<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pHMVsqzdsKcL3N3B5xtCHgg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240468</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rastreamento em Cascata em Adolescentes com Altera&#231;&#245;es Lip&#237;dicas Sugestivas de Hipercolesterolemia Familiar: Dados do Estudo ERICA &#8211; Curitiba</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bento</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Freitas Rezende</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9262-2277</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaestner</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Lorena da Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vargas</surname>
            <given-names>Amauri de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Renan Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-0435-8252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scariot</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Pinotti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hollas</surname>
            <given-names>Leiza Loiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0979-3604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5822-6622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bloch</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Vergetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1397-0634</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Estudos em Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Estudos em Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Jos&#233; Rocha Faria Neto &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; &#8211; Rua Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155. CEP 80215-901, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jose.faria@pucpr.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240468</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; uma causa gen&#233;tica comum de doen&#231;a coronariana prematura, decorrente da exposi&#231;&#227;o prolongada a altos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL (LDL). Sua preval&#234;ncia na forma heterozig&#243;tica varia de 1:200 a 1:500, e o diagn&#243;stico precoce &#233; fundamental para o tratamento e a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco. O rastreamento em cascata &#233; recomendado a partir da identifica&#231;&#227;o de casos-&#237;ndice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas sugestivas de HF em estudantes de 12 a 17 anos participantes do estudo ERICA em Curitiba e estabelecer a preval&#234;ncia de HF por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais nestes adolescentes e em seus familiares de primeiro grau submetidos ao rastreamento em cascata.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A partir dos dados do estudo ERICA, foram identificados os adolescentes com n&#237;veis de LDL &gt; 160 mg/dL ou colesterol n&#227;o-HDL &gt; 190 mg/dL, assim como seus familiares de primeiro grau. O diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico dos participantes do estudo foi baseado nos crit&#233;rios do DUTCH MedPed. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como P &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram identificados 11 adolescentes com altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas sugestivas de HF dentre os 2.383 avaliados (1:216). Desses, 7 estudantes e 15 familiares de primeiro grau foram avaliados. Nenhum dos adolescentes teve o diagn&#243;stico de poss&#237;vel HF confirmado pelo escore cl&#237;nico. Entretanto, 3 familiares (20%) receberam o diagn&#243;stico de poss&#237;vel/prov&#225;vel HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Embora a aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore cl&#237;nico n&#227;o tenha confirmado nenhum caso entre os adolescentes com altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas sugestivas de HF, o que sugere uma limita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo para diagn&#243;stico nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, o rastreamento em cascata identificou poss&#237;veis casos nos familiares de primeiro grau.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Rastreamento em Cascata em Adolescentes com Altera&#231;&#245;es Lip&#237;dicas Sugestivas de Hipercolesterolemia Familiar: Dados do Estudo ERICA &#8211; Curitiba</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/pHMVsqzdsKcL3N3B5xtCHgg/1e21a66bea661ff9c36db7cdc83a49fc6baee003.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/pHMVsqzdsKcL3N3B5xtCHgg/da7871b6d30e503b19fd4f67e642b8c55034ecf4.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/pHMVsqzdsKcL3N3B5xtCHgg/bef2d536bf62f80ce608263e1aafeab74a45d09b.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia Familiar</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia</funding-source>
          <award-id>01090421</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>565037/2010-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>405.009/2012-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado em sua primeira fase pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia) Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos/FINEP &#8211; Processo 01090421 e Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa/CNPq &#8211; Processos 565037/2010-2 e 405.009/2012-7).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Hipercolesterolemia Familiar (HF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica associada &#224; defici&#234;ncia no clareamento das part&#237;culas de LDL. Como resultado, os indiv&#237;duos afetados apresentam n&#237;veis anormalmente elevados de LDL-colesterol (LDL) e, consequentemente, um risco cardiovascular prematuro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A HF &#233; uma doen&#231;a de transmiss&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante; portanto, os descendentes de indiv&#237;duos afetados t&#234;m 50% de chance de herdar o defeito. A preval&#234;ncia estimada da forma heterozig&#243;tica &#233; de 1:200 a 1:500 indiv&#237;duos, e na forma homozig&#243;tica, de 1:1000.000.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No Brasil, dados do estudo ELSA identificaram uma preval&#234;ncia de 1:263 e, mais recentemente, um estudo transversal realizado em 8.952 adultos estimou uma preval&#234;ncia de 1:104.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora n&#227;o haja dados populacionais da preval&#234;ncia confirmada em adolescentes, estima-se que cerca de 100.000 adolescentes brasileiros apresentem altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas sugestivas de HF e, portanto, necessitem de avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico precoce da HF &#233; fundamental para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria das doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas, especialmente da doen&#231;a coronariana, uma vez que o risco pode ser reduzido por meio de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida. Quando tratados desde a inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, esses indiv&#237;duos apresentam uma melhora progn&#243;stica expressiva, alcan&#231;ando expectativa de vida semelhante &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos com HF n&#227;o &#233; diagnosticada, o que resulta em tratamento inadequado e na n&#227;o identifica&#231;&#227;o de familiares igualmente afetados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O rastreamento em cascata &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia crucial no manejo da HF, pois permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o de novos casos a partir do reconhecimento de casos-&#237;ndice<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e melhora significativamente o manejo da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a implementa&#231;&#227;o dessa estrat&#233;gia em programas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica pode aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre a HF e incentivar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento, resultando em melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Portanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de novos casos deve sempre dar in&#237;cio ao processo de rastreamento em cascata. A genotipagem, que busca a muta&#231;&#227;o envolvida, &#233; o padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico da HF. Entretanto, por ser pouco acess&#237;vel &#224; maior parte da popula&#231;&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico baseado em escores bem estabelecidos, com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais, prevalece na maior parte dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Apesar disso, o reconhecimento da doen&#231;a em adolescentes continua sendo um desafio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas sugestivas de HF em estudantes de 12 a 17 anos participantes do estudo ERICA em Curitiba e regi&#227;o metropolitana e, a partir destes dados, estabelecer a preval&#234;ncia de HF por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais nesses adolescentes e em seus familiares de primeiro grau submetidos ao rastreamento em cascata.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O estudo Hipercolesterolemia Familiar Paran&#225; &#233; parte integrante do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), sendo um estudo transversal, nacional e de base escolar, conduzido em 2013-2014.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo do ERICA foi estimar a preval&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus, obesidade, fatores de risco cardiovascular e de marcadores de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e inflamat&#243;rios em adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos que frequentavam escolas p&#250;blicas e/ou privadas em munic&#237;pios brasileiros com mais de 100 mil habitantes. Os detalhes sobre o processo de amostragem e o desenho do estudo foram previamente publicados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> bem como os dados lip&#237;dicos de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados os dados de estudantes de 58 escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas do estado do Paran&#225; participantes do ERICA, distribu&#237;das em seis (6) cidades participantes: Curitiba, Campo Largo, Colombo, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Pinhais, Arauc&#225;ria e Pinhais. A amostra foi composta por adolescentes com valores lip&#237;dicos sugestivos de HF. Foram consideradas altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas sugestivas de HF os n&#237;veis de LDL &gt; 160 mg/dL ou Colesterol n&#227;o-HDL &gt; 190 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Esses indiv&#237;duos foram classificados como casos.</p>
        <p>Esta pesquisa foi planejada ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do estudo ERICA. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise dos resultados do ERICA e a detec&#231;&#227;o dos casos com altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas sugestivas de HF, realizou-se uma busca ativa desses casos por meio de contatos telef&#244;nicos, redes sociais e comunica&#231;&#227;o com as escolas onde os alunos estavam matriculados no momento da coleta inicial dos dados.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi apresentado a todos os casos selecionados. Ap&#243;s concordarem com a participa&#231;&#227;o, os adolescentes e seus familiares maiores de 18 anos assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE). Al&#233;m disso, os adolescentes e familiares menores de 18 anos assinaram o termo de assentimento (TA) e apresentaram o TCLE assinado por seus pais e/ou respons&#225;veis legais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial foi realizada no per&#237;odo de outubro a novembro de 2015. O protocolo e a possibilidade de altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica foram explicados, refor&#231;ando-se a import&#226;ncia da participa&#231;&#227;o de todos os familiares de primeiro grau do adolescente envolvido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames coletados</title>
