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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MGF7MN9nGsCPqg5BpzG6WBL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240447</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores Cl&#237;nicos de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca ap&#243;s IAMCSST: Dados de um Pa&#237;s de Renda M&#233;dia com Acesso Limitado &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fiusa</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cius C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stephanus</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Couto</surname>
            <given-names>Victor F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexim</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Apoio administrativo</role>
          <role>t&#233;cnico e/ou log&#237;stico</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Severino</surname>
            <given-names>Thaiene M. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Apoio administrativo</role>
          <role>t&#233;cnico e/ou log&#237;stico</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Claudia C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Apoio administrativo, t&#233;cnico e/ou log&#237;stico</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana J. B. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Anderson S. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Apoio administrativo</role>
          <role>t&#233;cnico e/ou log&#237;stico</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3568-9496</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bilevicius</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staffico</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6465-356X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz S&#233;rgio F. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Aramari Apo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Aramari Apo, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Viatris Brasil</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Viatris Brasil, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Creighton University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pharmacy Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Omaha</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Nebraska</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Creighton University - Pharmacy Sciences, Omaha, Nebraska &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas,Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Clarity Healthcare Intelligence</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jundia&#237;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clarity Healthcare Intelligence, Jundia&#237;, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Luiz S&#233;rgio Carvalho &#8226;Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Gerontologia - QS 7. CEP 71966-700, Pist&#227;o Sul, Taguatinga Sul, Taguatinga - Brasil E-mail: <email>luiz.carvalho@p.ucb.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240447</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o comum do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) em pa&#237;ses de rendas baixa e m&#233;dia, nos quais a mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; desproporcionalmente alta. A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICP) reduziu a incid&#234;ncia de IC p&#243;s-IAMCSST em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Entretanto, em pa&#237;ses de rendas baixa e m&#233;dia, o acesso a essa abordagem &#233; baixo, e dados desses locais s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Identificar preditores de IC ap&#243;s IAMCSST em um pa&#237;s de renda baixa/m&#233;dia com acesso limitado &#224; ICP, visando melhores manejo e desfechos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo retrospectivo do tipo coorte analisou 2467 pacientes com IAMCSST admitidos em dois hospitais p&#250;blicos brasileiros entre janeiro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2020. Todos os participantes receberam tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica e foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria dentro de 48 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi IC sintom&#225;tica, definida como dispneia com evid&#234;ncia de congest&#227;o do raio-X de t&#243;rax, entre 48 horas de admiss&#227;o at&#233; a alta. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria stepwise foi usada para identificar preditores de IC. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p-valores &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 58,3&#177;12,6 anos, 61,9% eram do sexo masculino, e 39,9% desenvolveram IC ap&#243;s IAMCSST. A IC foi mais frequente nos homens com idade mais avan&#231;ada e com doen&#231;a cardiovascular-renal-metab&#243;lica, infartos maiores, e envolvimento da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda. Geralmente, os pacientes n&#227;o recebiam prescri&#231;&#227;o adequada dos medicamentos na alta, principalmente de antagonistas de aldosterona (11,0%). A IC foi notavelmente mais frequente entre os indiv&#237;duos com falha no tratamento de tromb&#243;lise (47,0%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Esta coorte regionalmente-representativa de um pa&#237;s de renda baixa/m&#233;dia, com acesso limitado &#224; ICP, mostrou que homens mais velhos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular-renal-metab&#243;lica s&#227;o particularmente vulner&#225;veis &#224; IC p&#243;s-IAMCSST, e que a farmacoterapia para IC na alta necessita ser otimizada. A alta incid&#234;ncia de IC entre os pacientes com falha de tromb&#243;lise destaca a necessidade de expandir a disponibilidade da IPC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Tromb&#243;lise Farmacol&#243;gica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPQ</funding-source>
          <award-id>310718/2021-0</award-id>
          <award-id>371/2021</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPQ</funding-source>
          <award-id>585/2022</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAP-DF</funding-source>
          <award-id>2022/14190-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAP-ESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>IIT-0138/2023</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Concess&#227;o 310718/2021-0 do CNPQ. Concess&#245;es 371/2021 e 585/2022 da FAP-DF. Concess&#227;o 2022/14190-5 da FAP-ESP. Concess&#227;o IIT-0138/2023 da Viatris.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) continua sendo um grande fator contribuinte para morbidade e mortalidade no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O IAMCSST geralmente leva &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), com altos custos em sa&#250;de e um grande impacto sobre a qualidade de vida e a produtividade dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, avan&#231;os no cuidado cardiovascular agudo e nas t&#233;cnicas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, particularmente a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP), levaram a melhores desfechos em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, tais como Estados Unidos, Su&#233;cia, Dinamarca e Austr&#225;lia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Contudo, esta estrat&#233;gia padr&#227;o-ouro geralmente n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em pa&#237;ses de rendas baixa e m&#233;dia, e pacientes nesses locais recebem principalmente tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica, ou mesmo nenhuma terapia de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Artigos recentes exploraram fatores de risco para IC p&#243;s-IAMCSST ap&#243;s o advento da ICPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Estudos da era trombol&#237;tica tamb&#233;m investigaram esses t&#243;picos em pa&#237;ses de alta renda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, em nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o existe literatura contempor&#226;nea sobre IC ap&#243;s IAMCSST em pa&#237;ses de rendas baixa e m&#233;dia, com acesso limitado ou nenhum acesso &#224; ICP.</p>
      <p>Portanto, este grande estudo multic&#234;ntrico tem como objetivo identificar e quantificar preditores de IC ap&#243;s IAMCSST em um t&#237;pico pa&#237;s de renda baixa/m&#233;dia com acesso limitado &#224; ICP. Identificar esses preditores abre caminho para estrat&#233;gias mais eficazes e melhores desfechos nesses ambientes de recursos escassos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo, popula&#231;&#227;o e &#233;tica</title>
        <p>O presente estudo utilizou dados do Registro Cardiovascular de Bras&#237;lia para Qualidade da Assist&#234;ncia e Resultados (B-CaRe:QCO, <italic>Brasilia Cardiovascular Registry for Quality of Care and Outcomes</italic>), um banco de dados retrospectivo de 6341 pacientes admitidos por s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em dois hospitais p&#250;blicos terci&#225;rios do Distrito Federal entre janeiro de 2011 e fevereiro de 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Inclu&#237;mos somente o subgrupo de pacientes internados por IAMCSST, e somente aqueles internados ap&#243;s janeiro de 2015, uma vez que os dados sobre IC incidente n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para pacientes internados anteriormente (n=2722). Tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;mos 275 pacientes com IC no basal e pacientes com classe II-IV de Killip na admiss&#227;o hospitalar. A coorte final foi composta de 2467 pacientes eleg&#237;veis, conforme descrito no fluxograma STROBE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma STROBE; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240447-40447-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Todos os participantes receberam tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica e foram submetidos &#224; coronariografia dentro de 48 horas da admiss&#227;o, ou no Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF) ou no Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal (ICTDF), ambos em Bras&#237;lia, Brasil. Entre 2015 e 2019, essas duas institui&#231;&#245;es realizaram cerca de 99% de todas as angiografias coron&#225;rias nos pacientes com IAMCSST no sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica do Distrito Federal.</p>
        <p>A metodologia de pesquisa seguiu a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki da <italic>World Medical Association</italic> (WMA), e foi aprovada pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Instituto de Gest&#227;o Estrat&#233;gica de Sa&#250;de do Distrito Federal (IGESDF), que permitiu aus&#234;ncia de termo de consentimento dada &#224; coleta de dados desidentificados (n&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o 28530919.0.1001.8153).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados e desfecho prim&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados por meio de an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos digitais utilizando formul&#225;rios padronizados. As categorias dos dados inclu&#237;ram: dados demogr&#225;ficos, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, caracter&#237;sticas do IAMCSST &#237;ndice, resultados laboratoriais, detalhes do tratamento, e desfechos da interna&#231;&#227;o. Os exames laboratoriais foram conduzidos seguindo procedimentos cl&#237;nicos padr&#245;es. A gravidade da anatomia coron&#225;ria, a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, tratamentos angiogr&#225;ficos, grau de fluxo TIMI, e grau de <italic>blush</italic> mioc&#225;rdico foram determinados por an&#225;lise de relat&#243;rios m&#233;dicos.</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi IC incidente durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, definida como dispneia com evid&#234;ncia de congest&#227;o na radiografia de t&#243;rax entre 48 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o e a alta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o foram comparadas entre os grupos com e sem IC. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram representadas em contagens e porcentagens, e comparadas usando o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson (ou o teste exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis com menos de 10 ocorr&#234;ncias). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram representadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e comparadas usando o teste t de Student independente.</p>
        <p>A normalidade foi testada usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e confirmada por an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico. As vari&#225;veis tamb&#233;m foram testadas quanto &#224; aus&#234;ncia de multicolinearidade. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria (raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a) foi usada para identificar e quantificar preditores de IC sintom&#225;tica p&#243;s-IAMCSST durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. A raz&#227;o de chances (<italic>odds ratio</italic>, OR) e respectivo Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados para cada preditor identificado. O teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow foi usado para verificar se o modelo se ajusta bem aos dados.</p>
        <p>Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida por p-valores &lt; 0,05. O programa Microsoft Excel 2021 foi usado para manejo dos dados. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o IBM SPSS 26 para Windows.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre janeiro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2020, 2467 indiv&#237;duos foram admitidos por IAMCSST em dois hospitais p&#250;blicos terci&#225;rios no Distrito Federal. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 58,3&#177;12,6 anos, e a maioria (61,9%, n=1520) dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (n=1520). A IC p&#243;s-IAMCSST foi observada em 984 pacientes (39,9%).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A IC foi mais frequente nos pacientes do sexo masculino e mais velhos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A probabilidade de desenvolver essa condi&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente mais baixa nos pacientes com idade inferior a 60 anos (OR: 0,581 IC95% 0,491-0,687) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com idade entre 60 e 79 anos (OR: 2,241, IC95% 1,541-3,259). A obesidade foi mais prevalente no grupo com IC, assim como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hipotiroidismo, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) pr&#233;via e ICP pr&#233;via.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC incidente ap&#243;s IAMCSST</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">OR (IC95%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N&#227;o (n=1483)</th>
                  <th>Sim (n=984)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">885(59,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">635(64,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,229(1,040-1,452)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">57,5&#177;13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">59,5&#177;11,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade &lt;60 anos, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,026(69,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">557(56,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,581(0,491-0,687)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade 60-79 anos, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">408(27,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">357(36,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,500(1,262-1,783)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade &#8805;80 anos, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49(3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">70(7,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,241(1,541-3,259)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICM (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">26,73&#177;4,50</td>
