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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PY6p5QhcWCc5GP4SQDtfKTk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240444</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desvendando um Enigma Gen&#233;tico: Hipertrofia Assim&#233;trica em um Receptor de Transplante Card&#237;aco Relacionado &#224; S&#237;ndrome de Birt-Hogg-Dub&#233;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8727-0940</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furquim</surname>
            <given-names>Silas Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8649-976X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Vieira Lacerda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buriti</surname>
            <given-names>Nara Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4769-8031</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Lombardi Peres de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-5146-9645</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Emanuelle Leonilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9889-293X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Linnenkamp</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Domit Werner</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Iascara Wozniak de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito;</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seguro</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Fernando Bernal da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Monica S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito;</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Silas Ramos Furquim <bold>&#8226;</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>silasfurquim@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240444</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Um caso de um homem de 54 anos que se submeteu a um transplante card&#237;aco com hipertrofia assim&#233;trica precoce n&#227;o relacionada &#224; rejei&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica do doador revelou uma variante no gene da foliculina, associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Birt-Hogg-Dub&#233;. O rastreamento da fam&#237;lia do doador identificou uma hipertrofia similar e a mesma variante gen&#233;tica no pai do doador. Embora a avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica dos tecidos dos doadores n&#227;o seja realizada rotineiramente, ela pode ser crucial para compreender altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o relacionadas ao procedimento do transplante e identificar carreadores de variantes patog&#234;nicas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Gen&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O aumento na espessura da parede ventricular esquerda, n&#227;o explicado por condi&#231;&#245;es de sobrecarga, &#233; conhecido como cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; primariamente causada por variantes nos genes sarcom&#233;ricos, embora 5-10% dos casos possam envolver outros fatores gen&#233;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>O desenvolvimento de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) p&#243;s-transplante n&#227;o &#233; incomum, e as causas incluem hipertens&#227;o induzida por inibidores de calcineurina, efeitos de imunossupress&#227;o e les&#227;o imune.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Este relato destaca um caso at&#237;pico de HVE que ocorreu imediatamente ap&#243;s o transplante, relacionada a uma variante gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica. A descoberta da variante facilitou o rastreamento familiar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Um homem de 54 anos, com cardiomiopatia dilatada avan&#231;ada, recebeu um transplante card&#237;aco (TC) de um doador de 44 anos que foi a &#243;bito por hemorragia subaracn&#243;idea. O hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico do doador incluia hipertens&#227;o e tabagismo. Antes do TC, foi realizado um ecocardiograma &#224; beira-leito no hospital do doador, que n&#227;o indicou anormalidades estruturais importantes. O TC foi realizado sem complica&#231;&#245;es, e o paciente passou por um processo padr&#227;o de recupera&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, o ecocardiograma p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio revelou hipertrofia assim&#233;trica no septo interventricular medindo 16mm, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Essa hipertrofia foi confirmada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, que mostrou uma espessura m&#225;xima de 20mm na regi&#227;o m&#233;dia anterosseptal, sem obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Rejei&#231;&#227;o foi descartada ap&#243;s duas bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas realizadas com intervalo de oito dias, que mostraram resultados 1R e PAMR0.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Ecocardiograma ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240444-40444-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o transplante.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240444-40444-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento</title>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial do paciente foi controlada com enalapril (15mg/ dia) e diltiazem (180 mg/dia). Contudo, os ecocardiogramas mostraram consistentemente hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica. O paciente foi submetido a tr&#234;s bi&#243;psias adicionais, sem sinais de rejei&#231;&#227;o celular ou humoral. O painel imunol&#243;gico foi negativo para ant&#237;genos classe I e II, em um regime de ciclosporina, micofenolato e prednisona.</p>
