarela/Ind&#237;gena&#8221; e &#8220;Uma a tr&#234;s vezes por m&#234;s&#8221; da se&#231;&#227;o sobre a frequ&#234;ncia de pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas intensas) do subgrupo &#8220;Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio&#8221;. 3 Para evitar estimativas enviesadas resultantes de um n&#250;mero pequeno de observa&#231;&#245;es, exclu&#237;mos um caso (&#8220;Etnia Amarela/Ind&#237;gena&#8221;) do subgrupo &#8220;Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio&#8221;.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Motivos para hesita&#231;&#227;o &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Idosos n&#227;o vacinados apresentaram v&#225;rios motivos principais para n&#227;o terem recebido a vacina contra Influenza. Os sensos pessoais sobre a vacina representaram 37,2% dos motivos, enquanto influ&#234;ncias contextuais, como barreiras geogr&#225;ficas, corresponderam a 17,9%. Motivos diretamente relacionados &#224; vacina ou &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o foram respons&#225;veis por 21,5% dos casos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Esses motivos inclu&#237;ram receio quanto a rea&#231;&#245;es adversas (18,2%), senso de baixo risco de infec&#231;&#227;o (14,9%), indisponibilidade da vacina (13,9%) e incerteza quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia (12%). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> apresenta um gr&#225;fico de barras que ilustra os principais motivos para a recusa de vacina contra Influenza entre os n&#227;o vacinados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo nacional proporciona insights valiosos sobre a cobertura vacinal contra Influenza em pacientes idosos brasileiros com comorbidades cardiovasculares. Apesar dos esfor&#231;os do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de para oferecer vacinas gratuitamente e uma meta de cobertura vacinal de 90%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> 24% desse grupo de alto risco permanece n&#227;o vacinado, o que representa grandes riscos &#224; sa&#250;de. Observou-se uma maior probabilidade de ades&#227;o &#224; vacina entre indiv&#237;duos de idade mais avan&#231;ada, que estavam casados ou vivendo com um parceiro, fazendo uso de servi&#231;os sa&#250;de privados e com uma autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de boa a excelente. Em contrapartida, fatores como ser da etnia negra, ter um consumo elevado de &#225;lcool, tabagismo e a pr&#225;tica frequente de atividades f&#237;sicas intensas foram associados a uma menor probabilidade de vacina&#231;&#227;o. As opini&#245;es pessoais sobre as vacinas foram o principal fator influenciando as decis&#245;es quanto &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o, seguidas por fatores contextuais. Os motivos mais frequentes para a recusa de vacina&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;ram receio quanto a rea&#231;&#245;es adversas, senso de baixo risco de infec&#231;&#227;o, indisponibilidade da vacina e incerteza quando &#224; efic&#225;cia. Al&#233;m da idade, certos fatores influenciaram de forma significativa a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o dentro dos subgrupos. No subgrupo de hipertensos, o uso de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de privados e a percep&#231;&#227;o positiva de sa&#250;de aumentaram as chances de vacina&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, ser da etnia negra, consumir &#225;lcool pelo menos uma vez ao m&#234;s ou mais, tabagismo e a pr&#225;tica frequente de atividades f&#237;sicas intensas estavam associados a menores chances de vacina&#231;&#227;o. Esses padr&#245;es n&#227;o foram observados nos grupos de angina est&#225;vel cr&#244;nica e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; apenas o tabagismo afetou negativamente a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o no subgrupo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Nossa an&#225;lise revelou que os indiv&#237;duos vacinados eram, em sua maioria, do sexo feminino, de idade mais avan&#231;ada, que fazem uso de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de privados e t&#234;m uma autopercep&#231;&#227;o positiva de sa&#250;de. Esse padr&#227;o destaca a influ&#234;ncia cr&#237;tica do acesso &#224; sa&#250;de e das percep&#231;&#245;es individuais de sa&#250;de nos comportamentos de vacina&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Esses achados concordam com a literatura existente, que enfatiza como os adultos, especialmente aqueles que utilizam servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de privados, t&#234;m mais propens&#227;o a perceber os benef&#237;cios da vacina&#231;&#227;o e agir de acordo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Os idosos conseguem reconhecer o aumento do risco de complica&#231;&#245;es pela Influenza e, assim, priorizar a vacina&#231;&#227;o. Em contrapartida, o acesso ao servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de privado pode proporcionar intera&#231;&#245;es mais regulares com profissionais de sa&#250;de, que podem recomendar a vacina&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, uma autopercep&#231;&#227;o positiva de sa&#250;de pode estar correlacionada com comportamentos proativos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de, o que pode aumentar a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o. Dados semelhantes foram observados em indiv&#237;duos com 60 anos ou mais (n = 1.224) que participaram do Estudo SABE 2015 (Sa&#250;de, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, encontramos uma cobertura vacinal mais baixa em demografias que inclu&#237;am indiv&#237;duos negros, naqueles com maior consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagistas e que praticam atividades f&#237;sicas intensas. A baixa cobertura vacinal entre indiv&#237;duos negros pode indicar desigualdades sociais e uma maior vulnerabilidade, ressaltando a necessidade de apoio direcionado para atender de forma eficaz &#224;s necessidades espec&#237;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Isso destaca a import&#226;ncia de iniciativas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica culturalmente sens&#237;veis e inclusivas, que possam alcan&#231;ar e apoiar efetivamente essa demografia e garantir acesso igualit&#225;rio a recursos de sa&#250;de e servi&#231;os de vacina&#231;&#227;o. De forma semelhante, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o alto consumo de &#225;lcool, o tabagismo e a hesita&#231;&#227;o em se vacinar sugere que interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para promover a vacina&#231;&#227;o nesses grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Curiosamente, aqueles que praticam atividades f&#237;sicas intensas podem acreditar que s&#227;o menos suscet&#237;veis a doen&#231;as devido &#224; boa autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, o que exige um maior enfoque na educa&#231;&#227;o dessas popula&#231;&#245;es sobre a import&#226;ncia da vacina&#231;&#227;o, mesmo com seus estilos de vida saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, o acesso ao servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de privado e a autopercep&#231;&#227;o positiva de sa&#250;de estiveram correlacionados com uma maior probabilidade de ades&#227;o &#224; vacina contra Influenza. Isso sugere que a condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de percebida e a acessibilidade aos recursos de sa&#250;de s&#227;o fundamentais para promover a vacina&#231;&#227;o dentro desse grupo. Por outro lado, taxas mais baixas de vacina&#231;&#227;o foram associadas a ser da etnia negra, ter um consumo frequente de &#225;lcool, tabagismo e pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas intensas. Esses achados podem indicar influ&#234;ncias socioecon&#244;micas e culturais veladas, incluindo poss&#237;veis obst&#225;culos ao acesso &#224; sa&#250;de ou diferen&#231;as nas cren&#231;as sobre sa&#250;de que desencorajam a vacina&#231;&#227;o. Curiosamente, essas associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram observadas nos subgrupos de angina est&#225;vel cr&#244;nica e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, sugerindo que a intera&#231;&#227;o desses fatores pode variar entre as diferentes doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. No subgrupo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, apenas o tabagismo mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa, destacando o tabagismo como um determinante de import&#226;ncia no comportamento quanto &#224; sa&#250;de nesse grupo.</p>