                  <td align="center">27,13&#177;4,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixo peso (&lt;18,5kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22(1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,088&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,475(0,202-1,115)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso normal (18,5-24,9kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">559(37,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">347(35,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,204*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,897(0,758-1,061)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrepeso (25-29,9kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">613(41,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">403(41,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,814*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,980(0,832-1,155)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade I (30-34,9kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">219(14,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">166(16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,166*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,168(0,937-1,456)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade II (35-39,9kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45(3,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">46(4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,563(1,028-2,377)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade III (&#8805;40kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14(1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,882*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,053(0,529-2,095)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">260(17,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">219(22,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,347(1,101-1,647)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">863(58,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">614(62,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,192(1,011-1,406)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">387(26,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">349(35,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,557(1,307-1,853)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">709(47,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">507(51,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,071*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,160(0,988-1,363)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria de tabagismo, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">960(64,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">610(62,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,166*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,889(0,752-1,050)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria de elitismo, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">183(12,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">118(12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,796*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,968(0,756-1,239)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria de uso de drogas il&#237;citas, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64(4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">31(3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,141*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,721(0,466-1,116)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">319(21,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">197(20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,373*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,913(0,748-1,115)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipotiroidismo, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73(4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">72(7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,525(1,090-2,134)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DRC, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68(4,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">90(9,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,095(1,512-2,902)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC pr&#233;via, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">399(26,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">324(32,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,334(1,119-1,590)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina pr&#233;via, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">330(22,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">243(24,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,159*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,146(0,948-1,385)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC pr&#233;vio, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">105(7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">128(13,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,962(1,495-2,575)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP pr&#233;via, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47(3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">70(7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,340(1,602-3,418)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG pr&#233;vio, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26(1,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,962*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,985(0,532-1,825)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC pr&#233;vio, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51(3,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">44(4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,192*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,314(0,871-1,984)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAP pr&#233;via, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57(3,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">51(5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,111*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,368(0,929-2,013)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>*Teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson. &#8224;Teste t de Student para amostras independentes. &#8225; Teste exato de Fisher; valores p em negrito indicam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05); OR: Odds Ratio; IC: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a; n: n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos. &#956;: valor m&#233;dio; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IAMCSST: Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do IAM &#237;ndice</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#225; sintomatologia na admiss&#227;o, os pacientes que desenvolveram IC apresentaram-se com s&#237;ncope e parada card&#237;aca com mais frequ&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Esses pacientes tamb&#233;m apresentaram valores mais baixos de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica, bem como escores GRACE e CRUSADE mais altos. Ainda, os pacientes com IC apresentaram, com maior frequ&#234;ncia, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio anterior e bloqueio de ramo direito no eletrocardiograma (ECG) na admiss&#227;o. Ondas Q patol&#243;gicas foram mais comuns nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-V4 (anterior), V1-V6 (anterolateral), e V4R (direita), e menos comum nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V5-V6 (lateral) e DII-DIII/AVF (inferior).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) &#237;ndice</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC incidente ap&#243;s IAMCSST</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">OR (IC95%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N&#227;o (n=1483)</th>
                  <th>Sim (n=984)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Sintomatologia na admiss&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ncope, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,543(1,238-5,226)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parada card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22(2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">8,450(2,903-24,597)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">136,3&#177;25,1</td>
                  <td align="center">129,7&#177;30,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">83,1&#177;16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">81,1&#177;20,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na admiss&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore GRACE, &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">99,2&#177;24,5</td>
                  <td align="center">141,9&#177;43,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore CRUSADE, &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">21,6&#177;12,2</td>
                  <td align="center">33,7&#177;15,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>ECG na admiss&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM na parede anterior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">495(33,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">628(63,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,521(2,974-4,169)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio de ramo direito, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">4,069(1,587-10,435)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,211&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">2,268(0,638-8,059)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio AV de 2&#186;/3&#186; grau, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,240&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">2,118(0,670-6,692)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Via septal (V1-V3), ondas Q, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80(5,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">55(5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,835*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,038(0,729-1,478)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Via anterior (V1-V4), ondas Q, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">191(12,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">191(19,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,629(1,309-2,029)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Via anterolateral (V1-V6), ondas Q, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">225(15,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">383(38,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,563(2,943-4,314)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Via lateral (V5-V6), ondas Q, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80(5,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">30(3,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,551(0,360-0,846)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Via direita (V4R), ondas Q, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">129(8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">110(11,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,321(1,010-1,727)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Via inferior (DI, DII, AVF), ondas Q, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">649(43,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">211(21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,351(0,292-0,421)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Resultados laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cTn-US na admiss&#227;o (ng/L), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">5,042&#177;5,978</td>
                  <td align="center">8,436&#177;9,071</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico cTn-US (ng/L), &#956;&#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">6,164&#177;5,658</td>
                  <td align="center">11,145&#177;10,992</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (U/L), &#956;&#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">167&#177;139</td>
                  <td align="center">267&#177;198</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT (U/L), &#956;&#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">49,4&#177;48,5</td>
                  <td align="center">95,7&#177;185,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92&#177;0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11&#177;0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFG (mL/min), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">96,5&#177;34,3</td>
                  <td align="center">85,4&#177;35,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">132,6&#177;56,5</td>
                  <td align="center">166,0&#177;85,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (%), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">6,55&#177;1,81</td>
                  <td align="center">6,95&#177;2,23</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TSH (mIU/L), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">2,16&#177;3,99</td>
                  <td align="center">2,81&#177;6,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FT4 (ng/dL), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">1,29&#177;0,63</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30&#177;0,62</td>
                  <td align="center">0,744&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">201,49&#177;45,5</td>
                  <td align="center">198,2&#177;48,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,111&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">41,5&#177;12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">41,3&#177;12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,637&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">130,0&#177;39,5</td>
                  <td align="center">125,2&#177;40,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">158,2&#177;109,7</td>
                  <td align="center">158,9&#177;119,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,876&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">14,55&#177;1,70</td>
                  <td align="center">14,50&#177;1,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemat&#243;crito (%), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">43,03&#177;4,84</td>
                  <td align="center">42,86&#177;5,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,448&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TP (s), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">85,3&#177;12,2</td>
                  <td align="center">81,4&#177;15,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTP (s), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">34,9&#177;13,0</td>
                  <td align="center">38,0&#177;20,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>*Teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson. &#8224;Teste t de Student para amostras independentes. &#8225; Teste exato de Fisher; valores p em negrito indicam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05); OR: Odds Ratio; IC: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a; n: n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos. &#956;: valor m&#233;dio; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IAMCSST: Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; cTn-US: Troponina card&#237;aca ultrassens&#237;vel; AV: atrioventricular; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, HbA1c: hemoglobina A1c; TSH: horm&#244;nio tireoestimulante; FT4: tiroxina livre; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TP: tempo de protrombina;. TTP: tempo de tromboplastina parcial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A troponina card&#237;aca ultrassens&#237;vel (cTn-US) na admiss&#227;o foi mais alta no grupo com IC, assim como seus valores de pico e n&#237;veis de aminotransferase (AST), indicando les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica mais extensa. A disfun&#231;&#227;o renal tamb&#233;m foi mais comum no grupo com IC, com valores mais altos de creatinina e Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular (TFG). Os pacientes com IC tamb&#233;m apresentaram n&#237;veis elevados de glicose e hemoglobina A1c (HbA1c), e n&#237;veis mais baixos de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL). Ainda, um Tempo de Protrombina (TP) mais curto e um Tempo de Tromboplastina Parcial (TTP) prolongado foram observados entre os pacientes com IC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detalhes do tratamento</title>
