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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PPdxxshMPR9Jg8SxksckvSC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230913</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estrat&#233;gias de Prote&#231;&#227;o Esof&#225;gica para Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Resultados Comparativos de Avalia&#231;&#245;es Endosc&#243;picas Consecutivas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9275-7673</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3057-514X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivarola</surname>
            <given-names>Esteban Wisnivesky Rocca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alvarenga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6697-7074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chokr</surname>
            <given-names>Muhieddine Omar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hardy</surname>
            <given-names>Carina Abigail</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5338-3242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0041-6666</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Hachul de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,S&#227;o Paulo. SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo. SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Alberto Pereira Ferraz &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>albertopferraz@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230913</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A ocorr&#234;ncia de f&#237;stula atrioesof&#225;gica ap&#243;s o procedimento ode abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) continua uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o existe uma abordagem padronizada para minimizar seus riscos e mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Apresentar a experi&#234;ncia de sete anos de um monitoramento endosc&#243;pico sistem&#225;tico de les&#227;o esof&#225;gica ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA por cateter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo unic&#234;ntrico retrospectivo de avalia&#231;&#227;o endosc&#243;pica sistem&#225;tica ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o e FA em procedimentos consecutivos realizados entre 2016 e 2022. Um valor de p &lt; 0.05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram analisados 823 procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA com Esofagogastroduodenoscopia (EGD) de controle. A maioria (n=588; 71,4%) dos pacientes submetidos ao procedimento era do sexo masculino, 575 (69,9%) apresentaram FA parox&#237;stica. Monitoramento da temperatura esof&#225;gica foi realizada usando um sensor &#250;nico em 310 pacientes (40,3%) e uma sonda multissensor em 306 (39,8%) pacientes. As les&#245;es estavam presentes em 217 EGD (26,5%): hematoma-equimose em 27 (3,3%), eritema em 14 (1,7%), eros&#227;o em 78 (9,5%) e &#250;lcera em 67 (8,2%) pacientes. Nenhuma estrat&#233;gia de prote&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago foi associada &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de &#250;lceras, com exce&#231;&#227;o do uso de cateter de ponta de 8mm (14,7% de &#250;lceras com cateter de ponta de 8mm vs. 6,7% com outros cateteres, p = 0,001). Les&#245;es t&#233;rmicas foram detectadas precocemente e tratadas. A maioria das les&#245;es foi considerada curada na endoscopia, mas um paciente que foi submetido ao isolamento da veia pulmonar com um cateter de ponta de 8mm apresentou f&#237;stula esof&#225;gica, que foi tratada com sucesso com clipe met&#225;lico endosc&#243;pico e t&#233;cnica endoloop.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas &#233; alta na EGD de rotina realizada ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, embora, na maioria dos casos, sua cura ocorra espontaneamente. Pacientes que se submeteram &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com o cateter de ponta de 8mm apresentaram les&#245;es t&#233;rmicas mais graves. Endoscopia esof&#225;gica precoce pode ajudar no diagn&#243;stico de les&#245;es em fases iniciais e a preven&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stulas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Estrat&#233;gias de Prote&#231;&#227;o Esof&#225;gica para Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Resultados Comparativos de Avalia&#231;&#245;es Endosc&#243;picas Consecutivas</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Principais resultados de avalia&#231;&#245;es endosc&#243;picas consecutivas ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; a endoscopia esof&#225;gica precoce pode ajudar no diagn&#243;stico de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas precoces e prevenir a forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula atrioesof&#225;gic.; EGD: Esofagogastroduodenoscopia.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PPdxxshMPR9Jg8SxksckvSC/32e754740d2762610d2986dc80417f4054cd5967.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PPdxxshMPR9Jg8SxksckvSC/faf4272373cd902442692e1eef976b343280d377.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PPdxxshMPR9Jg8SxksckvSC/c679abfd73c9445eb29d23586823871532eb18cf.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>F&#237;stula Esof&#225;gica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Endoscopia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>O que h&#225; de novo?</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Diferentes ferramentas e estrat&#233;gias usadas para abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial apresentam riscos singulares de les&#227;o esof&#225;gica;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A esofagogastroduodenoscopia precoce ajuda no rastreamento de les&#227;o esof&#225;gica e permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o da real incid&#234;ncia dessas les&#245;es;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas graves permite seu tratamento precoce, e o monitoramento de sua evolu&#231;&#227;o pode prevenir a forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; um tratamento eficaz e bem estabelecido para restaurar o ritmo sinusal na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e se tornou um procedimento amplamente realizado no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, a f&#237;stula atrioesof&#225;gica (FAE), embora rara, continua uma das complica&#231;&#245;es mais s&#233;rias e potencialmente fatais, ocorrendo em at&#233; 0,11% dos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias foram implementadas para prevenir les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> incluindo o uso de sondas esof&#225;gicas de sensor &#250;nico ou multissensores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> estrat&#233;gias alternativas de fornecimento de energia tais como abla&#231;&#227;o de alta pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> deslocamento do es&#244;fago utilizando dispositivos especializados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e monitoramento esof&#225;gico de rotina por Esofagogastroduodenoscopia (EGD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Apesar desses esfor&#231;os, ainda n&#227;o existe um consenso sobre a melhor abordagem para detectar les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas assintom&#225;ticas que poderiam progredir para FAE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a incid&#234;ncia de les&#227;o esof&#225;gica assintom&#225;tica detectada durante endoscopia p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o e avaliar se estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas, incluindo o uso de cateteres de 8mm, ou caracter&#237;sticas est&#227;o associadas com uma incid&#234;ncia mais baixa dessas les&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este registro compila dados de todos os procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA realizados em um centro de cardiologia terci&#225;rio entre 2016 e 2022, incluindo pacientes que se submeteram &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o usando cateteres de ponta de 8 mm. Esse per&#237;odo reflete a introdu&#231;&#227;o da endoscopia p&#243;s-procedimento. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, estrat&#233;gias de prote&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago, e achados da EGD foram coletados dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados com o paciente sob anestesia geral. Um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) foi realizado antes da abla&#231;&#227;o para detec&#231;&#227;o de trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo (AE). Pacientes do sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico, a quem o mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel, foram submetidos somente &#224; fluoroscopia &#8211; ou usando-se um cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o da veia pulmonar (pulmonary vein ablation catheter &#8211; PVAC), ou por crioabla&#231;&#227;o, ou por abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial (guiada por venograma e cateter e mapeamento circular, e usando um cateter de 8mm). O desfecho do procedimento foi isolamento da veia pulmonar em todos os casos, al&#233;m de outras les&#245;es como isolamento da parede posterior, istmo mitral e homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz, de acordo com a decis&#227;o do operador. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados por cinco operados diferentes. Quando se utilizou um cateter de ponta de 8mm, o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizado sob temperatura (55<sup>o</sup>C) e pot&#234;ncia (at&#233; 50W na proje&#231;&#227;o anterior e at&#233; 30W na proje&#231;&#227;o posterior) controladas. A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com ponta irrigada foi realizada sob pot&#234;ncia controlada, inicialmente pela t&#233;cnica de arrasto (<italic>dragging</italic>) com aplica&#231;&#227;o de 30W na parede anterior e 20W na parede posterior. Ap&#243;s 2018, a tecnologia SURPOINT tornou-se dispon&#237;vel, e les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o com 40W foram realizadas ponto a ponto visando o &#237;ndice de 550 na parede anterior e 400 na parede posterior.</p>
        <p>Quando ocorria algum aumento na temperatura esof&#225;gica, a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) foi interrompida, a capacidade foi reduzida para 20W ou 15W (de acordo com o caso), e a RF foi retomada somente ap&#243;s normaliza&#231;&#227;o da temperatura. Quando les&#245;es SURPOINT ponto a ponto foram usadas, o tempo de aplica&#231;&#227;o foi diminu&#237;do visando um &#237;ndice de 300. Quando uma sonda linear foi usada, a posi&#231;&#227;o do sensor foi guiada por fluoroscopia para posicionar o sensor mais perto da &#225;rea de abla&#231;&#227;o. Foi utilizada uma sonda de ETE para deslocar o es&#244;fago, se sua posi&#231;&#227;o estivesse pr&#243;xima &#224; veia. Em alguns casos, a temperatura esof&#225;gica foi monitorada usando uma estrat&#233;gia de deslocamento do es&#244;fago. O sistema multieletrodo utilizado foi o Circa, com o alarme definido em duas temperaturas, 37,5&#186;C (quente) e 38&#186;C (risco), no in&#237;cio do procedimento. Se ocorresse um aumento repetido da temperatura esof&#225;gica, a RF era aplicada com curta dura&#231;&#227;o (5- 10s) at&#233; se alcan&#231;ar o isolamento da veia pulmonar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Esofagogastroduodenoscopia</title>
