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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gqKGqxJ4fQH6k8vSfKT6TZh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240450</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de Dispositivo Port&#225;til para Rastreio de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Subcl&#237;nica em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica Dial&#237;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2443-7047</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Adson Patrik Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3610-6507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Assis Lopes do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Cassia Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7794-8399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cec&#237;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9595-4058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Perez</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Giandoni</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6299-3568</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Pires de Freitas do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Francisco de Assis</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital S&#227;o Francisco de Assis, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Adson Patrik Vieira Carvalho &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Medicina Interna &#8211; Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190. CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>adsonpatrik@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240450</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise (HD) apresentam altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular, com maior preval&#234;ncia de arritmias. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; um fator de risco independente para mortalidade e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em pacientes em di&#225;lise. O entendimento e o manejo adequados da FA nesses pacientes dependem do conhecimento de sua preval&#234;ncia. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um dispositivo port&#225;til representaria uma abordagem pioneira para esse grupo de pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Realizar o rastreio de pacientes em HD em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FA utilizando um dispositivo port&#225;til e avaliar sua efic&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metodologia</title>
          <p> Pacientes em HD de um hospital terci&#225;rio foram submetidos ao rastreio de FA durante sess&#245;es de HD utilizando o MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> (da fabricante Applied Biomedical Systems). Foram coletados diversos dados para avaliar as poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram avaliados 388 pacientes (40,7% do sexo feminino; idade m&#233;dia de 56,8 anos, DP &#177; 14,7; tempo de HD de 27 meses, 10-57). O rastreio foi positivo em 16 pacientes (4,1%). A FA foi confirmada por meio de eletrocardiograma em 7 pacientes (1,8%). Pacientes do sexo masculino (p = 0,019), em idade mais avan&#231;ada (p = 0,007), com altera&#231;&#227;o no eletrocardiograma basal (p &lt; 0,001), aumento nos n&#237;veis de pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico (p = 0,021), redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no in&#237;cio da HD (p = 0,007) e angina est&#225;vel (p = 0,011) foram associados ao rastreio positivo para FA. O dispositivo apresentou uma especificidade de 91,74% (IC de 95%; 86,65% a 96,91%) e sensibilidade de 100% (IC de 95%; 100% a 100%), com um valor preditivo negativo de 100% (IC de 95%; 100% a 100%) para o rastreio da FA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O uso desse dispositivo se mostrou pr&#225;tico, com alta sensibilidade e excelente valor preditivo negativo. A FA subcl&#237;nica apresenta alta preval&#234;ncia e pode ser subestimada nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de Dispositivo Port&#225;til para Rastreio de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Subcl&#237;nica em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica Dial&#237;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Rastreio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial subcl&#237;nica em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica utilizando dispositivo port&#225;til. FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; Se: sensibilidade; Sp: especificidade; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; ECG: eletrocardiograma. Figura desenvolvida pelos autores.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/gqKGqxJ4fQH6k8vSfKT6TZh/2f88a8becff4b0035a5e2703d606783a376b1119.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/gqKGqxJ4fQH6k8vSfKT6TZh/488689c71fbb66d67c37de15eb1fa1e7ecffca8e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/gqKGqxJ4fQH6k8vSfKT6TZh/c98c9a145fd9d1715ce6b782810b22cd91a1e054.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Equipamentos para Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>310790/2021-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>RED 00192-23</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: Os dispositivos de rastreamento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foram adquiridos por meio do Projeto PROVAR, que &#233; financiado pelo Edwards Lifesciences Foundation, USA. Dr. Antonio L. Ribeiro &#233; financiado em parte pelo CNPq (Bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa, 310790/2021-2) e pela FAPEMIG (Programa Redes de Pesquisa, RED 00192-23). Ana Cec&#237;lia Oliveira &#233; bolsista de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica PROBIC/FAPEMIG.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em todo o mundo, com uma preval&#234;ncia estimada entre 8 e 16%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A morbidade e a mortalidade cardiovasculares est&#227;o inversamente relacionadas &#224; taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, com cerca de 50% de todos os &#243;bitos entre pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise (HD) sendo atribu&#237;dos a causas cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal (TSR) &#233; o principal tratamento para a doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio terminal, com a HD sendo a modalidade mais comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nesse grupo de pacientes, observa-se um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares, morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A FA &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, podendo contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, aumento do risco de fen&#244;menos cardioemb&#243;licos, taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte. A preval&#234;ncia global da FA &#233; estimada entre 0,1% e 4%, com taxas crescentes nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entre os pacientes em di&#225;lise, acredita-se que a preval&#234;ncia varie de 5,6% a 27%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A alta preval&#234;ncia &#233; parcialmente justificada pela maior ocorr&#234;ncia de comorbidades e aspectos espec&#237;ficos inerentes &#224; TSR, como inflama&#231;&#227;o, altera&#231;&#245;es s&#250;bitas no volume sangu&#237;neo, ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema adren&#233;rgico e altera&#231;&#245;es nos volumes das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, os dados de preval&#234;ncia apresentam diverg&#234;ncias, uma vez que h&#225; uma grande varia&#231;&#227;o no desenho dos estudos e no m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico para a FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Por isso, acredita-se que as FAs s&#227;o subestimadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para compreender e manejar corretamente a FA em pacientes com DRC em tratamento com TSR, &#233; essencial conhecer sua real preval&#234;ncia, como ponto de partida para futuras pesquisas sobre tratamentos e complica&#231;&#245;es. O uso de um dispositivo port&#225;til, como o MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> (Applied Biomedical Systems, Maastricht, Pa&#237;ses Baixos), seria pioneiro nesse grupo de pacientes e provavelmente mais eficaz do que os m&#233;todos tradicionais, j&#225; que pode ser utilizado a qualquer momento durante a HD, de modo f&#225;cil e r&#225;pido, por qualquer profissional capacitado. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo &#233; avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da FA subcl&#237;nica entre pacientes com DRC em HD utilizando um dispositivo port&#225;til.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional com abordagem transversal que avaliou a preval&#234;ncia de FA subcl&#237;nica utilizando um dispositivo port&#225;til (MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup>) durante as sess&#245;es de HD nos Centros de Nefrologia do Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Belo Horizonte, al&#233;m de sua acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Associa&#231;&#227;o Evang&#233;lica Beneficente de Minas Gerais, de que o Hospital Evang&#233;lico faz parte, conforme os registros a seguir: Certificado de Apresenta&#231;&#227;o de Aprecia&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica (CAAE) n.&#186; 05980819.2.0000.8787 e parecer n.&#186; 3.126.173. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do dispositivo foi realizada com base no protocolo STARD (<italic>Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram selecionados nos Centros de Nefrologia do Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Belo Horizonte. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram pacientes com DRC em di&#225;lise, maiores de 18 anos, em TSR h&#225; mais de 30 dias, que concordaram em participar do estudo de forma volunt&#225;ria. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes em HD por motivos agudos e transit&#243;rios, aqueles em di&#225;lise peritoneal ou que tinham diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de FA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos</title>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos, sociais e epidemiol&#243;gicos, comorbidades, fatores de risco cardiovascular e medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas pelos pacientes foram retirados do prontu&#225;rio cl&#237;nico de cada participante. Os resultados laboratoriais referem-se aos exames realizados no m&#234;s corrente ou anteriores &#224; coleta dos dados da pesquisa. Os dados antropom&#233;tricos (peso seco, altura e &#237;ndice de massa corporal) foram retirados da avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional mais recente a que o paciente foi submetido no processo de HD. A FA cl&#237;nica foi definida como a descri&#231;&#227;o da arritmia no prontu&#225;rio de cada paciente, ou autodeclara&#231;&#227;o, associada &#224; presen&#231;a de um eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e/ou Holter compat&#237;vel com o diagn&#243;stico de FA.</p>