        <p>A estrat&#233;gia de tratamento f&#225;rmaco-invasiva foi fortemente e inversamente associada com IC p&#243;s-IAMCSST incidente (OR: 0,280; IC95%: 0,235-0,334) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Em contraste, indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; ICP de resgate, ap&#243;s n&#227;o terem preenchido os crit&#233;rios de perfus&#227;o, desenvolveram IC com mais frequ&#234;ncia (OR: 3,920; IC95%: 3,269-4,699). Tempos mais curtos entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a ida ao hospital e entre tromb&#243;lise e o cateterismo foram vistos no grupo com IC, provavelmente refletindo a prioriza&#231;&#227;o de apresenta&#231;&#245;es mais graves, dada a capacidade limitada de nosso sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Detalhes do tratamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC incidente ap&#243;s IAMCSST</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">OR (IC95%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N&#227;o (n=1483)</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o (n=1483)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Detalhes do tratamento</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>F&#225;rmaco-invasiva, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,164(78,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">498(50,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,280(0,235-0,334)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP de resgate, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">273(18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">462(47,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,920(3,269-4,699)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2&#186; cateterismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">110(7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">91(9,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,106*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,270(0,950-1,698)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angioplastia no 2&#186; cateterismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">81(7,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">61(8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,669*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,078(0,763-1,524)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In&#237;cio de sintoma -interna&#231;&#227;o (min), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">158&#177;135</td>
                  <td align="center">146&#177;126</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Porta-agulha (min), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">181&#177;3,436</td>
                  <td align="center">98&#177;92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,449&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tromb&#243;lise -cateterismo (min), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">1,392&#177;1,220</td>
                  <td align="center">1,059&#177;1,186</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Detalhes do cateterismo e ICP</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de inibidor de GPIIb/IIIa, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50(3,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">66(6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,061(1,414-3,003)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de nitroprussiato, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">3,035(1,034-8,906)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de adenosina, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38(2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">61(6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,513(1,662-3,800)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de stents convencionais, &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83&#177;0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93&#177;0,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de stents farmacol&#243;gicos, &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09&#177;0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07&#177;0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,136&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fluxo TIMI-3 ap&#243;s ICP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,058(83,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">601(69,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,444(0,361-0,545)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GBM 3 ap&#243;s ICP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">845(69,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">393(49,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,418(0,348-0,503)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo (min), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">90&#177;1,181</td>
                  <td align="center">62&#177;29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,460&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Ecocardiografia 48-72h ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">54,9&#177;7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">41,0&#177;9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE&lt;40%, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">367(42,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">851,8(119,3-6,080,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocinesia anterior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">192(12,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">254(25,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,340(1,900-2,881)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocinesia septal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">373(25,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">257(26,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,590*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,052(0,875-1,265)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocinesia lateral, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125(8,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">160(16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,110(1,644-2,707)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocinesia direita, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">7,637(2,205-26,449)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocinesia inferior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">396(26,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">211(21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,749(0,619-0,907)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocinesia apical, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77(5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">91(9,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,861(1,358-2,549)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocinesia dorsal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">273(18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">130(13,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,675(0,538-0,846)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia anterior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">124(8,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">373(37,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">6,691(5,345-8,374)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia septal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">251(16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">467(47,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">4,434(3,686-5,333)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia lateral, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39(2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">90(8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,277(2,215-4,848)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia direita, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,159&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,398(0,380-0,418)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia inferior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">382(25,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">264(26,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,554*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,057(0,880-1,269)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia apical, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">188(12,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">431(43,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">5,369(4,404-6,545)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia dorsal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">108(7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">105(10,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,521(1,148-2,016)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Farmacoterapia na alta (ou &#243;bito)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inibidores de ECA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">661(44,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">413(41,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,202*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,899(0,764-1,058)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">351(23,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">167(16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,659(0,537-0,809)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,003(67,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">656(66,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,616*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,957(0,806-1,136)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antagonistas de aldosterona, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64(4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">109(11,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,762(2,005-3,803)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemida, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86(5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">110(11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,044(1,522-2,744)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">320(21,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">145(14,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,628(0,506-0,779)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatinas, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,226(82,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">815(82,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,920*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,010(0,816-1,251)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,449(97,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">965(98,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,543*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,191(0,675-2,101)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,035(69,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">667(67,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,291*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,910(0,765-1,083)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prasugrel, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">214(14,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">260(26,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,129(1,738-2,607)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ticagrelor, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33(2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">35(3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,620(1,000-2,625)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulantes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46(3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">56(5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,885(1,265-2,808)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>*Teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson. &#8224;Teste t de Student para amostras independentes. &#8225; Teste exato de Fisher; valores p em negrito indicam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05); OR: Odds Ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; n: n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos. &#956;: valor m&#233;dio; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; GBM: grau de blush mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Quanto aos detalhes da ICP, IC incidente foi mais comum entre os pacientes que receberam inibidores de GPIIb/IIIa e nitroprussiato durante o cateterismo, e naqueles com mais <italic>stents</italic> convencionais implantados. Um fluxo TIMI 3 final e <italic>blush</italic> mioc&#225;rdico grau 3 foram menos frequentemente alcan&#231;ados no grupo com IC.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com IC apresentaram uma m&#233;dia mais baixa de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (FEr) (FEVE &lt;40%) no ecocardiograma realizado 48-72 horas ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o. Mudan&#231;as na motilidade no grupo com IC foram associados principalmente a envolvimento da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (ADAE).</p>
        <p>Na alta hospitalar (ou morte), os pacientes com IC receberam menos prescri&#231;&#227;o de bloqueadores do recetor da angiotensina II (BRAs) e bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio. Por outro lado, esse grupo recebeu, com maior frequ&#234;ncia, antagonistas de aldosterona, furosemida, prasugrel, ticagrelor e anticoagulantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos hospitalares</title>
        <p>Angina e IM recorrentes ocorreram com maior frequ&#234;ncia no grupo com IC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Outras complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares tamb&#233;m foram associadas com IC incidente, incluindo: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio atrioventricular total, regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, parada card&#237;aca, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e hemorr&#225;gico, sangramento menor e maior, e transfus&#227;o de sangue. A m&#233;dia de tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi mais longa no grupo com IC, al&#233;m de uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de mortalidade hospitalar por todas as causas.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desfechos na interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC incidente ap&#243;s IAMCSST</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">OR (IC95%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N&#227;o (n=1483)</th>
                  <th>Sim (n=984)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina recorrente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">35(3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,672(1,028-2,720)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM recorrente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,590(1,817-7,095)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31(2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">55(5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,773(1,772-4,339)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio atrioventricular de 3&#186; grau, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48(3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">70(7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,290(1,571-3,337)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">4,554(1,230-16,863)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parada card&#237;aca, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">24(2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">7,385(2,808-19,422)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC isqu&#234;mico, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">5,368(2,159-13,348)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC hemorr&#225;gico, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">6,605(1,877-23,238)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sangramento menor, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">38(3,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,087(1,272-3,424)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sangramento maior, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">51(5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">7,315(3,793-14,106)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">31(3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">6,859(3,008-15,639)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias), &#956;&#177;DP</td>
                  <td align="center">4,01&#177;3,15</td>
                  <td align="center">6,59&#177;7,36</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte hospitalar por todas as causas, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">110(11,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">15,428(8,453-28,160)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>*Teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson. &#8224;Teste t de Student para amostras independentes. &#8225; Teste exato de Fisher; valores p em negrito indicam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05); OR: Odds Ratio; IC: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a; n: n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos. &#956;: valor m&#233;dio; DP: Desvio Padr&#227;o; IC: Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; IAMCSST: Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST; AVC: Acidente Vascular Cerebral</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Predi&#231;&#227;o de IC p&#243;s-IAMCSST durante a interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Conduzimos uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria (raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a) para identificar e quantificar preditores significativos de IC incidente durante a interna&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o IAMCSST (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). Essa an&#225;lise resultou em um modelo estatisticamente significativo [Nagelkerke R<sup>2</sup>=0,550; p=0,039] que classificou corretamente 82,3% dos casos. O teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow indicou uma boa adequa&#231;&#227;o do modelo (p=0,746).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Preditores de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) ap&#243;s Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST (IAMCSST) durante interna&#231;&#227;o identificados por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria stepwise (raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>B</th>
