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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hYkNHfMcf5vYZG8zH3cM48G</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240309</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Detec&#231;&#227;o e Localiza&#231;&#227;o do Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio pelo Eletrocardiograma: Valida&#231;&#227;o pela Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-0593-0713</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Catarina de Melo Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Gustavo da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7232-4552</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chalela</surname>
            <given-names>William Azem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9241-4574</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uchida</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto Hiroshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Heringer</surname>
            <given-names>Nevelton</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beuther</surname>
            <given-names>J&#252;rgen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Cavalcanti Lapa dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montarroyos</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cintra</surname>
            <given-names>Renata &#193;vila</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Complexo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (CHC-UFPR), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Esperan&#231;a</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperan&#231;a, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Maria Catarina de Melo Dias Guerra &#8226; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235. CEP 50670-901, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>mcatarinadias@gmail.com</email>, <email>rochitte@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240309</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC) &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o-ouro para detec&#231;&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), mas o eletrocardiograma (ECG) &#233; menos dispendioso e mais dispon&#237;vel. O reconhecimento do IM pelo ECG fora da fase aguda &#233; desafiador: ondas Q est&#227;o ausentes numa propor&#231;&#227;o significativa dos pacientes e podem reduzir ou desaparecer com o tempo. Apesar de amplamente utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de infarto pr&#233;vio, os estudos para valida&#231;&#227;o do ECG tendo como refer&#234;ncia a RMC no contexto da doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica s&#227;o limitados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico do ECG para detec&#231;&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o do IM definido pela RMC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 352 indiv&#237;duos que realizaram RMC e ECG, sendo 241 pacientes com IM pr&#233;vio confirmado pela RMC e 111 controles com RMC normal. Os tra&#231;ados de ECG foram analisados por 2 observadores cegos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RMC para detec&#231;&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o do IM de acordo com a IV Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre a An&#225;lise e Emiss&#227;o de Laudos Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. A signific&#226;ncia adotada foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O ECG apresentou bom desempenho para a detec&#231;&#227;o do IM pr&#233;vio, com sensibilidade de 69,3% (64,5% a 74,1%), especificidade de 99,1% (98,1% a 100%) e acur&#225;cia de 78,7% (74,4% a 83,0%). Entretanto, para localizar o IM de acordo com a RMC, a acur&#225;cia foi insatisfat&#243;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O ECG se mostrou um m&#233;todo com boa acur&#225;cia para detec&#231;&#227;o de IM pr&#233;vio quando comparado &#224; RMC, mas n&#227;o para definir sua localiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o e Localiza&#231;&#227;o do Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio pelo Eletrocardiograma: Valida&#231;&#227;o pela Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Desempenho do eletrocardiograma para detec&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024). Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024).</attrib>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="16"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) permanece como uma das principais enfermidades do s&#233;culo XXI por sua elevada morbimortalidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sendo a principal causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular com realce tardio (RMC-RT) mioc&#225;rdico com contraste baseado em gadol&#237;nio emergiu como uma ferramenta importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> que pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas superiores aos demais m&#233;todos, em diferentes contextos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A RMC-RT identifica com alta acur&#225;cia mesmo infartos pequenos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> al&#233;m de diversos diagn&#243;sticos alternativos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> mas sua disponibilidade &#233; limitada, especialmente na realidade brasileira, nos munic&#237;pios menores e no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) geralmente resulta em uma s&#233;rie de altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma (ECG) envolvendo o segmento ST e a onda T e, em muitos casos, anormalidade na por&#231;&#227;o inicial do QRS, as chamadas ondas Q patol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O reconhecimento de IM antigo &#233; dif&#237;cil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Numa s&#233;rie de 100 pacientes com hist&#243;ria de IM h&#225; mais de 7 dias submetidos &#224; RMC, ondas Q estavam presentes em 28% dos IM subendoc&#225;rdicos e ausentes em 29% dos transmurais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Um estudo demonstrou regress&#227;o da onda Q ap&#243;s IM numa propor&#231;&#227;o substancial de casos (42% e 13% dos 127 homens apresentaram regress&#227;o total e parcial, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O trabalho cl&#225;ssico de Myers et al. tem fornecido, nos &#250;ltimos 50 anos, a base para a associa&#231;&#227;o amplamente aceita entre as ondas Q e a presen&#231;a de cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m da amostra limitada, esses estudos de aut&#243;psia apresentam uma grande limita&#231;&#227;o para a localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto: na aut&#243;psia, o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; avaliado fora do t&#243;rax, em uma posi&#231;&#227;o diferente de sua orienta&#231;&#227;o usual dentro do t&#243;rax.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ECG &#233; uma ferramenta de baixo custo, amplamente dispon&#237;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para a detec&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IM pr&#233;vio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Apesar do seu uso cl&#237;nico disseminado, alguns estudos publicados at&#233; o momento comparando achados do ECG com a presen&#231;a de necrose mioc&#225;rdica isqu&#234;mica na RMC inclu&#237;ram um n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes e a maioria deles n&#227;o revelou uma acur&#225;cia satisfat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Esse estudo se prop&#244;s a avaliar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico do ECG para detec&#231;&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o do IM definido pela RMC numa amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, observacional do tipo caso-controle<bold>.</bold> O projeto foi aprovado tanto pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor) quanto pelo do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo (HCOR), os quais consideraram desnecess&#225;ria a assinatura do termo de consentimento pelos participantes, j&#225; que n&#227;o haveria interven&#231;&#227;o, mas apenas estudo de dados de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico.</p>
      <p>A amostra dos casos com infarto pr&#233;vio foi obtida atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise retrospectiva nos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos de pacientes que foram atendidos no InCor, no per&#237;odo de junho/2014 a dezembro/2019. Foram inclu&#237;dos, em primeira an&#225;lise, todos os pacientes que possu&#237;am o relato em prontu&#225;rio do diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (CID I.21) e realizaram ECG e RMC-RT posterior &#224; data da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), com intervalo de at&#233; 1 ano entre os exames.</p>
      <p>A amostra dos controles (indiv&#237;duos sem infarto pr&#233;vio) foi obtida de um outro estudo do grupo, intitulado &#8220;Avalia&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o microcirculat&#243;ria a partir de biomarcadores metab&#243;licos s&#233;ricos em pacientes com diabetes mellitus&#8221; &#8211; ENDOCRINE (SDC UNEX 012/22/002),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> provenientes de um dos centros participantes (o HCOR) entre 2018 e 2020. Trata-se de um estudo observacional numa coorte nacional que incluiu 51 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e 258 pacientes diab&#233;ticos, sendo 108 desses com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio e os demais sem hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica sugestiva de infarto. O seguimento foi de 6 meses.</p>
      <p>Da amostra do estudo ENDOCRINE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> foram inclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos que realizaram ECG e RMC-RT no mesmo dia, e que n&#227;o tinham fibrose sugestiva de infarto pr&#233;vio nem qualquer outra anormalidade na RMC, exceto hipertrofia ventricular esquerda at&#233; 13 mm. O valor de refer&#234;ncia para a espessura parietal normal varia nos diversos estudos entre 8,3 &#177; 1,0 cm e 10,2 &#177; 1,1 cm para o sexo masculino e 6,8 &#177; 0,9 cm e 9,2 &#177; 0,9 cm para o feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos com RMC sem qualidade satisfat&#243;ria da imagem ou evidenciando outro diagn&#243;stico que n&#227;o infarto (outras cardiomiopatias, como hipertr&#243;fica, doen&#231;a de Chagas, miocardite, amiloidose etc.) e aqueles com relato de uma nova SCA entre o ECG e a RMC. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes cujos ECG dispon&#237;veis fossem somente em fase aguda do infarto (intervalo de at&#233; 7 dias entre o IM e o ECG), bem como aqueles com ritmo de marcapasso.</p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana foi definida pela descri&#231;&#227;o deles em registro m&#233;dico dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos, seja nas evolu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas ambulatoriais ou durante interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares.</p>