        <p>Os valores de press&#227;o arterial e ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o foram coletados no in&#237;cio e ao fim da sess&#227;o de HD. Os dados sobre a temperatura e o s&#243;dio da solu&#231;&#227;o de di&#225;lise foram retirados do registro de HD durante o rastreio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Foram considerados dentro do espectro de FA subcl&#237;nica os pacientes sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio, com rastreio positivo no dispositivo e com diagn&#243;stico confirmado por ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, e que n&#227;o apresentaram, durante o rastreio, sintomas de palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor no peito, dispneia, tontura, sintomas neurol&#243;gicos focais ou outros sintomas frequentemente atribu&#237;dos &#224; FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O rastreio foi realizado na primeira sess&#227;o da semana, na primeira hora e imediatamente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da HD, ou seja, cada participante foi submetido ao procedimento duas vezes. Os participantes foram rastreados somente em uma sess&#227;o &#250;nica. O momento escolhido para o rastreio baseou-se em estudos anteriores que demonstraram um aumento na incid&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas neste contexto espec&#237;fico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A explica&#231;&#227;o desse achado pode estar na intensidade das altera&#231;&#245;es nos eletr&#243;litos e no volume sangu&#237;neo que ocorrem na primeira sess&#227;o de HD da semana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Neste estudo, o MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> (Applied Biomedical Systems, Maastricht, Pa&#237;ses Baixos) foi utilizado para realizar o rastreio da FA durante as sess&#245;es de HD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esse dispositivo conta com alta sensibilidade e especificidade, aliado ao manuseio f&#225;cil e pr&#225;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> &#233; um dispositivo em forma de bast&#227;o, equipado com eletrodos sens&#237;veis em ambas as extremidades de um cabo met&#225;lico. Ele &#233; utilizado para analisar o ritmo card&#237;aco do paciente, que deve tocar e segurar o dispositivo com ambas as m&#227;os, cada uma em uma extremidade, por um minuto. O m&#233;todo de detec&#231;&#227;o da FA no MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> baseia-se na medi&#231;&#227;o da irregularidade do intervalo R-R. O tra&#231;o obtido &#233; pr&#233;-processado, as ondas R s&#227;o detectadas e os intervalos R-R s&#227;o calculados e utilizados. O algoritmo para diagnosticar a FA leva em considera&#231;&#227;o o ritmo, a periodicidade e a variabilidade. Quando o registro for compat&#237;vel com FA, uma luz vermelha se acender&#225;; caso n&#227;o seja compat&#237;vel, a luz ser&#225; verde. O dispositivo oferece, ainda, uma representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica que poder&#225; ser analisada posteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Todos os registros positivos foram analisados posteriormente pelo pesquisador principal. O ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi o m&#233;todo utilizado como padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico da FA. Os pacientes que tiveram rastreio positivo para FA foram submetidos ao ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es para confirma&#231;&#227;o de um diagn&#243;stico definitivo. Considerou-se como um falso positivo o participante que teve rastreio positivo para FA enquanto em uso do dispositivo port&#225;til, mas sem confirma&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea do diagn&#243;stico pelo ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Para o diagn&#243;stico de FA subcl&#237;nica (verdadeiro positivo), foram considerados os pacientes com rastreio positivo e confirma&#231;&#227;o posterior do diagn&#243;stico pelo ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Uma amostra de 100 pacientes com rastreio negativo para FA e sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de arritmia tamb&#233;m foi submetida ao ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es para confirmar a aus&#234;ncia de FA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Os ECGs foram interpretados pelo pesquisador principal.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>&#8211;</italic> Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para rastreio e an&#225;lise de especificidade. FA: Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Figura desenvolvida pelos autores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240450-40450-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi realizado levando em conta um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%, preval&#234;ncia de 11% da FA nos pacientes em di&#225;lise e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 8&#177;4. A partir desses dados, estimou-se uma amostra de 235 pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Considerando uma sensibilidade de 95%, IC de 10% e rela&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com rastreios negativo e positivo de 9:1, uma amostra de 100 pacientes foi submetida ao ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es para realiza&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lculo de especificidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, quando mostraram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, ou como mediana e intervalo interquartil, quando apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. As caracter&#237;sticas qualitativas foram comparadas &#224;s vari&#225;veis de resposta em tabelas de conting&#234;ncia utilizando o teste qui-quadrado com a corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es quando havia apenas duas categoriais em cada vari&#225;vel. O teste qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizado quando havia mais de duas categorias. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado quando pelo menos uma frequ&#234;ncia esperada era inferior a cinco. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis de resposta e as caracter&#237;sticas na forma quantitativa foram feitas atrav&#233;s do teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado quando as suposi&#231;&#245;es usuais do modelo (normalidade e homocedasticidade) foram atendidas. Caso contr&#225;rio, utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. As suposi&#231;&#245;es do teste t foram verificadas com base no teste de Shapiro-Wilk quanto &#224; normalidade, e no teste de Levene, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; homocedasticidade. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definido como um valor de p &lt; 0,05. A tabela de conting&#234;ncia 2x2 foi utilizada para calcular sensibilidade, especificidade, acur&#225;cia, raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva (LR+) e valores preditivos negativo (VPN) e positivo (VPP), respectivamente. Os dados foram armazenados na plataforma REDCap e posteriormente analisados por meio do software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), vers&#227;o 20 para Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, EUA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Inicialmente, nosso estudo avaliou 400 pacientes. Nessa an&#225;lise, 12 indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com FA foram exclu&#237;dos e 388 foram inscritos no estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Do total da amostra, 40,7% eram representados por pacientes do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 56,8 anos (&#177; 14,7) e mediana de tempo em HD de 27 (10-57) meses. A nefropatia diab&#233;tica foi a principal etiologia encontrada, seguida pela nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva. Um hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda foi identificado em 10,6% (41) dos casos e acidente vascular cerebral, em 8,8% (34) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Popula&#231;&#227;o geral N = 388</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Rastreio (+) N = 16</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Rastreio (-) N = 372</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">158 (40,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (41,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">230 (59,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (87,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">216 (58,1%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cor, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">0,633</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardo</td>
                <td align="center">323 (83,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">311 (83,8%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preto</td>