        <p>A EGD foi realizada em at&#233; sete dias ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, sendo a maioria no dia seguinte ao procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o. As les&#245;es observadas na EGD ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o foram categorizadas de acordo com o sistema de Classifica&#231;&#227;o Kansas City (KCC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> com descri&#231;&#227;o adicional de les&#245;es e traumas, e &#234;nfase em les&#245;es do tipo KCC 2b (&#250;lceras), dado seu risco mais alto de progress&#227;o &#224; perfura&#231;&#227;o e f&#237;stula. Nos casos de les&#227;o na primeira EGD, o paciente recebia alta e era orientado a manter o uso de Inibidores de Bomba de Pr&#243;tons (IBP) e sucralfato. Uma segunda EGD foi recomendada ap&#243;s sete dias em pacientes que apresentavam les&#245;es mais graves (KCC 2b). Nossa estrat&#233;gia de seguimento ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o e EGD foi publicado previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram apresentados em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil em caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram apresentados como frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e porcentagens. A ocorr&#234;ncia de &#250;lceras foi descrita de acordo com cada caracter&#237;stica qualitativa, primeiramente em uma an&#225;lise bivariada para examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis. A associa&#231;&#227;o foi verificada por teste do qui-quadrado ou teste de raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a, enquanto as caracter&#237;sticas quantitativas foram descritas de acordo com a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#250;lcera, e comparadas usando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou o teste de Mann-Whitney de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o da probabilidade dos dados. O modelo conjunto (<italic>joint model</italic>) foi testado por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla com as caracter&#237;sticas que apresentaram um n&#237;vel descritivo abaixo de 0,20 na an&#225;lise bivariada (p&lt;0,20). A ocorr&#234;ncia de &#250;lcera foi descrita em cada endoscopia em pacientes que repetiram o exame e verificaram a mudan&#231;a na ocorr&#234;ncia de &#250;lcera entre os exames pelo teste de McNemar.</p>
        <p>O programa IBM-SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 22.0, foi usado para as an&#225;lises, e o programa Microsoft Excel 2013 foi usado para tabular os dados. Os dados foram testados usando o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% foi aplicado nos testes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes e caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Um total de 823 procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o com EGD controlada foram realizados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o entre janeiro de 2016 e dezembro de 2022. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino, com idade mediana de 60 anos, e a maioria apresentou FA parox&#237;stica. Os valores m&#233;dios do di&#226;metro do AE e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foram 42,3&#177;6,3mm e 61&#177;8%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pacientes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">823</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo masculino</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">588 (71,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60 (52, 68)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da FA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parox&#237;stica</td>
                  <td align="center">575 (69,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Persistente</td>
                  <td align="center">248 (30,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Escore CHA2DS2-VASc</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,66&#177;1,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro AE (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">42,3 &#177; 6,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Volume AE (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">39,5 &#177; 12,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">61,3 &#177; 8,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica pr&#233;via</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">189 (22,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Abla&#231;&#227;o de FA pr&#233;via</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">147 (17,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">655 (79,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Abordagem de abla&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fluoroscopia</td>
                  <td align="center">168 (20,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carto 3</td>
                  <td align="center">601 (73)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensite</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (6,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Microport</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50/30W, 55T</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (18,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dragging 30W</td>
                  <td align="center">332 (40,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HPSD</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (4,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SurPoint</td>
                  <td align="center">261 (31,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Crioabla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (0,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVAC</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (4,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Cateter</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8mm</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (18,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ThermocoolST</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (16,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STSF</td>
                  <td align="center">469 (57)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tacticath</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (3,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Flexability</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ArcticFront</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (0,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVAC Gold</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (4,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3DFireMagic</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Prote&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nenhum dispositivo</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (3,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sonda linear</td>
                  <td align="center">310 (40,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sonda multieletrodo</td>
                  <td align="center">306 (39,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sonda de ETE</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (15,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Deslocamento do dispositivo</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (0,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento (minutes)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">210 (180; 260)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Valores em n&#250;mero (%), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (p25&#8211;p75); AE: atrial esquerdo; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; PVAC: pulmonary vein ablation catheter; STSF: Thermocool Smarttouch Surroundflow.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O isolamento circunferencial da veia pulmonar foi a abordagem padr&#227;o ou com mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico ou guiado por fluoroscopia nos pacientes do sistema p&#250;blico. A maioria (91,8%) dos casos de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico foi realizado com o sistema Carto e cateteres com sensor de contato, principalmente com a tecnologia Smartouch Surround Flow (STSF). Houve uma mudan&#231;a na principal estrat&#233;gia usada para abla&#231;&#227;o ao longo dos anos, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Estrat&#233;gia para abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial adotada no InCor ano a ano; houve uma mudan&#231;a na estrat&#233;gia utilizada conforme novas tecnologias se tornaram dispon&#237;veis (p&lt;0,001). PVAC: pulmonary vein ablation catheter.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230913-30913-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A estrat&#233;gia de prote&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago p&#244;de ser aplicada em 769 casos. Uma sonda de sensor &#250;nico foi a estrat&#233;gia usada em 40,3% dos casos e a de m&#250;ltiplos sensores usada em 39,8%. Desvio da sonda transesof&#225;gica foi usado em 15,9% dos casos, e deslocamento do dispositivo em 0,9%. Nenhum dispositivo foi usado em somente 3,1% dos casos, em que a pot&#234;ncia da RF na parede posterior foi empiricamente diminu&#237;da. Houve uma mudan&#231;a na escolha da estrat&#233;gia de prote&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago em cada ano, o que est&#225; descrito na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o anual da estrat&#233;gia usada para prote&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica na abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial adotada no InCor entre 2016 e 2022 (p&lt;0,001). Nos anos de 2016 e 2017, a estrat&#233;gia mais usada foi a sonda linear. De 2017 a 2018, iniciamos o deslocamento do es&#244;fago usando a sonda de ecocardiograma que foi abandonada em 2019; subsequentemente, a sonda multieletrodo em forma de S foi a estrat&#233;gia mais comum.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230913-30913-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas</title>