      <p>Foram extra&#237;das as imagens digitais do ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es realizados em repouso com tra&#231;ado na velocidade de 25 mm/seg dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos dos casos e controles. As an&#225;lises dos ECG foram realizadas de forma manual por dois cardiologistas especialistas em eletrocardiografia com mais de 20 anos de experi&#234;ncia, sendo ambos cegos quanto ao resultado da RMC. Quando houve discord&#226;ncia entre os observadores, o ECG foi avaliado por um terceiro especialista.</p>
      <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o do infarto foi realizada de acordo com a IV Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre a An&#225;lise e Emiss&#227;o de Laudos Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Sua presen&#231;a foi definida pela exist&#234;ncia de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, com dura&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 40 ms, associadas ou n&#227;o &#224; amplitude &gt; 25% de todo QRS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Todos os exames de RMC-RT foram realizados em equipamento de 1,5T especificamente desenhado para aplica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0309_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">Material suplementar</ext-link>). Foram utilizadas duas sequ&#234;ncias de pulso:</p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p><underline>Cinerresson&#226;ncia com t&#233;cnica de b-SSFP</underline> (<italic>balanced steady-state free precession</italic>), considerada atualmente o &#8220;estado da arte&#8221; para avalia&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o, volumes e massa ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Esta sequ&#234;ncia permite a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens din&#226;micas com resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal de 50 ms ou menos, e com excelente contraste entre as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e o sangue. As imagens foram adquiridas em eixos longos e curtos, cobrindo ambos os ventr&#237;culos. Os cortes de eixo curto foram adquiridos em n&#250;meros de 8 a 14, visando cobrir toda a extens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Os cortes em eixo longo foram planejados a partir de imagens do eixo curto, sendo dois em duas c&#226;maras, um em quatro c&#226;maras e outro em tr&#234;s c&#226;maras, avaliando a via de sa&#237;da do VE.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><underline>Realce tardio (RT)</underline>: Essa t&#233;cnica permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de fibrose (cicatriz antiga) ou necrose (les&#227;o do mi&#243;cito aguda e irrevers&#237;vel) dentro do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular esquerdo com grande precis&#227;o, resolu&#231;&#227;o e detalhamento anat&#244;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As imagens foram adquiridas durante pausas respirat&#243;rias e acopladas ao ECG, em quatro c&#226;maras, eixos curto e longo do VE, nas mesmas localiza&#231;&#245;es das sequ&#234;ncias de cine. Isso permitiu uma melhor compara&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca regional e a estrutura mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>As RMC foram analisadas por um especialista em imagem cardiovascular com mais de 4 anos de experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea, o qual era cego em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ECG. Casos duvidosos foram avaliados por um segundo avaliador s&#234;nior com mais de 25 anos de experi&#234;ncia em RMC para a obten&#231;&#227;o dos resultados das medidas sob consenso.</p>
      <p>Foram avaliadas a massa de fibrose total e a percentual em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa do VE. A planimetria da &#225;rea de RT e da &#225;rea total do segmento foi realizada em cada um dos 17 segmentos, seguindo o modelo de segmenta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> obtendo-se o percentual de fibrose em cada um deles, que foi categorizado de acordo com sua extens&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea do segmento em: 0 (ausente), 1 (1% a 25%), 2 (26% a 50%), 3 (51% a 75%) e 4 (76% a 100%).</p>
      <p>A massa de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em cada segmento e a massa total foram quantificadas pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>full width at half maximum</italic> (FWHM) ou largura &#224; meia altura. A extens&#227;o transmural foi definida como fibrose mioc&#225;rdica acima de 50% da &#225;rea do segmento mioc&#225;rdico do VE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> em pelo menos 1 dos 17 segmentos padronizados pela AHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O p&#243;s-processamento das imagens, com an&#225;lise morfofuncional e viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, foi realizado em CVi42, software comercial com valida&#231;&#227;o da ANVISA. Adicionalmente, foi calculado o escore de fibrose global da AHA, por meio da soma do valor da categoria da extens&#227;o do RT (0 a 4) de cada um dos 17 segmentos dividida por 68 (n&#250;mero que corresponde ao escore m&#225;ximo de 4 para todos os 17 segmentos), gerando o valor da massa de fibrose como percentual da massa do VE.</p>
      <p>Com a finalidade de comparar o ECG com a RMC (padr&#227;o-ouro) quanto &#224; capacidade de localizar corretamente o infarto, fez-se necess&#225;rio estabelecer localiza&#231;&#245;es simplificadas em 3 categorias que correspondem aos territ&#243;rios coronarianos habituais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Quando o infarto era anterior extenso, a localiza&#231;&#227;o simplificada principal foi definida como anterior e/ou septal e/ou apical e a secund&#225;ria como lateral.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Localiza&#231;&#227;o simplificada do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no ECG e na RMC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Localiza&#231;&#227;o simplificada</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>ECG</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Anterior e/ou septal e/ou apical</td>
                <td align="center">Q em V1, V2, V3, V4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lateral</td>
                <td align="center">Q em V5, V6, D1, AVL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inferior</td>
                <td align="center">Q em D2, D3 e AVF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>RMC-RT</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anterior e/ou septal e/ou apical</td>
                <td align="center">Segmentos 1, 2, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16 e 17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lateral</td>
                <td align="center">Segmentos 5, 6, 11 e 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inferior</td>
                <td align="center">Segmentos 3, 4, 9 e 10</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ECG: eletrocardiograma; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular; RT: realce tardio. Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foi realizada a soma dos escores de RT de cada segmento que comp&#245;e a respectiva parede a fim de se definir as localiza&#231;&#245;es principal, secund&#225;ria e, eventualmente, terci&#225;ria do infarto, em ordem decrescente do resultado desse somat&#243;rio. Quando houve empate da soma dos escores de RT em duas paredes, a localiza&#231;&#227;o principal do infarto foi arbitrariamente definida nessa ordem: anterior e/ou septal e/ou apical, seguida da inferior e, por &#250;ltimo, a lateral. Quando havia apenas 1 ponto em um &#250;nico segmento de determinada localiza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foi considerada a presen&#231;a de infarto na mesma, exceto quando era a &#250;nica fibrose detectada na RMC.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos casos de IM diagnosticados pela RMC, foram apresentadas a distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas; para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi aplicado o teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para as vari&#225;veis que tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foram calculados as m&#233;dias e os respectivos desvios padr&#227;o e, para aquelas de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, foram apresentadas as medianas e os intervalos interquart&#237;licos.</p>
        <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de pacientes infartados e os controles quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas, seus h&#225;bitos e comorbidades, e par&#226;metros do ECG e da RMC, foram aplicados o teste t de Student para amostras independentes na compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias e o teste de Mann-Whitney na compara&#231;&#227;o de medianas. Na compara&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncias foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, e quando a frequ&#234;ncia esperada de alguma das categorias foi abaixo de 5, utilizou-se o teste exato de Fisher.</p>