                <td align="center">41 (10,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (10,5%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branco</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (3,2%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,6%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amarelo</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (m&#233;dia&#177;DP), anos</td>
                <td align="center">56,8 &#177; 14,7</td>
                <td align="center">66,6 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">56,4 &#177; 14,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de hemodi&#225;lise (mediana, IIQ), meses</td>
                <td align="center">27 (10,57)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (19,72)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (10,56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,711</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etiologia, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center">0,189</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nefropatia diab&#233;tica</td>
                <td align="center">106 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (37,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (26,9%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertensos</td>
                <td align="center">98 (25,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (43,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (24,5%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indeterminado</td>
                <td align="center">77 (19,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (20,2%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">90 (23,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (23,9%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glomerulopatias</td>
                <td align="center">17 (19,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (4,6%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">362 (93,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (93,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">347 (93,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus NID, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (8,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (8,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus ID, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">143 (36,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (36,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,296</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (12,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (18,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (12,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,438</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (4,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (4,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (10,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (10,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (8,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (8,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (4,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,519</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina est&#225;vel, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (4,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CCS, Classe I</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CCS, Classe II</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de medicamentos, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS</td>
                <td align="center">165 (42,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (56,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (41,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,252</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">14 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,563</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Varfarina</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">232 (59,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (68,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">221 (59,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,456</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador de canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">228 (58,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (37,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">222 (59,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,078</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA</td>
                <td align="center">216 (55,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">204 (54,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">198 (51%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (68,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">187 (50,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,148</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (mediana, IIQ), (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (59,67)</td>
                <td align="center">63,5 (47,66)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (59,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,452</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (mediana, IIQ), mm</td>
                <td align="center">42 (39,45)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (42,49)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (39,45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECG basal alterado, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">186 (47,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">174 (49,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,022*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Extrass&#237;stole, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (2,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (18,75%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (2,15%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Extrass&#237;stole ventricular</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Extrass&#237;stole supraventricular</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (19,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (53,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (19,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRD</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRE</td>
                <td align="center">8 (2,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BDAS</td>
                <td align="center">50 (12,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (13,4%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BDPI</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRD+BDAS</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,1%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRD+ BDPI</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,6%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inespec&#237;fico</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (m&#233;dia&#177;DP), g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">10,7 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,754</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia pr&#233;-an&#225;lise (m&#233;dia&#177;DP), mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center">134 &#177; 46,7</td>
                <td align="center">134 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center">0,963</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>F&#243;sforo (mediana, IIQ), mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">4,8 (3,8; 5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 (3; 5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">4,9 (3,8; 5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,205</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mediana, IIQ), mEq/L</td>
                <td align="center">138 (136,140)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (136,141)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (136,140)</td>
                <td align="center">0,859</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (m&#233;dia&#177;DP), mEq/L</td>
                <td align="center">5,5&#177;0,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,5&#177;0,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,9&#177;0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#225;lcio (mediana, IIQ), mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 (8,3; 9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">8,5 (8,3; 9)</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 (8,3; 9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,335</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Paratorm&#244;nio (mediana, IIQ), pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">306,5 (136,513)</td>
                <td align="center">213 (88; 349)</td>
                <td align="center">316 (136,520)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o (mediana, IIQ), L</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,5; 3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2,95 (2,4; 3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,5; 3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,318</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASi (mediana, IIQ), mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">150 (130,160)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (120,150)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (130,167)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PADi (mediana, IIQ), mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70,90)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70,80)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: Tabela desenvolvida pelos autores. Frequ&#234;ncia: %; m&#233;dia&#177;DP: m&#233;dia com desvio padr&#227;o; mediana, IIQ: mediana com intervalo interquartil; NID: n&#227;o dependente de insulina; ID: dependente de insulina; CCS: Sociedade Cardiovascular Canadense; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; ECG: eletrocardiograma; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BDAS: bloqueio divisional anterossuperior esquerdo; BDPI: bloqueio divisional posteroinferior esquerdo; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; PADi: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica no in&#237;cio da hemodi&#225;lise; PASi: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no in&#237;cio da hemodi&#225;lise; *signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica comparada ao grupo de rastreio negativo.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Rastreio</title>
