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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PTwSq7dswBQq6DZ8K7QLbMj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000300301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230731</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manejo das Les&#245;es Circulat&#243;rias Sist&#234;micas Dependentes do Canal no Per&#237;odo Neonatal: Uma Experi&#234;ncia de Dez Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2634-2562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dilli</surname>
            <given-names>Dilek</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3101-1496</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akduman</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;itli</surname>
            <given-names>Rumeysa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;run</surname>
            <given-names>Utku Arman</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Do&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Vehbi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ta&#351;ar</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yolda&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Tamer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fettah</surname>
            <given-names>Nurdan Dinlen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zyaz&#305;c&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zenciro&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Ay&#351;eg&#252;l</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences of Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Neonatology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences of Turkey, Ministry of Health of Turkey, Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences of Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pediatric Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences of Turkey, Ministry of Health of Turkey, Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Hospital, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences of Turkey</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences of Turkey, Ministry of Health of Turkey, Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Hospital, Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Dilek Dilli &#8226; SBU Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Neonatology - Bestepe/ankara Ankara 06560 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>drdilekdilli@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230731</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Em les&#245;es card&#237;acas do lado esquerdo dependentes do canal, a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica depende do fluxo da direita para a esquerda atrav&#233;s do canal arterial. Essas les&#245;es podem ocorrer como um defeito isolado ou uma doen&#231;a complexa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Neste estudo, objetivamos investigar os resultados neonatais de les&#245;es circulat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas dependentes do canal, especialmente coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta (CoA) e arco a&#243;rtico interrompido (AAI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 159 pacientes com les&#245;es sist&#234;micas dependentes de canal foram acompanhados na UTIN Card&#237;aca de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o de 2012 a 2022. Revisamos retrospectivamente os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de todos os pacientes do banco de dados do hospital. Eles foram analisados para desfechos cl&#237;nicos e cir&#250;rgicos. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> De 159 pacientes, CoA foi detectada em 120 (75,4%) e AAI em 39 (24,5%) pacientes. Cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado em 74 (61,6%) pacientes com CoA no per&#237;odo neonatal; 49 (40,8%) foram submetidos a procedimentos terap&#234;uticos e 25 (20,8%) diagn&#243;sticos. Cento e um pacientes com CoA (84,1%) foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia com idade mediana de 14 dias (9-23). Trinta e quatro de 39 pacientes com AAI (87,1%) foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia; reparo em est&#225;gio &#250;nico foi realizado em 13 pacientes (38,2%), enquanto reparo em dois est&#225;gios foi aplicado a 21 (61,7%) pacientes. A taxa geral de mortalidade neonatal foi de 19,5% (n=31). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, as categorias STAT mais altas (OR:2,3, IC:95%, 1,1-5,1, p=0,03) e a presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias graves (OR:9,8, IC:95%, 2,1-35,1, p=0,003) aumentaram o risco de mortalidade neonatal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Rec&#233;m-nascidos com anomalias a&#243;rticas cong&#234;nitas dependentes do canal necessitam de cuidados perioperat&#243;rios meticulosos devido ao risco elevado de morbidade e mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Manejo das Les&#245;es Circulat&#243;rias Sist&#234;micas Dependentes do Canal no Per&#237;odo Neonatal: Uma Experi&#234;ncia de Dez Anos</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>CoA: Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, Arco a&#243;rtico interrompido, SDMO: S&#237;ndrome de disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, UTIN: Unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, CEC: Circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, ECMO: Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea, STAT: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PTwSq7dswBQq6DZ8K7QLbMj/8fd9acd171c3941f653d74920968410012a27f82.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PTwSq7dswBQq6DZ8K7QLbMj/246965d9fb2e8b425533e7f3d29247e861a1ea81.