      <p>Os achados deste estudo alinham-se com as pol&#237;ticas globais de sa&#250;de: Em 2003, a Assembleia Mundial da Sa&#250;de (resolu&#231;&#227;o WHA 56.19) recomendou aumentar a cobertura vacinal contra Influenza para indiv&#237;duos no grupo de alto risco, com a meta de atingir uma cobertura de &#8805; 75% entre os idosos e aqueles com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas at&#233; 2010.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> No Brasil, o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de disponibiliza a vacina contra Influenza de forma gratuita para idosos, com uma meta de cobertura vacinal de 90% at&#233; 2024.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Segundo nossos achados, o Brasil alcan&#231;ou com sucesso a meta de vacinar 75% dos idosos com comorbidades cardiovasculares. Dados semelhantes foram observados em indiv&#237;duos com 60 anos ou mais (n = 23.815) que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> de 2013 e do Estudo SABE de 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No entanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais informa&#231;&#245;es para determinar se isso foi alcan&#231;ado em 2010 ou se nossos achados refletem uma conquista recente. Em especial, a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina contra a influenza superou o limiar de 75% para todas as comorbidades cardiovasculares espec&#237;ficas estudadas, o que foi mais alto do que a ades&#227;o de 50-60% entre os idosos do grupo de alto risco em outros pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Apesar desses esfor&#231;os, a meta de 90% n&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ada de forma consistente, o que indica &#225;reas que precisam melhorar. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es sugerem que, embora o Brasil tenha feito progressos significativos na cobertura vacinal para indiv&#237;duos no grupo de alto risco, ainda existe o potencial para melhorias adicionais a fim de atingir as metas nacionais.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, alcan&#231;ar as metas de vacina&#231;&#227;o depende de incentivar a ades&#227;o e entender os motivos que impulsionam a hesita&#231;&#227;o vacinal entre os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o vacinados. A hesita&#231;&#227;o vacinal continua sendo uma quest&#227;o complexa, influenciada por diversos fatores velados, relacionados &#224; confian&#231;a e aos riscos percebidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Um estudo inicial sobre a hesita&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vacina contra a p&#243;lio, realizado por Rosenstock et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> identificou fatores que continuam sendo relevantes. Esses fatores incluem a percep&#231;&#227;o da probabilidade da doen&#231;a, o julgamento da gravidade da doen&#231;a, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da vacina&#231;&#227;o e as preocupa&#231;&#245;es e influ&#234;ncias que afetam a tomada de decis&#227;o. Nossos resultados mostraram caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes entre os idosos com comorbidades cardiovasculares: receio quanto a rea&#231;&#245;es adversas, senso de baixo risco de infec&#231;&#227;o e incerteza quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia da vacina, destacando uma comunica&#231;&#227;o inadequada sobre a Influenza e a vacina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, um achado significativo foi que 13,9% dos participantes citaram a indisponibilidade da vacina como um obst&#225;culo, destacando os desafios log&#237;sticos para alcan&#231;ar uma cobertura vacinal ideal. Superar esses obst&#225;culos exige planejamento estrat&#233;gico, distribui&#231;&#227;o eficiente e uma coordena&#231;&#227;o otimizada entre os profissionais de sa&#250;de e as ag&#234;ncias governamentais, a fim de garantir a disponibilidade constante, em especial durante per&#237;odos de alta demanda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que os profissionais de sa&#250;de s&#227;o de grande import&#226;ncia na abordagem e redu&#231;&#227;o da hesita&#231;&#227;o vacinal por meio de uma comunica&#231;&#227;o clara e eficaz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Profissionais de sa&#250;de bem informados e treinados sobre vacinas est&#227;o mais propensos a recomendar a vacina&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> No entanto, pode ser necess&#225;rio um apoio adicional para lidar com conversas desafiadoras com pacientes ou familiares relutantes em se vacinar, onde o aval social e o apoio de colegas se tornam essenciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A figura central apresenta, de forma resumida, como os profissionais de sa&#250;de podem abordar a hesita&#231;&#227;o vacinal.</p>
      <p>Para lidar com essas quest&#245;es, &#233; importante investigar como os idosos, especialmente aqueles propensos a permanecer n&#227;o vacinados, recebem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Influenza e a vacina&#231;&#227;o. Nosso estudo forneceu alguns insights sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o vacinada, mas destacou a necessidade de informa&#231;&#245;es mais detalhadas sobre como os idosos e suas fam&#237;lias s&#227;o informados. Estudos posteriores devem investigar a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina contra Influenza em subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de idosos e pessoas com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.</p>
      <p>Apesar dos insights fornecidos, nosso estudo possui v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. O desenho transversal limita nossa capacidade de estabelecer rela&#231;&#245;es causais entre o status de vacina&#231;&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis exploradas. O vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria pode afetar a precis&#227;o dos dados de vacina&#231;&#227;o autorrelatados, potencialmente impactando as taxas relatas. Al&#233;m disso, a depend&#234;ncia de dados autorrelatados sobre doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pode representar vi&#233;s de relato. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, focados nos brasileiros com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e dados ausentes, podem limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossos achados para uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais ampla. No entanto, o uso de uma amostra nacional aumenta a confiabilidade e a aplicabilidade de nossos resultados, informando, assim, pol&#237;ticas e interven&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Ademais, &#233; importante considerar que a coleta de dados de 2019 a 2021 coincidiu com a pandemia de COVID-19, o que provavelmente influenciou os achados. A pandemia afetou o acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, os comportamentos de busca por atendimento e as prioridades de vacina&#231;&#227;o, impactando a ades&#227;o &#224; vacina contra Influenza.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nosso estudo revelou que uma parcela significativa de idosos com comorbidades cardiovasculares no Brasil permaneceu n&#227;o vacinada contra Influenza. Isso ressalta a necessidade de intensificar os esfor&#231;os de vacina&#231;&#227;o nessa popula&#231;&#227;o vulner&#225;vel. Nossos achados sugerem que estrat&#233;gias personalizadas, que abordem cren&#231;as pessoais, dificuldades quanto ao acesso e o envolvimento dos profissionais de sa&#250;de, s&#227;o essenciais para melhorar a vacina&#231;&#227;o contra a influenza. Ao alinhar de forma mais precisa as iniciativas dos profissionais de sa&#250;de com as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e de sa&#250;de espec&#237;ficas dos indiv&#237;duos, &#233; poss&#237;vel mitigar os obst&#225;culos prevalentes &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o observados neste estudo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>O ELSI-Brasil foi apoiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil: DECIT/SCTIE &#8211; Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia da Secretaria de Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Insumos Estrat&#233;gicos (Bolsas: 404965/2012-1 e TED 28/2017); COPID/DECIV/SAPS &#8211; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Sa&#250;de da Pessoa Idosa na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, Departamento de Ciclo de Vida da Secretaria de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de (Bolsas: 20836, 22566, 23700, 25560, 25552, e 27510). Os financiadores n&#227;o participaram do desenho do estudo, coleta de dados, an&#225;lise de dados, interpreta&#231;&#227;o ou prepara&#231;&#227;o do artigo.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240537-40537-suppl01.pdf">clique aqui</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Rodrigo S. Aguilar pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Minas Gerais sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 34649814.3.0000.5091. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240537i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uptake of Influenza Vaccine among Older Adults with Cardiovascular Comorbidities</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguilar</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Rosim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1524-721X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Delia</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Paula Barbieri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roscani</surname>