        <p>O rastreio foi positivo para FA em 4,1% (16) dos participantes, sendo 87,5% (14) do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 66,6 &#177; 13 anos e mediana de tempo em HD de 36 meses. Altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG basal, com exce&#231;&#227;o da FA, estiveram presentes em 80% (12) dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes do sexto masculino, com angina est&#225;vel, idade avan&#231;ada, presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stoles e bloqueio intraventricular no ECG basal, n&#237;vel elevado de pot&#225;ssio e press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica mais baixas no in&#237;cio da HD estavam associados ao rastreio positivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desempenho do teste diagn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>A FA foi confirmada por meio do ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em sete pacientes que apresentaram rastreio positivo para FA, resultando em uma preval&#234;ncia de FA subcl&#237;nica de 1,8% nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. O dispositivo MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> demostrou alta sensibilidade e especificidade, juntamente com um &#243;timo VPN para detec&#231;&#227;o de FA subcl&#237;nica. No entanto, seu VPP foi baixo para o diagn&#243;stico de FA subcl&#237;nica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). O teste tamb&#233;m mostrou uma raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva (LR+) favor&#225;vel e alta acur&#225;cia geral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desempenho de diagn&#243;stico do MyDiagnostick&#174;</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">ECG</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Rastreio (+) N = 16</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Rastreio (-) N = 100</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG positivo</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (43,75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG negativo</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (56,25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Fonte: Tabela desenvolvida pelos autores. Sensibilidade = 100% (IC de 95%, 100% a 100%); especificidade = 91,74% (IC de 95%, 86,65% a 96,91%), acur&#225;cia = 92,2%, valor preditivo positivo = 43,75% (IC de 95%, 19,44% a 68%); valor preditivo negativo = 100% (IC de 95%, 100% a 100%); raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva = 12,1 (IC de 95%, 6,5 a 22,6); ECG positivo: Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es com um diagn&#243;stico de FA; ECG negativo: eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es sem um diagn&#243;stico de FA; Rastreio (+): rastreio positivo para FA utilizando o dispositivo port&#225;til; Rastreio (-): rastreio negativo para FA utilizando o dispositivo port&#225;til.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os principais achados identificados como falsos positivos inclu&#237;ram: batimentos ect&#243;picos prematuros (4 casos), bloqueio sinoatrial tipo II (1 caso), ritmo atrial multifocal (1 caso), ritmo sinusal (2 casos) e tremor nas m&#227;os (1 caso).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo foi o primeiro a avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da FA subcl&#237;nica em uma popula&#231;&#227;o dial&#237;tica durante uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de HD utilizando um dispositivo port&#225;til de rastreio. Em uma coorte de 388 pacientes, inicialmente, 4,1% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram rastreio positivo para FA. A confirma&#231;&#227;o posterior da FA por meio do ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es estabeleceu uma preval&#234;ncia da FA subcl&#237;nica de 1,8%. O dispositivo MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> demonstrou alta sensibilidade e excelente VPN, mas um VPP limitado para a detec&#231;&#227;o de FA subcl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia da FA subcl&#237;nica encontrada em nosso estudo foi quase tr&#234;s vezes maior do que da popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No entanto, esse valor foi bem menor do que o encontrado em um estudo recente realizado por Al Awwa et al., que mostrou uma preval&#234;ncia de 7,8% na popula&#231;&#227;o dial&#237;tica. Contudo, as diferen&#231;as na metodologia entre os estudos podem justificar essa diverg&#234;ncia, como a defini&#231;&#227;o da FA subcl&#237;nica e o desenho do rastreio. Al Awwa et al. inclu&#237;ram indiv&#237;duos com sintomas de palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor no peito, dispneia, tontura, sintomas neurol&#243;gicos focais ou outros sintomas frequentemente atribu&#237;dos &#224; FA. O rastreio foi realizado utilizando mais de um m&#233;todo de detec&#231;&#227;o para cada participante, incluindo o ECG de 12 varia&#231;&#245;es, durante toda a sess&#227;o de HD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A alta incid&#234;ncia de FA na popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise &#233; comumente associada &#224; idade avan&#231;ada, ao sexo masculino e ao diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Embora n&#227;o seja poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma causalidade entre tais fatores e a FA, os participantes com um rastreio positivo para FA eram predominantemente homens, de idade mais avan&#231;ada e com uma maior preval&#234;ncia de angina est&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Os dist&#250;rbios de pot&#225;ssio (tanto no soro pr&#233;-dial&#237;tico quanto na solu&#231;&#227;o de di&#225;lise) s&#227;o promissores na tentativa de compreender os gatilhos da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Karaboyas et al. sugerem que n&#237;veis elevados de pot&#225;ssio pr&#233;-di&#225;lise (&gt; 6 mEq/L) est&#227;o associados a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em conson&#226;ncia com esses achados, o presente estudo mostrou que o rastreio positivo para FA ocorreu com maior frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes com altos n&#237;veis de pot&#225;ssio em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com rastreio negativo. Entretanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o &#8220;gradiente de pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico/dialisado&#8221; (diferen&#231;a entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio no soro e o pot&#225;ssio na solu&#231;&#227;o de di&#225;lise) seja o fator mais relevante nesse contexto, j&#225; que os gradientes elevados levariam a uma maior varia&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de pot&#225;ssio durante uma sess&#227;o de HD, predispondo &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de FA.</p>
      <p>A sensibilidade e o VPN encontrados neste estudo foram semelhantes aos achados de Tieleman et al. ao estudar a popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Contudo, outros estudos mostraram sensibilidade e especificidade mais baixas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Em indiv&#237;duos hospitalizados com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, o MyDiagnostick&#174; demonstrou uma acur&#225;cia compat&#237;vel com aquela observada neste estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Quando comparado a estudos que utilizaram outros dispositivos com grava&#231;&#227;o de uma &#250;nica deriva&#231;&#227;o, observou-se uma sensibilidade semelhante, mas uma especificidade ligeiramente mais baixa (91,7 vs. 96,5%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Entretanto, dispositivos como o MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> s&#227;o mais pr&#225;ticos, j&#225; que indicam a presen&#231;a de rastreio positivo e s&#227;o mais econ&#244;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> &#201; importante considerar que esses estudos foram realizados com popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o dial&#237;ticas, com preval&#234;ncia de FA diferente. Dessa forma, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o e a compara&#231;&#227;o desses achados devem ser feitas com cautela.</p>