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-nascido</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ferimentos e Les&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Anormalidades Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Les&#245;es cong&#234;nitas dependentes do canal que afetam o lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o dependem do canal arterial patente (CAP) com um shunt da direita para a esquerda para o fluxo sangu&#237;neo sist&#234;mico. Condi&#231;&#245;es not&#225;veis incluem coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta (CoA) e arco a&#243;rtico interrompido (AAI), que s&#227;o proeminentes no per&#237;odo neonatal precoce. Essas les&#245;es exibem um espectro de complexidade, variando de CoA isolada &#224; s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico (SCEH). As abordagens de tratamento est&#227;o intrinsecamente ligadas &#224; gravidade da patologia subjacente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> CoA refere-se a um estreitamento distinto na aorta, levando &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo. No AAI, falta continuidade luminal e anat&#244;mica entre as partes ascendente e descendente da aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Defeitos do septo ventricular isolados (DSVs) s&#227;o as les&#245;es associadas mais frequentes (72%) tanto no CoA quanto no AAI. Al&#233;m disso, podem ser acompanhados por obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (OVSVE), truncus arteriosus, janela aortopulmonar (JAP), dupla sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (DSVD)/dupla entrada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DEVE) ou transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Estreitamentos a&#243;rticos podem ser efetivamente tratados por meio de angioplastia com bal&#227;o e/ou cirurgia. Dado que o AAI &#233; considerado uma emerg&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica imediata &#233; imperativa para reconstruir a aorta e restaurar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Embora o m&#233;todo tradicional de dois est&#225;gios<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> tenha sido historicamente empregado para corre&#231;&#227;o do AAI, a introdu&#231;&#227;o do reparo em est&#225;gio &#250;nico em 1975<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ganhou prefer&#234;ncia em in&#250;meras institui&#231;&#245;es, mesmo para cirurgias complexas, desde que n&#227;o haja contraindica&#231;&#245;es para circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC). V&#225;rias modalidades de tratamento para patologias do arco a&#243;rtico apresentam vantagens e desvantagens distintas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade e morbidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de dez anos de nossa experi&#234;ncia no tratamento de CoA e AAI, com foco espec&#237;fico nos resultados neonatais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo cl&#237;nico retrospectivo investiga neonatos (com idade &lt;30 dias) apresentando les&#245;es circulat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas dependentes de canal. Os indiv&#237;duos foram acompanhados na se&#231;&#227;o de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal Card&#237;aca (UTIN) do nosso Centro Card&#237;aco Pedi&#225;trico de janeiro de 2012 a agosto de 2022. A aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica para o estudo foi obtida do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica Local (E-21/02-090).</p>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 917 neonatos consecutivos com defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos (DCC) foram admitidos em nossa UTIN Card&#237;aca. Entre eles, 326 foram diagnosticados com anomalias cong&#234;nitas do arco a&#243;rtico. As exclus&#245;es compreenderam 75 pacientes que n&#227;o necessitavam de prostaglandina E1, 74 com SCEH isolada e 18 com estenose ou atresia da valva a&#243;rtica isolada. Finalmente, o estudo se concentrou em 159 pacientes com CoA e AAI isolados ou complexos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tipos de anomalias a&#243;rticas cong&#234;nitas em todos os pacientes do estudo. CoA: coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta; AAI: aArco a&#243;rtico interrompido; DSV: defeito do septo ventricular; JAP: janela aortopulmonar; DSVD: dupla sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito; SCEH: s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; OVSVE: obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TGA: transposi&#231;&#227;o da grande art&#233;ria.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230731-30731-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes do estudo receberam cuidados abrangentes em nossa UTIN Card&#237;aca antes e depois do cateterismo e/ou cirurgia, em estreita colabora&#231;&#227;o com a equipe de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica. Nossos especialistas em cardiologia pedi&#225;trica realizaram ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ECO) e cateterismos. A infus&#227;o intravenosa de prostaglandina E1 (PGE1) foi administrada antes da angioplastia com bal&#227;o e/ou cirurgia para garantir a perfus&#227;o adequada dos &#243;rg&#227;os terminais. O conselho card&#237;aco, composto por um anestesiologista, um cardiologista e um cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular, determinou a sele&#231;&#227;o dos tipos de cateterismo e procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos.</p>
      <p>Na CoA, a angioplastia com bal&#227;o foi estrategicamente utilizada para criar uma janela temporal, permitindo tempo para interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica subsequente para pacientes que n&#227;o puderam ser submetidos imediatamente &#224; cirurgia devido &#224; coagulopatia, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. No AAI, a angiografia diagn&#243;stica foi predominantemente realizada para avaliar a estrutura anat&#244;mica detalhada.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta</title>