        <p>Anormalidades agudas foram detectadas em 26,2% dos 823 EGDs. Hematoma e equimose foram encontrados em 3,3% dos pacientes, eritema (KCC1) em 1,7% e eros&#227;o (KCC2A) em 9.5%. Les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas traum&#225;ticas foram encontradas em 3,8% dos pacientes em que a sonda de ETE foi usada para deslocar o es&#244;fago. A incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas ap&#243;s a EGD est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Em 227 (30,6%) das endoscopias realizadas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, havia uma quantidade significativas de restos aliment&#237;cios, apesar de um per&#237;odo de jejum de oito horas. Tal fato foi atribu&#237;do &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do esvaziamento g&#225;strico secund&#225;ria a aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF pr&#243;ximo ao es&#244;fago e ao nervo vago, levando &#224; gastroparesia.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Les&#245;es endosc&#243;picas detectadas nos pacientes submetidos &#224; esofagogastroduodenoscopia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Sem les&#245;es</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">606 (73,5)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hematoma-Equimose</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27 (3,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Eritema (KCC1)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14 (1,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Eros&#227;o (KCC2A)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">78 (9,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>&#218;lcera (KCC2B)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">67 (8,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Les&#227;o traum&#225;tica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">31 (3,8)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>KCC: Kansas City Classification.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditores de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas</title>
        <p>Em uma an&#225;lise bivariada, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de idade, tamanho do AE ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o entre paciente com e sem &#250;lcera. Estrat&#233;gias protetoras n&#227;o esof&#225;gicas foram correlacionadas com menos les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas KCC2B. A mediana da temperatura esof&#225;gica mais alta foi similar em ambos os grupos: 38,6 (38; 39,5)&#186;C nos pacientes sem &#250;lcera e 38,7 (37,8; 40)&#186;C nos pacientes com &#250;lcera. Entre os v&#225;rios par&#226;metros da an&#225;lise bivariada especificados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, sexo, tamanho do AE, tipo de anticoagulante oral, tipo de cateter, mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico, estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o, e prote&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago mostraram um n&#237;vel descritivo abaixo de 0,20 (p&lt;0,20) e foram subsequentemente inclu&#237;dos em uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. No modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o sexo feminino correlacionou-se com um risco maior de &#250;lcera. O uso de um cateter de ponta de 8mm tamb&#233;m aumento o risco de &#250;lcera (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Ocorr&#234;ncia de &#250;lcera de acordo com a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e resultados das an&#225;lises bivariadas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Sem &#250;lcera</th>
                  <th>Com &#250;lcera</th>
                  <th>Valor p </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60 (52; 68)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (50; 71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,578</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">546 (93,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">206 (87,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (12,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Escore CHA2DS2-VASc</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,338</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da FA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,643</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parox&#237;stica</td>
                  <td align="center">526 (92)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,825</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Persistente</td>
                  <td align="center">226 (91,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (8,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>&#193;trio esquerdo (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">42,5 &#177; 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,065</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>&#193;trio esquerdo (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">39,8 &#177; 12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">37,1 &#177; 11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">63 (60; 66)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (60; 68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,360</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ACO pr&#233;vio, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,084</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica pr&#233;via</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,504</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Abla&#231;&#227;o de FA pr&#233;via</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,786</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Temperatura m&#225;xima (&#186;C)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">38,6 (38; 39,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,7 (37,8; 40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,705</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento (minutos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">210 (180; 260)</td>
                  <td align="center">210 (180; 270)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,766</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cateter, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8mm</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (85,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (14,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ThermocoolST</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (91,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STSF</td>
                  <td align="center">438 (93,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (6,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tacticath</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Flexability</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ArcticFront</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVAC Gold</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (91,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3DFireMagic</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">604 (92,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Abordagem de abla&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,243</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fluoroscopia</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (88,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (11,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carto 3</td>
                  <td align="center">556 (93)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensite</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (90,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (9,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Microport</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50/30W, 55T</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (85,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (14,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dragging 30W</td>
                  <td align="center">305 (92,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (7,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HPSD</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (95)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SurPoint</td>
                  <td align="center">245 (94,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (5,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Crioabla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PVAC</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (91,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Prote&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,122</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem dispositivo</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sonda linear</td>
                  <td align="center">279 (90,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (9,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sonda multieletrodo</td>
                  <td align="center">287 (94,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (5,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sonda ETE</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (88,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (11,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Deslocamento do dispositivo</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Valores em n&#250;mero (%), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (p25&#8211;p75); FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; PVAC: pulmonary vein ablation catheter; STSF: Thermocool Smarttouch Surroundflow; ACO: anticoagulante oral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise multivariada dos principais fatores relacionados &#224; incid&#234;ncia de &#250;lcera esof&#225;gica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC95%</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Inferior</th>
                  <th>Superior</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo feminino</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,82</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">3,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>&#193;trio esquerdo (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,129</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,318</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cateter de 8mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3,14</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21</td>
                  <td align="center">8,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento das les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas</title>