        <p>Foram realizados os seguintes exames laboratoriais: Horm&#244;nio estimulador da tireoide (TSH), glicemia, colesterol total (CT), HDL (Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade), LDL (Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade) e triglicer&#237;deos. Para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial, tamb&#233;m foram realizados exames para detec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica, hipotireoidismo, hiperglicemia e hipertrigliceridemia, com o objetivo de excluir causas secund&#225;rias de hipercolesterolemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o, todos os envolvidos foram orientados a permanecer em jejum por 10 horas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;stico da HF</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico dos casos e seus parentes de primeiro grau foi feito de acordo com os par&#226;metros e recomenda&#231;&#245;es da I Diretriz Brasileira de Hipercolesterolemia Familiar de 2012 da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, mantidas em sua vers&#227;o mais atual,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> que utiliza uma vers&#227;o modificada do Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (Dutch MEDPED). Esses crit&#233;rios est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Neste estudo, n&#227;o foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o molecular (genotipagem). Os dados foram coletados em consulta presencial em ambulat&#243;rio acad&#234;mico, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi realizada por m&#233;dico cardiologista.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos da HF &#8211; baseado nos crit&#233;rios da Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (Dutch MEDPED)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th>Escore</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parente de primeiro grau portador de doen&#231;a vascular/ coron&#225;ria prematura (homem &lt; 55 anos, mulher &lt; 60 anos) OU Parente adulto de primeiro ou segundo grau com colesterol total &gt; 290 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parente de primeiro grau portador de xantoma tendinoso e/ou arco corneano OU Parente de primeiro grau &lt; 16 anos com colesterol total &gt; 260 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Paciente portador de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria prematura (homem &lt; 55 anos, mulher &lt; 60 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Paciente portador de doen&#231;a arterial cerebral ou perif&#233;rica prematura (homem &lt; 55 anos, mulher &lt; 60 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Exame f&#237;sico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Xantoma tendinoso</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arco corneano &lt; 45 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#237;vel de LDL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 330 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>250 - 329 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>190 - 249 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>155 - 189 mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>An&#225;lise do DNA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de muta&#231;&#227;o funcional do gene do receptor de LDL, da apoB100 ou da PCSK9</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diagn&#243;stico de HF</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Certeza se</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>prov&#225;vel se</td>
                  <td align="center">6 a 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>poss&#237;vel se</td>
                  <td align="center">3 a 5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Modificado do DUTCH MEDPED1, adotando um crit&#233;rio presente na proposta do Simon Broome Register Group.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>mg/dL: miligrama por decilitro; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas por m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram descritas por frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas nos adolescentes, utilizou-se o teste t de Student para amostras pareadas, comparando-se os adolescentes na avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada no ERICA com a avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada no estudo. A condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05. Os dados foram analisados com o programa computacional IBM SPSS Statistics v.20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Nas cidades envolvidas, foram avaliados 2.383 adolescentes. Foram identificados 11 adolescentes com altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas sugestivas de HF, dos quais tr&#234;s (3) casos apresentaram diagn&#243;stico poss&#237;vel e/ou prov&#225;vel, ou seja, uma preval&#234;ncia de 1:216. O rastreamento em cascata encontrou sete (7) fam&#237;lias dos chamados casos. Dentre as fam&#237;lias avaliadas, seis (6) eram compostas por quatro (4) membros (pai, m&#227;e e dois filhos) e uma (1) por tr&#234;s (3) membros (pai, m&#227;e e filho). Dez (10) pais e cinco (5) irm&#227;os dos casos concordaram em participar do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desenho da estrat&#233;gia de rastreamento em cascata da Hipercolesterolemia Familiar. mg/dL: Miligrama por decilitro; Col: Colesterol; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; n: n&#250;mero da amostra; &gt; :maior. Score Dutch MEDPED1 adaptado: 3 a 5 &#8211; poss&#237;vel; 5 a 8 &#8211; prov&#225;vel; &gt; 8: certeza.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240468-40468-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos casos e de seus parentes de primeiro grau (pais e irm&#227;os).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos casos e de seus parentes &#8211; pais e irm&#227;os</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Casos n = 7</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Pais n = 10</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Irm&#227;os n = 5</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">16,70&#177;1,80</td>
                <td align="center">48,00&#177;5,96</td>
                <td align="center">16,20&#177;6,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">42,90%</td>
                <td align="center">40%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">57,10%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">40%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">78,20&#177;21,80</td>
                <td align="center">72,65&#177;11,68</td>
                <td align="center">60,72&#177;14,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1,66&#177;0,07</td>
                <td align="center">1,63&#177;51,34</td>
                <td align="center">1,63&#177;63,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28,50&#177;7,50</td>
                <td align="center">26,47&#177;4,26</td>
                <td align="center">22,77&#177;5,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">90,20&#177;21,00</td>
                <td align="center">88,90&#177;11,40</td>
                <td align="center">78,20&#177;12,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS MSD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">125,00&#177;17,10</td>
                <td align="center">131,00&#177;17,12</td>
                <td align="center">114,60&#177;17,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD MSD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">72,90&#177;9,50</td>
                <td align="center">83,50&#177;12,03</td>
                <td align="center">70&#177;18,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS MSE (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">120,00&#177;13,80</td>
                <td align="center">127&#177;16,36</td>
                <td align="center">116&#177;15,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD MSE (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">71,40&#177;9,00</td>
                <td align="center">84,50&#177;13,83</td>
                <td align="center">70&#177;18,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Xantomas</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Xantelasma</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">10%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arco corneano</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessamento de tend&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">14,30%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">20%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etilismo</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">10%</td>
                <td align="center">20%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS</td>
                <td align="center">14,30%</td>
                <td align="center">10%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">14,30%</td>
                <td align="center">20%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">57,10%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina inst&#225;vel ou est&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">20%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipotireoidismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">20%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de medicamentos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42,90%</td>
                <td align="center">70%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de estatinas (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28,60%</td>
                <td align="center">20%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de fibratos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Os resultados est&#227;o expressos por percentagem, m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; n: n&#250;mero da amostra; %: por cento; Kg: Quilogramas; Kg/m<sup>2</sup>: Quilogramas por metro quadrado; mmHg: Mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio; m: Metros; cm: Cent&#237;metros; (&#177;) desvio padr&#227;o. PAS MSD: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de membro superior direito; PAD MSD: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de membro superior esquerdo; PAD MSD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica de membro superior direito; PAD MSE: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica de membro superior esquerdo; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acompanhamento m&#233;dico, 71,40% [5] dos casos e 46,70% [7] dos parentes realizavam acompanhamento m&#233;dico regular. Todos os casos (100%) realizaram exame de dosagem de colesterol anteriormente. Entre os parentes, 73,3% [11] realizaram o exame de dosagem de colesterol anteriormente. Dentre esses, 20% [3] referiram ter recebido o diagn&#243;stico de colesterol alto.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os valores do perfil lip&#237;dico dos adolescentes e de seus parentes de primeiro grau (pais e irm&#227;os). Conforme detalhado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, dois (2) adolescentes e dois (2) pais j&#225; estavam em uso de estatina no momento da coleta dos dados.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Perfil lip&#237;dico &#8211; Exames laboratoriais dos casos e de seus parentes (pais e irm&#227;os)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Adolescentes n = 7</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Pais n = 10</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Irm&#227;os n = 5</th>
                <th>n</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>CT (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">217,6&#177;20,4</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">214,8&#177;70,38</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">158,4&#177;22,20</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">47,7&#177;13,0</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">49,3&#177;8,00</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">41,8&#177;11,25</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">140,1&#177;17,9</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">134,7&#177;68,06</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">102,4&#177;26,54</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Os resultados est&#227;o expressos por m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o. mg/dL: miligrama por decilitro; CT: colesterol total; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; (&#177;): desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico dos casos individualmente realizados no ERICA e no estudo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de casos com perfil lip&#237;dico sugestivo para HF encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Perfil lip&#237;dico &#8211; exames laboratoriais &#8211; adolescentes antes e depois do ERICA por casos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>CASO</th>
                <th>CT (mg/dL) E</th>
                <th>CT (mg/dL) H</th>
                <th>HDL (mg/dL) E</th>
                <th>HDL (mg/dL) H</th>
                <th>LDL (mg/dL) E</th>
                <th>LDL (mg/dL) H</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">237</td>
                <td align="center">227</td>
                <td align="center">51,10</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">168</td>
                <td align="center">163</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">242</td>
                <td align="center">180</td>
                <td align="center">53,70</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">176,90</td>
                <td align="center">122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">264</td>
                <td align="center">220</td>
                <td align="center">41,10</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">162,10</td>