        <p>Assim, consideramos uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica relacionada aos genes sarcom&#233;ricos no doador, apesar do ecocardiograma pr&#233;vio normal. O sequenciamento de exoma completo foi conduzido no DNA de c&#233;lulas espl&#234;nicas armazenadas do doador, inicialmente coletadas para teste de histocompatibilidade.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise revelou uma variante <italic>frameshift</italic> em heterozigose no gene da foliculina - <italic>FLCN</italic> (NM_144997.7):c.1285dupC:p.(His429Profs*27). Essa variante foi classificada como patog&#234;nica de acordo com as diretrizes do <italic>American College of Medical Genetics</italic> e do <italic>Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rastreamento familiar</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o da variante heredit&#225;ria, n&#243;s informamos a central estadual de transplante para alertar a fam&#237;lia do doador sobre sua presen&#231;a. Oferecemos avalia&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas e gen&#233;ticas aos familiares, que compareceram &#224;s avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Realizado heredograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>), exame cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e o sequenciamento (Sanger) para detectar a variante nos familiares.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pedigree familiar e achados gen&#233;ticos da variante do gene da foliculina (FLCN) (NM_144997.7):c.1285dupC:p.(His429Profs*27). A) pedigree da fam&#237;lia do doador; quadrados e c&#237;rculos indicam homens e mulheres, respectivamente; a seta indica o paciente &#237;ndice (doador do cora&#231;&#227;o); linhas diagonais indicam indiv&#237;duos falecidos. As cores representam os fen&#243;tipos dos familiares: cinza para hipertrofia, azul para m&#250;ltiplos fibrofoliculomas cut&#226;neos, e preto para hipertens&#227;o. Alelo do tipo selvagem est&#225; representado por &#8220;+&#8221; e alelo do gene da FLCN p.His429Profs*27 est&#225; representado por &#8220;-&#8220; (+/+ para indiv&#237;duos selvagens e +/- para heterozigotos). B) Cromatogramas gerados por sequenciamento de Sanger dos familiares rastreou a presen&#231;a da varia&#231;&#227;o do gene da FLCN p.His429Profs*27 (+/+ para indiv&#237;duos selvagens e +/- para heterozigotos).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240444-40444-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es revelaram a mesma hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica (17 mm) e a id&#234;ntica variante gen&#233;tica no pai do doador (indiv&#237;duo I.1), conforme ilustrado nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">5</xref>. Clinicamente, o pai do doador apresentava m&#250;ltiplos fibrofoliculomas cut&#226;neos, um importante crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico para S&#237;ndrome de Birt-Hogg-Dub&#233; (SBHD), em conformidade com achados moleculares. Como a SBHD pode aumentar o risco de v&#225;rios tumores, o pai do doador foi orientado a se submeter a um rastreamento oncol&#243;gico abrangente.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Eletrocardiograma do pai do doador sugestivo de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240444-40444-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico do pai do doador mostrando septo anterior basal com 17 mm.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240444-40444-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quanto aos irm&#227;os do doador, observou-se que seu irm&#227;o carregava a mesma variante gen&#233;tica, embora sem hipertrofia card&#237;aca, enquanto suas irm&#227;s n&#227;o possu&#237;am a variante nem foliculomas cut&#226;neos. Consequentemente, o irm&#227;o do doador foi encaminhado para um rastreamento mais amplo das principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da SBHD.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A HVE &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o comum p&#243;s-TC, que afeta at&#233; 83% dos pacientes em um ano, aumentando o risco de morte em 1,9 vezes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As causas da HVE incluem hipertens&#227;o causada por inibidores de calcineurina, imunossupress&#227;o, e les&#227;o imune.