      <p>Este estudo avaliou uma popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco cardiovascular e uma preval&#234;ncia estimada de FA. O dispositivo provou ser &#250;til para descartar a possibilidade de FA (alta sensibilidade e VPN) e aumentar a probabilidade p&#243;s-teste de apresentar FA (raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva de 12,1). Outro achado importante foi observado entre os falsos positivos, uma vez que houve altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas significativas em 66,6% dos casos. Se considerarmos a probabilidade de rastreio, ao identificar um ECG com altera&#231;&#245;es relevantes que possam se correlacionar com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais, encontramos uma especificidade de 97%, um VPP de 81,25% e uma raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva de 34,1. Portanto, esse dispositivo teria o benef&#237;cio de identificar indiv&#237;duos com outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas al&#233;m da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A impraticabilidade, a baixa disponibilidade e o alto custo de outros m&#233;todos de rastreio para FA sugerem que o MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> pode ser utilizado de forma segura e com bom desempenho nesse cen&#225;rio espec&#237;fico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os dados coletados, junto com sensores externos e t&#233;cnicas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial, possam contribuir na tomada de decis&#227;o tanto por parte dos pacientes quanto dos profissionais da sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Em pa&#237;ses como o Brasil, que possuem recursos limitados na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de e dificuldade de acesso a profissionais especializados, essa abordagem parece ser promissora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A natureza observacional do trabalho n&#227;o permite que se estabele&#231;a uma causalidade entre as associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas. A coleta de dados a partir da an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes pode conter vieses de registro de informa&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, o rastreio realizado em uma sess&#227;o &#250;nica de HD e em apenas dois momentos pode ter subestimado os resultados de nosso estudo, uma vez que a FA pode se apresentar de forma parox&#237;stica. No entanto, os rastreios com Holter de 24 horas ou dispositivos de longo prazo seriam pouco pr&#225;ticos e de alto custo, tornando-se invi&#225;veis economicamente no contexto de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
        <p>Por quest&#245;es de log&#237;stica, n&#227;o avaliamos a reprodutibilidade teste-reteste. Da mesma forma, n&#227;o foi realizada uma an&#225;lise multivariada devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes com FA subcl&#237;nica. A confirma&#231;&#227;o do rastreio positivo ocorreu apenas com o sinal luminoso do dispositivo, sem a inspe&#231;&#227;o do registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico simult&#226;neo, o que poderia contribuir para uma falsa redu&#231;&#227;o na especificidade e no VPP. Entretanto, a inspe&#231;&#227;o manual do gr&#225;fico gerado pelo dispositivo, embora aumentasse a acur&#225;cia, tornaria invi&#225;vel o rastreio no ponto de atendimento. Os nossos dados refletem uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica e n&#227;o podem ser generalizados para outros contextos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia da FA subcl&#237;nica entre pacientes com DRC em TSR durante uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de HD foi de 1,8%. O rastreio positivo para FA esteve associado a fatores como sexo masculino, idade mais avan&#231;ada, angina est&#225;vel, presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stoles e bloqueio intraventricular no ECG basal, n&#237;veis elevados de pot&#225;ssio e press&#227;o arterial mais baixa no in&#237;cio da HD. O dispositivo MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> demonstrou sensibilidade de 100%, especificidade de 91,74%, VPN de 100% e VPP de 43,75% para detec&#231;&#227;o da FA subcl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> Os dispositivos de rastreamento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foram adquiridos por meio do Projeto PROVAR, que &#233; financiado pelo Edwards Lifesciences Foundation, USA. Dr. Antonio L. Ribeiro &#233; financiado em parte pelo CNPq (Bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa, 310790/2021-2) e pela FAPEMIG (Programa Redes de Pesquisa, RED 00192-23). Ana Cec&#237;lia Oliveira &#233; bolsista de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica PROBIC/FAPEMIG.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240450i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation Screening in Dialytic Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Using Portable Device</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2443-7047</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Adson Patrik Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3610-6507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Assis Lopes do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Cassia Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7794-8399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cec&#237;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9595-4058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Perez</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Giandoni</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6299-3568</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Pires de Freitas do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital S&#227;o Francisco de Assis, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Adson Patrik Vieira Carvalho &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Medicina Interna &#8211; Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190. Postal Code 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: adsonpatrik@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates are higher in hemodialysis (HD) patients, with an increased prevalence of arrhythmias. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an independent risk factor for mortality and thromboembolic events in dialysis patients. For a better understanding and management of AF in these patients, it is important to know its prevalence. The use of a portable device would be pioneering for this group of patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To screen HD patients for AF using a portable gadget and evaluate the device&#8217;s diagnostic performance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> HD patients at a tertiary hospital underwent AF screening during HD sessions using MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> (Applied Biomedical Systems). Multiple data were collected to evaluate potential associations. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> 388 patients were evaluated (female, 40.7%; mean age of 56.8 years old, SD &#177; 14.7; and HD time of 27 months, 10-57). Screening was positive in 16 (4.1%) patients. AF was confirmed by electrocardiogram in 7 (1.8%) patients. Male sex (p = 0.019), older age (p = 0.007), altered baseline electrocardiogram (p &lt; 0.001), increased serum potassium (p = 0.021), reduced systolic blood pressure at the beginning of dialysis (p = 0.007), and stable angina (0.011) were associated with positive screening for AF. The device presented a 91.74% specificity (95% CI, 86.65% to 96.91%) and 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 100% to 100%), with a negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI, 100% to 100%) for AF screening.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The use of this device proved to be practical, with high sensitivity and excellent negative predictive value. Subclinical AF has a high prevalence and may be underestimated in this population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation Screening in Dialytic Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Using Portable Device</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Subclinical atrial fibrillation screening in dialytic chronic kidney disease patients using a portable device. AF: atrial fibrillation; Se: sensitivity; Sp: specificity; NPV: negative predictive value; PPV: positive predictive value; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ECG: electrocardiogram. Figure prepared by the authors.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240450-40450-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Dialysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Equipment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health issue worldwide, with an estimated prevalence of between 8 and 16%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have an inverse relationship with the glomerular filtration rate, and approximately 50% of all deaths among hemodialysis (HD) patients can be attributed to cardiovascular causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is the main treatment for end-stage kidney disease, with HD being the most common modality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A higher prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and atrial fibrillation (AF) can be observed in this group of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>AF is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice and may contribute to reduced functional capacity, increased risk of cardioembolic phenomena and hospitalization rates, heart failure, and death. The global prevalence of AF is estimated to be 0.1% to 4%, with a constant growth in recent decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In the dialysis population, the prevalence is believed to be 5.6% to 27%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The greater occurrence of comorbidities and specific aspects inherent to RRT, such as inflammation, sudden changes in blood volume, activation of the adrenergic system, and changes in the volumes of the cardiac chambers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> partly justifies this high prevalence. Prevalence data, however, are conflicting since there is a great diversity in the design of studies and the diagnostic method for AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, it is believed that AF is underestimated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>For a better understanding and management of AF in patients with CKD undergoing RRT, it is extremely important to know its real prevalence as a starting point for future research on treatment and complications. The use of a portable device, such as MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> (Applied Biomedical Systems, Maastricht, Netherlands), would be pioneering in this group of patients and likely more effective than traditional methods, as it can be used at any time during HD, in an easy and agile manner by any trained professional. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the prevalence of subclinical AF among patients with CKD undergoing HD using a portable device.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional observational study that evaluated the prevalence of subclinical AF using a portable device (MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup>) during HD sessions at the Nephrology Centers of Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Belo Horizonte and analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of that device. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of <italic>Associa&#231;&#227;o Evang&#233;lica Beneficente de Minas Gerais,</italic> of which the Evangelical Hospital is a part, logged under the following registrations: Certificate of Presentation of Ethical Review (CAAE) # 05980819.2.0000.8787 and opinion number 3.126.173. The assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of the device was conducted based on the STARD (&#8220;Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies&#8221;) protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>The individuals were selected at the Nephrology Centers of Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Belo Horizonte. The inclusion criteria were patients with CKD undergoing dialysis, over 18 years of age, on RRT for over 30 days, who agreed to participate in the study voluntarily. Patients on HD for acute and transient reasons, who were on peritoneal dialysis, or who had a previous diagnosis of AF were excluded from the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedures</title>
          <p>Clinical, social, and epidemiological data, as well as comorbidities, cardiovascular risk factors, and medications used by the patients were extracted from each participant&#8217;s clinical record. The laboratory results refer to tests carried out in the current month or prior to the collection of research data. Anthropometric data (dry weight, height, and body mass index) were obtained from the most current nutritional assessment that the patient had undergone in the HD service. Clinical AF was defined as the description of the arrhythmia in each patient&#8217;s medical record or self-report, associated with the presence of a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and/or Holter monitoring compatible with an AF diagnosis.</p>
          <p>Blood pressure and ultrafiltration values were collected at the beginning and end of the HD session. Data on dialysate temperature and sodium were obtained from the HD record at the time of screening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Patients with no prior diagnosis and with positive screening on the device, whose diagnosis was confirmed by a 12-lead ECG, and who did not present, at the time of screening, symptoms of palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, focal neurological symptoms, or other symptoms commonly attributed to AF were defined as having subclinical AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The screening took place in the first session of the week, in the first hour, and immediately after the end of HD, i.e. each participant underwent screening twice. Each participant was only tracked in a single session. The moment chosen for screening was based on previous studies that demonstrated increased incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in this specific context.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The reason for this finding may be the intensity of changes in electrolytes and blood volume that occur in the first HD session of the week.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In this study, MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> (Applied Biomedical Systems, Maastricht, Netherlands) was used to screen for AF during HD sessions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This device has a high sensitivity and specificity, associated with easy and practical handling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> is a rod-shaped wand that has sensitive electrodes on both ends of a metal handle. It serves to analyze the patient&#8217;s heart rhythm by touching and holding both extremities of the device for 1 minute. The AF detection method of MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> is based on measuring R-R interval irregularity. The trace obtained is then preprocessed, R waves are detected, and R-R intervals are calculated and used. The algorithm for diagnosing AF takes into account rhythm, periodicity, and variability. If the registration is compatible with AF, a red light appears, and if it is not compatible, a green light appears. The device also provides a graph representation that can be analyzed at a later moment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>All positive records were later analyzed by the main researcher. The 12-lead ECG was the gold standard method used for diagnosing AF. Patients who screened positive for AF underwent a 12-lead ECG for definitive diagnosis. Participants who screened positive for AF using the portable device but whose diagnosis was not simultaneously confirmed by the 12-lead ECG were considered a false positive. For the diagnosis of subclinical AF (true positive), patients who screened positive for AF and whose diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by a 12-lead ECG were considered. A sample of 100 patients who screened negative for AF and with no previous diagnosis of arrhythmia also underwent a 12-lead ECG to confirm the absence of AF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). ECGs were interpreted by the main researcher.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patient selection for screening and specificity analysis. AF: Atrial fibrillation. Figure prepared by the authors.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240450-40450-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The sample size was calculated taking into account a 95% confidence level, 11% prevalence of AF in the dialysis population, and a confidence interval of 8&#177;4. With these data, a sample of 235 patients was estimated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Taking into account a 95% sensitivity, a 10% CI, and a 9:1 ratio of individuals who screened negative and positive, a sample of 100 individuals underwent a 12-lead ECG to calculate specificity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation when they showed a normal distribution, or median and interquartile range when they presented an asymmetrical distribution. Categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentage. The qualitative characteristics were compared to the response variables in contingency tables using the chi-square test with Yates correction to compare proportions when there were only two categories in each variable. If there were more than two categories, Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test was used. Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used when at least one expected frequency was less than five. Comparisons between response variables and characteristics in quantitative form were made using the Unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test when the model&#8217;s usual assumptions (normality and homoscedasticity) were met. Otherwise, the Mann-Whitney test was used. The assumptions of the t-test were verified based on the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and the Levene test for homoscedasticity. Statistical level of significance was defined as a p-value &lt; 0.05. To calculate sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), accuracy, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), and the negative and positive predictive value (NPV and PPV), the 2x2 contingency table was used. The data were stored on the REDCap platform and later analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Our study first evaluated 400 patients. In this analysis, 12 individuals diagnosed with AF were excluded and 388 were included in the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). Female individuals accounted for 40.7% of the sample, with a mean age of 56.8 years (&#177; 14.7) and a median duration of HD of 27 (10-57) months. Diabetic nephropathy was the main etiology found, followed by hypertensive nephroangiosclerosis. A history of acute coronary syndrome was identified in 10.6% (41) of the cases, and stroke in 8.8% (34) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, and laboratory characteristics of the patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>General Population N = 388</th>
                  <th>Screening (+) N = 16</th>
                  <th>Screening (-) N = 372</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">158 (40.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (41.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">230 (59.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (87.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (58.1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Color, N (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.633</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">323 (83.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">311 (83.8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (10.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (10.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (3.2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yellow</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (mean &#177;SD), years</td>
                  <td align="center">56.8 &#177; 14.7</td>