        <p>A principal vari&#225;vel de resposta da RMC foi o RT, sendo sua extens&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea do segmento analisada por categorias (0 a 4). Considerando o diagn&#243;stico de IM pela RMC, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de valida&#231;&#227;o do ECG, estimando-se sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN), e a acur&#225;cia geral dos testes. Para todas as medidas, foram apresentados os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        <p>A valida&#231;&#227;o do ECG tamb&#233;m foi analisada de forma estratificada pela massa de fibrose e pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos com RT transmural. Foram constru&#237;das curvas ROC para avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia do ECG.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia entre avaliadores para detec&#231;&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o do IM pelo ECG, foram estimados o coeficiente kappa com o respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. A signific&#226;ncia adotada foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05), e os intervalos de confian&#231;a ao n&#237;vel de 95%. Em toda a an&#225;lise, foi utilizado o software estat&#237;stico STATA na vers&#227;o 14.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram avaliados para elegibilidade 2.784 pacientes com infarto pr&#233;vio e 258 indiv&#237;duos sem infarto. Ap&#243;s aplicados os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, foram inclu&#237;dos 241 casos e 111 controles. Os fluxogramas de sele&#231;&#227;o dos casos e controles encontram-se nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2</xref>. Dentre os pacientes em que a RMC revelou outro diagn&#243;stico, o mais frequente entre os casos foi miocardite (n = 17), seguido por cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (n = 8) e doen&#231;a de Chagas (n = 6). As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de inclus&#227;o (casos). ECG: eletrocardiograma; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular; RT: realce tardio; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de inclus&#227;o (controles). ECG: eletrocardiograma; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular; RT: realce tardio. Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Casos (n = 241)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Controles (n = 111)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Idade</bold> (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">59,2 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">54,1 &#177; 15,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">69 (28,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (65,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">172 (71,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (34,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Obesidade (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">72 (30,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (38,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">85 (35,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">165 (68,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (67,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,825</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo pr&#233;vio ou ativo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">139 (57,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (44,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">37 (27 &#8211; 47)*</td>
                <td align="center">67 (62 &#8211; 72)*</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE &lt; 40%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">141 (58,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa VE (g/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>)*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">68,8 (60,2 &#8211; 79,8)*</td>
                <td align="center">57,2 (48,9 &#8211; 66,1)*</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo entre RMC e ECG (em dias)*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">42 (7 &#8211; 118)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0 &#8211; 0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>*mediana (intervalo interquart&#237;lico). DP: desvio padr&#227;o; ECG: eletrocardiograma; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O evento que antecedeu a RMC e o ECG analisados foi um IM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em 52,7% dos casos, e um infarto sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em 14,5% dos casos; em 32,8% da amostra, n&#227;o houve apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica clara de SCA ou n&#227;o havia registro em prontu&#225;rio. A mediana da massa de fibrose foi 22,6% da massa do VE, e a do n&#250;mero de segmentos com RT transmural foi de 4 (2 a 6). A localiza&#231;&#227;o principal do infarto foi anterior e/ou septal e/ou apical em 67,2%, inferior em 21,0% e lateral em 11,5% dos casos. A maioria dos casos apresentou envolvimento de duas ou mais localiza&#231;&#245;es simplificadas na RMC (85,1%).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o do infarto pelo ECG</title>
        <p>O ECG apresentou bom desempenho para detec&#231;&#227;o do IM, com sensibilidade de 69,3% (64,5 - 74,1), especificidade de 99,1% (98,1 - 100) e acur&#225;cia de 78,7% (74,4 - 83,0), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os observadores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, o VPP foi de 99,4% (98,6 - 100) e o VPN de 59,8% (54,7 - 64,9). A sensibilidade do ECG para detec&#231;&#227;o de IM variou de acordo com o seu tamanho, avaliado pelos tercis da massa de fibrose e do n&#250;mero de segmentos com RT transmural pela RMC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sensibilidade do eletrocardiograma para detec&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de acordo com os tercis de massa de fibrose percentual (A) e do n&#250;mero de segmentos com realce tardio transmural (B) na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular. Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Estratificando-se a massa de fibrose pela mediana (22,6%), a sensibilidade do ECG para detec&#231;&#227;o do IM foi de 55,5% (46,5 - 64,4) e 82,8% (76,1 - 89,5) para as massas de fibrose at&#233; a mediana e acima dela (p &lt; 0,001). Para a mediana do n&#250;mero de segmentos com RT transmural, a diferen&#231;a de sensibilidade do ECG tamb&#233;m foi significativa: 54,8% (46,1 - 63,6) versus 84,6% (78,1 - 91,2) para os estratos at&#233; a mediana e acima da mesma (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tamanho do IM na RMC e acur&#225;cia do ECG para detec&#231;&#227;o do IM foi forte (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). A massa de fibrose com melhor rela&#231;&#227;o entre sensibilidade e especificidade foi de 15,5% da massa do VE, com sensibilidade de 83,2% (76,7 - 88,2) e especificidade de 83,7% (77,6 - 88,4).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Acur&#225;cia dos m&#233;todos do ECG para detec&#231;&#227;o do IM de acordo com a massa de fibrose (%) (A) e escore de fibrose global (B). ECG: eletrocardiograma; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O desempenho do ECG para detec&#231;&#227;o do IM em qualquer parede tamb&#233;m foi avaliado de acordo com os grupos de IM na RMC (anterior e/ou septal e/ou apical, lateral e inferior) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref> traz exemplo em que o ECG detectou e localizou corretamente um infarto inferior e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 7</xref>, de um falso negativo, em que n&#227;o havia ondas Q patol&#243;gicas (&gt; 40 ms) em ao menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es do ECG e a RMC revelou um IM inferior e lateral e grande massa de fibrose (30,3%).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sensibilidade do eletrocardiograma para detec&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de acordo com sua localiza&#231;&#227;o principal definida pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular. Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exemplo de caso em que o eletrocardiograma (A) detectou e localizou corretamente um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio inferior. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (B) estimou a massa de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em 17,2%. Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exemplo de caso em que o eletrocardiograma (A) n&#227;o fechou crit&#233;rios para detec&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (B) revelou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio inferior e lateral e massa de fibrose de 30,3%. Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O desempenho do ECG para detec&#231;&#227;o do IM foi analisado de acordo com o tempo entre a data do IM e a da realiza&#231;&#227;o do ECG, estratificando-se pela mediana (150 dias), e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de sensibilidade entre os per&#237;odos: 73,9% (65,7 - 82,0) para os IM distando menos de 150 dias at&#233; o ECG e 65,4% (57,2 - 73,6) para aqueles a partir de 150 dias (p = 0,154).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto pelo ECG</title>
        <p>O ECG obteve desempenho limitado para identificar corretamente a localiza&#231;&#227;o principal do IM tendo a RMC como refer&#234;ncia, especialmente para os infartos laterais seguidos pelos inferiores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sensibilidade do ECG para localizar o IM na RMC (casos)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Localiza&#231;&#227;o do IM na RMC</th>
                  <th>Se localiza&#231;&#227;o principal do IM no ECG coincidiu com a principal na RMC</th>
                  <th>Se localiza&#231;&#227;o principal do IM no ECG coincidiu com a principal ou secund&#225;ria na RMC</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>(IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>(IC 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Anterior e/ou septal e/ou apical</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">53,8% (46,7% &#8211; 60,8%)*</td>
                  <td align="center">61,5% (53,7% &#8211; 68,7%)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Lateral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Inferior</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">40,0% (22,0% &#8211; 61,2%)*</td>
                  <td align="center">45,1% (31,7% &#8211; 59,2%)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Valor p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anterior versus lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anterior versus inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">0,193</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inferior versus lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>*mediana (intervalo interquart&#237;lico). ECG: eletrocardiograma; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular. Fonte: Produ&#231;&#227;o da autora (2024).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Tendo em vista que 85,1% dos casos tinham RT envolvendo mais de uma localiza&#231;&#227;o simplificada do IM e que o somat&#243;rio dos escores de RT entre a localiza&#231;&#227;o principal e a secund&#225;ria foram semelhantes em muitos, foi avaliado o desempenho do ECG para localizar o IM considerando como acerto sempre que a localiza&#231;&#227;o principal do ECG foi igual &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o principal ou &#224; secund&#225;ria da RMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>As diferen&#231;as de sensibilidade do ECG para localiza&#231;&#227;o do IM foram estatisticamente significativas para as compara&#231;&#245;es com a parede lateral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de concord&#226;ncia entre os observadores</title>
        <p>A concord&#226;ncia entre os observadores na detec&#231;&#227;o do infarto foi boa, obtendo-se um coeficiente kappa igual a 0,75 (IC 95% 0,64 &#8211; 0,85). J&#225; a concord&#226;ncia entre os observadores na localiza&#231;&#227;o principal do infarto foi apenas razo&#225;vel, com kappa de 0,39 (0,32 &#8211; 0,45).</p>