            <given-names>Meliza Goi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3126-2946</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pott</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Biotecnologia - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar), S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (HU-UFSCar), S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Gerontologia - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar), S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Henrique Pott &#8226; Departamento de Medicina - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos - Rod. Washington Luis, km 235. Postal Code 13656-905, S&#227;o Carlos, SP - Brazil Email: henriquepott@ufscar.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Influenza vaccination reduces illness and fatality in older adults, especially those with cardiovascular comorbidities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To investigate influenza vaccination uptake among community-dwelling older Brazilian patients with cardiovascular comorbidities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the ELSI-Brazil Second wave (2019-2021), involving 9,949 older adults. Participants with cardiovascular conditions provided data on influenza vaccination from the previous year. Vaccination-associated factors were identified, with subgroup analyses for each cardiovascular comorbidity. An exploratory analysis investigated the primary reasons for non-vaccination. Statistical significance was determined with a two-sided P-value &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> This study included 5,296 individuals. Of these, 76.6% reported receiving the influenza vaccine within the year before data collection. Vaccinated individuals were generally older females, widowed, and non-smokers with healthier habits and private healthcare access, although they had higher frailty and cardiovascular comorbidities. Age significantly influenced the likelihood of vaccination across subgroups. In hypertension, private healthcare and good health status increased the odds, while smoking and alcohol consumption reduced them. The most common reasons for not receiving the influenza vaccine were fear of adverse reactions (18.2%), belief in a low-risk infection (14.9%), vaccine unavailability (13.9%), and lack of confidence in its effectiveness (12%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> About 24% of older Brazilian adults with cardiovascular conditions remain unvaccinated against influenza, posing severe health risks. Strategies addressing personal beliefs, improving access, and enhancing healthcare provider engagement are crucial. Tailored interventions should align with the population&#8217;s demographic and health characteristics to overcome these barriers effectively.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Uptake of Influenza Vaccine among Older Adults with Cardiovascular Comorbidities</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Uptake of influenza vaccine among older adults with cardiovascular comorbidities.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240537-40537-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Human Influenza</kwd>
        <kwd>Vaccines</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Influenza is a highly contagious virus that spreads rapidly worldwide and affects people of all ages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, older adults, pregnant women, children under five years of age, and those with chronic conditions are more vulnerable to severe complications and even death from the virus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 5-15% of adults catch influenza each year, resulting in 3-5 million severe cases and 250,000 to 500,000 fatalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Recent studies have shown that influenza significantly affects health services, with a notable increase in clinic and hospital visits due to illness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Data from the United States highlight that a large proportion of flu-related hospitalizations (54&#8211;70%) and deaths (71&#8211;85%) occur in individuals aged &#8805; 65 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> to severe health risks, influenza also imposes a considerable financial burden associated with expenses, such as doctor appointments, hospital stays, medications, and other related costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive effects of influenza vaccination, revealing significant health benefits and reduced economic costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> These findings are particularly crucial for vulnerable populations, such as older adults, who are at increased risk of severe illness and related complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Furthermore, the incidence of cardiovascular disease increases with age and affects both men and women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The literature indicates that influenza can significantly exacerbate cardiovascular conditions by increasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and subsequent acute ischemic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nonetheless, recent studies have underscored the vital role of influenza vaccination in reducing clinical deterioration, decreasing overall mortality, and lowering deaths related to cardiovascular complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite these risks, many high-risk adults, especially those with cardiovascular disease, skip vaccination against influenza.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Their decisions are influenced by factors, such as how they perceive their health status, concerns about vaccine side effects, doubts about vaccine efficacy, and considerations of convenience when receiving vaccinations outside hospitals or clinics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>Additionally, there is a lack of information on vaccination rates among older adults with cardiovascular diseases and the factors that drive their choice in community settings.</p>
        <p>In Brazil, the Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de provides an influenza vaccine free of charge to older adults, with a target coverage rate of 90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, this target has not been consistently achieved, indicating areas for improvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> To better understand influenza vaccination uptake, we used data from the ELSI-Brazil study to investigate the determinants influencing this vaccination. We aimed to investigate influenza vaccination uptake among community-dwelling older Brazilian patients with cardiovascular comorbidities and explore the reasons for vaccine hesitancy. This study is crucial, as it offers insights into optimizing public health strategies for high-risk older adults within existing research contexts.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Data source: The Longitudinal Study of Health in the Brazilian Elderly (ELSI-Brazil)</p>