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o precoce n&#227;o usual de hipertrofia assim&#233;trica ap&#243;s o transplante gerou preocupa&#231;&#245;es no processo de doa&#231;&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Pesquisas recentes sugerem que a HVE em aloenxertos pode estar associada a vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;-fibr&#243;tica e ativa&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na alvo da rapamicina em mam&#237;feros (mTOR), sugerindo potenciais implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O estudo RADTAC revelou que uma combina&#231;&#227;o de everolimus e tacrolimus em baixa dose reduz a HVE em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tacrolimus em dose padr&#227;o em um ano ap&#243;s o TC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cardiomi&#243;citos hipertrofiados exibem s&#237;ntese proteica aumentada e est&#237;mulo de crescimento, principalmente pela via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o AMPK-mTOR. O gene da <italic>FLCN</italic>, associado a essa via, codifica uma prote&#237;na envolvida em v&#225;rias sinaliza&#231;&#245;es. A perda da fun&#231;&#227;o da <italic>FLCN</italic> tem sido relacionada &#224; desregula&#231;&#227;o da via mTOR. Ainda, variantes patog&#234;nicas no gene da prote&#237;na interativa com foliculina 1 (<italic>FNIP1</italic>) foram associadas &#224; d&#233;ficit imunol&#243;gico e hipertrofia card&#237;aca. Modelos animais sugerem que o <italic>knockout</italic> do gene da <italic>FLCN</italic> leva &#224; hipertrofia card&#237;aca, modulada pela via mTOR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Variantes patog&#234;nicas em ambos os alelos da <italic>FNIP1</italic> foram associadas a uma condi&#231;&#227;o caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o imune e hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Estudos usando modelos animais revelaram que a dele&#231;&#227;o do gene da <italic>FLNC</italic> leva a um aumento do cora&#231;&#227;o em camundongos, acompanhado de uma redu&#231;&#227;o na fosforila&#231;&#227;o de AMPK&#945; e atividade da mTORC1 aumentada. O tratamento subsequente com um inibidor da via mTOR reverteu o aumento card&#237;aco e melhorou marcantemente a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Tal fato destaca a conex&#227;o previamente estabelecida entre desregula&#231;&#227;o do mTOR e haploinsufici&#234;ncia da <italic>FLCN</italic> e sugere essa via espec&#237;fica como um potencial alvo terap&#234;utico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Variantes no gene da <italic>FLCN</italic> tipicamente resultam em SBHD, caracterizada por neoplasias renais, fibrofoliculomas, e cistos pulmonares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Esse caso pode representar a primeira rela&#231;&#227;o conhecida entre hipertrofia card&#237;aca e SBHD.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica dos tecidos do doador, apesar de n&#227;o ser padr&#227;o, foi crucial neste caso. O rastreamento familiar ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o da variante &#233; vital para o seguimento cl&#237;nico e rastreamento para c&#226;ncer entre os que carregam a variante patog&#234;nica. Neste caso, a cossegrega&#231;&#227;o da variante na fam&#237;lia do doador apoia e desafia a associa&#231;&#227;o com a HVE, destacando a necessidade de mais pesquisas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A HVE n&#227;o &#233; tipicamente vista precocemente ap&#243;s o transplante, e geralmente est&#225; associada a variantes gen&#233;ticas sarcom&#233;ricas. Este relato &#233; provavelmente o primeiro a associar a <italic>FLCN</italic> com hipertrofia assim&#233;trica, o que foi corroborado por rastreamento familiar. Isso destaca a import&#226;ncia e a viabilidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica dos tecidos do doador, ampliando o entendimento das complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-transplante e melhorando o cuidado do paciente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos ao Laborat&#243;rio de Imunologia, ao Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, ao Departamento de Transplante de &#211;rg&#227;os do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; FAPESP, e ao PROADI-SUS-Hospital BP do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de para a pr&#225;tica de medicina de precis&#227;o em cardiologia.</p>
    </ack>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia/SP &#8211; PROADI-SUS.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240444i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Unveiling the Genetic Puzzle: Asymmetric Hypertrophy in a Heart Transplant Recipient Linked to Birt-Hogg-Dub&#233; Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8727-0940</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furquim</surname>
            <given-names>Silas Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8649-976X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Vieira Lacerda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buriti</surname>
            <given-names>Nara Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4769-8031</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Lombardi Peres de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-5146-9645</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Emanuelle Leonilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9889-293X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Linnenkamp</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Domit Werner</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Iascara Wozniak de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seguro</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Fernando Bernal da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Monica S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Silas Ramos Furquim &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: silasfurquim@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>A case of a 54-year-old man who underwent a heart transplant with early asymmetric hypertrophy unrelated to rejection. Donor&#8217;s genetic analysis revealed a variant in folliculin gene, associated with Birt-Hogg-Dub&#233; Syndrome. Screening of the donor&#8217;s family uncovered a similar hypertrophy and same genetic variant in the donor&#8217;s father. Although genetic evaluation of donors&#8217; tissues is not routine, it can be crucial for understanding changes unrelated to the transplant procedure and identifying carriers of pathogenic variants.