        <p>Na maioria dos pacientes com les&#245;es traum&#225;ticas menores, a EGD foi repetida durante seguimento ambulatorial, e o resultado avaliado pelo m&#233;dico solicitante. Nos 67 pacientes com &#250;lcera, o tamanho m&#233;dio da les&#227;o foi 9,6&#177;3,8mm. A les&#227;o foi curada em 57 (83,8%) pacientes, mas 11 (16,2%) pacientes permaneceram com les&#227;o KCC2B. Seis deles (9% dos casos com &#250;lcera) foram readmitidos no hospital, e a primeira Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) n&#227;o mostrou evid&#234;ncia de f&#237;stula nesses pacientes. Quatro dos pacientes foram mantidos em nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral total, e um em nutri&#231;&#227;o enteral por meio de uma sonda esof&#225;gica posicionada por endoscopia, e um paciente com dieta pastosa fria, omeprazol e sucralfato. A EGD foi repetida nos pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram sinais de fistuliza&#231;&#227;o em uma nova TC. Um paciente evoluiu com f&#237;stula esof&#225;gica-mediastinal 14 dias ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. O procedimento foi conduzido com um cateter de ponta 8mm, guiado por fluoroscopia. O paciente foi tratado endoscopicamente com sucesso, utilizando-se um clipe met&#225;lico e t&#233;cnica endoloop (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Evolu&#231;&#227;o dos casos de &#250;lcera. EGD: esofagogastroduodenoscopia; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230913-30913-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>As les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas ainda constituem um problema durante procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. Embora raras, com uma incid&#234;ncia inferior a 0,02%, essas les&#245;es requerem medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tecnologias de prote&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago e novas t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m levado a diferentes riscos do procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um estudo nacional brasileiro incluiu 10 casos de FAE de oito centros em que se realizaram 8603 procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o entre 2003 e 2015, resultando em uma incid&#234;ncia de 0,113%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nessa s&#233;rie, metade dos pacientes apresentaram manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de FAE que foram detectadas por seus m&#233;dicos. Al&#233;m disso, sete dos 10 pacientes foram a &#243;bito e somente um paciente teve recupera&#231;&#227;o completa. Diante desses achados, decidimos que todos os pacientes em nosso grupo que se submeteram &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o da FA deveriam se submeter ao monitoramento endosc&#243;pico a fim de se detectar, precocemente, pacientes em risco e iniciar tratamento precoce quando apropriado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#243;s realizamos rotineiramente endoscopia no dia seguinte ao procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA. Todos os pacientes, independentemente dos achados endosc&#243;picos, s&#227;o mantidos em IBPs por 30 dias. Para os pacientes com baixo risco de les&#245;es (eritema e pequenas eros&#245;es superficiais), mantemos somente o tratamento com IBP sem uma endoscopia de controle. Em pacientes com eros&#245;es maiores que 10 mm, &#250;lceras ou les&#245;es bolhosas, a endoscopia &#233; repetida sedias dias depois. Ainda, adicionamos sucralfato para aumentar a acidez g&#225;strica e esof&#225;gica. Quando as &#250;lceras persistem por mais sete dias, os pacientes s&#227;o internados, mantidos em jejum e IBP endovenoso, e s&#227;o iniciados antibi&#243;ticos e drogas anticolin&#233;rgicas. &#201; realizada uma TC do es&#244;fago com contraste oral para investigar perfura&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago, e o exame &#233; repetido alguns dias depois, antes de se repetir uma endoscopia com insufla&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub>. Nos pacientes em que a &#250;lcera continuou crescendo e aqueles com sinais e sintomas de perfura&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica, &#233; realizada endoscopia terap&#234;utica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da les&#227;o esof&#225;gica; TC: tomografia computadorizada; EGD: esofagogastroduodenoscopia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230913-30913-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Recentemente, n&#243;s publicamos nossa s&#233;rie e 677 pacientes com FA que se submeteram &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF guiada por mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico, PVAC ou crioabla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Na presente s&#233;rie, n&#243;s inclu&#237;mos esses pacientes, al&#233;m de 149 pacientes que se submeteram &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF usando cateteres de ponta de 8mm. Na s&#233;rie anterior, les&#245;es graves (KCC2B) foram encontradas em 6,8% dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Na presente s&#233;rie, &#250;lcera esof&#225;gica foi detectada em 67 (8,2%) dos 823 casos. Les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas foram curadas na maioria dos casos ap&#243;s uma semana. Seis pacientes foram internados novamente e mantidos em nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral, nutri&#231;&#227;o enteral p&#243;s-pil&#243;rica ou dieta pastosa segundo protocolo. Uma TC do t&#243;rax e uma nova EGD foram realizadas e um paciente evoluiu com f&#237;stula esof&#225;gica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Esse paciente foi submetido a isolamento da veia pulmonar usando um cateter de 8mm. Ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o hospitalar, uma TC realizada sete dias ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o revelou espessamento parietal e leve densifica&#231;&#227;o de tecido adiposo do mediastino, adjacente ao ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do es&#244;fago tor&#225;cico, sem sinais de pneumomediastino ou f&#237;stula. O paciente foi mantido em jejum e com nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral. Uma nova TC 14 dias ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o revelou uma pequena les&#227;o na parede anterior esquerda do ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do es&#244;fago tor&#225;cico, associada com uma pequena bolha de ar de pneumomediastino pr&#243;ximo &#224; parede posterior do AE. Decidiu-se por realizar tratamento endosc&#243;pico com clipes e t&#233;cnica endoloop.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Essa t&#233;cnica &#233; indicada para homeostasia em sangramento gastrointestinal e tumores esof&#225;gicos; seu uso em caso de f&#237;stula ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA n&#227;o est&#225; bem documentado na literatura. No entanto, como pudemos observar os primeiros sinais de forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula, e uma vez que o paciente n&#227;o apresentou febre ou qualquer evid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica nos exames de sangue, decidimos por realizar tratamento endosc&#243;pico dispon&#237;vel e antibioticoterapia profil&#225;tica por 14 dias.</p>
      <p>Nova TC de controle foi realizada no quarto dia ap&#243;s endoscopia terap&#234;utica. Nutri&#231;&#227;o enteral foi iniciada no sexto dia. Uma nova TC foi realizada tr&#234;s semanas ap&#243;s a endoscopia sem sinais de f&#237;stula. Ap&#243;s se descartar f&#237;stula remanescente, a EGD revelou uma retra&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz no es&#244;fago e fechamento da f&#237;stula. Em seguida, o paciente iniciou dieta oral e recebeu alta. N&#227;o se observaram complica&#231;&#245;es em um ano de seguimento. Os outros cinco pacientes que estiveram internados tiveram a &#250;lcera curada em EGD sequencial e provavelmente teriam apresentado um pior desfecho se o risco de perfura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tivesse sido identificado e o tratamento cl&#237;nico prescrito.</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios relataram uma incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas em endoscopia de controle variando entre 1,6%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e 35,5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> H&#225; v&#225;rias diferen&#231;as entre esses estudos, quanto &#224;s estrat&#233;gias de monitoramento da temperatura esof&#225;gica, uso de dispositivos de prote&#231;&#227;o e a biof&#237;sica das aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF. Yarlagadda et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> descreveram uma incid&#234;ncia de 570 les&#245;es (15%), 206 (36%) les&#245;es tipo 1 (KCC 1), 222 (39%) les&#245;es tipo 2a (KCC 2A) e 142 (25%) tipo 2b (KCC 2B). Seis dos 142 pacientes com KCC2B (4,2%) evolu&#237;ram para tipo 3: cinco era tipo 3a e um era tipo 3b. Halbfass et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> identificaram uma preval&#234;ncia de 18% de qualquer les&#227;o e de 6% de les&#245;es ulceradas em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos. Diferentemente de Halbfass et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> em nossa s&#233;rie, EGD foi sistematicamente realizada, possivelmente melhorando a precis&#227;o da detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas, resultando em taxas mais altas de incid&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Um estudo multic&#234;ntrico recente, o estudo POTTER-AF, relatou uma incid&#234;ncia total de f&#237;stula de 0,025%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Contudo, a incid&#234;ncia real deve ser mais alta, uma vez que a maioria dos centros n&#227;o implementou protocolos de detec&#231;&#227;o de rotina p&#243;s-procedimento, levando a um potencial subdiagn&#243;stico e subrelato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A aus&#234;ncia de casos de FAE detectados nos pacientes entre 1996 e 2003 pode ser atribu&#237;da a diferen&#231;as nas t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o, baixa detec&#231;&#227;o e insuficiente rastreamento ativo. Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, implementamos medidas direcionadas &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em risco. No estudo, o n&#250;mero mais alto de casos de FAE relatado por um &#250;nico centro foi cinco, com uma incid&#234;ncia m&#237;nima de 0,4% em um per&#237;odo de tempo espec&#237;fico. Isso destaca a variabilidade na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica nos centros participantes. Consistente com os achados de um estudo brasileiro pr&#233;vio, o estudo POTTER-AF mostrou que somente pacientes com diagn&#243;stico precoce e encaminhamento em tempo para cirurgia sobreviveram.</p>
      <p>Esvaziamento g&#225;strico reduzido, evidenciado pela presen&#231;a de restos alimentares apesar do jejum foi observado em 32% dos casos. Na literatura, altera&#231;&#245;es na motilidade g&#225;strica sintom&#225;ticas, causadas por les&#227;o t&#233;rmica ao plexo neural periesof&#225;gico, foram relatadas em 5% a 74% dos procedimentos. Em alguns casos, uma paralisia transit&#243;ria, por&#233;m grave, pode ocorrer, necessitando de jejum prolongado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um dado interessante em nossa s&#233;rie foi o fato de que o sexo feminino se relacionou independentemente com um risco mais alto de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas. Tal fato pode estar relacionado ao achado de que as mulheres geralmente apresentam uma parede atrial esquerda mais fina protegendo o es&#244;fago.</p>
      <p>Um fator independente associado com uma incid&#234;ncia mais alta de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas nesta s&#233;rie foi o uso de cateteres de ponta de 8mm (OR 3,14, CI 1,21-8,18; P=0,019). Tal fato provavelmente contribuiu para uma incid&#234;ncia mais alta de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; nossa publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Apesar de cateteres de ponta de 8mm tenha sido amplamente substitu&#237;do por cateteres de ponta irrigada na maioria dos centros, n&#243;s continuamos a us&#225;-los uma vez que eles podem ser reprocessados, permitindo a realiza&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA em pacientes no sistema p&#250;bico de sa&#250;de. Assim, quando esses cateteres s&#227;o utilizados, &#233; necess&#225;ria vigil&#226;ncia adicional.</p>