        <p>A concord&#226;ncia entre o ECG e a RMC quanto &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o principal do IM foi m&#237;nima, com coeficiente kappa de 0,24 (IC 95% 0,18 &#8211; 0,29).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve como caracter&#237;sticas originais a avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia do ECG para detec&#231;&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o do IM fora da fase aguda, incluindo controles sem infarto numa amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, tendo a RMC-RT como refer&#234;ncia. Uma das vantagens da RMC-RT &#233; sua capacidade de avaliar a presen&#231;a de infarto subendoc&#225;rdico e delinear a extens&#227;o transmural do IM com alta resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial, o que permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de infartos de pequenas dimens&#245;es, comumente n&#227;o identificados por outros m&#233;todos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante destacar que, para fins de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, os ECG foram classificados quanto &#224; presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de infartos por observadores cegos quanto aos resultados da RMC e aos dados cl&#237;nicos dos casos. No entanto, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, h&#225; uma ampla gama de casos duvidosos e o m&#233;dico sempre tem mais informa&#231;&#245;es para auxiliar na tomada de decis&#227;o, como ECG pr&#233;vios, informa&#231;&#245;es de outros exames complementares, a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, e, principalmente, a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica detalhada e o exame f&#237;sico.</p>
      <p>A amostra dos casos foi composta, em sua maioria, por infartos relativamente extensos (mediana da massa de fibrose de 22,6%), de localiza&#231;&#227;o compat&#237;vel com envolvimento da art&#233;ria descendente anterior e pouco mais da metade dos casos apresentava fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE) abaixo de 40%.</p>
      <p>Num outro trabalho, em diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, 36,8% dos infartos foram silenciosos. Encontramos uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tamanho do IM na RMC e a acur&#225;cia do ECG para sua detec&#231;&#227;o, tanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o pela massa percentual de fibrose, quanto para o escore de fibrose na RMC (&#225;rea sob a curva de 0,9 para ambas). A maior limita&#231;&#227;o do ECG foi para os infartos menores, nos quais a sensibilidade do ECG foi inferior a 60%. Esses dados refletem as limita&#231;&#245;es das ferramentas de detec&#231;&#227;o do infarto no ECG baseadas na identifica&#231;&#227;o de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas.</p>
      <p>Embora trabalhos pr&#233;vios associassem maior risco de isquemia recorrente e reinfarto ao infarto sem ondas com Q,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Phibbs et al. destacaram vieses nesses estudos, sobretudo pela inclus&#227;o conjunta de pacientes com primeiro infarto e infartos subsequentes, que apresentam mortalidade e morbidade distintas. Em extensa revis&#227;o de estudos bem conduzidos, esses autores demonstraram progn&#243;sticos semelhantes para os infartos com e sem surgimento de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora as ondas Q sejam frequentemente associadas ao IM transmural, estudos de patologia demonstraram que sua presen&#231;a no ECG n&#227;o foi capaz de diferenciar a cicatriz transmural da n&#227;o transmural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Um outro estudo comparou resultados de tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons de perfus&#227;o com rub&#237;dio-82 em repouso e sob estresse, al&#233;m de imagens metab&#243;licas com fluordesoxiglicose F-18 na identifica&#231;&#227;o de infarto com e sem onda Q em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE e demonstrou uma quantidade total de mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico e vi&#225;vel significativamente maior naqueles sem onda Q (6,5 &#177; 5,2 versus 2,9 &#177; 2,8 segmentos, p &lt; 0,001), sem diferen&#231;as significativas na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE entre os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, o desempenho dos crit&#233;rios da IV Defini&#231;&#227;o Universal de Infarto para detec&#231;&#227;o do IM foi testado num trabalho unic&#234;ntrico holand&#234;s que avaliou ECG de 974 pacientes submetidos a RMC (205 com RT de padr&#227;o isqu&#234;mico e 769 sem RT). Os autores encontraram uma baixa sensibilidade (38%, IC 95% 31,6 &#8211; 44,8) e uma especificidade de 86,9% (IC 95% 84,4 &#8211; 89,1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Na an&#225;lise dos casos estratificada em 2 localiza&#231;&#245;es, a localiza&#231;&#227;o anterior obteve sensibilidade muito superior &#224; inferior, que inclu&#237;a os segmentos inferior, inferolateral, inferosseptal e lateral (63,3% versus 20,2%). O aumento no tamanho, avaliado pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos envolvidos, ou na extens&#227;o transmural do infarto n&#227;o se associou com melhora na sensibilidade do ECG, ao contr&#225;rio do que observamos no nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, no presente trabalho, que incluiu maior n&#250;mero de casos, mas n&#250;mero inferior de controles, a sensibilidade e a especificidade do ECG foram mais elevadas. Os autores do trabalho holand&#234;s<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> ressaltam que a inclus&#227;o de todos os pacientes submetidos a RMC no per&#237;odo de sele&#231;&#227;o para diversas indica&#231;&#245;es resultou em uma heterogeneidade que pode justificar diferen&#231;as dos resultados de outras popula&#231;&#245;es, por exemplo, pacientes com suspeita de DAC, como o nosso, em que os casos realizaram RMC ap&#243;s diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de IM. Adicionalmente, no artigo supracitado, n&#227;o foi descrita a massa de fibrose entre os infartados, o que tamb&#233;m pode ter impactado na diferen&#231;a de sensibilidade encontrada. Na presente an&#225;lise, as paredes lateral e inferior foram avaliadas separadamente, e a sensibilidade foi baixa para a lateral, mas os valores para a localiza&#231;&#227;o inferior se aproximaram da sensibilidade da parede anterior.</p>
      <p>O desempenho do ECG para localizar o IM em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; RMC foi limitado, especialmente para a parede lateral. Trabalhos antigos que estudaram a localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto pr&#233;vio atrav&#233;s das deriva&#231;&#245;es onde se encontram ondas Q patol&#243;gicas tinham amostra limitada e baixo poder estat&#237;stico para avaliar a acur&#225;cia do ECG para localizar o IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Estudos maiores que analisaram o desempenho do ECG no diagn&#243;stico do IM tendo como refer&#234;ncia a RMC n&#227;o descreveram a sua acur&#225;cia para localizar a cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica, pela falta de grupo controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os infartos silenciosos n&#227;o s&#227;o raros e impactam negativamente no progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Uma coorte prospectiva holandesa realizou ECG seriados em mais de 6 mil indiv&#237;duos com mais de 55 anos. Num seguimento m&#233;dio de 13,2 anos, a preval&#234;ncia de infartos silenciosos, definidos pelo surgimento de novas ondas Q no ECG sem hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica compat&#237;vel com uma SCA, foi de 5,8% nos homens e 4,5% nas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, os infartos silenciosos responderam por 9,4% dos eventos, com mortalidade cardiovascular de 10,7% em 3 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Num outro trabalho, em diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, 36,8% dos infartos foram silenciosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Em nossa amostra, n&#227;o houve apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica clara de SCA ou n&#227;o havia registro em prontu&#225;rio em quase um ter&#231;o dos casos, sendo o diagn&#243;stico do infarto pr&#233;vio realizado pela RMC durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O desenho do estudo retrospectivo apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es, incluindo a variabilidade da qualidade dos dados cl&#237;nicos. Apesar do amplo uso da RMC para avalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s IM no servi&#231;o de onde os casos foram provenientes, em um n&#250;mero muito elevado dos pacientes avaliados para elegibilidade, n&#227;o havia disponibilidade de imagem digital dos ECGs no prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico, constando apenas o laudo escrito.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante tamb&#233;m destacar a possibilidade de vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o: sendo um estudo de infarto, os avaliadores poderiam estar mais propensos a identificar altera&#231;&#245;es nos exames, o que pode ter aumentado a sensibilidade do ECG. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi o n&#250;mero pequeno de IM de localiza&#231;&#227;o principal lateral.</p>
        <p>Uma diferen&#231;a que deve ser destacada era que todos os controles eram diab&#233;ticos, enquanto a preval&#234;ncia de diabetes entre os casos foi de 35,3%. Apesar de diabetes ser um importante fator de risco para DAC e da maior ocorr&#234;ncia de infartos silenciosos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> o fato de os controles terem realizado a RMC e o ECG no mesmo dia afasta a possibilidade de ter ocorrido algum evento coronariano agudo entre os exames. Al&#233;m disso, as RMC dos controles inclu&#237;ram a avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com estresse farmacol&#243;gico, sendo capaz de detectar n&#227;o s&#243; infartos, mas tamb&#233;m isquemia, que tamb&#233;m levava &#224; exclus&#227;o dos controles. S&#243; foram inclu&#237;dos os que n&#227;o apresentavam qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o no exame, exceto hipertrofia ventricular esquerda de at&#233; 13 mm de espessura parietal m&#225;xima.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram avaliados dados cl&#237;nicos como dura&#231;&#227;o e intensidade dos sintomas, medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, nem analisada a anatomia coronariana ou interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas. Os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram obtidos em diferentes institui&#231;&#245;es e em diversos setores dos dois centros inclu&#237;dos, n&#227;o havendo descri&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardi&#243;grafo utilizado na maioria deles.</p>