                <td align="center">134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">307</td>
                <td align="center">239</td>
                <td align="center">82,20</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">213,40</td>
                <td align="center">154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">261</td>
                <td align="center">236</td>
                <td align="center">62,10</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">165,50</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">217</td>
                <td align="center">54,50</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">172,30</td>
                <td align="center">153</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">241</td>
                <td align="center">204</td>
                <td align="center">41,30</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">163,70</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Os resultados dos exames est&#227;o expressos individualmente. CT: colesterol total; mg/dL: miligrama por decilitro; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; E: ERICA; H: Hipercol Paran&#225;.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Houve relato de interven&#231;&#227;o por meio de medidas higienodiet&#233;ticas e medicamentosas ap&#243;s a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico, realizada durante o ERICA, em 42,85 % [3] dos casos.</p>
      <p>Os casos tr&#234;s (3) e quatro (4) tiveram iniciaram tratamento com estatinas, resultando na redu&#231;&#227;o de CT em 44 mg/dL e 68 mg/dL, HDL de 7,10 mg/dL e 13,20 mg/dL e LDL de 28,10 mg/dL e 59,40 mg/dL, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta o perfil lip&#237;dico dos adolescentes considerados casos antes (avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada no ERICA) e depois (avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada no estudo) de avalia&#231;&#227;o de casos com perfil lip&#237;dico sugestivo para HF.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Perfil lip&#237;dico de adolescentes considerados casos no ERICA e no estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Casos Erica n = 11</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>Casos estudo n = 7</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>Dif</th>
                <th>Valor de p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>CT (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">253,90&#177;25,03</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">217,60&#177;20,40</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">39,70&#177;20,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">52,96&#177;13,47</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">47,70&#177;13,00</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">7,40&#177;4,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">172,80&#177;18,51</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">140,10&#177;17,90</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">34,40&#177;20,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Col n&#227;o-HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">200,94&#177;16,49</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">169,59&#177;16,59</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Os resultados est&#227;o expressos por m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o. n: n&#250;mero da amostra; mg/dL: miligrama por decilitro; CT: colesterol total; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; Col n&#227;o-HDL: Colesterol n&#227;o HDL; (&#177;) desvio padr&#227;o. *Teste t de Student para amostras pareadas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Independentemente do registro ou n&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o por meio de medidas higienodiet&#233;ticas e/ou medicamentosas, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CT s&#233;rico em 39,70&#177;20,30 mg/dL, LDL em 34,40&#177;20,50 mg/dL e HDL de 7,40&#177;4,60 mg/dL.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipercolesterolemia familiar &#233; uma patologia frequentemente subdiagnosticada e subtratada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> e o seu diagn&#243;stico pode ser ainda mais desafiador em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico correto em jovens possibilita o in&#237;cio precoce do tratamento, o que reduz o risco cardiovascular, que &#233; 20 vezes maior para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares cr&#244;nicas quando comparados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Neste estudo, foram identificados tr&#234;s novos casos poss&#237;veis/prov&#225;veis de HF, dentro de uma amostra de 22 indiv&#237;duos (casos e familiares de primeiro grau). Estes n&#227;o tinham diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HF e foram identificados por meio da estrat&#233;gia de rastreamento em cascata, realizada a partir de altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas para HF no estudo Erica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) representam um s&#233;rio problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, em virtude de sua incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia elevadas. S&#227;o a principal causa de morte no pa&#237;s e no mundo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> al&#233;m de estarem associadas a uma alta frequ&#234;ncia de interna&#231;&#245;es, aposentadorias precoces e custos elevados aos governos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Isoladamente, as doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas card&#237;acas, em especial o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), e as doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares, em particular os acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos (AVE), respondem por cerca de 30% das mortes cardiovasculares em nosso pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Portanto, reconhecer e tratar precocemente os fatores de risco &#233; fundamental para reduzir o impacto das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em nosso meio. O estudo ERICA foi o maior levantamento sobre a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes j&#225; realizado no Brasil, com uma extensa avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Em publica&#231;&#227;o anterior desse estudo, a partir da an&#225;lise laboratorial de quase 40.000 adolescentes, foi demonstrado que aproximadamente 1 em cada 200 adolescentes apresentavam eleva&#231;&#227;o de LDL sugestiva de HF. A correta identifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos com HF &#233; fundamental para redu&#231;&#227;o do risco, mas estima-se que apenas 10% dos casos sejam diagnosticados globalmente, e uma minoria dos casos reconhecidos e tratados atinge as metas recomendadas de LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No estudo atual, em uma amostra de 2.383 adolescentes avaliados especificamente em Curitiba e regi&#227;o metropolitana durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo ERICA, aplicamos posteriormente o question&#225;rio Dutch MEDPED nos adolescentes com altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de HF e realizamos o rastreamento em cascata dos parentes de primeiro grau, independentemente de os casos estarem confirmados. Habitualmente, a estrat&#233;gia &#233; aplicada ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o do caso, mas, justamente por entender que os escores atuais podem subdiagnosticar a doen&#231;a em adolescentes, optamos por realiz&#225;-la a partir de casos suspeitos. O rastreamento em cascata &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia reconhecida por ser custo-efetiva. Parte-se de um paciente com diagn&#243;stico de HF (caso-&#237;ndice) e realiza-se o teste nos parentes de primeiro grau. Entre outras estrat&#233;gias para o diagn&#243;stico, est&#227;o o rastreamento universal, oportun&#237;stico, ou ap&#243;s doen&#231;a cardiovascular prematura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em pa&#237;ses como Noruega e Holanda, programas espec&#237;ficos para abordar essa quest&#227;o foram implementados com sucesso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Algumas diretrizes consideram como casos suspeitos os adolescentes com LDL &gt; 190 mg/dL, reservando o valor de corte &gt; 160 mg/dL para aqueles com hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a prematura. Como n&#227;o t&#237;nhamos o hist&#243;rico familiar na base de dados do estudo ERICA, optamos por usar um crit&#233;rio mais abrangente (&gt; 160 mg/dL), tamb&#233;m j&#225; proposto na literatura, para definir os casos suspeitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> De qualquer forma, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um valor de corte mais baixo aumentaria a sensibilidade para o diagn&#243;stico, com consequente perda de especificidade. Ainda assim, nenhum caso poss&#237;vel ou prov&#225;vel foi identificado entre os adolescentes com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Dutch MEDPED. Como alguns casos foram identificados entre os familiares de primeiro grau, isso sugere uma limita&#231;&#227;o do escore nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, mesmo a idade m&#233;dia dos adolescentes sendo pr&#243;xima dos 17 anos. Embora o escore n&#227;o seja adequado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> n&#227;o h&#225; nenhuma restri&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para sua aplica&#231;&#227;o nessa faixa et&#225;ria no estudo. Entendemos que uma das limita&#231;&#245;es esteja no fato de que, embora os pais desses adolescentes envolvidos no estudo sejam jovens, com idade m&#233;dia abaixo dos 50 anos, eles ainda n&#227;o apresentaram o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, que &#233; um dos crit&#233;rios utilizados no escore para diagn&#243;stico. De qualquer maneira, esses dados apontam para a necessidade da universaliza&#231;&#227;o do acesso ao teste gen&#233;tico para o diagn&#243;stico molecular, que n&#227;o foi realizado em nosso estudo e que reconhecemos como uma potencial limita&#231;&#227;o. Apesar de ser recomendado para o diagn&#243;stico de HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> h&#225; limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao custo do exame e &#224; baixa acessibilidade; no Brasil, poucos servi&#231;os realizam genotipagem pelo SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Dessa maneira, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais continua sendo a rotina em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.</p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o fosse um objetivo espec&#237;fico, demonstramos uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos dos adolescentes entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do estudo ERICA e a nova dosagem espec&#237;fica para esse estudo, mesmo entre aqueles que n&#227;o receberam tratamento medicamentoso. Como parte do protocolo do ERICA, todos os adolescentes que apresentaram n&#237;veis elevados de LDL foram orientados a procurar assist&#234;ncia; portanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o deve ser atribu&#237;da ao conhecimento adquirido na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o no ERICA, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia do rastreamento universal de dislipidemias na popula&#231;&#227;o, ainda que n&#227;o se trate de HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico &#233; o caminho inicial para o correto tratamento, inclusive em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Atualmente, sabe-se que as estatinas s&#227;o medicamentos seguros, dispon&#237;veis pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> e que a terapia iniciada durante a inf&#226;ncia diminui a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose e o risco cardiovascular na fase adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar de a aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore cl&#237;nico n&#227;o ter confirmado nenhum caso entre os adolescentes com altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas sugestivas de HF, o que aponta para uma limita&#231;&#227;o desse m&#233;todo para diagn&#243;stico nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, o rastreamento em cascata conseguiu identificar poss&#237;veis casos nos familiares de primeiro grau. Embora n&#227;o tenham sido confirmados casos, a alta preval&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis bastante elevados de LDL nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de adolescentes chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para a necessidade de universaliza&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias mais efetivas para diagn&#243;stico da HF em adolescentes, em especial para o diagn&#243;stico molecular.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Moon HD. Coronary Arteries in Fetuses, Infants, and Juveniles. Circulation. 1957;16(2):263-7. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.16.2.263.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moon</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Arteries in Fetuses, Infants, and Juveniles</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1957</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>263</fpage>