        <p>A CoA isolada foi identificada em casos caracterizados por um estreitamento discreto da aorta. A CoA foi classificada como &#8220;complexa&#8221; se associada a outras DCCs, como DSV, DSVD, DEVE ou TGA. Hipoplasia do arco a&#243;rtico foi definida por um escore z do di&#226;metro do arco a&#243;rtico menor que -2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o por cateter ou cirurgia foi recomendada para pacientes com CoA quando o gradiente de press&#227;o ultrapassou 20 mmHg. A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica preferida envolveu anastomose estendida ou ponta a ponta entre o arco a&#243;rtico e a aorta tor&#225;cica descendente (reparo direto da anastomose) via toracotomia. A esternotomia mediana foi reservada para pacientes selecionados com arco transverso estreito. A aortoplastia de retalho foi favorecida apenas em um n&#250;mero limitado de casos, conforme decidido por cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>A recoarcta&#231;&#227;o foi definida por um gradiente maior que 20 mmHg entre as extremidades superiores e inferiores em repouso, com ou sem gradiente de press&#227;o &#237;stmica m&#233;dia maior que 20 mmHg, e a presen&#231;a de uma cauda diast&#243;lica no Doppler pulsado na aorta abdominal, conforme detectado durante o acompanhamento por ECO por cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos. A hipertens&#227;o paradoxal foi caracterizada por press&#227;o arterial igual ou maior que o percentil 95 para a idade p&#243;s-natal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Arco a&#243;rtico interrompido</title>
        <p>O AAI foi definido como uma descontinuidade completa ou um cord&#227;o fibroso n&#227;o patente no arco transverso ou istmo a&#243;rtico. As caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas do arco a&#243;rtico e a localiza&#231;&#227;o da interrup&#231;&#227;o foram classificadas de acordo com o sistema proposto por Celoria e Patton.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Anomalias complexas associadas, como TGA, JAP, DSVD ou DEVE, foram documentadas. O reparo cir&#250;rgico foi programado ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
        <p>No reparo de est&#225;gio &#250;nico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> o segmento distal da aorta foi anastomosado com a aorta proximal, e defeitos intracard&#237;acos foram simultaneamente abordados sob CEC. Se a aortoplastia e o reparo de DSV fossem realizados como procedimentos separados, era denominado uma opera&#231;&#227;o de est&#225;gio duplo. No primeiro est&#225;gio, o reparo do arco, a divis&#227;o do CAP e a bandagem pulmonar foram conduzidos para controlar a hipercircula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Ap&#243;s a palia&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica inicial, uma corre&#231;&#227;o total foi realizada entre tr&#234;s e nove meses de idade. Essa abordagem de reparo em est&#225;gios foi favorecida em beb&#234;s pequenos ou pacientes hemodinamicamente inst&#225;veis, incapazes de tolerar CEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>O conjunto de dados m&#233;dicos detalhados abrangeu v&#225;rias vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, incluindo idade gestacional, peso ao nascer, sexo, prematuridade (definida como &lt;37 semanas de idade gestacional), sintomas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, idade p&#243;s-natal no diagn&#243;stico de DCC e a presen&#231;a de condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas concomitantes, como hemorragia intracraniana, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda e disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Dados de acompanhamento sobre a necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e a administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos inotr&#243;picos foram meticulosamente extra&#237;dos de registros cl&#237;nicos. Outros detalhes inclu&#237;ram les&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas, idade no cateterismo e/ou cirurgia, os tipos de cateterismo e reparo cir&#250;rgico, abordagem cir&#250;rgica (toracotomia vs. esternotomia), a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CEC, a necessidade de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO), o escore de risco em cirurgia card&#237;aca (<italic>The Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery; STAT</italic>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> recoarcta&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s angioplastia ou cirurgia, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias precoces (&lt;30 dias de vida), dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o na UTIN e a taxa de mortalidade neonatal.</p>
        <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias graves com risco de vida foram meticulosamente definidas, abrangendo s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (SBDC; marcada por olig&#250;ria, taquicardia, m&#225; perfus&#227;o ou parada card&#237;aca necessitando de suporte inotr&#243;pico de alta dose), sepse, s&#237;ndrome de disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os (SDMO; envolvendo &#8805;2 disfun&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas), parada card&#237;aca s&#250;bita, hemorragia pulmonar e arritmia. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes do estudo foram cuidadosamente analisadas com foco na mortalidade neonatal. A sobrevida global foi meticulosamente documentada em prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, culminando no final do per&#237;odo do estudo em agosto de 2022.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi conduzida usando o SPSS Statistics para Windows (IBM SPSS Statistics para Windows, vers&#227;o 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana com intervalo interquartil (IIQ), dependendo da normalidade dos dados. Valores de frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem (n, %) foram fornecidos para vari&#225;veis qualitativas. An&#225;lises comparativas foram realizadas nos dados cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com CoA e AAI. Al&#233;m disso, todos os pacientes foram estratificados com base na mortalidade neonatal, e uma an&#225;lise comparativa de seus dados foi conduzida.</p>