      <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, a abordagem &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago durante a abla&#231;&#227;o mudou ao longo dos anos. Sondas de sensor &#250;nico e sondas multissensores de monitoramento foram usadas na maioria dos casos. At&#233; 2018, o desvio do es&#244;fago com uma sonda de ETE foi empregada em mais da metade dos procedimentos; contudo, tal estrat&#233;gia foi interrompida gra&#231;as a distor&#231;&#245;es importantes no mapeamento e o risco de les&#245;es traum&#225;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Atualmente, a sonda multissensor em &#8220;S&#8221; &#233; nossa principal estrat&#233;gia de prote&#231;&#227;o. Estudos anteriores sobre resfriamento esof&#225;gico com uma medida de prote&#231;&#227;o contra a forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula levaram a resultados variados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, o estudo IMPACT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> demonstrou que estrat&#233;gias termais de prote&#231;&#227;o visando reduzir a temperatura esof&#225;gica s&#227;o seguras e podem diminuir significativamente les&#245;es t&#233;rmicas relacionadas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Diferentemente de estudos anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> o uso de pulsos de alta pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se correlacionou com menos les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas. Ainda, n&#227;o se comprovou que o uso de for&#231;a de contato e tecnologia SurPoint &#233; mais seguro que outras abordagens. Embora novas tecnologias, tais como abla&#231;&#227;o de campo pulsado sejam promissoras, elas ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o dispon&#237;veis universalmente. Assim, a preocupa&#231;&#227;o com les&#227;o esof&#225;gica continua uma realidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; o fato de se tratar de um registro retrospectivo de dados de uma estrat&#233;gia implementada em 2016 em nossos pacientes que foram submetidos a uma EGD controle ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA por cateter, apesar de se ter observado um aumento da temperatura esof&#225;gica. A maioria das primeiras EGDs p&#244;de ser registrada, por haverem sido realizadas no dia seguinte &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o. Somente pacientes com les&#245;es mais graves foram submetidos &#224; EGD uma semana depois. Observa&#231;&#245;es recentes sugeriram que a endoscopia precoce pode falhar em detectar les&#245;es graves que apare&#231;am nas semanas seguintes. Por&#233;m, nenhum dos nossos pacientes retornou ao hospital para tratamento de les&#227;o esof&#225;gica, nem apresentou qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o no seguimento.</p>
      <p>Embora o uso de cateter de ponta de 8mm seja considerado uma estrat&#233;gia &#8220;antiga&#8221;, ela ainda &#233; empregada em alguns centros. Em nossas s&#233;ries, seu uso foi associado com um risco mais alto de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas. Opinamos que tal fato n&#227;o seja uma limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo, e sim um achado importante que contribui para o conhecimento por parte dos m&#233;dicos sobre o risco aumentado associado ao uso desses cateteres.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados devem ser interpretados como geradores de hip&#243;tese, e requerem maior investiga&#231;&#227;o por meio de estudos com delineamento prospectivo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; alta quando endoscopia de rotina &#233; realizada, por&#233;m, na maioria dos casos, a les&#227;o se cura espontaneamente. No entanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o com 50/30W usando um cateter de ponta de 8mm est&#225; relacionada a uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de &#250;lceras, e &#233; necess&#225;rio se definir uma melhor estrat&#233;gia de prote&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago. A endoscopia esof&#225;gica precoce pode identificar pacientes em risco de desenvolverem FAE ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o da FA, e o tratamento cl&#237;nico precoce parece ser eficaz para prevenir a progress&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos mais graves.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230913i</article-id>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
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        <article-title>Esophageal Protection Strategies for Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Comparative Results of Consecutive Endoscopic Evaluation</article-title>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <sup>1</sup>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0041-6666</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Hachul de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo. SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Alberto Pereira Ferraz &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: albertopferraz@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Atrial-esophageal fistula following AF ablation remains a concern. There is no standardized approach to minimize its risk and morbidity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To present the seven-year experience of a systematic endoscopic surveillance of esophageal injury after AF catheter ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This is a retrospective single center registry of systematic endoscopic evaluation after AF ablation in consecutive procedures performed from 2016 to 2022. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> 823 AF ablation with controlled esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were analyzed. Most patients (n=588, 71.4%) were male, 575 (69.9%) had paroxysmal AF. Esophageal temperature monitoring was performed using a single sensor in 310 patients (40.3%) and a multi&#8211;sensor probe in 306 (39.8%). Lesions were presented in 217 EGD (26.5%): hematoma-ecchymosis in 27 (3.3%), erythema in 14 (1.7%), erosion in 78 (9.5%) and ulcer in 67 (8.2%) patients. No esophageal protective strategy was associated with more ulcers, except the use of 8mm tip-catheter (14.7% of ulcers with 8mm tip catheter vs 6.7% with other catheters, p = 0.001). Thermal lesions were early detected and treated. Most lesions were considered healed at endoscopy, but one patient who underwent pulmonary vein isolation with an 8m tip catheter had esophageal fistula, treated successfully with endoscopic metal clip and endoloop technique.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The incidence of esophageal lesions at routine EGD following AF ablation is high, although in most of the cases they heal spontaneously. Patients who underwent ablation with the 8mm tip catheter had more severe thermal lesions. Early esophagus endoscopy may help the diagnosis of early-stage lesions and the prevention of fistula formation after AF ablation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Esophageal Protection Strategies for Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Comparative Results of Consecutive Endoscopic Evaluation</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Main results of a consecutive endoscopic evaluation after atrial fibrillation ablation. Early esophagus endoscopy can help diagnose the early stages of esophageal lesions and prevent atrial-esophageal fistula. EGD: esophagogastroduodenoscopy; CT: computed tomography.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230913-30913-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Esophageal Fistula</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Endoscopy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>What&#8217;s New?</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Different tools and strategies used for atrial fibrillation ablation present singular risks of esophageal damage.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Early esophagogastroduodenoscopy aids in the screening of esophageal injury and allows for the identification of the true incidence of these lesions.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Early detection of severe esophageal lesions permits their early treatment and monitoring their evolution may avoid esophageal fistula formation.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Catheter ablation is an established and effective treatment for restoring sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation (AF) and has become a widely performed procedure worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, atrioesophageal fistula (AEF), though rare, remains one of the most serious and potentially fatal complications, occurring in up to 0.11% of ablation procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Various strategies have been implemented to prevent esophageal lesions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> including the use of single- and multi-sensor esophageal probes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> alternative energy delivery strategies such as high-power/short-duration ablation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> esophageal displacement using specialized devices,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and routine esophageal monitoring with esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Despite these efforts, there is still no consensus on the optimal approach to detect asymptomatic esophageal lesions that could progress to AEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aims to determine the incidence of asymptomatic esophageal injury detected during post-ablation endoscopy and to evaluate whether specific strategies, including the use of 8mm tip catheters or features are associated with a reduced incidence of these lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This registry holds data from all AF ablations performed at a tertiary cardiology center between 2016 and 2022, including patients that underwent ablation using 8mm tip catheters. This period reflects the introduction of post-procedure endoscopy. Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics, esophageal protection strategies, and EGD findings were extracted from medical records.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ablation strategy</title>
          <p>All procedures were performed with the patient under general anesthesia. A transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was performed before the ablation for left atrial (LA) thrombus detection. Patients from the public health system, in which electroanatomical mapping (EAM) was not available, underwent fluoroscopic procedure only &#8211; with a pulmonary vein ablation catheter (PVAC), by cryoablation or by circumferential ablation (guided by venogram and circular mapping catheter, and using an 8mm tip catheter). The endpoint of the procedure was pulmonary vein isolation in all cases, in addition to other lesions such as posterior wall isolation, mitral isthmus, and scar homogenization according to operator decision. All the procedures were performed by five different operators. When using an 8mm catheter, ablation was temperature (55&#186;C) and power (up to 50W on the anterior and 30W on the posterior projections) controlled. Irrigated tip catheter ablation was conducted using power-controlled mode, initially using dragging ablation with 30W on anterior and 20W on posterior wall applications. After 2018, SURPOINT technology was available, then 40W ablation lesions were performed point-by-point aiming the index of 550 on anterior wall and 400 on posterior wall.</p>