          <lpage>267</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.16.2.263</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. A Receptor-Mediated Pathway for Cholesterol Homeostasis. Science. 1986;232(4746):34-47. doi: 10.1126/science.3513311.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Receptor-Mediated Pathway for Cholesterol Homeostasis</article-title>
          <source>Science</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>232</volume>
          <issue>4746</issue>
          <fpage>34</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.3513311</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: Lipid Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111-88. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mach</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baigent</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catapano</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koskinas</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casula</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badimon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: Lipid Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>188</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. S&#225; ACMGN, Gomes CS, Prates EJS, Brant LCC, Malta DC. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Possible Cases of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Brazilian Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):20459. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47692-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>ACMGN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prates</surname>
              <given-names>EJS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>LCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence and Factors Associated with Possible Cases of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Brazilian Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">20459</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-023-47692-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Harada PH, Miname MH, Bense&#241;or IM, Santos RD, Lotufo PA. Familial Hypercholesterolemia Prevalence in an Admixed Racial Society: Sex and Race Matter. The ELSA-Brasil. Atherosclerosis. 2018;277:273-7. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.021.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harada</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miname</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bense&#241;or</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Familial Hypercholesterolemia Prevalence in an Admixed Racial Society: Sex and Race Matter. The ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>277</volume>
          <fpage>273</fpage>
          <lpage>277</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.021</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Kaestner TL, Bento VF, Pazin DC, Baena CP, Olandoski M, Abreu GA, et al. Prevalence of High Cholesterol Levels Suggestive of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Brazilian Adolescents: Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12(2):403-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.12.009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaestner</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bento</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pazin</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baena</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olandoski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of High Cholesterol Levels Suggestive of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Brazilian Adolescents: Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>403</fpage>
          <lpage>408</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacl.2017.12.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Marks D, Wonderling D, Thorogood M, Lambert H, Humphries SE, Neil HA. Screening for Hypercholesterolaemia versus Case Finding for Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: A Systematic Review and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2000;4(29):1-123. doi: 10.3310/hta4290.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marks</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wonderling</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thorogood</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lambert</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neil</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Screening for Hypercholesterolaemia versus Case Finding for Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: A Systematic Review and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Health Technol Assess</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>29</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>123</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3310/hta4290</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE, Ginsberg HN, Masana L, Descamps OS, et al. Familial Hypercholesterolaemia is Underdiagnosed and Undertreated in the General Population: Guidance for Clinicians to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease: Consensus Statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(45):3478-90. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht273.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nordestgaard</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ginsberg</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masana</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Descamps</surname>
              <given-names>OS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Familial Hypercholesterolaemia is Underdiagnosed and Undertreated in the General Population: Guidance for Clinicians to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease: Consensus Statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>45</issue>
          <fpage>3478</fpage>
          <lpage>3490</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/eht273</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Izar MCO, Giraldez VZR, Bertolami A, Santos RDD Filho, Lottenberg AM, Assad MHV, et al. Update of the Brazilian Guideline for Familial Hypercholesterolemia - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(4):782-844. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210788.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Izar</surname>
              <given-names>MCO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giraldez</surname>
              <given-names>VZR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertolami</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RDD</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lottenberg</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assad</surname>
              <given-names>MHV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Update of the Brazilian Guideline for Familial Hypercholesterolemia - 2021</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>782</fpage>
          <lpage>844</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210788</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Umans-Eckenhausen MA, Defesche JC, Sijbrands EJ, Scheerder RL, Kastelein JJ. Review of First 5 Years of Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolaemia in the Netherlands. Lancet. 2001;357(9251):165-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03587-X.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Umans-Eckenhausen</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Defesche</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sijbrands</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scheerder</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Review of First 5 Years of Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolaemia in the Netherlands</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>357</volume>
          <issue>9251</issue>
          <fpage>165</fpage>
          <lpage>168</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03587-X</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Austin MA, Hutter CM, Zimmern RL, Humphries SE. Genetic Causes of Monogenic Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A HuGE Prevalence Review. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(5):407-20. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwh236.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Austin</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutter</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmern</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Genetic Causes of Monogenic Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A HuGE Prevalence Review</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>407</fpage>
          <lpage>420</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/kwh236</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Ray KK, Ference BA, S&#233;verin T, Blom D, Nicholls SJ, Shiba MH, et al. World Heart Federation Cholesterol Roadmap 2022. Glob Heart. 2022;17(1):75. doi: 10.5334/gh.1154.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ray</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ference</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#233;verin</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blom</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicholls</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shiba</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>World Heart Federation Cholesterol Roadmap 2022</article-title>
          <source>Glob Heart</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">75</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5334/gh.1154</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Marks D, Thorogood M, Neil HA, Humphries SE. A Review on the Diagnosis, Natural History, and Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis. 2003;168(1):1-14. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00330-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marks</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thorogood</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neil</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Review on the Diagnosis, Natural History, and Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00330-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Wiegman A, Gidding SS, Watts GF, Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Cuchel M, et al. Familial Hypercholesterolaemia in Children and Adolescents: Gaining Decades of Life by Optimizing Detection and Treatment. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(36):2425-37. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv157.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gidding</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watts</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ginsberg</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuchel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Familial Hypercholesterolaemia in Children and Adolescents: Gaining Decades of Life by Optimizing Detection and Treatment</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>2425</fpage>
          <lpage>2437</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehv157</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Bloch KV, Szklo M, Kuschnir MCC, Abreu G, Barufaldi LA, Klein CH, et al. The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents - ERICA: Rationale, Design and Sample Characteristics of a National Survey Examining Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profile in Brazilian Adolescents. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):94. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1442-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bloch</surname>
              <given-names>KV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szklo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuschnir</surname>
              <given-names>MCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barufaldi</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents - ERICA: Rationale, Design and Sample Characteristics of a National Survey Examining Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profile in Brazilian Adolescents</article-title>