        <p>The ELSI-Brazil is a survey conducted to analyze the aging dynamics of the Brazilian population and the factors that influence it. It represents individuals aged 50 years or older residing in 70 municipalities across all five Brazilian regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The study aimed to determine how social and health services can benefit the aging population. The initial survey was conducted in 2015-2016 with 9,412 participants, and the second wave occurred between 2019-2021 with 9,949 participants. The survey was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the Instituto Ren&#233; Rachou, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (CAAE: 34649814.3.0000.5091), and all participants provided consent. For more information and access to the data, visit the provided URL: http://elsi.cpqrr.fiocruz.br</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and participants</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study used data from the ELSI-Brazil Second wave (2019-2021). The study included people aged &#8805; 50 years who were diagnosed with cardiovascular conditions and had information available about their influenza immunization in the past year. The cardiovascular conditions considered for the analysis were hypertension, high blood pressure, chronic stable angina, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Participants were asked about their immunization history, specifically whether they had received an influenza vaccine in the past year. We did not include participants with incomplete data on their cardiovascular conditions or history of influenza immunization in the previous year. We also excluded individuals with significant missing data exceeding 20% of the variables used to build the frailty index. The study population selection process is illustrated in Supplementary Material (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Main reasons for not administering the influenza vaccine (N = 1,241).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240537-40537-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sociodemographic and clinical variables</title>
          <p>The following sociodemographic and clinical variables were extracted from the publicly available data files of the ELSI-Brazil second wave: age, sex, race, marital status, area of residence (urban or rural), smoking status, alcohol consumption, engagement in physical activities (both intensity and frequency), self-assessed health status, specific cardiovascular conditions, and type of health care provider (public versus private).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular comorbid conditions</title>
          <p>We used self-report questionnaire data from individual interviews to identify individuals with cardiovascular-related conditions. The specific questions and applied filters for each condition are as follows:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Hypertension or high blood pressure</italic>: A positive response to the question: &#8220;n28 - Has any doctor ever told you that you have arterial hypertension (high blood pressure)?&#8221;. We excluded cases that responded &#8220;Yes, only during pregnancy&#8221; to the hypertension or high blood pressure question.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Chronic stable angina</italic>: A positive response to &#8220;n48 - Has any doctor ever told you that you have angina pectoris?&#8221;.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Myocardial infarction</italic>: A positive response to &#8220;n46 - Has any doctor ever told you that you had a heart attack?&#8221;.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Heart failure</italic>: A positive response to &#8220;n50 - Has any doctor ever told you that you have heart failure?&#8221;.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>We categorized all these conditions into a binary classification, &#8220;Cardiovascular Comorbid Conditions&#8221; (yes/no). We conducted separate analyses for each condition as part of an exploratory analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Influenza vaccination status assessment</title>
          <p>We identified participants&#8217; influenza vaccination status by extracting data from the question &#8220;n67 - In the LAST 12 MONTHS, have you taken the flu vaccine?&#8221;. Participants were categorized as &#8220;Vaccinated&#8221; if they answered positively and &#8220;Unvaccinated&#8221; if they responded negatively. Cases with missing data were excluded from the analyses.</p>
          <p>For those classified as &#8220;Unvaccinated,&#8221; we also examined the main reasons for not taking the flu vaccine using the question &#8220;n68 - What was the main reason for not taking the flu vaccine?&#8221;. The available responses to the question were: (1) Rarely gets the flu; (2) Didn&#8217;t know it was necessary to take the flu vaccine; (3) Didn&#8217;t know where to take the vaccine; (4) Fear of vaccine reaction; (5) Fear of injection; (6) Didn&#8217;t have anyone to go with him/her to the health service; (7) Had financial difficulties; (8) Had transportation difficulties; (9) The health service was very far; (10) The flu vaccine was not available at the health service that he/she went to; (11) Medical contraindication; (12) Doesn&#8217;t believe that the flu vaccine protects against the flu; (13) Other; (99) Didn&#8217;t know/didn&#8217;t answer. To investigate the reasons behind vaccine hesitancy, we adopted the definition provided by the SAGE Working Group,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> which describes vaccine hesitancy as the delay in accepting or refusing vaccines despite the availability of vaccination services. The responses were divided into three main topics: (1) contextual factors, (2) individual influences, and (3) influences specific to vaccines/vaccinations for influenza.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Frailty assessment</title>
          <p>Frailty, which indicates the participants&#8217; vulnerability to adverse health outcomes, was quantified using a frailty index based on the accumulated health deficit approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> We believe that frailty could explain the bias in favor of receiving the flu vaccine<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> highlighting the necessity of adjusting our regression models to accommodate the frailty level of the study population.</p>
          <p>We recently outlined standard procedures for developing a frailty index using data from the ELSI-Brazil second wave. In summary, we used the total number of health deficits, including age-related diseases, disabilities, and functionality, to compute an individual&#8217;s deficit scores. (see Supplemental Material, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>) This score was then converted into a Frailty Index (FI) on a scale from 0 to 1 (FI = deficit score/n, where n is the number of components derived from age-related diseases, disabilities, and functionality). For practical purposes, we categorized the FI score into three classes: non-frail (FI &lt; 0.1), pre-frail (FI &gt; 0.1 and &lt; 0.21), and frail (FI &gt; 0.21).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The study compared &#8220;Vaccinated&#8221; and &#8220;Unvaccinated&#8221; respondents. According to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, continuous variables were presented as median [interquartile range], and categorical variables were presented as absolute frequency (relative frequency). Initially, unadjusted analyses were conducted by individually examining the sociodemographic and clinical variables. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables, and the Mann&#8211;Whitney U test was used for continuous variables.</p>
          <p>Multivariate logistic regression models explored factors associated with receiving an influenza vaccine 12 months before data collection. The variables included in the model were selected using a stepwise approach based on their significance in the univariate analysis between the groups. We excluded all cases with &#8216;Unanswered&#8217; responses before modeling owing to their low count, which could potentially affect the results. Subgroup analyses were conducted separately for each comorbid cardiovascular condition. Additionally, an exploratory analysis investigated the primary reasons for not receiving the flu vaccine among those classified as &#8220;Unvaccinated.&#8221;</p>
          <p>Statistical significance was assessed using a two-sided P-value &lt; 0.05. All analyses were performed in R version 4.4.0 (2024-04-24 ucrt) -- &#8220;Puppy Cup&#8221; using RStudio IDE (RStudio 2024.04.0+735 &#8220;Chocolate Cosmos&#8221; Release).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Vaccination rates</title>