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Increased left ventricle (LV) wall thickness non explained by loading conditions is known as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This condition is primarily caused by genetic variants in sarcomeric genes, though 5-10% of cases may involve other genetic factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The development of post-transplantation LV hypertrophy (LVH) is not infrequent, with causes including hypertension induced by calcineurin inhibitors, effects of immunosuppression, and immune injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This report highlights an atypical case of LVH occurring immediately after transplantation, linked to a specific genetic variant. The variant discovery facilitated family screening.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 54-year-old male, with advanced dilated cardiomyopathy, received a heart transplant (HT) from a 44-year-old donor who had succumbed to an arachnoid hemorrhage. The donor&#8217;s medical background included hypertension and tobacco usage. Prior to HT, evaluations included a bedside echocardiogram conducted at the donor&#8217;s hospital, which indicated no gross structural abnormalities. The HT procedure was performed without complications, and the patient experienced a standard recovery process. However, a postoperative echocardiogram revealed asymmetric hypertrophy in the interventricular septum measuring 16 mm, and normal LV ejection fraction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). This hypertrophy was further confirmed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, which showed a maximum thickness of 20 mm in the mid-anteroseptal region, without systolic obstruction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>). Rejection was ruled out following two endomyocardial biopsies conducted eight days apart, which showed 1R and PAMR0 results.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiogram after cardiac transplantation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240444-40444-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiac magnetic resonance after cardiac transplantation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240444-40444-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up</title>
          <p>Patient&#8217;s blood pressure was well-managed with enalapril (15 mg/day) and diltiazem (180 mg/day). However, echocardiograms consistently showed asymmetrical septal hypertrophy. The patient underwent three additional biopsies, with no signs of humoral or cellular rejection. An immunological panel also returned negative for class I and II antigens, on a regimen of cyclosporine, mycophenolate, and prednisone.</p>
          <p>Hence, we considered a genetic disease related to sarcomeric genes in the heart donor despite the previously reported normal echocardiogram. Whole exome sequencing was conducted on DNA from the donor&#8217;s stored splenic cells, initially collected for histocompatibility testing.</p>
          <p>Remarkably, analysis uncovered a heterozygous frameshift variant in folliculin gene - <italic>FLCN</italic> (NM_144997.7):c.1285dupC:p.(His429Profs*27). This variant was classified as pathogenic according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology guidelines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Family screening</title>
          <p>Following hereditary variant identification, we informed the state transplantation center to alert the donor&#8217;s family about its presence. We offered cardiological and genetic assessments to family members, who then attended clinical evaluations. We constructed a family pedigree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>), conducted comprehensive clinical examinations, ECGs, echocardiograms, and Sanger sequencing to detect the variant in relatives.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Family pedigree and genetic findings of folliculin (FLCN) gene variant (NM_144997.7):c.1285dupC:p.(His429Profs*27). A) Donor&#8217;s family pedigree; squares and circles indicate males and females respectively; the arrow indicates index patient (heart donor). Diagonal lines indicate deceased individuals. Colors represent family member&#8217;s phenotypes; gray for cardiac hypertrophy, blue for multiple cutaneous fibrofolliculomas and black hypertension. Wildtype allele is represented by &#8220;+&#8221; and FLCN p.His429Profs*27 allele is represented by &#8220;-&#8220; (+/+ for wildtype individuals and +/- for heterozygotes). B) Chromatograms generated by Sanger sequencing of family members screened for FLCN p.His429Profs*27 variation. (+/+ for wildtype individuals and +/- for heterozygotes).