                  <th>EP</th>
                  <th>Wald</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th>OR (IC95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Preditores de risco para IC ap&#243;s IAMCSST durante interna&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (incrementos de 100U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,373</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                  <td align="center">37,398</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,453(1,289-1,637)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Via direita (V4R); ondas Q (no ECG de admiss&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,770</td>
                  <td align="center">0,318</td>
                  <td align="center">30,920</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">5,868(3,145-10,950)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia anterior (48-72h ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,159</td>
                  <td align="center">0,304</td>
                  <td align="center">14,549</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,187(1,757-5,782)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP de resgate</td>
                  <td align="center">0,787</td>
                  <td align="center">0,215</td>
                  <td align="center">13,400</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,197(1,441-3,348)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocinesia apical (48-72h ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,260</td>
                  <td align="center">0,349</td>
                  <td align="center">13,005</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,524(1,777-6,987)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia septal (48-72h ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,869</td>
                  <td align="center">0,249</td>
                  <td align="center">12,207</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,384(1,464-3,880)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo (h)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,750</td>
                  <td align="center">0,216</td>
                  <td align="center">12,052</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,117(1,386-3,233)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipotireoidismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,114</td>
                  <td align="center">0,361</td>
                  <td align="center">9,547</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,047(1,503-6,177)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,915</td>
                  <td align="center">0,307</td>
                  <td align="center">8,875</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,497(1,368-4,559)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia dorsal (48-72h ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,940</td>
                  <td align="center">0,329</td>
                  <td align="center">8,157</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,560(1,343-4,880)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia (incrementos de 100mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,371</td>
                  <td align="center">0,147</td>
                  <td align="center">6,351</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,449(1,086-1,933)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio de ramo direito (no ECG na admiss&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,442</td>
                  <td align="center">1,022</td>
                  <td align="center">5,712</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017*</td>
                  <td align="center">11,501(1,552-85,245)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocinesia lateral (48h ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,705</td>
                  <td align="center">0,297</td>
                  <td align="center">5,621</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,023(1,130-3,622)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,566</td>
                  <td align="center">0,249</td>
                  <td align="center">5,168</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,761(1,081-2,870)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria de tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,478</td>
                  <td align="center">0,211</td>
                  <td align="center">5,142</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,613(1,067-2,438)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,492</td>
                  <td align="center">0,236</td>
                  <td align="center">4,343</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,636(1,030-2,600)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM na parede anterior (ECG na admiss&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,553</td>
                  <td align="center">0,267</td>
                  <td align="center">4,286</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,739(1,030-2,936)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia apical (48-72h ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,544</td>
                  <td align="center">0,286</td>
                  <td align="center">3,609</td>
                  <td align="center">0,057*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,722(0,983-3,017)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Preditores de prote&#231;&#227;o para IC ap&#243;s IAMCSST durante interna&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg) (na admiss&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,017</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">21,893</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,983(0,976-0,990)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade &lt;60 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,868</td>
                  <td align="center">0,204</td>
                  <td align="center">18,131</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,420(0,282-0,626)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fluxo TIMI-3 ap&#243;s ICP</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,880</td>
                  <td align="center">0,285</td>
                  <td align="center">9,522</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,415(0,237-0,726)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TP (s)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">7,161</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,982(0,969-0,995)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>* Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria stepwise (raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a); valores p em negrito indicam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05); EP: erro padr&#227;o; OR: Odds Ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; cTn-US: troponina card&#237;aca ultrassens&#237;vel; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; TP: tempo de protrombina; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Preditores de risco de IC incidente ap&#243;s IAMCSST incluem: AST (em aumentos de 100U/L), ondas Q patol&#243;gicas em V4R, acinesia anterior, ICP de resgate, hipocinesia apical, acinesia apical, dura&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo (em horas), hipotiroidismo, IM pr&#233;vio, acinesia dorsal, glicemia (em aumentos de 100 mg/dL), bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, hipocinesia lateral, creatinina (mg/dL), hist&#243;ria de tabagismo, obesidade, IM pr&#233;vio, e acinesia apical.</p>
        <p>Quanto aos preditores de prote&#231;&#227;o, os seguintes fatores foram identificados: PAS mais alta na admiss&#227;o, idade inferior a 60 anos, fluxo TIMI-3 ap&#243;s ICP, e TP (em segundos).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nosso conhecimento, este &#233; um estudo pioneiro em identificar preditores de risco e de prote&#231;&#227;o para IC p&#243;s-IAMCSST em um pa&#237;s de renda baixa/m&#233;dia com acesso limitado &#224; ICPP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Os pacientes que desenvolveram IC apresentaram um claro perfil de risco cardiovascular aumentado, marcado por idade mais avan&#231;ada, sexo masculino, disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica, e les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo estabelecida. Tamb&#233;m se observou que infartos maiores e envolvimento de ADAE foram preditores de IC. Al&#233;m disso, medicamentos que melhoram o remodelamento card&#237;aco, particularmente antagonistas de aldosterona, foram nitidamente subprescritos a pacientes com IC. Finalmente, a elevada incid&#234;ncia de IC, principalmente entre os pacientes em que a tromb&#243;lise n&#227;o foi efetiva, destaca a necessidade de se expandir a viabilidade da ICPP em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa/m&#233;dia como o Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central:</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores Cl&#237;nicos de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca ap&#243;s IAMCSST: Dados de um Pa&#237;s de Renda M&#233;dia com Acesso Limitado &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Resumo do delineamento e dos resultados do estudo. IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240447-40447-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A observa&#231;&#227;o de um risco cardiovascular-renal-metab&#243;lico aumentado nos pacientes que desenvolveram IC ap&#243;s o IAMCSST est&#225; de acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Um dado interessante foi que todos os componentes cardiovasculares (hipertens&#227;o, DAC pr&#233;via), renais (doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica), e metab&#243;licos (obesidade, diabetes, hipotiroidismo) foram mais prevalentes no grupo com IC. A exce&#231;&#227;o foi dislipidemia, em que os paciente com IC apresentaram n&#237;veis mais baixos de LDL. Esse resultado foi observado em outros estudos, e &#233; principalmente explicado pela resposta inflamat&#243;ria associada ao infarto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos achados tamb&#233;m corroboram as associa&#231;&#245;es bem estabelecidas do tamanho do infarto e do IM anterior com IC ap&#243;s IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Na admiss&#227;o hospitalar, uma press&#227;o arterial mais baixa sugere les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica grave o suficiente para causar algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais altos de cTn-US e AST, que se correlacionam com uma &#225;rea infartada maior, tamb&#233;m foram observados no grupo com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O envolvimento da ADAE exerceu um importante papel em nosso modelo preditivo, abrangendo v&#225;rios componentes, tais como acinesia anterior, hipocinesia apical, acinesia septal, IM da parede anterior no ECG de admiss&#227;o, e acinesia apical. Por fim, o bloqueio de ramo direito est&#225; associado tanto com uma grande &#225;rea de infarto como uma les&#227;o na ADAE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma an&#225;lise da farmacoterapia na alta hospitalar revelou que os pacientes com IC n&#227;o recebiam o tratamento adequado, particularmente quanto ao uso de antagonista de receptor de mineralocorticoide, uma classe de medicamentos que melhora o remodelamento card&#237;aco e os desfechos cardiovasculares. Somente 11,0% dos pacientes com IC, dos quais 42,7% foram diagnosticados com FEr, receberam uma prescri&#231;&#227;o de espironolactona, gerando preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre a subprescri&#231;&#227;o de terapia baseada em evid&#234;ncia e um desvio das recomenda&#231;&#245;es de diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Vale mencionar que a espironolactona foi o &#250;nico antagonista da aldosterona aprovado no Brasil at&#233; 2021. Apesar da escassa literatura sobre o tema, um estudo recente sugere que preocupa&#231;&#245;es acerca de hipercalemia, hipotens&#227;o e ginecomastia s&#227;o plaus&#237;veis para a subprescri&#231;&#227;o de antagonistas de receptor de mineralocorticoide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> &#201; importante destacar tamb&#233;m que os dados usados neste estudo antecedem a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do uso de inibidores de SGLT2 em paciente com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No contexto de acesso limitado &#224; ICPP, como em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, novas caracter&#237;sticas, particularmente o papel da tromb&#243;lise ineficaz, assumem um papel preditivo chave. A alta incid&#234;ncia de IC ap&#243;s o IAMCSST na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (39,9%), principalmente entre os indiv&#237;duos em que a tromb&#243;lise n&#227;o foi efetiva (47,0%), destaca a necessidade de ICP de resgate apesar da abordagem f&#225;rmaco-invasiva, uma vez que 29,8% dos pacientes ainda dependeram dessa estrat&#233;gia para sobreviver ap&#243;s o IAMCSST. Em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, como os Estados Unidos, a Su&#233;cia, a Dinamarca e a Austr&#225;lia, a incid&#234;ncia de IC secund&#225;ria a IM diminuiu drasticamente de 20-46% na era trombol&#237;tica para 4-28% na era ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Por outro lado, pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia ainda enfrentam desafios pela disponibilidade limitada de ICPPs. Nossos resultados enfatizam a necessidade cr&#237;tica de se expandir a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ICP nos sistemas de sa&#250;de de pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia como o Brasil. Ainda, atrasos no tempo entre o in&#237;cio do sintoma &#224; chegada ao hospital e entre a chegada ao hospital e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de tromb&#243;lise tamb&#233;m contribuem para a ades&#227;o sub&#243;tima &#224;s diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> A melhoria das redes de assist&#234;ncia pr&#233;-hospitalar e a redu&#231;&#227;o desses atrasos poderiam aumentar a probabilidade e tromb&#243;lise bem-sucedida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia de nosso estudo pode ir al&#233;m do Brasil, ressoando em outros pa&#237;ses de baixa e de m&#233;dia rendas, em que 75% das mortes cardiovasculares ocorrem desproporcionalmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Os preditores de IC p&#243;s-IAMCSST identificados, no contexto de acesso limitado &#224; ICP, poderiam ser usados como um formato inicial, potencialmente aplic&#225;vel para estrat&#233;gias em desenvolvimento em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia que encaram os mesmos desafios. Este estudo tamb&#233;m destaca a necessidade de se expandir a disponibilidade de ICPP e de se aplicar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias de diretrizes farmacoterap&#234;uticas nesses pa&#237;ses. Como uma refer&#234;ncia para melhorar o manejo do IAMCSST, nossos resultados fornecem importantes informa&#231;&#245;es para o desenvolvimento de interven&#231;&#245;es estrat&#233;gias e pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de, abordando a alta carga das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nos pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O principal ponto forte deste estudo &#233; o fato de que ele apresenta dados recentes, entre janeiro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2020. Al&#233;m disso, todos os participantes foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria dentro de 24 horas ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise, fornecendo uma perspectiva contempor&#226;nea apesar dos recursos limitados dos pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia. Ainda, nosso estudo teve como foco somente pacientes com IAMCSST, o que &#233; um diferencial em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Finalmente, o tamanho amostral de 2622 participantes, obtido de uma coorte regionalmente representativo, refor&#231;a o poder estat&#237;stico e a validade interna.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o essencial deste estudo foi seu delineamento retrospectivo. Para abordar o vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, n&#243;s inclu&#237;mos sequencialmente todos os pacientes admitidos por IAMCSST aos centros participantes durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Para minimizar problemas de acur&#225;cia dos dados e de dados incompletos, utilizamos um formul&#225;rio padronizado e objetivo para coletar os dados, e um comit&#234; de avalia&#231;&#227;o revisou os dados. Finalmente, a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco n&#227;o pode estabelecer causalidade, limitando potenciais interven&#231;&#245;es visando reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de IC ap&#243;s IAMCSST.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo, com base em uma coorte regionalmente representativa de um t&#237;pico pa&#237;s de renda baixa/m&#233;dia, com acesso limitado &#224; ICP, revelou que homens mais velhos com fatores de risco cardiovascular-renal-metab&#243;lico aumentados apresentam maior vulnerabilidade para IC ap&#243;s IAMCSST. A observa&#231;&#227;o de uma alta incid&#234;ncia de IC, particularmente entre os indiv&#237;duos em que a tromb&#243;lise n&#227;o foi efetiva, destaca a necessidade de se expandir a disponibilidade da ICPP em regi&#245;es em que a tromb&#243;lise prim&#225;ria continua sendo o tratamento padr&#227;o. Nossos achados tamb&#233;m enfatizam a necessidade de otimizar a farmacoterapia da IC, uma vez que essa medida melhoraria significativamente o desfecho cl&#237;nico dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, principalmente em locais com recursos limitados.</p>