        <p>O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para an&#225;lises de vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Para comparar dois grupos independentes, o teste-t de Student foi empregado para vari&#225;veis que demonstravam uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, enquanto o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o estavam em conformidade com uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla foi executada para identificar fatores que afetam a mortalidade. Vari&#225;veis significativas em compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas (modo de parto, idade no diagn&#243;stico, idade na primeira cirurgia, suporte inotr&#243;pico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, categoria STAT, presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias importantes) foram inseridas no modelo. Cada vari&#225;vel preditora foi avaliada usando a raz&#227;o de chances (OR) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos detalhados de 159 pacientes do estudo s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> e na Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central. Alguns pacientes tinham mais de uma les&#227;o.</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>. A maioria dos pacientes (n=139, 87,4%) foi transferida para nossa UTIN Card&#237;aca de outras UTINs na Turquia. Um total de 61 pacientes (38,3%) puderam ter um diagn&#243;stico correto de DCC ap&#243;s a alta de UTINs de centros externos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de todos os pacientes do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>N=159</th>
                <th>CoA (N=120)</th>
                <th>AAI (N=39)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade gestacional, semana (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">37,7&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center">37,7&#177;2,3</td>
                <td align="center">37,8&#177;2,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso ao nascer, g (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">2920&#177;586</td>
                <td align="center">2939&#177;593</td>
                <td align="center">2863&#177;565</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero masculino, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (49,1)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (46,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo de entrega, C/S, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (62,9)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (64,2)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (59,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prematuridade (&lt;37 semanas), n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade no diagn&#243;stico, dia, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1-7)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1-7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1-5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade na admiss&#227;o, dia, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 (3-10)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3-9)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2-12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>No per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (64,8)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (79,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Suporte inotr&#243;pico, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (71,1)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (67,5)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (82,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sepse, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (38,4)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (53,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o renal aguda, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (20,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Enterocolite necrosante, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Cateterismo card&#237;aco, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>1&#170; angiografia</italic>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Diagn&#243;stico</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">42 (26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (20,8)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (43,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Terap&#234;utico</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">51 (32,1)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (40,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>2&#170; angiografia</italic>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Diagn&#243;stico</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Terap&#234;utico</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Cirurgia Card&#237;aca, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>1&#170; Cirurgia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>135 (84,9)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">101 (84,1)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (87,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Toracotomia</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">112 (83,0)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (95,0)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (47,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Esternotomia</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">23 (17,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>CEC</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>ECMO</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>2&#170; Cirurgia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>36 (22,6)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">23 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (33,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Toracotomia</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">17 (47,2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (56,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (30,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Esternotomia</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19 (52,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (43,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (69,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>CEC</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14 (38,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (61,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>ECMO</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (823,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es com risco de vida, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (38,8)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (29,0)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (67,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Perman&#234;ncia na UTIN, mediana de dias (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (13-43)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (13-43)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (13-57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de acompanhamento, mediana (ano) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">1 ano (2 meses-6 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">3 anos (2 meses-7 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">2 meses (1 m&#234;s-2 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade neonatal, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>31 (19,5)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>CEC: Circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; ECMO: Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea; UTIN: Unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quinze (9,4%) pacientes eram imigrantes (s&#237;rios ou iraquianos). A taxa de parto prematuro foi de 18,2% (n=29). No per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, todos os pacientes receberam infus&#227;o de PGE1. Vinte pacientes apresentaram apar&#234;ncia sindr&#244;mica: s&#237;ndrome de DiGeorge (n=6), s&#237;ndrome de Down (n=5), s&#237;ndrome de Turner (n=2) e trissomia 18 (Edwards) (n=1). O hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico materno foi significativo para diabetes gestacional (n=3) e hipotireoidismo (n=2). Terapia hormonal foi necess&#225;ria para hipotireoidismo em seis pacientes.</p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo neonatal, o cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado em 93 dos 159 pacientes (58,4%).</p>
      <p>Trombose (n=16, 17,2%), hipotermia (n=9, 9,6%) e sangramento (n=4, 4,3%) foram as complica&#231;&#245;es mais comuns observadas ap&#243;s cateterismo. De 135 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia, complica&#231;&#245;es s&#233;rias com risco de vida foram observadas em 38,5% (n=52).</p>
      <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da interna&#231;&#227;o na UTIN foi de 24 dias (13-43). As mortalidades neonatais (19,5%, n=31) foram atribu&#237;das a fatores distintos, abrangendo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e sepse (n=13), parada intraoperat&#243;ria (n=8) e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias como sepse, pneumonia, SDMO e/ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (n=10).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da Aorta</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo neonatal, com idade mediana de 11 dias (6-28), 74 (61,6%) de 120 pacientes com CoA foram submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco pela art&#233;ria e/ou veia femoral. Entre eles, 49 (66,2%) foram submetidos a cateterismos terap&#234;uticos (45 angioplastias com bal&#227;o, quatro valvuloplastias com bal&#227;o), enquanto 25 (33,7%) foram submetidos a cateterismos diagn&#243;sticos (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). O gradiente de press&#227;o mostrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s a angioplastia [30 (20-40) mmHg vs. 10 (5-14) mmHg, p&lt;0,001)].</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a angioplastia inicial, 28 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia, e tr&#234;s necessitaram de uma segunda angioplastia com bal&#227;o devido &#224; recoarcta&#231;&#227;o, resultando em uma taxa de recoarcta&#231;&#227;o de 63,2% (n=31/49). Ap&#243;s a angioplastia, hipertens&#227;o paradoxal que exigiu tratamento foi observada em oito de 45 pacientes (16,3%).</p>
        <p>Em uma idade m&#233;dia de 14 dias (9,2-23 dias), 101 pacientes com CoA (84,1%) foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia (96-toracotomia e 5-esternotomia). Dezenove de 120 pacientes (15,8%) n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia; onze receberam angioplastia com bal&#227;o e oito faleceram antes da cirurgia.</p>
        <p>Entre 101 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia, anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal de ressec&#231;&#227;o estendida (n=66, 65,3%), anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal de ressec&#231;&#227;o (n=19, 18,8%) e reparo de enxerto (n=16, 15,8%) foram os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos. Tr&#234;s pacientes (2,9%) foram operados sob CEC e parada circulat&#243;ria hipot&#233;rmica moderada. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, hipertens&#227;o paradoxal se desenvolveu em 18 de 101 (17,8%) pacientes. As outras complica&#231;&#245;es frequentes foram sepse, SDMO, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, quilot&#243;rax e paralisia do diafragma. Tr&#234;s pacientes morreram durante a cirurgia e cinco pacientes morreram devido a parada card&#237;aca s&#250;bita p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria ou SDMO.</p>
        <p>Com idade m&#233;dia de 88 dias (48-350), 13 pacientes com CoA foram submetidos ao segundo cateterismo; sete foram submetidos &#224; angioplastia com bal&#227;o, dois cateterismos diagn&#243;sticos, uma septostomia atrial e um fechamento de CIV com dispositivo Amplatzer Duct Occluder II (ADOII).</p>
        <p>Na inf&#226;ncia, 23 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; segunda cirurgia com uma taxa de recoarcta&#231;&#227;o de 22,7% em uma idade m&#233;dia de 148 dias (68-330). Nesse ponto, as cirurgias foram realizadas por toracotomia em 13 (56,5%) pacientes e esternotomia mediana em 10 (43,5%) pacientes. Os tipos de cirurgias foram anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal de ressec&#231;&#227;o estendida (n=16), reparo de enxerto (n=2), patch de DSV (n=2) e ressec&#231;&#227;o de OVSVE (n=3). Seis dos pacientes foram submetidos &#224; CEC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico</title>