          <p>When there was any esophageal temperature increase, radiofrequency (RF) application was interrupted, the power was reduced to 20 or 15W (according to the case) and RF was continued only after temperature normalization. When using point-by-point SURPOINT guided lesions, time of application was reduced aiming for an index of 300. When a linear probe was used, the sensor position was guided by fluoroscopy aiming for a closer position of the sensor to the area of ablation. A TEE probe was used to displace the esophagus, if its position was observed to be close to the vein. In some cases, esophageal temperature was monitored using an esophageal displacement strategy. The multielectrode system used was Circa, with the alarm set in two levels, 37.5&#186;C (warn) and 38&#186;C (risky), respectively, at the start of the procedure. If there was repeated esophageal temperature increase, RF were delivered with short duration (5- 10s) until achieving pulmonary vein isolation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)</title>
          <p>The EGD was performed within seven days after ablation, most on the following day after the ablation procedure. Lesions observed in the post ablation EGD were categorized according to the Kansas City Classification (KCC) system,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> with additional description of bruises and traumatic lesions and emphasis in KCC 2b type lesion (ulcers), due to its higher risk of progression to perforation and fistula. If the patient presented a lesion on the first EGD, the patient was discharged and maintained on protons pump inhibitors (PPI) and sucralfate. A second EGD was recommended after another 7 days in patients presenting more severe lesions (KCC 2b). Our ablation and EGD follow-up strategy has been published elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous data were presented as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range in case of asymmetrical distribution. Categorical data were presented as absolute frequency and percentages. The occurrence of ulcer was described according to each qualitative characteristic first in a bivariate analysis to examine the relationship between two variables. The association was verified using chi-square test or likelihood ratio test, while quantitative characteristics were described according to the occurrence of ulcer and compared using unpaired t-Student test or Mann-Whitney test according to the probability distribution of the data. The joint model was tested using multiple logistic regression with the characteristics that in the bivariate analysis presented a descriptive level below 0.20 (p &lt; 0.20). The occurrence of ulcer was described at each endoscopy in patients who repeated the examination and verified the change in the occurrence of ulcer between examinations using the McNemar test.</p>
          <p>The software IBM-SPSS for Windows version 22.0 was used to carry out the analyses and the software Microsoft Excel 2013 was used to tabulate the data. Data were tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality. The tests were performed with a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients and procedure characteristics</title>
          <p>Patient characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. A total of 823 ablation procedures with controlled EGD were performed at our institution between January 2016 and December 2022. Most patients were men, with a median age of 60 years old, and with paroxysmal AF. The mean left atrial diameter and mean left ventricular ejection fraction were 42.3&#177;6.3mm and 61&#177;8%, respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patients and ablation procedure characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Patients</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">823</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Male</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">588 (71.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">60 (52. 68)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Classification of AF</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Paroxysmal</td>
                    <td align="center">575 (69.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Persistent</td>
                    <td align="center">248 (30.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CHA2DS2-VASc score</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.66&#177;1.39</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LA diameter (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">42.3 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LA volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">39.5 &#177; 12.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF, %</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">61.3 &#177; 8.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Prior electric cardioversion</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">189 (22.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Prior AF Ablation</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">147 (17.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Electroanatomical Mapping</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">655 (79.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Ablation Aproach</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fluoroscopy</td>
                    <td align="center">168 (20.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Carto 3</td>
                    <td align="center">601 (73)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ensite</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (6.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Microport</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Ablation Strategy</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>50/30W, 55T</td>
                    <td align="center">150 (18.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dragging 30W</td>
                    <td align="center">332 (40.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HPSD</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (4.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SurPoint</td>
                    <td align="center">261 (31.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cryoablation</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (0.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PVAC</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (4.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Catheter</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8mm</td>
                    <td align="center">149 (18.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ThermocoolST</td>
                    <td align="center">135 (16.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>STSF</td>
                    <td align="center">469 (57)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tacticath</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (3.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Flexability</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ArcticFront</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (0.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PVAC Gold</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (4.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3DFireMagic</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Esophageal Protection</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No Device</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (3.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Linear Probe</td>
                    <td align="center">310 (40.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Multielectrode Probe</td>
                    <td align="center">306 (39.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TEE Probe</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (15.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Device Displacement</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (0.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Procedure duration (minutes)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">210 (180; 260)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Values are presented as N (%), mean&#177;standard deviation or median (p25&#8211;p75). AF: atrial fibrillation; LA: left atrium; STSF: Thermocool Smarttouch Surroundflow; LVEF: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; TEE: Transesophageal Echocardiogram; PVAC: pulmonary vein ablation catheter.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation was the standard approach either with EAM or guided by fluoroscopy in patients from the public system. Most (91.8%) of the EAM cases were performed with Carto system and contact sensor catheters, mainly with the Smartouch Surround Flow (STSF) technology. The strategy used for ablation changed over the years and is described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Yearly strategy for atrial fibrillation ablation adopted at InCor; there was a change in ablation strategy as new technologies have become available (p&lt;0.001).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230913-30913-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Esophageal protection strategy could be applied in 769 cases. Single-sensor probe was the strategy used in 40,3% of the cases and multi-sensor in 39,8%. Transesophageal probe deviation was used in 15.9% of the cases, and specific device displacement in 0.9%. No device was used in only 3.1% of the cases, in which RF power on the posterior wall was empirically reduced. There was a change in the main esophageal protection strategy adopted over the years, which is described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Yearly distribution of strategies for esophageal protection in atrial fibrillation ablation adopted at InCor from 2016 to 2022 (p&lt;0,001). In 2016 and 2017 the most common strategy was the linear probe. From 2017 to 2018 we started esophageal displacement using transesophageal echocardiogram probe, that was abandoned in 2019; after that, multielectrode S shaped probe was the most common strategy.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230913-30913-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Incidence of esophageal lesions</title>
          <p>Acute abnormalities were detected in 26,2% of the 823 EGDs. Hematoma and ecchymosis were found in 3.3% of patients, erythema (KCC1) in 1.7% and erosion (KCC2A) in 9.5%. Esophageal lesions classified as KCC2B (ulcer) represented 8.2% of the cases. Traumatic esophageal lesions were found in 3.8% of patients in which the TEE probe was used to displace esophagus. The incidence of esophageal lesions following EGD is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. In 277 (30.6%) endoscopies performed after ablation there was a significant amount of food remnants, despite fasting state of eight hours. This was attributed to gastric emptying reduction secondary to RF applications close to the esophagus and vagus nerve, leading to gastroparesis.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Endoscopic lesions detected in patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">No Lesion</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">606 (73.5)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hematoma-Ecchymosis</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">27 (3.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Erithema (KCC1)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">14 (1.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Erosion (KCC2A)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">78 (9.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ulcer (KCC2B)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">67 (8.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Traumatic Lesion</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">31 (3.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>KCC: Kansas City Classification.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictors of esophageal lesions</title>