                  <td align="center">66.6 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">56.4 &#177; 14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time of hemodialysis (median, Q1-Q3), months</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (10.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (19.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (10.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.711</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etiology, N (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.189</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetic nephropathy</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (37.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (26.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertensive</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (25.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (43.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (24.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Undetermined</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (19.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (20.2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (23.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (23.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glomerulopathies</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (19.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (4.6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">362 (93.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (93.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">347 (93.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus NID, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (8.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (8.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus ID, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (36.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (36.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.296</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (12.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (12.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.438</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (4.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (4.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>History of Acute Coronary Syndrome, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (10.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (10.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>History of Stroke, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (8.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (8.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (4.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (4.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.519</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peripheral Artery Disease, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stable angina, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (4.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (4.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCS, Class I</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCS, Class II</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of medication, N (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AAS</td>
                  <td align="center">165 (42.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (56.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (41.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.252</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (3.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.563</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Warfarin</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (1.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betablocker</td>
                  <td align="center">232 (59.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (68.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (59.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.456</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (58.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (37.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">222 (59.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.078</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (55.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">204 (54.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (51%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (68.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (50.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection fraction (median, Q1-Q3), (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (59.67)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.5 (47.66)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (59.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.452</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diameter of the left atrium (median, Q1-Q3), mm</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (39.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (42.49)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (39.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.169</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altered basal ECG, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">186 (47.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (49.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extrasystole, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18.75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2.15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventricular Extrasystole</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1.4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Supraventricular extrasystole</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DIntraventricular flow disorder, N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (19.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (53.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (19.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RBBB</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LBBB</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAFB</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (12.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (13.4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LPFB</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RBBB+LAFB</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RBBB+LPFB</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unspecific</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (mean &#177;SD), g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.754</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-analysis urea (mean &#177;SD), mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">132 &#177; 43</td>
                  <td align="center">134 &#177; 46.7</td>
                  <td align="center">134 &#177; 43</td>
                  <td align="center">0.963</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Phosphorus (median, Q1-Q3), mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">4.8 (3.8; 5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 (3; 5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9 (3.8; 5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.205</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (median, Q1-Q3), mEq/L</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (136.140)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (136.141)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (136.140)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.859</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mean &#177;SD), mEq/L</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5&#177;0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5&#177;0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9&#177;0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium (median, Q1-Q3), mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8 (8.3; 9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5 (8.3; 9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8 (8.3; 9.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.335</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parathormone (median, Q1-Q3), pg/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">306.5 (136.513)</td>
                  <td align="center">213 (88; 349)</td>
                  <td align="center">316 (136.520)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ultrafiltration (median, Q1-Q3), L</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2.5; 3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.95 (2.4; 3.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2.5; 3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.318</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBPi (median, Q1-Q3), mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (130.160)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (120.150)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (130.167)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBPi (median, Q1-Q3), mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: table prepared by the authors. Frequency: %; mean &#177; SD: mean with standard deviation; median, Q1-Q3: median with interquartile range; NID: non-insulin-dependent; ID: insulin-dependent; CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; AAS: acetylsalicylic acid; ECG: electrocardiogram; RBBB: right bundle branch block; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LAFB: left anterior fascicular block; LPFB: left posterior fascicular block; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; DBPi: diastolic blood pressure at the beginning of hemodialysis; SBPi: systolic blood pressure at the beginning of hemodialysis; *statistical significance compared to the negative screening group.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Screening</title>
          <p>The screening was positive for AF in 4.1% (16) of the participants; 87.5% (14) were male, mean age of 66.6 &#177; 13 years and a median HD time of 36 months. Changes in the baseline ECG, with the exception of AF, were present in 80% (12) of the patients.</p>