        <p>De 39 pacientes, cateterismos diagn&#243;sticos foram realizados em 17 (43,6%) com idade mediana de 7,5 dias (3-15). Cinco pacientes com AAI (12,8%) n&#227;o puderam ser submetidos &#224; cirurgia porque faleceram antes da cirurgia. Assim, 34 pacientes (87,1%) foram submetidos ao reparo de AAI com idade mediana de 14 dias (5-20) no per&#237;odo neonatal.</p>
        <p>Dos 34 pacientes, 16 (47,1%) foram operados com toracotomia e 18 (52,9%) com esternotomia; 12 (35,3%) foram submetidos &#224; CEC. Foi realizado reparo em est&#225;gio &#250;nico em 12 pacientes: dois reparos de JAP e arco a&#243;rtico com enxerto, nove anastomoses t&#233;rmino-terminais e reparo de patch de DSV. O reparo em dois est&#225;gios foi implementado em 22 pacientes: 10 foram submetidos ao reparo do arco a&#243;rtico com enxerto e bandagem pulmonar, nove foram submetidos &#224; anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal com bandagem pulmonar e tr&#234;s foram submetidos &#224; anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal sem bandagem pulmonar. No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, dois pacientes (5,9%) necessitaram de ECMO. Os tipos de reparo e as taxas medianas de esternotomia foram semelhantes entre os pacientes com AAI tipo A e AAI tipo B (p &gt; 0,05 para ambas as compara&#231;&#245;es). Na inf&#226;ncia, em uma mediana de 150 dias (45-202), tr&#234;s pacientes necessitaram de cateterismo diagn&#243;stico, e um foi submetido a cateterismo terap&#234;utico (stent endovascular para estenose para-anastom&#243;tica).</p>
        <p>Um total de 13 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; segunda cirurgia com idade m&#233;dia de 177 dias (56-330). Nesta etapa, as cirurgias foram realizadas por toracotomia em quatro pacientes e esternotomia em nove pacientes. Os tipos de cirurgias foram seis reparos de patch de DSV, quatro trocas de enxerto e tr&#234;s re-bandagens pulmonares. Oito dos pacientes entraram em CEC, enquanto tr&#234;s pacientes precisaram de ECMO.</p>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias mais comuns foram SBDC, sepse/SDMO, pneumonia, les&#227;o renal aguda e arritmia. SBDC foi definida em cinco pacientes com AAI e est&#225; intimamente relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Dois pacientes faleceram durante a cirurgia, e oito morreram devido a SBDC ou SDMO p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. A taxa de mortalidade foi menor pelo reparo em dois est&#225;gios, embora n&#227;o significativamente (50,0% vs. 34,8%, respectivamente, p=0,38).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref> mostram as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes do estudo de acordo com a mortalidade neonatal.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes do estudo segundo a mortalidade neonatal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Sobreviveu (n=128) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Faleceu (n=31) </th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade gestacional, semana (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,8&#177;2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">37,5&#177;2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso ao nascer, g (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">2945&#177;580</td>
                  <td align="center">2818&#177;609</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero masculino, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (45,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tipo de entrega, C/S, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (67,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (45,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prematuridade, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (17,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (22,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagn&#243;stico precoce, n(%) (&lt;3 dias de vida)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (46,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (74,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade na 1&#170; cirurgia, dia, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (10-25)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (5-15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (15,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (29,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Perman&#234;ncia na UTIN (dia), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (17-49)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3-15)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (59,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (87,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suporte inotr&#243;pico, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (67,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (87,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sepse, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (39,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (32,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDMO, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (18,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (35,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Les&#227;o renal aguda, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (19,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (29,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#225;lise peritoneal, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemorragia intracraniana/altera&#231;&#245;es hip&#243;xico-isqu&#234;micas, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (14,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">Cirurgia Card&#237;aca, n(%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CEC, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECMO, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco de cirurgia, mediana (IIQ) Categoria STAT</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2-4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4-4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es com risco de vida, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (30,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>CoA: Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, Arco a&#243;rtico interrompido; SDMO: S&#237;ndrome de disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os; UTIN: Unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal; CEC: Circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; ECMO: Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea; STAT: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, as categorias STAT mais altas (OR:2,3, IC:95%, 1,1-5,1, p=0,03) e a presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias maiores (OR:9,8, IC:95%, 2,1-35,1, p=0,003) aumentaram o risco de mortalidade neonatal. As outras vari&#225;veis n&#227;o afetaram o risco de mortalidade.</p>
        <p>O tempo mediano de acompanhamento de todos os pacientes foi de um ano (2 meses-6 anos). A sobrevida global no final do per&#237;odo do estudo foi de 71,0% (n=113/159).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>As apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da CoA variam amplamente, abrangendo beb&#234;s que apresentam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca a indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos que apresentam hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica ou sopros detectados incidentalmente durante exames f&#237;sicos de rotina em crian&#231;as e adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A CoA tamb&#233;m pode estar associada a s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas espec&#237;ficas, incluindo S&#237;ndrome de Down, Turner ou Williams-Beuren.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, os sintomas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais prevalentes foram sopros card&#237;acos, cianose, problemas respirat&#243;rios e comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico. Alguns pacientes com CoA foram associados &#224;s s&#237;ndromes de Down, Edwards e Turner.</p>
      <p>O tratamento de les&#245;es complexas envolvendo hipoplasia do arco pode ser feito por meio de toracotomia com anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal estendida, visando aumentar o crescimento do arco proximal pela elimina&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o distal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Um m&#233;todo alternativo envolve esternotomia mediana e alargamento do arco a&#243;rtico para obter al&#237;vio ideal de qualquer obstru&#231;&#227;o ema sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Dharmapuram et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> relataram resultados positivos usando anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal estendida por meio de toracotomia com t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica modificada em casos de CoA associados &#224; hipoplasia do arco proximal. Gropler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> sugeriram que a esternotomia mediana deve ser considerada para pacientes com hipoplasia grave do arco. A aortoplastia com enxerto n&#227;o &#233; recomendada na inf&#226;ncia devido ao risco associado de dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, um total de 101 pacientes com CoA foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia, e a maioria dos casos foi tratada com toracotomia. O procedimento preferido para a maioria dos pacientes com CoA foi a ressec&#231;&#227;o com anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal estendida. Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com CoA est&#227;o associados &#224; hipoplasia do arco a&#243;rtico. Para este subgrupo, a abordagem cir&#250;rgica escolhida envolveu esternotomia com anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal estendida ou a aplica&#231;&#227;o de remendos a&#243;rticos. O reparo do enxerto foi realizado seletivamente em pacientes com hipoplasia de segmento longo. Notavelmente, nossa equipe n&#227;o empregou esta t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica espec&#237;fica para reparo de CoA em beb&#234;s nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos.</p>
      <p>Resultados de m&#233;dio a longo prazo destacam que a obstru&#231;&#227;o recorrente do arco a&#243;rtico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio continua sendo uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o significativa. No estudo de Onalan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> foi descoberto que 20,8% dos pacientes necessitaram de reinterven&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; recoarcta&#231;&#227;o distal, com sete tratados com sucesso por angioplastia a&#243;rtica com bal&#227;o e tr&#234;s necessitando de reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o reparo da CoA, a persist&#234;ncia ou recorr&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o pode estar relacionada a fatores como idade mais avan&#231;ada no reparo, presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o residual, formato do arco a&#243;rtico sub&#243;timo e mecanismos neuro-humorais pouco claros iniciados antes do reparo. A incid&#234;ncia relatada de hipertens&#227;o ap&#243;s o reparo da CoA varia entre 17 e 48% em v&#225;rios estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a taxa de hipertens&#227;o ap&#243;s a cirurgia de coarcta&#231;&#227;o foi de 17,8%.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, a angioplastia com bal&#227;o &#233; a abordagem preferida para casos selecionados de CoA. No per&#237;odo neonatal, a angioplastia pode ser usada como primeira op&#231;&#227;o para ganhar tempo at&#233; a cirurgia, especialmente em casos de baixo peso ao nascer e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Em nosso estudo, aproximadamente 40% dos casos com CoA foram submetidos &#224; angioplastia. Em um estudo de Oswal et al. envolvendo 44 beb&#234;s, o gradiente m&#233;dio diminuiu de 48,05&#177;15,26 mmHg para 10,97&#177;5,8 mmHg, demonstrando resultados imediatos bem-sucedidos ap&#243;s angioplastia com bal&#227;o para CoA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>No presente estudo, todos os lactentes apresentaram um gradiente de pico de mais de 20 mmHg antes da interven&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a angioplastia, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no gradiente de press&#227;o [30 (20-40) mmHg vs. 10 (5-14) mmHg].</p>