          <p>After filtering the second-wave data from ELSI-Brazil (N = 9,949) to exclude variables with missing data in more than 20% of the variables used to build the frailty index (n = 48), we applied a second filter to select all participants aged &#8805; 50 years who were diagnosed with cardiovascular conditions and had information available about their influenza immunization in the past year (N = 5,296). Of these, 4,055 (76.6%) reported receiving influenza vaccination within the year prior to the ELSI-Brazil second-wave data collection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic characteristics</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> illustrates the significant differences between the cohorts based on their influenza immunization status. Vaccinated older adults were typically older females who were widowed, divorced, or separated. They generally exhibited healthier habits such as decreased alcohol consumption and non-smoking habits. Conversely, older adults who were not vaccinated showed higher participation rates in vigorous physical activity more than once per week. Additionally, vaccinated older adults reported receiving healthcare from private providers and a higher self-assessed health status. Despite these healthy habits, they also had higher rates of cardiovascular comorbidities (excluding hypertension) and a higher frailty index.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Factors influencing vaccination uptake</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents the multivariate logistic regression analysis results categorized according to cardiovascular comorbidities. Receiving an influenza vaccine within the 12 months preceding data collection was significantly associated with several factors. A higher likelihood of vaccination was observed among older individuals who were married/living with a partner, relied on private healthcare services, and had a good to excellent self-perceived health status. Conversely, factors such as black, higher alcohol intake, smoking status, and frequent engagement in vigorous physical activities were associated with a lower likelihood of vaccination. Although the subgroup analysis by comorbid cardiovascular conditions showed mixed results, age remained significantly associated with a higher likelihood of vaccination. Beyond age, several factors were significantly associated with vaccination in each subgroup. Notably, within the hypertension subgroup, relying on a private healthcare provider and having a good or excellent self-perceived health status were positively associated with higher vaccination odds. In contrast, c, and engaging in vigorous activities more than once a week were significantly associated with lower odds of being vaccinated. These associations were not observed among the chronic stable angina and myocardial infarction subgroups, whereas only a negative association with current smoking was observed in the heart failure subgroup.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reasons for vaccine hesitancy</title>
          <p>Unvaccinated older adults expressed several common reasons for not receiving influenza vaccine. Personal perceptions of the vaccine accounted for 37.2% of the reasons, while contextual influences such as geographic barriers accounted for 17.9%. Reasons directly related to the vaccine or vaccination accounted for 21.5% of the cases. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>) These included apprehension about adverse reactions (18.2%), belief in a low-risk infection (14.9%), vaccine unavailability (13.9%), and lack of confidence in its efficacy (12%). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> shows a bar graph illustrating the main reasons for not receiving influenza vaccine among those who were unvaccinated.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This nationwide study provides valuable insights into influenza vaccination rates in older Brazilian patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. Despite the Ministry of Health&#8217;s efforts to offer vaccines at no cost and a target vaccination coverage of 90%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> 24% of this high-risk group remains unvaccinated, which poses substantial health risks. A higher likelihood of vaccination was noted among older individuals, those who were married or living with a partner, those using private healthcare, and those with good-to-excellent self-perceived health. Conversely, being black, higher alcohol intake, smoking, and frequent vigorous activity were linked to a lower likelihood of vaccination. Personal views on vaccines were the main factor influencing vaccination decisions, followed by contextual factors. Common reasons for not vaccinating included fear of adverse reactions perceived low risk of infection, vaccine unavailability, and doubts about efficacy. Beyond age, certain factors significantly influenced vaccination within the subgroups. In the hypertension subgroup, using private healthcare and positive self-health perception increased the odds of vaccination. Conversely, being black, consuming alcohol monthly or more, current smoking, and frequent vigorous activity were linked to lower vaccination odds. These patterns were not observed in the chronic stable angina and myocardial infarction groups; only current smoking negatively affected vaccination in the heart failure subgroup.</p>
        <p>Our analysis revealed that vaccinated individuals were often older females utilizing private healthcare services, who also reported a positive self-assessment of their health. This pattern underscores the critical influence of healthcare access and individual health perceptions on vaccination behaviors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> These findings are consistent with existing literature highlighting how adults, particularly those engaged in the private healthcare system, are more likely to perceive the benefits of vaccination and act accordingly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Older adults may recognize an increased risk of influenza complications and, thus, prioritize vaccination. By contrast, private healthcare access may provide more regular interactions with healthcare professionals who can advocate for vaccination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Additionally, positive self-perceived health could correlate with proactive health behaviors and encourage vaccine uptake. Similar data were observed for individuals aged &#8805; 60 years (n = 1,224) who participated in the 2015 SABE Study (Health, Well-Being, and Aging).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Conversely, we found lower vaccination rates in demographics that included black individuals, those with higher alcohol consumption, smokers, and those engaged in vigorous physical activity. Lower vaccination rates among Black individuals may reflect social disparities and increased vulnerability, underscoring the need for targeted support to effectively address their unique needs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> This highlights the importance of culturally sensitive and inclusive public health initiatives that can effectively reach and support this demographic and ensure equitable access to healthcare resources and vaccination services. Similarly, the relationship between high alcohol consumption, smoking, and vaccination hesitancy suggests that targeted interventions are necessary to promote vaccination in these groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Interestingly, those engaging in vigorous physical activity might believe that they are less susceptible to illness due to perceived robust health, which necessitates greater emphasis on educating these populations about the importance of vaccination despite their healthy lifestyles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>For individuals with hypertension, access to private healthcare and positive self-perception of health were correlated with a higher likelihood of receiving the influenza vaccine. This suggests that perceived health status and accessibility to healthcare resources are critical for promoting vaccination within this group. Conversely, lower vaccination rates were associated with being black, frequent alcohol consumption, smoking, and engaging in vigorous physical activity. These findings may indicate underlying socioeconomic and cultural influences, including possible barriers to healthcare access or differences in health beliefs that deter vaccination. Interestingly, these associations were not observed in the chronic stable angina and myocardial infarction subgroups, suggesting that the interplay of these factors may vary across different cardiovascular conditions. In the heart failure subgroup, only current smoking showed a negative association, potentially highlighting smoking as a key determinant of health behavior in this group.</p>