        <p>Por fim, o estudo envolveu dados de ECG e RMC adquiridos somente em duas institui&#231;&#245;es, limitando a validade externa dos nossos resultados, o que deveria ser confirmado em estudo amplo, multic&#234;ntrico e de car&#225;ter populacional.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>O ECG se mostrou um m&#233;todo com boa acur&#225;cia para detec&#231;&#227;o de um IM pr&#233;vio quando comparado &#224; RMC-RT: 78,7% (74,4 &#8211; 83,0).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>O desempenho do ECG na localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto mostrou utilidade muito limitada, especialmente na parede lateral.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Sendo uma ferramenta de baixo custo e a mais amplamente dispon&#237;vel na avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC, a valida&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade do ECG com a RMC-RT para detec&#231;&#227;o do IM &#233; importante, especialmente nas popula&#231;&#245;es com mais dif&#237;cil acesso aos exames de maior custo, como as de muitas cidades brasileiras. Os dados do presente trabalho poder&#227;o fornecer uma base para estudos adicionais sobre a aplicabilidade do ECG na triagem de pacientes que necessitar&#227;o de investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica adicional para DAC.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Considerando a sensibilidade encontrada do ECG para detec&#231;&#227;o do IM pr&#233;vio, baseada na identifica&#231;&#227;o das ondas Q patol&#243;gicas (69,3%), seria de grande valia a identifica&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos adicionais capazes de melhorar o desempenho do ECG no contexto da DAC cr&#244;nica.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
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        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; HCFM/USP e Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o/Associa&#231;&#227;o Beneficente S&#237;ria &#8211; HCOR sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 6.016.574 e 6.314.851, respectivamente. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p> Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0309_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> </p>
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      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240309i</article-id>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Detection and Location of Myocardial Infarction Using Electrocardiogram: Validation by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-0593-0713</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Catarina de Melo Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Gustavo da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7232-4552</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chalela</surname>
            <given-names>William Azem</given-names>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9241-4574</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uchida</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto Hiroshi</given-names>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
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          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Almeida</given-names>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Heringer</surname>
            <given-names>Nevelton</given-names>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beuther</surname>
            <given-names>J&#252;rgen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Cavalcanti Lapa dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montarroyos</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cintra</surname>
            <given-names>Renata &#193;vila</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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            <sup>7</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchine</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperan&#231;a, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Maria</bold> Catarina de Melo Dias Guerra &#8226; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235. Postal Code 50670-901, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: mcatarinadias@gmail.com, rochitte@incor.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> In the assessment of ischemic heart disease, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is considered the gold standard for detecting and locating myocardial infarction (MI), but electrocardiogram (ECG) is less expensive and more widely available. Recognition of MI on ECG outside the acute phase is challenging; Q waves are absent in a significant proportion of patients and may reduce or disappear over time. Although ECG is widely used in the initial assessment of previous infarction, studies to validate ECG using CMR as a reference in the context of chronic coronary disease are limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the diagnostic performance of ECG in detecting and locating CMR-defined MI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This study included 352 individuals who underwent CMR and ECG, 241 patients with previous MI confirmed by CMR and 111 controls with normal CMR. Their ECG tracings were analyzed by 2 observers, who were blinded to the CMR, for detection and location of MI following to the Fourth Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports. The significance level adopted was 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> ECG showed good performance for detecting previous MI, with sensitivity of 69.3% (64.5% to 74.1%), specificity of 99.1% (98.1% to 100%), and accuracy of 78.7% (74.4% to 83.0%). However, in locating MI in accordance with CMR, its accuracy was unsatisfactory.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> When compared to CMR, ECG was shown to be a method with good accuracy for detecting previous MI, but not for defining its location.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Detection and Location of Myocardial Infarction Using Electrocardiogram: Validation by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Performance of electrocardiogram in detecting myocardial infarction. Source: Produced by the author (2024).</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to be one of the main diseases of the twenty-first century due to its high morbidity and mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and it is the leading cause of heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-CMR) has emerged as an important tool in the assessment of ischemic heart disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and it is able to provide diagnostic and prognostic information that is superior to other methods in different contexts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> With high accuracy, LGE-CMR identifies even small infarctions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in addition to several alternative diagnoses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> but its availability is limited, especially in the Brazilian context, in smaller municipalities, and within the public health system.</p>
        <p>Myocardial infarction (MI) generally results in a series of electrocardiogram (ECG) changes involving the ST segment and the T wave and, in many cases, abnormalities in the initial portion of the QRS complex, known as pathological Q waves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Recognition of old MI is difficult.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In a series of 100 patients with documented MI more than 7 days prior to undergoing CMR, Q waves were present in 28% of subendocardial MI cases and absent in 29% of transmural MI cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> One study demonstrated Q wave regression after MI in a substantial proportion of cases (42% and 13% of 127 men had total and partial regression, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The classic study by Myers et al. has, for the past 50 years, provided the basis for the widely accepted association between Q waves and the presence of myocardial scarring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In addition to the limited sample size, these autopsy studies have a major limitation for locating infarction; during autopsy, the heart is evaluated outside the thorax, in a position different from its usual orientation within the thorax.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ECG is a low-cost tool, and it is widely available in clinical practice for detecting patients with prior MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Despite its widespread clinical use, some studies published to date comparing ECG findings with the presence of ischemic myocardial necrosis on CMR have included a limited number of patients, and the majority of them have not shown satisfactory accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ECG for detecting and locating CMR-defined MI in a sample from the Brazilian population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a retrospective, observational, case-control study. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of both Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor) and Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo (HCOR), who waived the requirement for participants to sign a consent form, because there would be no intervention, but only a study of data from medical records.</p>
        <p>The sample of cases with previous infarction was obtained through retrospective analysis of electronic medical records of patients who were treated at Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, from June 2014 to December 2019. The first analysis included all patients whose medical records reported diagnosis of acute MI (ICD I.21) and who underwent ECG and LGE-CMR after the date of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS), with an interval of up to 1 year between the exams.</p>
        <p>The control sample (individuals without previous infarction) was obtained from another study by this group, entitled &#8220;Avalia&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o microcirculat&#243;ria a partir de biomarcadores metab&#243;licos s&#233;ricos em pacientes com diabetes mellitus&#8221; &#8211; ENDOCRINE (SDC UNEX 012/22/002),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> conducted at one of the participating centers (HCOR) between 2018 and 2020. This was an observational study in a national cohort that included 51 healthy individuals and 258 diabetic patients, 108 of whom had had a previous acute myocardial infarction and the others had no clinical history suggestive of infarction. Follow-up was 6 months</p>