      <p>Os insights obtidos neste estudo pioneiro sobre preditores de IC ap&#243;s IAMCSST em um pa&#237;s de renda baixa/m&#233;dia, com acesso limitado &#224; ICP, podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es em pesquisas, pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de futuras. Os fatores de risco identificados, incluindo componentes cardiovasculares, renais e metab&#243;licos, e tromb&#243;lise inefetiva, chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para a necessidade de mais estudos a fim de aprimorar os modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco adequados a locais de recursos limitados. Este estudo tamb&#233;m destaca o tratamento inadequado de pacientes com IC na alta hospitalar ap&#243;s IAMCSST em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa/m&#233;dia, e a necessidade de iniciativas educacionais direcionadas, para melhorar a ades&#227;o a diretrizes baseadas em evid&#234;ncias. Interven&#231;&#245;es pol&#237;ticas visando expandir a disponibilidade de ICPP em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia, como enfatizado em nossos resultados, poderiam reduzir significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de IC ap&#243;s IAMCSST. Esses esfor&#231;os contribuir&#227;o para melhorar o tratamento do IAMCSST bem como os desfechos do paciente nesses ambientes de recursos limitados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6465-356X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz S&#233;rgio F. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Aramari Apo, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Viatris Brasil, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Creighton University - Pharmacy Sciences, Omaha, Nebraska &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas,Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clarity Healthcare Intelligence, Jundia&#237;, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Luiz S&#233;rgio Carvalho &#8226; Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Gerontologia - QS 7. Postal Code 71966-700, Pist&#227;o Sul, Taguatinga Sul, Taguatinga - Brazil E-mail: luiz.carvalho@p.ucb.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical Predictors of Heart Failure after STEMI: Data from a Middle-Income Country with Limited Access to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Summarized design and results of the study. STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction. HF: heart failure. LMIC: low- and middle- income countries. PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240447-40447-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Heart failure (HF) is a common complication of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where cardiovascular mortality is disproportionately high. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has reduced post-STEMI HF incidence in high-income countries. However, access to this standard of care is poor in LMICs, and data in these settings remain scarce</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To identify predictors of HF following STEMI in a LMIC with limited access to PCI, aiming at better management and outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This retrospective cohort study analyzed 2,467 STEMI patients admitted to two Brazilian public hospitals between January/2015 and February/2020. All participants received pharmacological thrombolysis and underwent coronarography within 48h post-admission. The primary outcome was symptomatic HF, defined as dyspnea with chest X-ray evidence of congestion, from 48h post-admission until discharge. Stepwise binary logistic regression was used to identify HF predictors. Significance was defined as p-values&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The population was 61.9% male, mean age was 58.3&#177;12.6 years, and 39.9% developed post-STEMI HF. HF was more common among older men with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) disease, larger infarcts, and left anterior descending artery involvement. Medications were often underprescribed at discharge, especially aldosterone antagonists (11.0%). HF was notably more frequent among individuals with failed thrombolysis (47.0%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> This regionally representative cohort from a LMIC with limited access to PCI showed that older men with CKM disease are particularly vulnerable to post-STEMI HF, and that HF pharmacotherapy at discharge needs optimization. The high HF incidence among patients with failed thrombolysis highlights the need to expand PCI availability.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Pharmacological Thrombolysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) continues to be a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> STEMI often leads to heart failure (HF), with high healthcare costs and a major impact on patient quality of life and productivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In recent decades, advances in acute cardiovascular care and revascularization techniques, particularly primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), have led to improved outcomes in high-income countries, such as United States, Sweden, Denmark, and Australia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>However, this gold-standard strategy is often unavailable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and patients in these settings primarily receive pharmacological thrombolysis, or even no reperfusion therapy.</p>
        <p>Recent articles have explored HF risk factors and/or STEMI outcomes after the advent of primary PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Studies from the thrombolytic era also investigated those topics in high-income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>However, to our knowledge, there is no contemporary literature on HF after STEMI in LMICs with limited or no access to PCI.</p>
        <p>Therefore, this large multicenter study aims to identify and quantify predictors of HF post-STEMI in a typical LMIC with limited access to PCI. Identifying these predictors paves the way for more effective management strategies and improved outcomes in these resource-limited environments.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design, population, and ethics</title>
          <p>This study used data from the Brasilia Cardiovascular Registry for Quality of Care and Outcomes (B-CaRe:QCO), a retrospective database of 6,341 patients admitted for acute coronary syndrome to two public tertiary hospitals of Brazil&#8217;s Federal District, between January/2011 and February/2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> We included only the subset of patients hospitalized for STEMI, and only those admitted after January/2015, as data on incident HF were not available for patients hospitalized beforehand (n=2,722). We also excluded 275 individuals with HF at baseline and patients with Killip class II-IV at hospital admission. The final cohort encompassed 2,467 eligible patients, as outlined in the STROBE flowchart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; STROBE flowchart. STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction. HF: heart failure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240447-40447-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>All participants received pharmacological thrombolysis and underwent coronarography within 48h of admission, at either Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF), or at Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal (ICTDF), both in Brasilia, Brazil. Between 2015 and 2019, these two institutions performed nearly 99% of all coronary angiographies in patients with STEMI in the public health system of Brazil&#8217;s Federal District.</p>
          <p>Research methodology followed the World Medical Association (WMA)&#8217;s Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Instituto de Gest&#227;o Estrat&#233;gica de Sa&#250;de do Distrito Federal (IGESDF), which also granted a waiver for informed consent given the de-identified data collection (approval number 28530919.0.1001.8153).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and primary outcome</title>
          <p>Data were collected through analysis of digital medical record using standardized collection forms. Data categories included: demographics, medical history, index STEMI characteristics, laboratory results, treatment details, and in-hospital outcomes. Laboratory testing followed standard clinical procedures. Coronary anatomy severity, atherosclerotic disease extent, angiographic treatments, TIMI flow grade, and myocardial blush grade (MBG) were determined by analysis of medical reports.</p>
          <p>The primary outcome was in-hospital incident HF, defined as dyspnea with chest X-ray evidence of congestion, from 48h post-admission until discharge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Population characteristics were compared between groups with or without HF. Categorical variables were represented as counts and percentages, and were compared using Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared test (or Fisher&#8217;s exact test for variables with less than 10 occurrences). Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and were compared using independent Student&#8217;s t-test.</p>
          <p>Normality was tested using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and confirmed with graphical inspection. Variables were also tested for absence of multicollinearity. Stepwise binary logistic regression (forward likelihood ratio method) was used to identify and quantify predictors of symptomatic in-hospital post-STEMI HF. The associated odds ratio (OR) and its respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated for each predictor identified. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to check if the model is a good fit for the data.</p>
          <p>Statistical significance was defined as <italic>p</italic>-values&lt;0.05. Microsoft Excel 2021 for Windows was used for data management. Statistical analyses were conducted on IBM SPSS 26 for Windows.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From January/2015 to February/2020, 2,467 individuals were admitted for STEMI in two public tertiary hospitals in Brazil&#8217;s Federal District. Mean age of the population was 58.3&#177;12.6 years, and most patients were male (61.9%, n=1,520 individuals). Post-STEMI HF was observed in 984 patients (39.9%).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline population characteristics</title>
          <p>HF was more frequent among males and older patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Notably, the odds of developing the condition were significantly lower for those under 60 years (OR: 0.581, 95%CI: 0.491-0.687) compared to those aged 60-79 years (OR: 1.500 (95%CI: 1.262-1.783)) and 80 years and above (OR: 2.241 (95%CI: 1.541-3.259)). Obesity was more prevalent in the HF group, as was hypertension, diabetes, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease (CKD), previous coronary arterial disease (CAD), previous myocardial infarction (MI), and previous PCI.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Incident HF post-STEMI</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">OR(95%CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>No(n=1,483)</th>
                    <th>Yes(n=984)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Demographics</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">885(59.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">635(64.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.229(1.040-1.452)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">57.5&#177;13.3</td>
                    <td align="center">59.5&#177;11.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age &lt;60 years, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,026(69.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">557(56.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.581(0.491-0.687)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age 60-79 years, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">408(27.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">357(36.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.500(1.262-1.783)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age &#8805;80 years, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49(3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">70(7.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.241(1.541-3.259)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">26.73&#177;4.50</td>
                    <td align="center">27.13&#177;4.57</td>
                    <td align="center">0.032&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Underweight (&lt;18.5kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22(1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">7(0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.088&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.475(0.202-1.115)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal Weight (18.5-24.9kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">559(37.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">347(35.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.204*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.897(0.758-1.061)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Overweight (25-29.9kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">613(41.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">403(41.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.814*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.980(0.832-1.155)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obese I (30-34.9kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">219(14.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">166(16.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.166*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.168(0.937-1.456)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obese II (35-39.9kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45(3.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">46(4.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.035*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.563(1.028-2.377)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obese III (&#8805;40kg/m<sup>2</sup>), n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20(1.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">14(1.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.882*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.053(0.529-2.095)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Medical history</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">260(17.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">219(22.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.347(1.101-1.647)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">863(58.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">614(62.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.037*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.192(1.011-1.406)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">387(26.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">349(35.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.557(1.307-1.853)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">709(47.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">507(51.