          <p>In a bivariate analysis, there was no difference in age, LA size or ejection fraction between patients with and without ulcer. Non-esophageal protective strategies were correlated with less KCC2B esophageal lesions. The median highest esophageal temperature was similar in both groups: 38.6 (38; 39.5) &#186;C in patients without ulcer and 38.7 (37.8;40)&#186;C in patients with ulcer. Among the various parameters of the bivariate analysis specified in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, gender, LA size, type of previous oral anticoagulant, type of catheter, EAM, ablation strategy, and esophageal protection showed a descriptive level below 0.20 (p &lt; 0.20) and were subsequently included in a multiple logistic regression analysis. In the logistic regression model, female gender was correlated with higher risk of ulcer. The use of an 8mm tip catheter also increased the risk of ulcer (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Description of ulcer occurrence according to the studied population and results of bivariate analyses</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>No Ulcer</th>
                    <th>Ulcer</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">60 (52; 68)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (50; 71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.578</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Gender</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">546 (93.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">206 (87.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (12.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CHA2DS2-VASc score</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.338</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Classification of AF</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.643</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Paroxysmal</td>
                    <td align="center">526 (92)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.825</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Persistent</td>
                    <td align="center">226 (91.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (8.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LA (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">42.5 &#177; 6.3</td>
                    <td align="center">40.9 &#177; 5.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.065</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LA (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">39.8 &#177; 12.9</td>
                    <td align="center">37.1 &#177; 11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.254</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">63 (60; 66)</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (60; 68)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.360</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Type previous DOAC, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.084</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Prior electric cardioversion</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.504</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Prior AF Ablation</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.786</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Maximum temperature (&#186;C)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">38.6 (38; 39.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.7 (37.8; 40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.705</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Procedure duration (minutes)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">210 (180; 260)</td>
                    <td align="center">210 (180; 270)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.766</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Catheter, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.037</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8mm</td>
                    <td align="center">127 (85.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (14.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ThermocoolST</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (91.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (8.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>STSF</td>
                    <td align="center">438 (93.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (6.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tacticath</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Flexability</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ArcticFront</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PVAC Gold</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (91.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3DFireMagic</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Electroanatomical mapping, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">604 (92.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (7.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.048</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ablation Approach, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.243</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fluoroscopy</td>
                    <td align="center">148 (88.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (11.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Carto 3</td>
                    <td align="center">556 (93)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ensite</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (90.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (9.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Microport</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ablation Strategy, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>50/30W, 55T</td>
                    <td align="center">127 (85.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (14.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dragging 30W</td>
                    <td align="center">305 (92.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (7.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HPSD</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (95)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SurPoint</td>
                    <td align="center">245 (94.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (5.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cryoablation</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PVAC</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (91.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Esophageal Protection, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.122</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No Device</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (87.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (12.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Linear Probe</td>
                    <td align="center">279 (90.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (9.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Multielectrode Probe</td>
                    <td align="center">287 (94.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (5.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TEE Probe</td>
                    <td align="center">107 (88.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (11.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Device Displacement</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>Values are presented as N (%), mean&#177;standard deviation or median (p25&#8211;p75). AF: atrial fibrillation; LA: left atrium; LVEF: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; STSF: Thermocool Smarttouch Surroundflow; TEE: Transesophageal Echocardiogram ; DOAC: oral anticoagulant.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate analysis of main factors related to the incidence of esophageal ulcer</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">OR</th>
                    <th colspan="2">95% CI</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Lower</th>
                    <th>Upper</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Female sex</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.82</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">3.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Left atrium (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.129</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ejection fraction (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.318</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>8mm Catheter</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">3.14</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21</td>
                    <td align="center">8.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>Multiple logistic regression.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up of esophageal lesions</title>
          <p>In most patients with minor traumatic lesions, EGD was repeated during outpatient care and the result evaluated by the referring doctor. In the 67 patients with ulcer, the mean size of the lesion was 9.6&#177;3.8mm. This lesion healed in 57 (83.8%), but 11 (16,2%) maintained KCC2B lesion. Six of them (9% of the cases with ulcer) were readmitted to the hospital, and the first computed tomography (CT) showed no evidence of fistula in these cases. Four of the patients were maintained on total parenteral nutrition, one on enteral nutrition through an endoscopy- positioned esophageal tube and other with cold soft diet, omeprazole and sucralfate. EGD was repeated in those not presenting signs of fistulization in a new CT scan. One patient progressed to esophageal-mediastinal fistula 14 days after ablation. The procedure was performed with an 8mm tip catheter, fluoroscopy guided. The patient was successfully treated endoscopically with metal clip and endoloop technique (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Progression of patients with ulcer. EGD: esophagogastroduodenoscopy; CT: computed tomography.,</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230913-30913-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Esophageal lesions are still a problem during AF ablation procedures. Despite rare, with incidence lower than 0.02%, these lesions require protective measures. In the past years, new esophageal protective technologies and ablation techniques have led to different procedural risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A prior Brazilian national survey that included 10 AEF cases from eight centers with 8603 ablation procedures between 2003 and 2015, resulting in an incidence of 0.113%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this series, half of the patients presented