          <source>BMC Public Health</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">94</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12889-015-1442-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Vasconcellos MT, Silva PL, Szklo M, Kuschnir MC, Klein CH, Abreu GA, et al. Sampling Design for the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). Cad Saude Publica. 2015;31(5):921-30. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00043214.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcellos</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szklo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuschnir</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sampling Design for the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA)</article-title>
          <source>Cad Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>921</fpage>
          <lpage>930</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0102-311X00043214</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Kuschnir MCC, Bloch KV, Szklo M, Klein CH, Barufaldi LA, Abreu GA, et al. ERICA: Preval&#234;ncia de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica em Adolescentes Brasileiros. Rev Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2016;50:11s. doi: 10.1590/S01518-8787.2016050006701.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuschnir</surname>
              <given-names>MCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bloch</surname>
              <given-names>KV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szklo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barufaldi</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ERICA: Preval&#234;ncia de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica em Adolescentes Brasileiros</article-title>
          <source>Rev Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <size units="pages">11s</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S01518-8787.2016050006701</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Faria JR Neto, Bento VFR, Baena CP, Olandoski M, Gon&#231;alves LGO, Abreu GA, et al. ERICA: Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in Brazilian Adolescents. Rev Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2016;50(Suppl 1):10s. doi: 10.1590/S01518-8787.2016050006723.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bento</surname>
              <given-names>VFR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baena</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olandoski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>LGO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ERICA: Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in Brazilian Adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Rev Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <size units="pages">10s</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S01518-8787.2016050006723</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Goldberg AC, Hopkins PN, Toth PP, Ballantyne CM, Rader DJ, Robinson JG, et al. Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Screening, Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric and Adult Patients: Clinical Guidance from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.04.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopkins</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toth</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballantyne</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rader</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Screening, Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric and Adult Patients: Clinical Guidance from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacl.2011.04.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Descamps OS, Tenoutasse S, Stephenne X, Gies I, Beauloye V, Lebrethon MC, et al. Management of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Children and Young Adults: Consensus Paper Developed by a Panel of Lipidologists, Cardiologists, Paediatricians, Nutritionists, Gastroenterologists, General Practitioners and a Patient Organization. Atherosclerosis. 2011;218(2):272-80. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Descamps</surname>
              <given-names>OS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tenoutasse</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stephenne</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gies</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beauloye</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lebrethon</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Children and Young Adults: Consensus Paper Developed by a Panel of Lipidologists, Cardiologists, Paediatricians, Nutritionists, Gastroenterologists, General Practitioners and a Patient Organization</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>218</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>272</fpage>
          <lpage>280</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Kalia I, Shope R, Reilly M, Schwartz L. Addressing the Underdiagnosis of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Mixed Methods Study Exploring the Knowledge and Practice Behaviors of Cardiology Healthcare Providers. J Clin Transl Sci. 2023;7(1):e92. doi: 10.1017/cts.2023.519.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kalia</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shope</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reilly</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Addressing the Underdiagnosis of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Mixed Methods Study Exploring the Knowledge and Practice Behaviors of Cardiology Healthcare Providers</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Transl Sci</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e92</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/cts.2023.519</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Ison HE, Clarke SL, Knowles JW. Familial Hypercholesterolemia. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, editors. GeneReviews. Seattle: University of Washington; 1993.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ison</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarke</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knowles</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Familial Hypercholesterolemia</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Adam</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mirzaa</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pagon</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallace</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bean</surname>
              <given-names>LJH</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>GeneReviews</source>
          <publisher-loc>Seattle</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>University of Washington</publisher-name>
          <year>1993</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Knowles JW, O'Brien EC, Greendale K, Wilemon K, Genest J, Sperling LS, et al. Reducing the Burden of Disease and Death from Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Call to Action. Am Heart J. 2014;168(6):807-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.09.001.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Knowles</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Brien</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greendale</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilemon</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genest</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sperling</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reducing the Burden of Disease and Death from Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Call to Action</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>807</fpage>
          <lpage>811</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2014.09.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Dattani S, Spooner F, Ritchie H, Roser M. Causes of Death. Our World in Data [Internet]. Oxford: Global Change Data Lab; 2023 [cited 2025 09 Fev]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death">https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dattani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spooner</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritchie</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roser</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Causes of Death</source>
          <publisher-name>Our World in Data</publisher-name>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Global Change Data Lab</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2025 09 Fev</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death">https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Johnson T. Reducing the Prevalence and Costs of Heart Disease. NCSL Legisbrief. 2015;23(13):1-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reducing the Prevalence and Costs of Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>NCSL Legisbrief</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Oliveira SG, Gotto JRF, Spaziani AO, Frota RS, Souza MAG, Freitas CJ, et al. Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio no Brasil de Acordo com Dados do Datasus: Um Estudo no Per&#237;odo de 2013 a 2018. Braz J Health Rev. 2020;3(1):832-46. doi: 10.34119/bjhrv3n1-066.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gotto</surname>
              <given-names>JRF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spaziani</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frota</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>MAG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio no Brasil de Acordo com Dados do Datasus: Um Estudo no Per&#237;odo de 2013 a 2018</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Health Rev</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>832</fpage>
          <lpage>846</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34119/bjhrv3n1-066</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Kaestner TL, Santos JAD, Pazin DC, Baena CP, Olandoski M, Abreu GA, et al. Prevalence of Combined Lipid Abnormalities in Brazilian Adolescents and Its Association with Nutritional Status: Data from the Erica Study. Glob Heart. 2020;15(1):23. doi: 10.5334/gh.769.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaestner</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>JAD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pazin</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baena</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olandoski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of Combined Lipid Abnormalities in Brazilian Adolescents and Its Association with Nutritional Status: Data from the Erica Study</article-title>
          <source>Glob Heart</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">23</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5334/gh.769</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Watts GF, Gidding SS, Hegele RA, Raal FJ, Sturm AC, Jones LK, et al. International Atherosclerosis Society Guidance for Implementing Best Practice in the Care of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023;20(12):845-69. doi: 10.1038/s41569-023-00892-0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Watts</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gidding</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hegele</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raal</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sturm</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>International Atherosclerosis Society Guidance for Implementing Best Practice in the Care of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>845</fpage>
          <lpage>869</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41569-023-00892-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Leren TP, Bogsrud MP. Cascade Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia Should be Organized at a National Level. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2022;33(4):231-6. doi: 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000832.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leren</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bogsrud</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cascade Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia Should be Organized at a National Level</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>236</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MOL.0000000000000832</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Sturm AC, Knowles JW, Gidding SS, Ahmad ZS, Ahmed CD, Ballantyne CM, et al. Clinical Genetic Testing for Familial Hypercholesterolemia: JACC Scientific Expert Panel. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(6):662-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.044.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sturm</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knowles</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gidding</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmad</surname>