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.071*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.160(0.988-1.363)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking history, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">960(64.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">610(62.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.166*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.889(0.752-1.050)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Alcohol abuse history, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">183(12.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">118(12.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.796*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.968(0.756-1.239)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Illicit drugs abuse history, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">64(4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">31(3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.141*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.721(0.466-1.116)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CVD family history, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">319(21.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">197(20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.373*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.913(0.748-1.115)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypothyroidism, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">73(4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">72(7.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.525(1.090-2.134)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End-organ damage</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CKD, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">68(4.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">90(9.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.095(1.512-2.902)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior CAD, (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">399(26.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">324(32.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.334(1.119-1.590)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior angina, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">330(22.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">243(24.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.159*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.146(0.948-1.385)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior MI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">105(7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">128(13.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.962(1.495-2.575)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior PCI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">47(3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">70(7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.340(1.602-3.418)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior CABG, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26(1.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">17(1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.962*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.985(0.532-1.825)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior stroke, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">51(3.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">44(4.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.192*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.314(0.871-1.984)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior PAD, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57(3.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">51(5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.111*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.368(0.929-2.013)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>*Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared test. &#8224;Independent Student&#8217;s t-test; &#8225;Fisher&#8217;s exact test; bolded p-values indicate statistical significance at a threshold of p&lt;0.05; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; n: number of individuals; &#956;: mean value; SD: standard deviation; HF: heart failure; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CAD: coronary arterial disease; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PAD: peripheral artery disease.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of index STEMI</title>
          <p>Regarding symptomatology at admission, patients who developed HF presented more often with syncope and cardiac arrest (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). They also had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures, as well as higher GRACE and CRUSADE scores. Furthermore, HF patients more often had anterior myocardial infarction and right bundle branch block (RBBB) on admission electrocardiogram (ECG). Pathological Q-waves were more common in leads V1-V4 (anterior), V1-V6 (anterolateral), and V4R (right), and less common in leads V5-V6 (lateral) and DII-DIII/AVF (inferior).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of index ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Incident HF post-STEMI</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">OR(95%CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>No(n=1,483)</th>
                    <th>Yes(n=984)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Symptomatology at admission</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Syncope, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12(0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">20(2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.543(1.238-5.226)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac arrest, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4(0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">22(2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">8.450(2.903-24.597)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic BP (mmHg), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">136.3&#177;25.1</td>
                    <td align="center">129.7&#177;30.0</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic BP (mmHg), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">83.1&#177;16.3</td>
                    <td align="center">81.1&#177;20.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Risk stratification at admission</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GRACE score, &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">99.2&#177;24.5</td>
                    <td align="center">141.9&#177;43.1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRUSADE score, &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">21.6&#177;12.2</td>
                    <td align="center">33.7&#177;15.0</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Admission ECG</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior wall MI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">495(33.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">628(63.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.521(2.974-4.169)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right bundle branch block, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(0.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">16(1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">4.069(1.587-10.435)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left bundle branch block, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4(0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(0.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.211&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">2.268(0.638-8.059)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2nd/3rd-degree AV block, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5(0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">7(0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.240&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">2.118(0.670-6.692)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Septal (V1-V3) path. Q-waves, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">80(5.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">55(5.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.835*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.038(0.729-1.478)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior (V1-V4) path. Q-waves, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">191(12.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">191(19.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.629(1.309-2.029)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterolateral (V1-V6) path. Q-waves, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">225(15.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">383(38.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.563(2.943-4.314)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lateral (V5-V6) path. Q-waves, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">80(5.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">30(3.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.551(0.360-0.846)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right (V4R) path. Q-waves, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">129(8.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">110(11.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.321(1.010-1.727)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inferior (DI, DII, AVF) path. Q-waves, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">649(43.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">211(21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.351(0.292-0.421)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Laboratory results</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Admission hs-cTnI (ng/L), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">5,042&#177;5,978</td>
                    <td align="center">8,436&#177;9,071</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak hs-cTnI (ng/L), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">6,164&#177;5,658</td>
                    <td align="center">11,145&#177;10,992</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AST (U/L), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">167&#177;139</td>
                    <td align="center">267&#177;198</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALT (U/L), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">49.4&#177;48.5</td>
                    <td align="center">95.7&#177;185.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92&#177;0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11&#177;0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GFR (mL/min), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">96.5&#177;34.3</td>
                    <td align="center">85.4&#177;35.3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Blood glucose (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">132.6&#177;56.5</td>
                    <td align="center">166.0&#177;85.6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HbA1c (%), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">6.55&#177;1.81</td>
                    <td align="center">6.95&#177;2.23</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TSH (mIU/L), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">2.16&#177;3.99</td>
                    <td align="center">2.81&#177;6.21</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FT4 (ng/dL), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.29&#177;0.63</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30&#177;0.62</td>
                    <td align="center">0.744&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">201.49&#177;45.5</td>
                    <td align="center">198.2&#177;48.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.111&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">41.5&#177;12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">41.3&#177;12.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.637&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">130.0&#177;39.5</td>
                    <td align="center">125.2&#177;40.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">158.2&#177;109.7</td>
                    <td align="center">158.9&#177;119.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.876&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">14.55&#177;1.70</td>
                    <td align="center">14.50&#177;1.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.053&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hematocrit (%), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">43.03&#177;4.84</td>
                    <td align="center">42.86&#177;5.72</td>
                    <td align="center">0.448&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PT (s), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">85.3&#177;12.2</td>
                    <td align="center">81.4&#177;15.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PTT (s), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">34.9&#177;13.0</td>
                    <td align="center">38.0&#177;20.2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>*Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared test. &#8224;Independent Student&#8217;s t-test. &#8225;Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Bolded p-values indicate statistical significance at a threshold of p&lt;0.05. OR: odds ratio. CI: confidence interval. n: number of individuals. &#956;: mean value. SD: standard deviation. STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction. HF: heart failure. BP: blood pressure. AV: atrioventricular; hs-cTnI: high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I. AST: aspartate aminotransferase. ALT: alanine aminotransferase. GFR: glomerular filtration rate. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c. TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone. FT4: free thyroxine. HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol. LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol. PT: prothrombin time. PTT: partial thromboplastin time.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) at admission was higher in the HF group, as was its peak levels and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), indicating more extensive myocardial injury. Renal impairment was also more common in the HF group, with higher creatinine and lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR). HF patients also had elevated blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Also, shorter prothrombin time (PT) and prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were seen among those with HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Treatment details</title>
          <p>Pharmaco-invasive treatment strategy was strongly and inversely associated with incident post-STEMI HF (OR: 0.280, 95%CI: 0.235-0.334) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). In contrast, individuals who underwent rescue PCI after failing to meet reperfusion criteria more often developed HF (OR: 3.920, 95%CI: 3.269-4.699). Shorter times from symptom onset to hospital presentation and from thrombolysis to catheterization were seen in the HF group, likely reflecting the logistical prioritization of more severe presentations given limited capacity of our public healthcare system.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Treatment details</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Incident HF post-STEMI</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">OR(95%CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>No(n=1,483)</th>
                    <th>Yes(n=984)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Treatment details</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pharmaco-invasive, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,164(78.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">498(50.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.280(0.235-0.334)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rescue PCI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">273(18.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">462(47.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.920(3.269-4.699)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2nd cath., n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">110(7.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">91(9.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.106*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.270(0.950-1.698)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angioplasty on the 2<sup>nd</sup> cath., n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">81(7.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">61(8.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.669*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.078(0.763-1.524)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Onset-primary hospital (min), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">158&#177;135</td>