        <p>From the ENDOCRINE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> study sample, we included individuals who underwent ECG and LGE-CMR on the same day and who did not have fibrosis suggestive of previous infarction or any other abnormality on CMR, except mild left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy up to 13 mm. The reference value for normal wall thickness vary in different studies between 8.3 &#177; 1.0 cm and 10.2 &#177; 1.1 cm for males and 6.8 &#177; 0.9 cm and 9.2 &#177; 0.9 cm for females.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study excluded individuals with CMR results that did not have satisfactory image quality or with a diagnosis other than infarction (other cardiomyopathies, for example, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Chagas disease, myocarditis, amyloidosis, etc.) and patients with a record of a new ACS between the ECG and the CMR. This study also excluded patients whose ECGs were only available during the acute phase of the infarction (up to 7 days between the MI and the ECG) and patients with pacemaker rhythm.</p>
        <p>The presence of risk factors for coronary disease was defined by their description in the electronic medical records, either in outpatient medical assessments or during hospitalizations.</p>
        <p>Digital images of the 12-lead ECG performed at rest with a tracing speed of 25 mm/sec were extracted from electronic medical records of the cases and controls. ECGs were analyzed manually by 2 cardiologists specialized in electrocardiography with more than 20 years of experience, both of whom were blinded to the CMR results. When there was disagreement between the observers, the ECG was evaluated by a third specialist.</p>
        <p>Infarction was detected in accordance with the Fourth Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Presence of infarction was defined as the existence of pathological Q waves in 2 contiguous leads, with a duration equal to or greater than 40 ms, whether or not it was associated with amplitude &gt; 25% of the entire QRS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>All LGE-CMR examinations were performed on 1.5-T equipment specifically designed for cardiovascular applications (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0309_AO_supplemental-material.pdf">Supplemental Material</ext-link>). Two pulse sequences were used:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p><underline>Cine imaging with balanced steady-state free precession (b-SSFP</underline>), currently considered the &#8220;state of the art&#8221; for assessing ventricular function, volumes, and mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> This sequence allows acquisition of dynamic images with a temporal resolution of 50 ms or less, with excellent contrast between the cardiac chambers and the blood. Images were acquired in long and short axes, covering both ventricles. Short-axis slices were acquired in numbers from 8 to 14, aiming to cover the entire extension of the LV. Long-axis slices were planned from short-axis images as follows: 2 in 2-chamber view, 1 in 4-chamber-view, and 1 in 3-chamber view, evaluating the LV outflow tract.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><underline>Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE)</underline>: This technique allows the identification of areas of fibrosis (old scar) or necrosis (acute and irreversible myocyte injury) within the LV myocardium with great precision, resolution, and anatomical detail.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Images were acquired during respiratory pauses and coupled to the ECG, in 4 chambers, LV short and long axes, in the same locations as the cine sequences. This allowed a better comparison between regional cardiac function and myocardial structure.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>CMR was analyzed by a cardiovascular imaging specialist with more than 4 years of experience in the area, who was blinded to the ECG. Doubtful cases were evaluated by a second senior evaluator with more than 25 years of experience in CMR in order to obtain measurement results by consensus.</p>
        <p>Total fibrosis mass and its percentage in relation to LV mass were assessed. Planimetry of the LGE area and the total area of the segment was performed in each of the 17 segments, following the American Heart Association (AHA) myocardial segmentation model,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> obtaining the percentage of fibrosis in each of them, which was categorized according to extent in relation to the area of the segment as follows: 0 (absent), 1 (1% to 25%), 2 (26% to 50%), 3 (51% to 75%), and 4% (76% to 100%).</p>
        <p>The myocardial fibrosis mass of each segment and the total mass were quantified using the full width at half maximum (FWHM). Transmural extent was defined as myocardial fibrosis greater than 50% of the area of the LV myocardial segment<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> in at least 1 of the 17 segments standardized according to the AHA model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Postprocessing of the images, with morphofunctional analysis and myocardial viability, was performed using CVi 42 commercial software, which has been validated by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA, acronym in Portuguese). Additionally, the AHA global fibrosis score was calculated by adding the value of the LGE extent category (0 to 4) of each of the 17 segments divided by 68 (number corresponding to the maximum score of 4 for all 17 segments), resulting in the value of fibrosis mass as a percentage of LV mass.</p>
        <p>In order to compare the ECG with CMR (gold standard) regarding ability to correctly locate the infarction, it was necessary to establish simplified locations in 3 categories that correspond to usual coronary territories (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). When the infarction was extensive anterior, the main simplified location was defined as anterior and/or septal and/or apical and the secondary as lateral.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Simplified location of myocardial infarction on ECG and CMR</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Simplified location</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">ECG</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Anterior and/or septal e/ou apical</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Q in V1, V2, V3, V4</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">Q in V5, V6, D1, AVL</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">Q in D2, D3 e AVF</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>LGE-CMR</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anterior and/or septal e/ou apical</td>
                  <td align="center">Segments 1, 2, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">Segments 5, 6, 11, and 12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inferior</td>
                  <td>Segments 3, 4, 9, and 10</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ECG: electrocardiogram; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement. Source: Produced by the author (2024).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The sum of the LGE scores of each segment that makes up the respective wall was obtained in order to define the main, secondary, and, eventually, tertiary locations of the infarction, in decreasing order of the result of this sum. When there was a tie in the sum of the LGE scores in 2 walls, the main location of the infarction was arbitrarily defined in the following order: anterior and/or septal and/or apical, followed by inferior, and, finally, lateral. When there was only 1 point in a single segment of a given location, the presence of infarction in that location was not considered, except when it was the only fibrosis detected on CMR.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Frequency distribution for categorical variables was used to characterize the cases of MI diagnosed by CMR; for continuous variables, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was applied. For variables with normal distribution, the means and respective standard deviations were calculated; for variables with non-normal distribution, the medians and interquartile ranges were shown.</p>
          <p>To compare the groups of patients with MI and controls regarding clinical and demographic characteristics, habits, comorbidities, and ECG and CMRI parameters, Student&#8217;s t test for independent samples was applied to compare means, and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare medians. Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test was used to compare frequencies. When the expected frequency of any of the categories was below 5, Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used.</p>
          <p>The main response variable for CMR was LGE, and its extent in relation to the area of the segment was analyzed by categories (0 to 4). Considering diagnosis of MI by CMR, an ECG validation analysis was performed, estimating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), as well as the overall accuracy of the tests. For all measurements, 95% confidence intervals (CI) were presented.</p>
          <p>ECG validation was also analyzed with stratification by fibrosis mass and number of segments with transmural LGE. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to assess ECG accuracy.</p>
          <p>To analyze interobserver agreement for detection and location of MI by ECG, the kappa coefficient was estimated with the respective 95% CI. The significance level adopted was 5% (p &lt; 0.05), and the CI were set at 95%. STATA statistical software, version 14 was used for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>This study assessed 2,784 patients with previous infarction and 258 individuals without infarction for eligibility. After applying the exclusion criteria, 241 cases and 111 controls were included. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">2</xref> display flowcharts of case and control selection. In the patients for whom CMR revealed another diagnosis, the most frequent among cases were myocarditis (n = 17), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 8), and Chagas disease (n = 6). The characteristics of the sample are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Inclusion flowchart (cases). ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance; ECG: electrocardiogram; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement. Source: Produced by the author (2024).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Inclusion flowchart (controls). CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance; ECG: electrocardiogram; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement. Source: Produced by the author (2024).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sample characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>Cases (n = 241)</th>