          <p>Male sex, stable angina, high age, presence of extrasystoles and intraventricular block on the baseline ECG, high potassium level, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the beginning of HD were associated with positive screening (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnostic test performance</title>
          <p>AF was confirmed via a 12-lead ECG in seven patients who screened positive for AF, resulting in a 1.8% prevalence of subclinical AF in this population. MyDiagnostick<sup>&#174;</sup> demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, along with an excellent negative predictive value (NPV) for subclinical AF detection. However, its positive predictive value (PPV) was low for the diagnosis of subclinical AF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). The test also exhibited a favorable positive likelihood ratio (LR+) and overall accuracy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Diagnostic performance of MyDiagnostick&#174;</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">ECG</th>
                    <th>Screening (+) N = 16</th>
                    <th>Screening (-) N = 100</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECG positive</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (43.75%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECG negative</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (56.25%)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (100%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Source: table prepared by the authors. Sensitivity = 100% (95% CI, 100% to 100%), specificity = 91.74% (95% CI, 86.65% to 96.91%), accuracy = 92.2%, positive predictive value = 43.75% (95% CI, 19.44% to 68%); negative predictive value = 100% (95% CI, 100% to 100%); positive likelihood ratio = 12.1 (95% CI, 6.5 to 22.6); positive ECG: 12-lead electrocardiogram with a diagnosis of AF; negative ECG: 12-lead electrocardiogram without a diagnosis of AF; screening (+): positive screening for AF with the aid of the portable device; screening (-): negative screening for AF with the aid of the portable device.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The primary findings identified as false positives included: premature ectopic beats (4 cases), type II sinoatrial block (1 case), multifocal atrial rhythm (1 case), sinus rhythm (2 cases), and hand tremor (1 case).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study is the first to assess the prevalence of subclinical AF in a dialysis population during a single HD session using a portable screening device. In a cohort of 388 patients, 4.1% initially screened positive for AF. Subsequent confirmation of AF with a 12-lead ECG established a subclinical AF prevalence of 1.8%. MyDiagnostick&#174; demonstrated high sensitivity and an excellent NPV but a limited PPV for the detection of subclinical AF.</p>
        <p>The prevalence of subclinical AF found in our study was almost 3-fold higher than that of the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> However, this value was much lower than that found in a recent study by Al Awwa et al., which showed a 7.8% prevalence in the dialysis population. However, differences in methodology between studies may justify this discrepancy, such as the definition of subclinical AF and screening design. Al Awwa et al. included individuals with symptoms of palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, focal neurological symptoms, or other symptoms commonly attributed to AF. Screening was carried out using more than one detection method for each participant, including a 12-lead ECG, throughout the HD session.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Advanced age, male sex, and previous diagnosis of coronary artery disease are commonly correlated with a higher incidence of AF in the dialysis population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Although there is no causality between such factors and AF, participants who screened positive for AF were more commonly male and older and had a higher prevalence of stable angina.</p>
        <p>Potassium disorders (both pre-dialysis serum and dialysate) can be promising when it comes to understanding the AF triggers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Karaboyas et al. suggest that high pre-dialysis potassium levels (&gt; 6 mEq/L) are associated with a higher incidence of cardiac arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In line with these findings, this study showed that positive screening for AF occurred more frequently in patients with high potassium levels when compared to patients who screened negative for AF. However, the &#8220;serum/dialysate potassium gradient&#8221; (difference between the concentration of serum potassium and potassium in the dialysate) may be the most relevant factor in this context since high gradients would lead to a greater variation in potassium levels during a HD session, causing a predisposition to the occurrence of AF.</p>
        <p>The sensitivity and NPV found in this study were similar to the findings of Tieleman et al. when studying the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Yet, other studies showed lower sensitivity and specificity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In hospitalized individuals with heart disease, MyDiagnostick&#174; showed an accuracy compatible with that found in this study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> When compared to studies that used other devices with a single-lead recording, we observed a similar sensitivity but a slightly lower specificity (91.7 vs 96.5%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> However, devices like MyDiagnostick&#174; are more practical, as it signals the presence of positive screening and is a more cost-effective option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> It should be taken into account that these studies were conducted with non-dialysis populations and a different prevalence of AF. Therefore, the interpretation and comparison of these findings must be made with caution.</p>
        <p>This study evaluated a population at a high cardiovascular risk and an estimated prevalence of AF. The device proved to be useful in ruling out the possibility of AF (high sensitivity and NPV) and increasing the post-test probability of having AF (positive likelihood ratio of 12.1). Another important finding was observed among false-positives, since there were significant electrocardiographic changes in 66.6% of the cases. If we consider the probability of the screening, when identifying an ECG with relevant changes which may correlate with structural heart disease, we will find a 97% specificity, an 81.25% PPV, and a 34.1 positive likelihood ratio. Therefore, this device would potentially detect individuals with heart disease in addition to AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The impracticality, the reduced availability, and the high cost of other AF screening methods suggest that MyDiagnostick&#174; can be used in this specific scenario safely and with good performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Furthermore, it is possible that the data captured, associated with external sensors and artificial intelligence techniques, may play a role in decision-making by both patients and the healthcare professionals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In countries like Brazil, which have limited health resources and difficulty accessing specialized medical staff, this approach appears to be promising.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This work had some limitations. The observational nature of the study does not allow one to attribute causality between the associations found. Data collection from the analysis of medical records may contain information recording biases. Furthermore, screening during a single HD session in just two moments may have underestimated the results found in our study since AF can be paroxysmal. However, 24-hour Holter screenings or long-term devices would be of little practicality and high cost and would not be economically viable in the public health scenario.</p>
          <p>For logistic reasons, we did not evaluate test-retest reproducibility. Likewise, multivariate analysis was not performed due to the small number of patients with subclinical AF. Confirmation of the positive screening occurred only with the device&#8217;s light signal, without inspection of the simultaneous electrocardiographic recording, which could contribute to a false reduction in specificity and PPV. However, manual inspection of the graph record acquired by the device, despite increasing accuracy, would make point-of-care screening impractical. Our data reflects a specific population and cannot be generalized to other settings.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The prevalence of subclinical AF among patients with CKD undergoing RRT during a single HD session was 1.8%. Positive screening for AF was associated with male sex, older age, stable angina, the presence of extrasystoles and intraventricular block on baseline ECG, elevated potassium levels, and lower blood pressure at the beginning of HD. MyDiagnostick&#174; demonstrated a 100% sensitivity, a 91.74% specificity, a 100% NPV, as well as a 43.75% PPV for the detection of subclinical AF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the master&#8217;s thesis submitted by Adson Patrik Vieira Carvalho, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Associa&#231;&#227;o Evang&#233;lica Beneficente de Minas Gerais under the protocol number CAAE 05980819.2.0000.8787, n&#186; do parecer 3.126.173. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> The PROVAR project, funded by the Edwards Lifesciences Foundation, USA, purchased the AF screening devices. Dr. Ribeiro was supported in part by CNPq (Bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa, 310790/2021-2) and by FAPEMIG (Programa Redes de Pesquisa, RED 00192-23). Ms Oliveira received a scholarship from the PROBIC/FAPEMIG program.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