                    <td align="center">146&#177;126</td>
                    <td align="center">0.036&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Door-needle (min), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">181&#177;3,436</td>
                    <td align="center">98&#177;92</td>
                    <td align="center">0.449&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thrombolysis-cath. (min), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">1,392&#177;1,220</td>
                    <td align="center">1,059&#177;1,186</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Catheterization and PCI details</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Use of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50(3.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">66(6.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.061(1.414-3.003)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Use of nitroprusside, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5(0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">10(1.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.034&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">3.035(1.034-8.906)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Use of adenosine, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">38(2.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">61(6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.513(1.662-3.800)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No. of conventional stents, &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83&#177;0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93&#177;0.75</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No. of drug-eluting stents, &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09&#177;0.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07&#177;0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.136&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI-3 flow post-PCI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,058(83.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">601(69.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.444(0.361-0.545)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MBG grade 3 post-PCI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">845(69.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">393(49.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.418(0.348-0.503)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cath. duration (min), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">90&#177;1,181</td>
                    <td align="center">62&#177;29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.460&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Echocardiography 48-72h after admission</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">54.9&#177;7.4</td>
                    <td align="center">41.0&#177;9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF &lt;40%, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(0.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">367(42.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">851.8(119.3-6,080.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypokinesia anterior, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">192(12.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">254(25.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.340(1.900-2.881)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypokinesia septal, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">373(25.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">257(26.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.590*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.052(0.875-1.265)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypokinesia lateral, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">125(8.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">160(16.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.110(1.644-2.707)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypokinesia right, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(0.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">15(1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">7.637(2.205-26.449)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypokinesia inferior, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">396(26.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">211(21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.749(0.619-0.907)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypokinesia apical, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">77(5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">91(9.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.861(1.358-2.549)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypokinesia dorsal, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">273(18.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">130(13.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.675(0.538-0.846)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Akinesia anterior, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">124(8.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">373(37.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">6.691(5.345-8.374)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Akinesia septal, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">251(16.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">467(47.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">4.434(3.686-5.333)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Akinesia lateral, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">39(2.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">90(8.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.277(2.215-4.848)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Akinesia right, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2(0.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.159&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.398(0.380-0.418)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Akinesia inferior, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">382(25.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">264(26.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.554*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.057(0.880-1.269)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Akinesia apical, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">188(12.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">431(43.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">5.369(4.404-6.545)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Akinesia dorsal, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">108(7.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">105(10.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.521(1.148-2.016)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Pharmacotherapy at discharge (or death)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACE inhibitors, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">661(44.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">413(41.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.202*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.899(0.764-1.058)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angiotensin receptor blockers, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">351(23.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">167(16.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.659(0.537-0.809)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,003(67.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">656(66.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.616*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.957(0.806-1.136)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aldosterone antagonists, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">64(4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">109(11.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.762(2.005-3.803)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Furosemide, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">86(5.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">110(11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.044(1.522-2.744)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Calcium channel blockers, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">320(21.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">145(14.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.628(0.506-0.779)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statins, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,226(82.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">815(82.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.920*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.010(0.816-1.251)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acetylsalicylic acid, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,449(97.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">965(98.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.543*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.191(0.675-2.101)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Clopidogrel, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,035(69.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">667(67.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.291*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.910(0.765-1.083)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prasugrel, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">214(14.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">260(26.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.129(1.738-2.607)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ticagrelor, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33(2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">35(3.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.047*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.620(1.000-2.625)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anticoagulants, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">46(3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">56(5.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.885(1.265-2.808)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>*Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared test. &#8224;Independent Student&#8217;s t-test. &#8225;Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Bolded p-values indicate statistical significance at a threshold of p&lt;0.05. OR: odds ratio. CI: confidence interval. n: number of individuals. &#956;: mean value. SD: standard deviation. STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction. HF: heart failure. PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. ACE: angiotensin-converting-enzyme; MBG: myocardial blush grade.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding PCI details, incident HF was more common among those who received GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors and nitroprusside during catheterization, and those with more conventional stents implanted. Final TIMI-3 flow and myocardial blush grade 3 were less frequently achieved in the HF group.</p>
          <p>HF patients had lower mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and more frequent reduced ejection fraction (rEF) (LVEF &lt;40%) on echocardiogram at 48-72h of admission. Motility changes in the HF group were mainly associated with left anterior descending artery (LAD) involvement.</p>
          <p>At hospital discharge (or death), HF patients were less prescribed angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and calcium channel blockers. On the other hand, this group more frequently received aldosterone antagonists, furosemide, prasugrel, ticagrelor, and anticoagulants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>In-hospital outcomes</title>
          <p>Recurrent angina and MI occurred more often in the HF group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). Other cardiovascular complications were also associated with incident HF, including: atrial fibrillation, total atrioventricular block, mitral regurgitation, cardiac arrest, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, minor and major bleeding, and blood transfusion. Mean hospitalization stay was longer in the HF group, along with higher all-cause in-hospital mortality.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; In-hospital outcomes</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Incident HF post-STEMI</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">OR(95%CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>No(n=1,483)</th>
                    <th>Yes(n=984)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Recurrent angina, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32(2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">35(3.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.036*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.672(1.028-2.720)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Recurrent MI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12(0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">28(2.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.590(1.817-7.095)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31(2.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">55(5.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.773(1.772-4.339)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3rd degree atrioventricular block, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">48(3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">70(7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.290(1.571-3.337)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mitral regurgitation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(0.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">4.554(1.230-16.863)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac arrest, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5(0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">24(2.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">7.385(2.808-19.422)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic stroke, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(0.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">21(2.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">5.368(2.159-13.348)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemorrhagic stroke, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(0.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">13(1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">6.605(1.877-23.238)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Minor bleeding, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28(1.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">38(3.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.087(1.272-3.424)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Major bleeding, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">51(5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">7.315(3.793-14.106)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Blood transfusion, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7(0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">31(3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">6.859(3.008-15.639)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization length (days), &#956;&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">4.01&#177;3.15</td>
                    <td align="center">6.59&#177;7.36</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>All-cause in-hospital death, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12(0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">110(11.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">15.428(8.453-28.160)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>*Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared test. &#8224;Independent Student&#8217;s t-test. &#8225;Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Bolded p-values indicate statistical significance at a threshold of p&lt;0.05. OR: odds ratio. CI: confidence interval. n: number of individuals. &#956;: mean value. SD: standard deviation. STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction. HF: heart failure. MI: myocardial infarction.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predicting in-hospital HF post-STEMI</title>