                  <th>Controls (n = 111)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Age</bold> (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2 &#177; 10.9</td>
                  <td align="center">54.1 &#177; 15.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (28.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (65.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (71.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (34.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Obesity (BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">72 (30.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (38.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">85 (35.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">165 (68.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (67.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.825</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Prior or active smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">139 (57.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (44.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">37 (27 &#8211; 47)*</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (62 &#8211; 72)*</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF &lt; 40%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">141 (58.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV mass (g/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>)*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">68.8 (60.2 &#8211; 79.8)*</td>
                  <td align="center">57.2 (48.9 &#8211; 66.1)*</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Time between CMR and ECG (in days)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">42 (7 &#8211; 118)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0 &#8211; 0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Asterisks indicate values expressed as median (interquartile range). BMI: body mass index; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance; ECG: electrocardiogram; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SD: standard deviation. Source: Produced by the author (2024).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The event preceding the analyzed CMR and ECG was ST-segment elevation MI in 52.7% of cases and non-ST-segment elevation MI in 14.5% of cases; in 32.8% of the sample, there was no clear clinical presentation of ACS, or it was not registered in the medical records. The median fibrosis mass was 22.6% of the LV mass, and the number of segments with transmural LGE was 4 (2 to 6). The main location of the infarction was anterior and/or septal and/or apical in 67.2%, inferior in 21.0%, and lateral in 11.5% of cases. The majority of cases presented involvement of 2 or more simplified locations on CMR (85.1%).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Infarction detected by ECG</title>
          <p>ECG showed good performance for detecting MI, with sensitivity of 69.3% (64.5 - 74.1), specificity of 99.1% (98.1 - 100), and accuracy of 78.7% (74.4 - 83.0), with no significant difference between observers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). In the population studied, the PPV was 99.4% (98.6 - 100), and the NPV was 59.8% (54.7 - 64.9). The sensitivity of ECG for detecting MI varied according to size, assessed by tertiles of fibrosis mass and number of segments with transmural LGE on CMR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sensitivity of electrocardiogram in detecting myocardial infarction according to fibrosis mass percentage tertiles (A) and number of segments with transmural late gadolinium enhancement (B) on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Source: Produced by the author (2024).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>When stratifying the fibrosis mass by the median (22.6%), the sensitivity of ECG in detecting MI was 55.5% (46.5 - 64.4) and 82.8% (76.1 - 89.5) for fibrosis masses up to the median and above (p &lt; 0.001). For the median number of segments with transmural LGE, the difference in ECG sensitivity was also significant, namely, 54.8% (46.1 - 63.6) versus 84.6% (78.1 - 91.2) for the strata up to the median and above (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          <p>The association between MI size on CMR and accuracy of ECG in detecting MI was strong (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). The fibrosis mass with the best sensitivity-to-specificity ratio was 15.5% of the LV mass, with a sensitivity of 83.2% (76,7 - 88,2) and specificity of 83.7% (77.6 - 88.4).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Accuracy of electrocardiogram methods in detecting myocardial infarction according to fibrosis mass percentage (A) and global fibrosis score (B). AUC ROC: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; ECG: electrocardiogram. Source: Produced by the author (2024).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>ECG&#8217;s performance in detecting MI in any wall was also evaluated according to the MI groups on CMR (anterior and/or septal and/or apical, lateral, and inferior) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref> shows an example in which the ECG correctly detected and located an inferior infarction. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 7</xref> shows a false negative, in which there were no pathological Q waves (&gt; 40 ms) in at least 2 ECG leads, and CMR revealed an inferior and lateral MI and large fibrosis mass (30.3%).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sensitivity of electrocardiogram in detecting myocardial infarction defined by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Source: Produced by the author (2024).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Example of a case in which the electrocardiogram (A) correctly detected and located an inferior myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (B) estimated the myocardial fibrosis mass at 17.2%. Source: Produced by the author (2024).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Example of a case in which the electrocardiogram (A) did not meet the criteria for detecting myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (B) revealed inferior and lateral myocardial infarction and fibrosis mass of 30.3%. Source: Produced by the author (2024).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20240309-40309-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>ECG&#8217;s performance in detecting MI was analyzed according to the time between the date of the MI and the date of the ECG, stratified by the median (150 days), and there was no difference in sensitivity between the periods: 73.9% (65.7 - 82.0) for MI less than 150 days before the ECG and 65.4% (57.2 - 73.6) for MI 150 days or more (p = 0.154).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Infarction location on ECG</title>
          <p>ECG had limited performance in correctly identifying the main location of the MI, considering CMR as a reference, especially for lateral infarctions followed by inferior infarctions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sensitivity of ECG in locating CMR-defined MI (cases)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Location of MI on CMR</th>
                    <th>If primary location of MI on ECG coincided with primary location</th>
                    <th>If primary location of MI on ECG coincided with primary or secondary location on CMR</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>(95% CI)</th>
                    <th>(95% CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Anterior and/or septal and/or apical</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">53.8% (46.7% &#8211; 60.8%)*</td>
                    <td align="center">61.5% (53.7% &#8211; 68.7%)*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Lateral</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0%</td>
                    <td align="center">0%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Inferior</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">40.0% (22.0% &#8211; 61.2%)*</td>
                    <td align="center">45.1% (31.7% &#8211; 59.2%)*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>p value</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior versus lateral</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior versus inferior</td>
                    <td align="center">0.193</td>
                    <td align="center">0.039</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inferior versus lateral</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>Asterisks indicate values expressed as median (interquartile range). CI: confidence interval; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance; ECG: electrocardiogram; MI: myocardial infarction. Source: Produced by the author (2024).</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Considering that 85.1% of the cases had LGE involving more than one simplified MI location and that the sum of the LGE scores between the main and secondary locations were similar in many cases, the performance of ECG in locating MI was evaluated by considering it correct whenever the main location on the ECG was the same as the main or secondary location on the CMR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>The differences in sensitivity of ECG for locating MI were statistically significant for comparisons with the lateral wall.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interobserver agreement analyses</title>
          <p>Interobserver agreement in detecting MI was good, with a kappa coefficient of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.64 - 0.85). Interobserver agreement for the main location of the infarction was only fair, with a kappa of 0.39 (0.32 - 0.45).</p>
          <p>The agreement between ECG and CMR regarding the main location of MI was minimal, with a kappa coefficient of 0.24 (95% CI: 0.18 - 0.29).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The original characteristics of our study were evaluation of the accuracy of ECG in detecting and locating MI outside the acute phase, including controls without infarction in a sample of the Brazilian population, using LGE-CMR as a reference. One of the advantages of LGE-CMR is its ability to assess the presence of subendocardial infarction and delineate the transmural extent of MI with high spatial resolution, which allows the detection of small infarctions that are often not identified by other methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is important to highlight that, for the purposes of statistical analysis, ECGs were classified according to the presence or absence of infarctions by observers blinded to the CMR results and clinical data of the cases. However, in clinical practice, there is a wide range of doubtful cases, and physicians always have additional information to assist in decision-making, for example, previous ECGs, information from other complementary exams, the presence of risk factors, and, especially, detailed clinical history and physical examination.</p>