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240444-40444-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>These assessments revealed the same asymmetric septal hypertrophy (17 mm) and the identical genetic variant in the donor&#8217;s father (individual I.1), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">5</xref>. Clinically, donor&#8217;s father exhibited multiple cutaneous fibrofolliculomas, a major diagnostic criterion for Birt-Hogg-Dub&#233; syndrome (BHDS), aligning with molecular findings. Given that BHDS can increase the risk of various tumors, the donor&#8217;s father was advised to undergo comprehensive cancer screening.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Donor&#180;s father electrocardiogram suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240444-40444-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Donor&#180;s father transthoracic echocardiogram showing basal anterior septum with 17 mm.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240444-40444-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding donor&#8217;s siblings, his brother was found to carry the same genetic variant, though without any cardiac hypertrophy, while his sisters did not have the variant and no visible cutaneous folliculomas. Consequently, the donor&#8217;s brother was referred for broader screening to cover the primary clinical manifestations of BHDS.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>LVH is a common post-HT condition, affecting up to 83% of patients within a year and increasing mortality risk by 1.9 times.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Causes of LVH include hypertension due to calcineurin inhibitors, immunosuppression, and immune injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Unusual early presentation of asymmetric hypertrophy post-transplant could raise concerns in the organ donation process.</p>
        <p>Emerging research suggests that LVH in allografts may be linked to pro-fibrotic signaling pathways and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, suggesting potential therapeutic implications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The RADTAC study revealed that a combination of low-dose everolimus and tacrolimus reduces LVH compared to standard-dose tacrolimus one year post-HT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Hypertrophied cardiomyocytes exhibit increased protein synthesis and growth stimulus, primarily through the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. <italic>FLCN</italic> gene, associated with this pathway, encodes a protein implicated in various intracellular signals. Loss of <italic>FLCN</italic> function has been tied to mTOR pathway deregulation. Moreover, pathogenic variants in Folliculin-interacting protein 1 (<italic>FNIP1</italic>) have been linked to immunological impairment and cardiac hypertrophy. Animal models suggest that <italic>FLCN</italic> knockout leads to heart hypertrophy, modulated by the mTOR pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Pathogenic variants in both alleles of <italic>FNIP1</italic> have been linked to a condition characterized by immune dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Studies using animal models revealed that <italic>FLNC</italic> gene deletion leads to heart enlargement in mice accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of AMPK&#945; and heightened mTORC1 activity. Subsequent treatment with an inhibitor of the mTOR pathway reversed the cardiac enlargement and markedly improved heart function. This underscores the previously established connection between mTOR dysregulation and <italic>FLCN</italic> haploinsufficiency and suggests targeting this pathway as a potential therapeutic approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> <italic>FLCN</italic> gene mutations typically result in BHDS, characterized by renal neoplasms, fibrofolliculomas, and lung cysts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This case may represent the first known link between cardiac hypertrophy and BHDS.</p>
        <p>Genetic evaluation of donor&#8217;s tissues, although not standard, was crucial in this case. Family screening following variant identification is vital for clinical follow-up and cancer screening for those carrying the pathogenic variant. In this case, variant cosegregation within the donor&#8217;s family both supports and challenges LVH association, highlighting the need for further research.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>LVH is not typically seen early after transplantation, and asymmetric hypertrophy is often linked to sarcomeric gene variants. This report is possibly the first to associate <italic>FLCN</italic> with asymmetrical hypertrophy, supported by familial screening. It underscores the importance and feasibility of genetic evaluation of donor&#8217;s tissues, broadening the understanding of post-transplant complications and enhancing patient care.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We acknowledge the Laboratory of Immunology, the Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology of the Heart Institute of USP Faculty of Medicine, the Department of Organ Transplant of S&#227;o Paulo State, to the state of S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), and to the PROADI-SUS-Hospital BP program from the Brazilian Ministry of Health for Precision Medicine in Cardiology.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number CAAE 55200322.5.2001.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia/SP &#8211; PROADI-SUS.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