          <p>We conducted a stepwise binary logistic regression (forward likelihood ratio method) to identify and quantify significant predictors of incident in-hospital HF following STEMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>). This analysis resulted in a statistically significant model [Nagelkerke R<sup>2</sup>=0.550, p=0.039] that correctly classified 82.3% of cases. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated a good model fit (p=0.746).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Predictors of incident in-hospital HF post-STEMI identified by stepwise binary logistic regression (forward likelihood ratio method)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>B</th>
                    <th>SE</th>
                    <th>Wald</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>OR(95%CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">Risk predictors for in-hospital HF post-STEMI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AST (increments of 100U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.373</td>
                    <td align="center">0.061</td>
                    <td align="center">37.398</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.453(1.289-1.637)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right (V4R) path. Q-waves (on admission ECG)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.770</td>
                    <td align="center">0.318</td>
                    <td align="center">30.920</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">5.868(3.145-10.950)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior akinesia (48-72h after admission)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.159</td>
                    <td align="center">0.304</td>
                    <td align="center">14.549</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.187(1.757-5.782)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rescue PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.787</td>
                    <td align="center">0.215</td>
                    <td align="center">13.400</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.197(1.441-3.348)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Apical hypokinesia (48-72h after admission)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.260</td>
                    <td align="center">0.349</td>
                    <td align="center">13.005</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.524(1.777-6.987)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Septal akinesia (48-72h after admission)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.869</td>
                    <td align="center">0.249</td>
                    <td align="center">12.207</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.384(1.464-3.880)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cath. duration (h)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.750</td>
                    <td align="center">0.216</td>
                    <td align="center">12.052</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.117(1.386-3.233)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypothyroidism</td>
                    <td align="center">1.114</td>
                    <td align="center">0.361</td>
                    <td align="center">9.547</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.047(1.503-6.177)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior MI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.915</td>
                    <td align="center">0.307</td>
                    <td align="center">8.875</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.497(1.368-4.559)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dorsal akinesia (48-72h after admission)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.940</td>
                    <td align="center">0.329</td>
                    <td align="center">8.157</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.560(1.343-4.880)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Blood glucose (increments of 100mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.371</td>
                    <td align="center">0.147</td>
                    <td align="center">6.351</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.449(1.086-1.933)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right bundle branch block (on admission ECG)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.442</td>
                    <td align="center">1.022</td>
                    <td align="center">5.712</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017*</td>
                    <td align="center">11.501(1.552-85.245)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lateral hypokinesia (48h after admission)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.705</td>
                    <td align="center">0.297</td>
                    <td align="center">5.621</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.023(1.130-3.622)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.566</td>
                    <td align="center">0.249</td>
                    <td align="center">5.168</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.761(1.081-2.870)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking history</td>
                    <td align="center">0.478</td>
                    <td align="center">0.211</td>
                    <td align="center">5.142</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.613(1.067-2.438)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">0.492</td>
                    <td align="center">0.236</td>
                    <td align="center">4.343</td>
                    <td align="center">0.037*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.636(1.030-2.600)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior wall MI (on admission ECG)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.553</td>
                    <td align="center">0.267</td>
                    <td align="center">4.286</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.739(1.030-2.936)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Apical akinesia (48-72h after admission)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.544</td>
                    <td align="center">0.286</td>
                    <td align="center">3.609</td>
                    <td align="center">0.057*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.722(0.983-3.017)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">Protective predictors for in-hospital post-STEMI HF</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP (mmHg) (at admission)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.017</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">21.893</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.983(0.976-0.990)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age &lt;60 years</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.868</td>
                    <td align="center">0.204</td>
                    <td align="center">18.131</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.420(0.282-0.626)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI-3 flow post-PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.880</td>
                    <td align="center">0.285</td>
                    <td align="center">9.522</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.415(0.237-0.726)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PT (s)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.018</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">7.161</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.982(0.969-0.995)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>*Stepwise binary logistic regression (forward likelihood ratio method). Bolded p-values indicate statistical significance at a threshold of p&lt;0.05. SE: standard error. OR: odds ratio. CI: confidence interval. STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction. HF: heart failure. ECG: electrocardiogram. AST: aspartate aminotransferase. PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention. MI: myocardial infarction. hs-cTnI: high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I. SBP: systolic blood pressure. PT: prothrombin time.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Risk predictors of incident post-STEMI HF identified include: AST (in increments of 100U/L), V4R pathological Q-waves, anterior akinesia, rescue PCI, apical hypokinesia, septal akinesia, catheterization duration (in hours), hypothyroidism, prior MI, dorsal akinesia, blood glucose (in increments of 100mg/dL), RBBB, lateral hypokinesia, creatinine (mg/dL), smoking history, obesity, anterior MI, and apical akinesia.</p>
          <p>As for protective predictors, the following factors were identified: higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) at admission, age &lt;60 years, TIMI-3 flow after PCI, and PT (in seconds).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is a pioneering study in identifying predictors of both risk and protection for HF after STEMI in a LMIC with limited access to primary PCI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). Patients who developed HF showed a clear profile of increased cardiovascular risk, marked by older age, male sex, metabolic dysfunction, and already established end-organ damage. Larger infarcts and LAD involvement were also found to be predictive of HF. Additionally, HF patients were notably underprescribed medications that improve cardiac remodeling, particularly aldosterone antagonists. Lastly, the high incidence of HF, especially among those with failed thrombolysis, underscore the imperative to expand primary PCI feasibility in LMICs like Brazil.</p>
        <p>The increased cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) risk observed among patients who developed HF after STEMI aligns with previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>Interestingly, almost all cardiovascular (hypertension, prior CAD), kidney (chronic kidney disease), and metabolic (obesity, diabetes, hypothyroidism) components were more prevalent in the HF group. The exception was dyslipidemia, where HF patients exhibited lower LDL-C levels. This result was also observed in other studies and is mostly explained by the acute inflammatory response associated with the infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our findings also corroborate the well-established associations of infarct size and anterior MI with post-MI HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Upon hospital admission, a lower blood pressure suggests myocardial injury severe enough to cause some degree of hemodynamic impairment. Higher serum levels of hs-cTnI and AST, which correlate with a larger infarcted area, were also observed in the HF group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>LAD involvement played a significant role in our predictive model, encompassing several components, such as anterior akinesia, apical hypokinesia, septal akinesia, anterior wall MI on admission ECG, and apical akinesia. Lastly, RBBB is associated with both a large infarct area and LAD lesion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An analysis of pharmacotherapy at hospital discharge revealed that HF patients were undertreated, particularly for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRAs), a class of medication that improve cardiac remodeling and cardiovascular outcomes. Only 11.0% of HF patients, among whom 42.7% were diagnosed with rEF, were prescribed spironolactone, raising concerns about the underprescribing of evidence-based therapy and a deviation from guideline recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> It is worth mentioning that spironolactone was the only aldosterone antagonist approved for use in Brazil up until 2021. Despite the limited literature on this topic, a recent study suggests that concerns regarding hyperkalemia, hypotension and gynecomastia are plausible explanations for the underprescribing of MRAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>It is also important to highlight that the data used in this study precede the recommendation for the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the settings of limited access to primary PCI, as seen in LMICs, new features, particularly the role of failed thrombolysis, take a key predictive role. The high incidence of post-STEMI HF in the studied population (39.9%), especially among individuals with failed thrombolysis (47.0%), highlights the ongoing need for rescue PCI despite the systematic pharmaco-invasive approach, as 29.8% still depended on this strategy to survive after STEMI. In high-income countries, such as United States, Sweden, Denmark, and Australia, the incidence of HF complicating MI has dramatically declined from 20-46% in the thrombolytic era to 4-28% in the PCI era.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In contrast, LMICs still face significant challenges with limited primary PCI availability. Our results emphasize the critical need to expand primary PCI capacity in healthcare systems of LMICs like Brazil. Additionally, delays in the time from symptom onset to hospital arrival and from hospital arrival to thrombolysis also contribute to suboptimal adherence to guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Improving pre-hospital care networks and reducing these delays could enhance the likelihood of successful thrombolysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The importance of our study may go beyond Brazil, resonating in LMICs globally, where more than 75% of cardiovascular deaths disproportionally occur.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup>The identified predictors of post-STEMI HF, within the context of limited access to PCI, could be used as a start template, potentially applicable for developing strategies in numerous LMICs facing similar challenges. This study also highlights the need to expand primary PCI availability and to enforce evidence-based pharmacotherapy guidelines in LMICs. As a benchmark for improving STEMI care, our findings provide important information for strategic interventions and healthcare policies, addressing the high burden of cardiovascular diseases across LMICs.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths and limitations</title>
          <p>The main strength of this study is the fact that it provides up-to-date data, from January 2015 to February 2020. Additionally, all participants underwent coronarography within 24h of thrombolysis, providing a contemporary perspective despite the limited resources of a LMIC. Furthermore, our study focused exclusively on STEMI patients, a notable distinction from several previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Lastly, the substantial sample size, of 2,622 participants, drawn from a regionally-representative cohort, bolsters statistical power and internal validity.</p>
          <p>A core limitation of this study was its retrospective design. To address selection bias, we sequentially included all patients admitted for STEMI to the participating centers during the study period. To minimize problems arising from data accuracy and completeness, a standardized and objective collection form was used, and an adjudication committee reviewed the data. Lastly, the identification of risk factors cannot establish causality, limiting potential interventions targeted to reduce incident post-STEMI HF.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our study, based on a regionally-representative cohort from a typical LMIC with limited access to PCI, revealed that older men with increased CKM risk face greater vulnerability to HF following STEMI. The observed high incidence of HF, particularly among individuals with failed thrombolysis, highlights the need to expand primary PCI availability in regions where primary thrombolysis remains the standard of care. Our findings also emphasize the need to optimize HF pharmacotherapy, as this measure would significantly improve the clinical outcome of this population, especially in resource-limited settings.</p>
        <p>The insights gained from our pioneering study on post-STEMI HF predictors in an LMIC with limited PCI access may hold important implications for future research, clinical practice, and health policies. The identified risk factors, including CKM components and failed thrombolysis, call for further investigations to refine risk prediction models tailored to resource-constrained settings. This study also underscores pharmacological undertreatment of HF patients at hospital discharge after STEMI in LMICs, advocating for targeted educational initiatives to improve adherence to evidence-based guidelines. Policy interventions aimed at expanding primary PCI availability in LMICs, as emphasized by our findings, could significantly reduce the incidence of post-STEMI HF. Ultimately, these efforts contribute to enhanced STEMI care and improved patient outcomes in these resource-limited environments.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Gest&#227;o Estrat&#233;gica de Sa&#250;de do DF under the protocol number 28530919.0.1001.8153. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Grant 310718/2021-0 from CNPQ. Grants 371/2021 and 585/2022 from FAP-DF. Grant 2022/14190-5 from FAP-ESP. Grant IIT-0138/2023 from Viatris</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