clinical manifestations of AEF that were not noticed by their physicians. Additionally, seven of the 10 patients died and only one had a complete recovery. Because of those findings we decided that all patients in our group who underwent AF ablation should undergo endoscopic surveillance allowing to early detect patients at risk and to initiate early treatment when appropriate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We routinely perform endoscopy on the day following AF ablation procedure. All patients regardless of endoscopy findings are maintained with PPIs for 30 days. For the patients with low-risk lesions (erythema and small superficial erosions), we maintain only PPI treatment without a control endoscopy. Patients with erosions larger than 10mm, ulcers or bullous lesions, endoscopy is repeated seven days later. Additionally, sucralfate is added to increase esophageal and stomach acidity. When ulcers still persist seven days later, patients are hospitalized, maintained under fasting state and intravenous PPIs, and both antibiotics and anticholinergic drugs are initiated. Esophageal CT with oral contrast is performed to search for esophageal perforation and repeated a few days later before repeating a CO2 inflated endoscopy. In patients in whom ulcer still is increasing and those with any sign or symptoms of esophageal perforation endoscopic interventional treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>) is performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Protocol of evaluation and treatment of esophageal lesion. EGD: esophagogastroduodenoscopy; CT: computed tomography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230913-30913-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Recently we published our series of 677 AF patients that underwent EAM-guided RF ablation, PVAC or cryoablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In the present series we included those patients, but we also included 149 patients that underwent RF using 8mm tip catheters. In the prior series, severe lesions (KCC 2B) were found in 6.8% of the patients.</p>
        <p>In the present series, esophageal ulcer was detected in 67 of 823 cases (8.2%). Esophageal lesions healed in most of the cases after one week. Six patients were readmitted to the hospital and were maintained in parenteral nutrition, post-pyloric enteral nutrition or soft diet following the protocol. A chest CT and new EGD were performed and one patient developed esophageal fistula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). This patient underwent pulmonary vein isolation using the 8mm tip catheter. After admission to the hospital, a CT seven days after ablation revealed parietal thickening and slight densification of the mediastinal adipose tissue adjacent to the middle third of the thoracic esophagus, without signs of pneumomediastinum or fistula. The patient was kept fasting and with parenteral nutrition. A new CT 14 days after the ablation showed a small lesion in the left anterior wall of the middle third of the thoracic esophagus, associated with a tiny air bubble of pneumomediastinum near the posterior wall of the left atrium. It was decided to perform endoscopic treatment with clips and endoloop technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This strategy is indicated for hemostasis in gastrointestinal bleeding and esophageal tumors; its use in case of fistula following AF ablation is not well-documented in literature. Nonetheless, as we could observe the first signs of fistula formation and since the patient had no fever or evidence of systemic infection in blood tests, it was decided to perform the endoscopic treatment available and prophylactic antibiotic for 14 days.</p>
        <p>New controlled CT was performed on the fourth day after the endoscopic treatment. Enteral nutrition was initiated on the sixth day. A new CT was performed three weeks after the endoscopic treatment with no signs of fistula. After ruling out remaining fistula, a new EGD revealed a scar retraction in the esophagus and closure of the fistula. Then the patient initiated an oral diet and was discharged home. There were no more complications in a one-year follow-up. The other five patients that were hospitalized had their ulcer healed in sequential EGD and would probably have presented a worse outcome if the risk of perforation had not been identified and clinical treatment prescribed.</p>
        <p>Prior studies reported an incidence of any esophageal lesions in control endoscopy ranging from 1.6%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>to 35.5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> There are several differences among these studies, regarding the esophageal temperature monitoring strategies, the use of protection devices and the biophysics of the RF applications. Yarlagadda et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> presented an incidence of 570 lesions (15%), 206 (36%) type 1 lesions (KCC 1), 222 (39%) type 2a (KCC 2A) and 142 (25%) type 2b (KCC 2B). Six of 142 KCC2B (4.2%) progressed to type 3: five were type 3a and one was type 3b. In their series, thow patients died, one that presented type 3a and other type 3b. In this series only patients with initial KCC2B lesions progressed to fistula. Halbfass et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> identified a prevalence of 18% of any lesion and 6% for ulcerated lesions in asymptomatic patients. Different from Halbfass et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> in our series, EGD was systematically performed, possibly improving detection accuracy for subclinical lesions, resulting in higher incidence rates.</p>
        <p>A recent multicenter survey, the POTTER-AF study, reported a total fistula incidence of 0.025%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, the actual incidence might be higher, as most centers have not implemented routine post-procedural detection protocols, leading to potential underdiagnosis and underreporting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The absence of AEF cases among patients from 1996 to 2003 could be attributed to differences in ablation techniques, poor detection, and insufficient active screening. At our institution, we have implemented targeted measures to identify at-risk patients. In the survey, the highest number of AEF cases reported by a single center was five, with a maximum incidence of 0.4% within a specified timeframe. This highlights the variability in diagnostic accuracy across participating centers. Consistent with findings from a previous Brazilian survey,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> the POTTER-AF study showed that only patients with early diagnosis and prompt referral for surgery survived.</p>
        <p>Reduced gastric emptying, evidenced by the presence of food remnants despite fasting, was observed in 32% of cases. In the literature, symptomatic gastric motility alterations resulting from thermal injury to the periesophageal neural plexus have been reported in 5% to 74% of procedures. In some cases, a transient but severe gastric palsy may occur, requiring prolonged fasting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Interestingly, in our series, the female gender was independently related to higher risk of esophageal lesions. This could be related to the finding that women usually present a thinner LA wall protecting the esophagus.</p>
        <p>An independent factor associated with a higher incidence of esophageal lesions in this series was the use of 8mm tip catheters (OR 3.14, CI 1.21&#8211;8.18; P=0.019). This likely contributed to the increased incidence of esophageal lesions compared to our previous publication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although 8mm tip catheters have been largely abandoned in favor of irrigated tip catheters in most centers, we continue to use them as they can be reprocessed, enabling us to offer AF ablation to patients in the public healthcare system. So when those catheters are used, additional surveillance must be implemented.</p>
        <p>In our series, the approach to esophageal protection during ablation has changed over the years. Single-sensor and multi-sensor esophageal temperature monitoring probes were used in most cases. Until 2018, esophageal deviation with a TEE probe was employed in more than half of the procedures; however, this strategy was discontinued due to significant mapping distortions and the risk of traumatic lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Currently, the S-shaped multi-sensor probe is our primary protective strategy. Previous studies on esophageal cooling as a protective measure against fistula formation have yielded mixed results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> More recently, the IMPACT study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> demonstrated that thermal protection strategies aimed at reducing esophageal temperature are safe and can significantly decrease ablation-related thermal injuries.</p>
        <p>Different to prior reports,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> the use of high-power short-duration pulses has not been correlated with less esophageal lesions. Similarly, the use of contact force and SurPoint technology have not proved to be safer than other approaches. New technologies such as pulsed-field ablation are promising, but not yet universally available. Thus, the concern with esophageal injury is still a reality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The main limitation of this study is that this is a retrospective data recording of a strategy that was implemented in 2016 in our patients who underwent a control EGD after AF catheter ablation, despite the finding of esophageal temperature increase. Most of the first EGDs could be recorded since it was performed on the day following ablation. Only patients presenting more severe lesions underwent EGD one week later. Recent observation has suggested that early endoscopy may fail to detect severe lesions that appear in the following weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> However, none of our patients returned to the hospital for esophageal lesion treatment, nor presented any complication in the follow-up.</p>
        <p>Although the use of 8mm tip catheters is considered an &#8220;old&#8221; strategy, it is still employed in some centers. In our series, their use was associated with a higher risk of esophageal lesions. From our perspective, this is not a limitation of the study but rather an important finding to raise awareness among physicians about the increased risk associated with these catheters.</p>
        <p>Our findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating and warrant further investigation in prospective studies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The incidence of esophageal lesions after AF catheter ablation when routine endoscopy is performed is high, but in most of the cases, the lesion is spontaneously healed. However, ablation approach with 50/30W using 8mm tip catheter is related to more ulcers, and a better esophageal protective strategy is still to be defined. Early esophagus endoscopy may identify patients at risk for AEF after AF ablation, and early clinical treatment seems effective to prevent progression and worse clinical outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