        <p>The sample of cases consisted mostly of relatively extensive infarctions (median fibrosis mass of 22.6%), whose locations were compatible with involvement of the left anterior descending artery, and slightly more than half of the cases had LV ejection fraction below 40%.</p>
        <p>Jaarsma et al. compared the findings of ischemic LGE-CMR with ECG scores in 78 patients, 3 months after myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation, and 36 controls without any structural heart disease on CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The sensitivity of the third universal definition of infarction proposed by the ESC/ACC/AHA/World Heart Foundation in 2012, the Minnesota ECG code, Selvester score, and subjective assessment by cardiologists for detection of previous MI was 33%, 79%, 90%, and 67%, and accuracy was 54%, 77%, 71%, and 74%, respectively. The authors concluded that caution should be exercised when ruling out previous MI based solely on ECG findings, which also seems important. In our study, with a larger sample, ECG showed similar accuracy.</p>
        <p>We found a strong association between MI size on CMR and the accuracy of ECG in detecting it, both in the assessment by percentage of fibrosis mass and fibrosis score on CMR (area under the curve of 0.9 for both). The greatest limitation of ECG was for smaller infarctions, where the sensitivity of ECG was less than 60%. These data reflect the limitations of tools for detecting infarctions on ECG based on the identification of pathological Q waves.</p>
        <p>Although previous studies have associated a higher risk of recurrent ischemia and reinfarction with infarction without Q waves,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Phibbs et al. highlighted biases in these studies, especially due to the combined inclusion of patients with first infarction and subsequent infarctions, who present different mortality and morbidity. In an extensive review of well-conducted studies, these authors demonstrated similar prognoses for infarctions with and without the appearance of pathological Q waves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although Q waves are frequently associated with transmural MI, pathology studies have shown that their presence on ECG was not able to differentiate transmural from nontransmural scars.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Another study compared the results of resting and stress rubidium-82 perfusion positron emission tomography and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose metabolic positron emission tomography imaging in identifying infarction with and without Q waves in patients with LV dysfunction, demonstrating a significantly greater total amount of ischemic viable myocardium in those without Q waves (6.5 &#177; 5.2 versus 2.9 &#177; 2.8 segments, p &lt; 0.001), with no significant differences in LV ejection fraction between the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>More recently, the performance of the fourth universal definition of infarction criteria for detecting MI was tested in a single-center study from the Netherlands that evaluated ECGs of 974 patients undergoing CMR (205 with ischemic LGE pattern and 769 without LGE). The authors found low sensitivity of 38% (95% CI: 31.6 - 44.8) and specificity of 86.9% (95% CI: 84.4 - 89.1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In the analysis of cases stratified into 2 locations, the anterior location had much higher sensitivity than the inferior location, which included the inferior, inferolateral, inferoseptal, and lateral segments (63.3% versus 20.2%). The increase in size, assessed by the number of segments involved, or in the transmural extent of the infarction was not associated with improved ECG sensitivity, contrary to what we observed in our study.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, in our study, which included a greater number of cases but a smaller number of controls, the sensitivity and specificity of ECG were higher. The authors of the study conducted in the Netherlands<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> emphasized that the inclusion of all patients undergoing CMR during the selection period for various indications resulted in heterogeneity that may justify differences compared to the results of other populations, for example, patients with suspected CAD, such as ours, where cases underwent CMR after a clinical diagnosis of MI. Moreover, in the aforementioned article, the fibrosis mass among patients with infarction was not described, which may also have impacted the difference in sensitivity found. In our analysis, the lateral and inferior walls were assessed separately, and sensitivity was low for the lateral wall, but the values for the inferior location were close to the sensitivity of the anterior wall.</p>
        <p>The performance of ECG in locating MI compared to CMR was limited, especially for the lateral wall. Previous publications that studied the location of prior infarction by means of leads where pathological Q waves are found had limited samples and low statistical power to assess the accuracy of ECG in locating MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Larger studies that analyzed the performance of ECG in diagnosing MI using CMR as a reference did not describe its accuracy in locating the myocardial scar, due to the lack of a control group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Silent infarctions are not rare, and they have a negative impact on prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> A prospective cohort study from the Netherlands performed serial ECGs on more than 6,000 individuals over 55 years of age. In a mean follow-up of 13.2 years, the prevalence of silent infarctions, defined by the appearance of new Q waves on the ECG without a clinical history compatible with ACS, was 5.8% in men and 4.5% in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In another study, silent infarctions accounted for 9.4% of events, with a cardiovascular mortality rate of 10.7% in 3 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> In another study, in type 2 diabetics, 36.8% of infarctions were silent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> In almost one third of the cases in our sample, there was no clear clinical presentation of ACS, or it was not registered in the medical records, with the diagnosis of previous infarction being made by CMR during the etiological investigation of heart failure.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The retrospective study design has multiple limitations, including variability in the quality of clinical data. Despite the widespread use of CMR for assessment after MI in the service where the cases originated, in a very high number of patients assessed for eligibility, no digital image of the ECG was available in the electronic medical records, only the written report.</p>
          <p>It is also important to highlight the possibility of measurement bias; since this was a study of MI, the assessors may have been more likely to identify changes in the exams, which may have increased the sensitivity of the ECG.</p>
          <p>Another limitation was the small number of MI cases with a mainly lateral location.</p>
          <p>A difference worth highlighting was that all controls had diabetes, while the prevalence of diabetes among cases was 35.3%. Although diabetes is an important risk factor for CAD, and the occurrence of silent infarctions in this population is higher,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> the fact that the controls underwent CMR and ECG on the same day rules out the possibility of an acute coronary event occurring between the exams. Moreover, the controls&#8217; CMR included assessment of myocardial ischemia with pharmacological stress, making it able to detect not only infarctions, but also ischemia, which also led to the exclusion of controls. We included only those who did not present any alteration in the exam, except minimal LV hypertrophy of up to 13 mm maximum parietal thickness.</p>
          <p>Clinical data, for example, duration and intensity of symptoms, medication use, and occurrence of cardiovascular events were not evaluated; moreover, coronary anatomy and interventions performed were not analyzed. The ECG tracings were obtained at different institutions and in different sectors of both centers included, and there is no description of the ECG device used in the majority of them.</p>
          <p>Finally, the study involved ECG and CMR data acquired in only 2 institutions, limiting the external validity of our results, which should be confirmed in a large, multicenter, population-based study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>ECG was shown to be a method with good accuracy for detecting previous MI when compared to LGE-CMR: 78.7% (74.4 - 83.0).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>ECG&#8217;s performance in locating the infarction showed very limited usefulness, especially in the lateral wall.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As ECG is a low-cost tool and the most widely available in the assessment of CAD, it is important to validate its sensitivity compared to LGE-CMR in detecting MI, especially in populations with more limited access to higher-cost tests, which is the case in many Brazilian cities. The data from this study may provide a basis for further studies on the applicability of ECG in screening patients who will require additional diagnostic investigation for CAD.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Considering the sensitivity of ECG in detecting prior MI, based on the identification of pathological Q waves (69.3%), the identification of additional ECG criteria capable of improving ECG performance in the context of chronic CAD would be of great value.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Maria Catarina de Melo Dias Guerra, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; HCFM/USP and Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o/Associa&#231;&#227;o Beneficente S&#237;ria &#8211; HCOR under the protocol number 6,016,574 and 6,314,851, respectively. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials:</label>
          <p> For additional information Supplemental Material, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0309_AO_supplemental-material.pdf">click here</ext-link>. </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