              <given-names>ZS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmed</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballantyne</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Genetic Testing for Familial Hypercholesterolemia: JACC Scientific Expert Panel</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>662</fpage>
          <lpage>680</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.044</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Jannes CE, Silvino JPP, Silva PRS, Lima IR, Tada MT, Oliveira TGM, et al. Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Small Towns: Experience from 11 Brazilian Towns in the Hipercolbrasil Program. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(4):669-77. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201371.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jannes</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silvino</surname>
              <given-names>JPP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>PRS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tada</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>TGM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Small Towns: Experience from 11 Brazilian Towns in the Hipercolbrasil Program</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>669</fpage>
          <lpage>677</lpage>
          <pub-id>10.36660/abc.20201371</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Faludi AA, Izar MCO, Saraiva JFK, Chacra APM, Bianco HT, Afiune A NetoA, et al. Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose - 2017. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(2 Suppl 1):1-76. doi: 10.5935/abc.20170121.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faludi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izar</surname>
              <given-names>MCO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraiva</surname>
              <given-names>JFK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chacra</surname>
              <given-names>APM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bianco</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afiune</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>NetoA</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose - 2017</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170121</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Yamauti SM, Bonfim JR, Lopes LC. The Essentiality and Rationality of the Brazilian National Listing of Essential Medicines. Cien Saude Colet. 2017;22(3):975-86. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232017223.07742016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yamauti</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonfim</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Essentiality and Rationality of the Brazilian National Listing of Essential Medicines</article-title>
          <source>Cien Saude Colet</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>975</fpage>
          <lpage>986</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1413-81232017223.07742016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Luirink IK, Wiegman A, Kusters DM, Hof MH, Groothoff JW, Groot E, et al. 20-Year Follow-Up of Statins in Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(16):1547-56. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1816454.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luirink</surname>
              <given-names>IK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kusters</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hof</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Groothoff</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Groot</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>20-Year Follow-Up of Statins in Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>381</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1547</fpage>
          <lpage>1556</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1816454</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de doutorado de Vivian Freitas Rezende Bento pelo Programa de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da PUCPR. Parte do Trabalho de Conclus&#227;o de Curso de Amauri de Vargas Junior, Fernando Pinotti Scariot e Renan Barbosa Lopes pelo curso de gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina da PUCPR. Parte do relat&#243;rio do Programa Institucional de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica de Leiza Loiane Hollas pelo curso de gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina da PUCPR.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 05185212.2.2008.0020. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado em sua primeira fase pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia) Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos/FINEP &#8211; Processo 01090421 e Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa/CNPq &#8211; Processos 565037/2010-2 e 405.009/2012-7).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240468i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cascade Screening in Adolescents with Lipid Disorders Suggestive of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Findings from the ERICA Study in Curitiba</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bento</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Freitas Rezende</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9262-2277</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaestner</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Lorena da Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vargas</surname>
            <given-names>Amauri de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Renan Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-0435-8252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scariot</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Pinotti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hollas</surname>
            <given-names>Leiza Loiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0979-3604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5822-6622</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bloch</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Vergetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1397-0634</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Estudos em Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Rocha Faria Neto &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de &#8211; Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; &#8211; Rua Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155. Postal Code 80215-901, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: jose.faria@pucpr.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common genetic cause of premature coronary heart disease due to prolonged exposure to high levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). Its prevalence in the heterozygous form ranges from 1:200 to 1:500, and early diagnosis is fundamental for treatment and risk reduction. Cascade screening is recommended upon the identification of index cases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To assess the prevalence of lipid disorders suggestive of FH in students aged 12 to 17 years participating in the ERICA study in Curitiba and to determine the prevalence of FH based on clinical and laboratory criteria in these adolescents and their first-degree relatives undergoing cascade screening.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Using data from the ERICA study, adolescents with LDL-C levels &gt; 160 mg/dL or non-HDL cholesterol &gt; 190 mg/dL were identified, along with their first-degree relatives. The clinical diagnosis of the study participants was based on the DUTCH MedPed criteria. Statistical significance was defined as P &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Eleven adolescents with lipid disorders suggestive of FH were identified among the 2,383 evaluated (1:216). Of these, 7 students and 15 first-degree relatives were assessed. None of the adolescents had a diagnosis of possible FH confirmed by the clinical score. However, 3 family members (20%) were diagnosed with possible/probable FH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Although the clinical score application did not confirm any cases among adolescents with lipid disorders suggestive of FH, indicating a limitation of the diagnostic method in this population, cascade screening identified potential cases in first-degree relatives.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Cascade Screening in Adolescents with Lipid Disorders Suggestive of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Findings from the ERICA Study in Curitiba</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240468-40468-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Familial Hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder associated with a deficiency in the clearance of LDL particles. As a result, affected individuals present with abnormally high levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and, consequently, premature cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> FH is an autosomal dominant disease; therefore, descendants of affected individuals have a 50% chance of inheriting the defect. The estimated prevalence of the heterozygous form ranges from 1:200 to 1:500 individuals, while the homozygous form occurs in 1:1000,000.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In Brazil, data from the ELSA study found a prevalence of 1:263 and, more recently, a cross-sectional study involving 8,952 adults estimated a prevalence of 1:104.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although there are no population data on the confirmed prevalence for adolescents, it is estimated that approximately 100,000 Brazilian adolescents have lipid disorders suggestive of FH and, therefore, require further evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Early diagnosis of FH is key for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic diseases, especially coronary disease, since the risk can be reduced through pharmacological treatment and lifestyle changes. When treated from childhood and adolescence, these individuals have a significant prognostic improvement and the same life expectancy as the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, most individuals with FH remain undiagnosed, resulting in inadequate treatment and failure to identify similarly affected relatives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cascade screening is a crucial strategy in the management of FH, as it allows the identification of new cases through the recognition of index cases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and significantly improves disease management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Furthermore, integrating this strategy into public health programs can increase awareness of FH and promote treatment adherence, resulting in better clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Therefore, the identification of new cases should always initiate the cascade screening process. The gold standard for diagnosing FH is genotyping to identify the mutation involved. However, due to its limited accessibility for most of the population, diagnosis using well-established scores with clinical and laboratory variables prevails in most cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nevertheless, identifying the disease in adolescents remains a challenge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of lipid disorders suggestive of FH in students aged 12 to 17 years participating in the ERICA study in Curitiba and the metropolitan region. Based on these data, the study also aimed to establish the prevalence of FH using clinical and laboratory criteria in these adolescents and their first-degree relatives undergoing cascade screening.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The Paran&#225; Familial Hypercholesterolemia study is an integral part of the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, national, school-based study conducted in 2013-2014.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of ERICA was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors, and markers of insulin resistance and inflammation in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years attending public and/or private schools in Brazilian municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Details on the sampling process and study design have been previously published,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> as well as the lipid data for the entire study population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>Data from students of 58 public and private schools in the state of Paran&#225; participating in ERICA, distributed across 6 (six) participating cities, were evaluated: Curitiba, Campo Largo, Colombo, Araucaria, and Pinhais.</p>
          <p>The sample consisted of adolescents with lipid values suggestive of FH. Lipid disorders suggestive of FH were considered to be LDL-C levels &gt; 160 mg/dL or non-HDL-C cholesterol &gt; 190 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> These individuals were classified as cases.</p>