        <p>Our study&#8217;s findings intersect with global health policy: In 2003, the World Health Assembly (resolution WHA 56.19) recommended boosting influenza vaccination coverage for high-risk individuals and aiming for &#8805; 75% coverage among older individuals and those with chronic illnesses by 2010.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In Brazil, the Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de provides an influenza vaccine free of charge to older adults, with a target coverage rate of 90% by 2024.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> According to our findings, Brazil successfully met the target of immunizing 75% of older adults with cardiovascular comorbidities. Similar data were observed in individuals aged &#8805; 60 years (n = 23,815) who participated in the 2013 National Health Survey (<italic>Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de</italic> (PNS))<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> and the 2015 SABE Study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> However, more information is needed to determine whether this was achieved in 2010 or whether our findings reflect a recent accomplishment. Notably, the influenza vaccine uptake surpassed the 75% threshold for all specific cardiovascular comorbidities studied, which was higher than the 50 to 60% uptake among high-risk older adults in other countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Despite these efforts, a 90% target has not been consistently achieved, indicating areas of improvement. These insights suggest that while Brazil has made significant progress in vaccination coverage for high-risk individuals, there remains the potential for further enhancement to meet national goals.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, achieving vaccination targets relies on encouraging the uptake and understanding of the reasons driving vaccine hesitancy among unvaccinated individuals. Vaccine hesitancy remains a complex issue influenced by various underlying factors related to confidence and perceived risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> An early study on polio vaccine hesitancy by Rosenstock et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> identified factors that continue to be relevant. These factors include disease likelihood perception, disease severity judgment, vaccination efficacy assessment, and concerns and influences that affect decision-making. Our results showed similar traits among older adults with cardiovascular comorbidities: apprehension about adverse reactions, low self-risk perception of infection, and lack of confidence in vaccine efficacy highlighting inadequate communication regarding influenza and vaccination.</p>
        <p>Moreover, a significant finding was that 13.9% of participants cited vaccine unavailability as a barrier, highlighting the logistical challenges in achieving optimal vaccination coverage. Addressing these barriers requires strategic planning, efficient distribution, and enhanced coordination between healthcare providers and government agencies to ensure consistent availability, especially during high-demand periods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several studies have shown that healthcare providers are crucial for addressing and reducing vaccine hesitancy through clear and effective communication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Healthcare providers who are well-informed and trained about vaccines are more likely to recommend vaccination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> However, additional support may be needed to handle challenging conversations with vaccine-reluctant patients or families, where societal endorsement and colleague support become essential.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The central illustration briefly summarizes how healthcare providers can address vaccine hesitancy.</p>
        <p>To address these issues, it is crucial to investigate how older adults, especially those likely to remain unvaccinated, receive information regarding influenza and vaccination. Our study provided some insights into the unvaccinated population but highlighted the need for more detailed information on how older adults and their families are informed. Future studies should investigate influenza vaccine uptake in specific subgroups of older individuals and those with chronic illnesses.</p>
        <p>Despite the insights provided, our study has several limitations. The cross-sectional design restricts our ability to establish causal relationships between vaccination status and the variables explored. Recall bias may affect the accuracy of self-reported vaccination data, potentially affecting reported rates. Additionally, reliance on self-reported cardiovascular disease data may introduce reporting bias. The exclusion criteria, focusing on Brazilians with cardiovascular conditions and missing data, could limit the generalizability of our findings to a broader population. Nevertheless, using a nationwide sample enhances the reliability and applicability of our results, thereby informing public health policies and interventions. Additionally, it is important to consider that the data collection from 2019 to 2021 coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, which likely influenced the findings. The pandemic affected healthcare access, health-seeking behaviors, and vaccination priorities, impacting influenza vaccine uptake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, our study revealed that a significant proportion of older adults with cardiovascular comorbidities in Brazil remained unvaccinated against influenza. This underscores the necessity to increase vaccination efforts in this vulnerable population. Our findings suggest that tailored strategies addressing personal beliefs, access challenges, and healthcare provider engagement are essential for improving influenza vaccination. By closely aligning healthcare provider initiatives with individuals&#8217; specific demographics and health characteristics, it is possible to mitigate the prevalent barriers to vaccination observed in this study.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Vaccination Characteristics of the Study Sample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Level</th>
                  <th>Overall</th>
                  <th>Unvaccinated</th>
                  <th>Vaccinated</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N = 5,296</th>
                  <th>N = 1,241</th>
                  <th>N = 4,055</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, median [IQR]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Years</td>
                  <td align="center">67 [60, 75]</td>
                  <td align="center">61 [56, 71]</td>
                  <td align="center">68 [62, 76]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Sex, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">3,059 (57.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">686 (55.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,373 (58.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">2,237 (42.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">555 (44.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,682 (41.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">
                    <bold>Race, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">White</td>
                  <td align="center">2,361 (44.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">502 (40.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,859 (45.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Black</td>
                  <td align="center">619 (11.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (14.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">445 (11.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">2,270 (42.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">558 (45.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,712 (42.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yellow/Indigenous</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (0.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Unanswered</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (0.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (0.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Marital status, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Not married</td>
                  <td align="center">2,506 (47.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">572 (46.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,934 (47.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.339</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Married/Living with a partner</td>
                  <td align="center">2,790 (52.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">669 (53.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,121 (52.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Area of residence, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Rural</td>
                  <td align="center">855 (16.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">195 (15.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">660 (16.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.669</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Urban</td>
                  <td align="center">4,441 (83.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,046 (84.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,395 (83.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Alcohol intake, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Never</td>