          <p>This research was planned after the completion of the ERICA study. After analyzing the ERICA results and detecting cases with lipid disorders suggestive of FH, an active search was conducted for these cases through telephone contacts, social networks, and by contacting the schools where the students were enrolled during the initial data collection.</p>
          <p>The study was presented to all selected cases. After agreeing to participate, the adolescents and their family members over 18 years old signed the informed consent form (ICF). The adolescents and family members under 18 years old signed an Assent form (AF) and submitted the ICF signed by their parents and/or legal guardians.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Clinical and laboratory evaluations were conducted from October to November 2015. The protocol and the possibility of genetic alteration were explained to the study participants, with emphasis on the importance of involving all first-degree relatives of the adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Testing</title>
          <p>The following lab tests were performed: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C (High-density lipoprotein), LDL-C (Low-density lipoprotein), and triglycerides. For differential diagnosis, tests were performed to detect nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in order to rule out secondary causes of hypercholesterolemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> All participants were instructed to fast for 10 hours prior to the evaluation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnosis of HF</title>
          <p>The clinical diagnosis of the cases and their first-degree relatives was made according to the parameters and recommendations of the 2012 I Brazilian Guideline on Familial Hypercholesterolemia of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, according to its most up-to-date version,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> which uses a modified version of the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (Dutch MEDPED). These criteria are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. No molecular evaluation (genotyping) was performed in this study. The data were collected during a face-to-face consultation at an academic outpatient clinic and the clinical evaluation was performed by a cardiologist.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Diagnostic criteria for FH &#8211; based on the criteria of the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (Dutch MEDPED)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                    <th>Score</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Family history</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>First-degree relative with premature coronary/vascular disease (man &lt; 55 years, woman &lt; 60 years) OR Adult 1st or 2nd degree relative with total cholesterol &gt; 290 mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>First-degree relative with tendon xanthoma and/or corneal arcus OR First-degree relative &lt; 16 years old with total cholesterol &gt; 260 mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clinical history</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patient with premature coronary artery disease (man &lt; 55 years, woman &lt; 60 years)</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patient with premature cerebral or peripheral arterial disease (man &lt; 55 years, woman &lt; 60 years)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Physical exam</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tendon xanthoma</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Corneal arch &lt; 45 years</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LDL-C level</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 330 mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>250 - 329 mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>190 - 249 mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>155 - 189 mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>DNA analysis</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence of functional mutation of the LDL receptor gene, apoB100, or PCSK9</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HF Diagnosis</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Confirmed if</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>probable if</td>
                    <td align="center">6 to 8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>possible if</td>
                    <td align="center">3 to 5</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Modified from the DUTCH MEDPED1, adopting a criterion proposed by the Simon Broome Register Group. mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Quantitative variables were described by means &#177; standard deviation. Qualitative variables were described by frequencies and percentages. To compare quantitative variables in adolescents, the Student&#8217;s t-test for paired samples was used, comparing adolescents in the assessment carried out in ERICA and the assessment carried out in the study. The normality condition of the variables was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. The data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.20.0 computer program.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the cities involved, 2383 adolescents were evaluated. Eleven adolescents with lipid disorders suggestive of FH were identified. Out of these, 3 (three) cases had a possible and/or probable diagnosis, i.e., a prevalence of 1:216. Cascade screening found 7 (seven) families of the cases. Among the families evaluated, 6 (six) families were composed of 4 (four) members (father, mother, and two children), and 1 (one) family was composed of 3 (three) members (father, mother, and child). Ten parents and 5 (five) siblings of the cases agreed to participate in the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Design of the Familial Hypercholesterolemia cascade screening strategy. mg/dL: Milligram per deciliter; Col: Cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein; n: sample number; &gt; : higher. Adapted Dutch MEDPED1 Score: 3 to 5 &#8211; possible; 5 to 8 &#8211; probable; &gt; 8: confirmed.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240468-40468-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of the cases and their first-degree relatives (parents and siblings).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of the cases and their relatives &#8211; parents and siblings</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Cases n = 7 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Parents n = 10 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Siblings n = 5 </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.70&#177;1.80</td>
                  <td align="center">48.00&#177;5.96</td>
                  <td align="center">16.20&#177;6.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">42.90%</td>
                  <td align="center">40%</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">57.10%</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">40%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.20&#177;21.80</td>
                  <td align="center">72.65&#177;11.68</td>
                  <td align="center">60.72&#177;14.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.66&#177;0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">1.63&#177;51.34</td>
                  <td align="center">1.63&#177;63.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.50&#177;7.50</td>
                  <td align="center">26.47&#177;4.26</td>
                  <td align="center">22.77&#177;5.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abdominal Circumference (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.20&#177;21.00</td>
                  <td align="center">88.90&#177;11.40</td>
                  <td align="center">78.20&#177;12.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP - RUL (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">125.00&#177;17.10</td>
                  <td align="center">131.00&#177;17.12</td>
                  <td align="center">114.60&#177;17.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP - RUL (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">72.90&#177;9.50</td>
                  <td align="center">83.50&#177;12.03</td>
                  <td align="center">70&#177;18.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP - LUL (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">120.00&#177;13.80</td>
                  <td align="center">127&#177;16.36</td>
                  <td align="center">116&#177;15.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP - LUL (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">71.40&#177;9.00</td>
                  <td align="center">84.50&#177;13.83</td>
                  <td align="center">70&#177;18.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Xanthomas</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Xanthelasma</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">10%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Corneal arch</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tendon thickening</td>
                  <td align="center">14.30%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">20%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoholism</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">10%</td>
                  <td align="center">20%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH</td>
                  <td align="center">14.30%</td>
                  <td align="center">10%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">14.30%</td>
                  <td align="center">20%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">57.10%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unstable or stable angina</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">20%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Liver failure (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypothyroidism (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">20%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medication use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.90%</td>
                  <td align="center">70%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.60%</td>
                  <td align="center">20%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrates use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>The results are expressed as percentages, means, and standard deviations. BMI: body mass index; n: sample number; %: percent; Kg: Kilograms; Kg/m<sup>2</sup>: Kilograms per square meter; mmHg: Millimeters of mercury; m: Meters; cm: Centimeters; (&#177;) standard deviation. SBP - RUL: systolic blood pressure of the right upper limb; SBP - LUL: systolic blood pressure of the left upper limb; DBP - RUL: diastolic blood pressure of the right upper limb; DBP - LUL: diastolic blood pressure of the left upper limb; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding medical monitoring, 71.40% [5] of the cases and 46.70% [7] of the relatives were being regularly monitored by a physician. All of the cases (100%) had previously performed cholesterol testing. As for relatives, 73.3% [11] had previously performed a cholesterol test. Among these, 20% [3] reported having been diagnosed with high cholesterol.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows the lipid profile values of the adolescents and their first-degree relatives (parents and siblings). As detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, two adolescents and two parents were already using statins at the time of data collection.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Lipid Profile &#8211; Laboratory tests of the cases and their relatives (parents and siblings)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Adolescents n = 7</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Parents n = 10 </th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Siblings n = 5 </th>
                  <th>n</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">217.6&#177;20.4</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">214.8&#177;70.38</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">158.4&#177;22.20</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.7&#177;13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">49.3&#177;8.00</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">41.8&#177;11.25</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">140.1&#177;17.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">134.7&#177;68.06</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">102.4&#177;26.54</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>The results are expressed as means and standard deviations. mg/dL: Milligram per deciliter; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein; (&#177;): standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The description of the lipid profile of the cases individually performed in ERICA and the evaluation study of cases with a lipid profile suggestive of FH are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Lipid profile &#8211; laboratory tests &#8211; adolescents before and after ERICA by cases</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>CASE</th>