                  <td align="center">4,318 (81.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">969 (78.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,349 (82.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Less than once a month</td>
                  <td align="center">407 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">314 (7.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Once a month or more</td>
                  <td align="center">559 (10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (14.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">382 (9.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>Smoking status, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Never smoked</td>
                  <td align="center">3,518 (66.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">768 (61.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,750 (67.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Current smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">564 (10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (15.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">376 (9.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Former smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">1,199 (22.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">282 (22.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">917 (22.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Unanswered</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (0.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (0.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Engage in physical activity more than once a week, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Low intensity</td>
                  <td align="center">2,284 (43.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">529 (42.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,755 (43.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Moderate intensity</td>
                  <td align="center">991 (18.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">244 (19.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">747 (18.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Vigorous intensity</td>
                  <td align="center">459 (8.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (11.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">315 (7.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">
                    <bold>Frequency of participation in vigorous physical activities such as running, swimming, cycling, doing aerobics or playing tennis, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">More than once a week</td>
                  <td align="center">459 (8.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (11.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">315 (7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Once a week</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (3.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (2.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1 to 3 times a month</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (1.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Rarely or never</td>
                  <td align="center">4,524 (85.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,008 (81.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,516 (86.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Unanswered</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (1.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Healthcare provider, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Public</td>
                  <td align="center">4,262 (80.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,052 (84.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,210 (79.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Private</td>
                  <td align="center">1,029 (19.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">840 (20.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Unanswered</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="7">
                    <bold>Self-assessed health status, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Very Poor</td>
                  <td align="center">304 (5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="7">0.036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Poor</td>
                  <td align="center">816 (15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">202 (16.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">614 (15.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">2,225 (42.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">530 (42.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,695 (41.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Good</td>
                  <td align="center">1,645 (31.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">350 (28.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,295 (31.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Very good</td>
                  <td align="center">222 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (4.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Excellent</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (1.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Unanswered</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>Cardiovascular Comorbid Conditions, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">5,103 (96.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,190 (95.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,913 (96.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.444</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Chronic stable angina</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (3.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">420 (7.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">329 (8.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">425 (8.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">330 (8.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.416</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">
                    <bold>Frailty assessment</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Frailty Index, median [ IQR]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 [0.12, 0.32]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 [0.12, 0.30]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21 [0.13, 0.32]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Frailty level, %</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Non-frail</td>
                  <td align="center">925 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">238 (19.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">687 (16.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.136</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Pre-frail</td>
                  <td align="center">1,737 (32.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">410 (33.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,327 (32.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Frail</td>
                  <td align="center">2,634 (49.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">593 (47.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,041 (50.3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate Logistic Regression Results Stratified by Specific Subgroups of Cardiovascular Comorbidities.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Overall (N = 5,112)*</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Cardiovascular Comorbid Conditions*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Hypertension (N = 4,927)</th>
                  <th>Chronic stable angina<sup><bold>1</bold></sup> (N = 179)</th>
                  <th>Myocardial infarction<sup><bold>2</bold></sup> (N = 389)</th>
                  <th>Heart failure<sup><bold>3</bold></sup> (N = 409)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.05 (1.05 - 1.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06 (1.05 - 1.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06 (1.01 - 1.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01 (0.99 - 1.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 (1.01 - 1.07)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93 (0.80 - 1.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92 (0.80 - 1.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09 (0.45 &#8211; 2.66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72 (0.41 - 1.27)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.46 (0.83 - 2.56)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Race</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76 (0.61 - 0.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74 (0.60 - 0.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19 (0.31 - 4.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.07 (0.49 - 2.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85 (0.38 - 1.92)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92 (0.80 - 1.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91 (0.78 - 1.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.58 (0.66 - 3.77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89 (0.51 - 1.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.07 (0.63 - 1.84)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yellow/Indigenous</td>