                  <th>TC (mg/dL) E</th>
                  <th>TC (mg/dL) H</th>
                  <th>HDL-C (mg/dL) E</th>
                  <th>HDL-C (mg/dL) H</th>
                  <th>LDL-C (mg/dL) E</th>
                  <th>LDL-C (mg/dL) H</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">237</td>
                  <td align="center">227</td>
                  <td align="center">51.10</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">168</td>
                  <td align="center">163</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">242</td>
                  <td align="center">180</td>
                  <td align="center">53.70</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">176.90</td>
                  <td align="center">122</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">264</td>
                  <td align="center">220</td>
                  <td align="center">41.10</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">162.10</td>
                  <td align="center">134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">307</td>
                  <td align="center">239</td>
                  <td align="center">82.20</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">213.40</td>
                  <td align="center">154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">261</td>
                  <td align="center">236</td>
                  <td align="center">62.10</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">165.50</td>
                  <td align="center">141</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">249</td>
                  <td align="center">217</td>
                  <td align="center">54.50</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">172.30</td>
                  <td align="center">153</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">241</td>
                  <td align="center">204</td>
                  <td align="center">41.30</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">163.70</td>
                  <td align="center">114</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>Exam results are expressed individually. TC: total cholesterol; mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; E: ERICA; H: Hypercol Paran&#225;.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>There was a report of intervention through diet and medication after the first assessment of the lipid profile during ERICA in 42.85% [3] of the cases.</p>
        <p>Cases 3 (three) and 4 (four) started treatment with statins and showed a reduction in TC by 44 mg/dL and 68 mg/dL, HDL-C by 7.10 mg/dL and 13.20 mg/dL, and LDL-C by 28.10 mg/dL and 59.40 mg/dL, respectively.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> describes the lipid profile of the adolescent considered as cases before (the assessment carried out in ERICA) and after (the assessment carried out in the study) of cases with a lipid profile suggestive of FH.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Lipid profile of adolescents considered to be cases in ERICA and the study</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Erica Cases n = 11</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>Study Cases n = 7</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>Diff</th>
                  <th>p-value*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">253.90&#177;25.03</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">217.60&#177;20.40</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">39.70&#177;20.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">52.96&#177;13.47</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">47.70&#177;13.00</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">7.40&#177;4.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">172.80&#177;18.51</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">140.10&#177;17.90</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">34.40&#177;20.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>non-HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">200.94&#177;16.49</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">169.59&#177;16.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>The results are expressed as means and standard deviations. n: sample number; mg/dL: Milligram per deciliter; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein; TG: Triglycerides; non-HDL-C: Non-HDL cholesterol; (&#177;) standard deviation. *Student&#8217;s t-test for paired samples.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regardless of whether a diet or medication intervention was recorded, serum CT levels were reduced by 39.70&#177;20.30 mg/dL, LDL-C by 34.40&#177;20.50 mg/dL, and HDL-C by 7.40&#177;4.60 mg/dL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia is a commonly underdiagnosed and undertreated pathology,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and its diagnosis can be even more challenging in children and adolescents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Correct diagnosis in young people enables early initiation of treatment, which reduces cardiovascular risk, which is 20 times greater for the development of chronic cardiovascular diseases when compared to the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In this study, three new possible/probable cases of FH were identified within a sample of 22 individuals (cases and first-degree relatives). These patients had no previous diagnosis of FH and were identified through the cascade screening strategy, carried out based on changes suggestive of FH in the Erica study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a serious public health problem due to their high incidence and prevalence. They are the leading cause of death in the country and in the world,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> being responsible for a high frequency of hospitalizations, early retirements, and high costs to governments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Alone, ischemic heart diseases, especially myocardial infarction (MI), and cerebrovascular diseases, especially strokes (CVA), account for approximately 30% of cardiovascular deaths in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Therefore, recognizing and treating risk factors early is key to reducing the impact of cardiovascular diseases in our environment. The ERICA study was the largest one on the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents ever conducted in Brazil, with an extensive evaluation of lipid disorders in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In a previous publication of this study, based on laboratory analysis of almost 40,000 adolescents, it had already been demonstrated that approximately 1 in every 200 adolescents had an elevation in LDL-C suggestive of FH. The correct identification of individuals with FH is essential to reduce risk. Still, it is estimated that only 10% of the cases are diagnosed globally, and a minority of the recognized cases already undergoing treatment reach the recommended LDL-C targets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the current study, in a sample of 2,383 adolescents evaluated specifically in Curitiba and the metropolitan region when the ERICA study was carried out, we subsequently applied the Dutch MEDPED questionnaire to adolescents with disorders suggestive of FH. We performed cascade screening of first-degree relatives, regardless of whether the cases were confirmed. The strategy is usually applied after a case is confirmed. Still, precisely because we understand that current scores may underdiagnose the disease in adolescents, we chose to carry it out based on suspected cases. Cascade screening is a strategy recognized for being cost-effective. We start with a patient diagnosed with FH (index case) and perform the test on first-degree relatives. Other diagnostic strategies include universal screening, opportunistic screening, or screening after premature cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In countries such as Norway and the Netherlands, specific programs to address this issue have been successfully implemented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some guidelines consider adolescents with LDL-C &gt; 190mg/dl as suspected cases, reserving the cutoff value of &gt; 160 mg/dL for those with a family history of premature disease. As we did not have the family history in the ERICA study database, we chose to use a more comprehensive criterion (&gt; 160 mg/dL), which had already been proposed in the literature, to define the suspected cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In any case, using a lower cut-off value would increase sensitivity for diagnosis, with a consequent loss of specificity. Still, no possible or probable cases were identified among the adolescents using Dutch MEDPED. As some cases were identified among first-degree relatives, this suggests a limitation of the score in this population, even though the average age of adolescents was close to 17 years. Although the score is not suitable for evaluating children,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> there are no specific restrictions for application in this age group of the study. We understand that one of the limitations is the fact that even the parents of the adolescents involved in the study are young, with an average age below 50 years, they still have not developed cardiovascular diseases, which is one of the criteria used in the diagnostic score. In any case, these data point to the need for universal access to genetic testing for molecular diagnosis, which was not carried out in our study, being recognized as a potential limitation. Although the test is recommended for the diagnosis of FH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> some limitations include the cost of the test and low accessibility. In Brazil, only a few health facilities offer genotyping through the SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Therefore, using clinical and laboratory criteria to diagnose the disease continues to be a routine in developing countries.</p>
        <p>Although it was not a specific objective, we demonstrated that the lipid levels of the adolescents were significantly reduced between the ERICA study baseline assessment and the new test performed specifically for this study, even in those who did not undergo drug treatment. As part of the ERICA protocol, all adolescents who had elevated LDL-C levels were advised to seek medical care. Therefore, the reduced levels must be a result of the knowledge acquired in the ERICA study&#8217;s first assessment, reinforcing the importance of universal screening for dyslipidemias in the population, even if it is not FH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Diagnosis is the first step for the correct treatment, even in children and adolescents. Statins are safe drugs and are available through the Brazilian Unified Health System.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Also, therapy initiated during childhood reduces the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk in adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Although the application of the clinical score did not confirm any cases among the adolescents with lipid disorders suggestive of FH, suggesting a limitation of the diagnostic method in this population, cascade screening identified potential cases in first-degree relatives. Although there are no confirmed cases, the high prevalence of very high LDL-C levels in this population of adolescents draws attention to the need for the universalization of more effective strategies for diagnosing FH in adolescents, especially molecular diagnosis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the doctoral dissertation by Vivian Freitas Rezende Bento from the Health Sciences Program at PUCPR. Part of the Final Course Work by Amauri de Vargas Junior, Fernando Pinotti Scariot and Renan Barbosa Lopes from the undergraduate medical course at PUCPR. Part of the report of the Institutional Scientific Initiation Program by Leiza Loiane Hollas from the undergraduate medical course at PUCPR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; under the protocol number 05185212.2.2008.0020. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> The present study was funded in its first phase by the Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia) Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos/FINEP &#8211; Process 01090421 and Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa/CNPq &#8211; Processos 565037/2010-2 e 405.009/2012-7).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