                  <td align="center">2.53 (0.75 - 8.51)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.24 (0.66 - 7.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Marital status</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not married</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Married/Living with a partner</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17 (1.01 - 1.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.16 (0.99 - 1.34)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.34 (0.55 - 3.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.44 (0.82 - 2.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.38 (0.79 - 2.38)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Area of residence</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rural</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urban</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93 (0.77 - 1.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 (0.77 - 1.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.45 (0.96 - 12.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36 (0.12 - 1.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (0.41 - 1.96)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Alcohol intake</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Less than once a month</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15 (0.89 - 1.49)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13 (0.87 - 1.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23 (0.04 - 1.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.62 (0.48 - 5.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62 (0.23 - 1.68)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Once a month or more</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78 (0.63 - 0.97)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79 (0.64 - 0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57 (0.15 &#8211; 2.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78 (0.32 - 1.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77 (0.31 - 1.93)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Smoking status</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never smoked</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68 (0.55 - 0.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70 (0.57 - 0.87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46 (0.13 - 1.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69 (0.34 - 1.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42 (0.20 - 0.88)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91 (0.77 - 1.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (0.76 - 1.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.40 - 2.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 (0.53 - 1.67)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.34 (0.76 - 2.39)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Frequency of participation in vigorous physical activities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rarely or never</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 to 3 times a month</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09 (0.59 - 2.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17 (0.62 - 2.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23 (0.13 - 11.40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Once a week</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72 (0.49 - 1.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71 (0.48 - 1.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 (0.09 - 9.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.39 (0.16 - 12.20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>More than once a week</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72 (0.58 - 0.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74 (0.59 - 0.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82 (0.23 &#8211; 2.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34 (0.13 - 0.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68 (0.30 - 1.54)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Healthcare provider</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Public</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Private</td>
                  <td align="center">1.29 (1.08 - 1.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.30 (1.08 - 1.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89 (0.34 - 2.31)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.67 (0.85 - 3.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.42 (0.75 - 2.71)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Self-assessed health status</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Very Poor/Poor</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14 (0.94 - 1.39)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17 (0.95 - 1.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68 (0.26 - 1.77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 (0.53 - 1.77)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08 (0.59 - 1.96)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Good/Excellent</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28 (1.02 - 1.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 (1.06 - 1.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48 (0.14 - 1.65)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52 (0.68 - 3.39)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10 (0.48 - 2.51)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frailty Index score</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68 (0.37 - 1.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74 (0.40 - 1.37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33 (0.01 - 9.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61 (0.10 - 3.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53 (0.08 - 3.47)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>*Estimates are presented as Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals). 1 To prevent biased estimates resulting from a small number of observations, we excluded 2 cases (&#8220;Yellow/Indigenous&#8221; race and &#8220;1 to 3 times a month&#8221; frequency of participation in vigorous physical activities) from the &#8220;Chronic stable angina&#8221; subgroup. 2 To prevent biased estimates resulting from a small number of observations, we excluded 2 cases (&#8220;Yellow/Indigenous&#8221; race and &#8220;1 to 3 times a month&#8221; frequency of participation in vigorous physical activities) from the &#8220; Myocardial infarction&#8221; subgroup. 3 To prevent biased estimates resulting from a small number of observations, we excluded 2 cases (&#8220;Yellow/Indigenous&#8221; race) from the &#8220; Myocardial infarction&#8221; subgroup.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>ELSI-Brazil was supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health: DECIT/SCTIE &#8211; Department of Science and Technology from the Secretariat of Science, Technology, and Strategic Inputs (Grant: 404965/2012-1 and TED 28/2017); COPID/DECIV/SAPS &#8211; Health Coordination of the Older Person in Primary Care, Department of Life Course from the Secretariat of Primary Health Care (Grants: 20836, 22566, 23700, 25560, 25552, and 27510). The funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, or manuscript preparation.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1001">
          <label>Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240537-40537-suppl01-en.pdf">click here</inline-supplementary-material> </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1002">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of Rodrigo S. Aguilar&#8217;s doctoral thesis at the Federal University of S&#227;o Carlos.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1003">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> The ELSI-Brazil was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Minas Gerais and the process is registered on Plataforma Brasil (CAAE: 34649814.3.0000.5091). Participants signed separate informed consent forms for each of the research procedures and authorized access to corresponding secondary databases.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