      <p>Um AAI &#233; um DCC raro e grave, que frequentemente coexiste com outros defeitos intracard&#237;acos e extracard&#237;acos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, oito dos pacientes com AAI tinham defeitos card&#237;acos complexos associados, como JAP, TGA, DSVD e atresia tric&#250;spide. As taxas de mortalidade foram semelhantes entre os tipos de AAI complexos e isolados. Lidar com malforma&#231;&#245;es complexas apresenta desafios cir&#250;rgicos, exigindo procedimentos intrincados. Em tais casos, a palia&#231;&#227;o pode ser ineficaz, e o reparo completo precoce &#233; frequentemente necess&#225;rio ap&#243;s o nascimento.</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem havido uma tend&#234;ncia global em promover o reparo em est&#225;gio &#250;nico para AAI, mas isso requer habilidades t&#233;cnicas complexas e coopera&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nosso estudo envolvendo 39 pacientes com AAI mostrou que 12 foram submetidos a reparo em est&#225;gio &#250;nico, enquanto 22 necessitaram de reparo em est&#225;gio duplo.</p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo neonatal, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias s&#233;rias como SBDC podem ocorrer ap&#243;s o reparo do arco a&#243;rtico, particularmente quando associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Um estudo de Lim et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> relatou uma taxa de 5,7% de SBDC p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em neonatos ou beb&#234;s submetidos a reparo total de est&#225;gio &#250;nico de anomalias do arco a&#243;rtico com condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias prec&#225;rias. Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m observou SBDC em cinco pacientes com AAI ap&#243;s a cirurgia, todos com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. A presen&#231;a de sepse pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria pode ter impactado negativamente seus resultados.</p>
      <p>Embora tanto CoA quanto AAI sejam patologias do arco a&#243;rtico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> o progn&#243;stico para AAI &#233; mais grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ao comparar os dois grupos de pacientes, observou-se que os casos de AAI foram diagnosticados mais cedo do que os casos de CoA, possivelmente devido aos sintomas mais proeminentes. Da mesma forma, a necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, a taxa de sepse e a frequ&#234;ncia de IRA foram maiores nos casos de AAI. Na presen&#231;a de CoA isolada, a angioplastia pode fornecer uma solu&#231;&#227;o tempor&#225;ria, enquanto no AAI, a angiografia &#233; usada para fins diagn&#243;sticos, com o tratamento sendo exclusivamente cir&#250;rgico. Portanto, em nosso estudo, a frequ&#234;ncia de angiografia terap&#234;utica foi maior nos casos de CoA, enquanto a angiografia diagn&#243;stica foi mais frequente nos casos de AAI.</p>
      <p>Embora cirurgias para CoA isolada possam ser realizadas usando m&#233;todos minimamente invasivos e toracotomia, procedimentos de AAI s&#227;o frequentemente realizados sob CEC e por esternotomia. Consequentemente, a frequ&#234;ncia de esternotomia foi maior entre os casos de AAI. Al&#233;m disso, como relatado anteriormente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> devido &#224; complexidade da cirurgia, a categoria STAT, a necessidade de ECMO e as taxas de mortalidade foram maiores em casos de AAI.</p>
      <p>Ao comparar casos sobreviventes e falecidos, observou-se que aqueles que morreram receberam um diagn&#243;stico mais precoce. Esse fen&#244;meno foi atribu&#237;do &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a, levando &#224; manifesta&#231;&#227;o precoce dos sintomas em beb&#234;s. Al&#233;m disso, devido &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica mais precoce necess&#225;ria para casos mais graves, a idade na cirurgia para pacientes falecidos foi menor, e suas categorias STAT foram maiores. Comparados aos sobreviventes, os pacientes falecidos tiveram maior necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e suporte inotr&#243;pico, e a taxa de SDMO foi mais frequente. No grupo falecido, os requisitos para CEC e ECMO, bem como a frequ&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias com risco de vida, foram maiores. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, os fatores que mais impactaram significativamente a mortalidade foram a categoria STAT, que reflete a complexidade da cirurgia e o desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias graves.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es, incluindo seu desenho retrospectivo e de centro &#250;nico, dificultando a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Estudos multic&#234;ntricos com resultados de longo prazo s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para uma compreens&#227;o abrangente das anomalias cong&#234;nitas do arco a&#243;rtico.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, rec&#233;m-nascidos com anomalias a&#243;rticas cong&#234;nitas dependentes do canal requerem cuidados perioperat&#243;rios ideais devido ao seu risco aumentado de morbidade e mortalidade. Em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, melhorar os resultados de DCC neonatal parece poss&#237;vel por meio de v&#225;rios fatores, incluindo maior conhecimento e experi&#234;ncia dos m&#233;dicos, a curva de aprendizado alcan&#231;ada, adapta&#231;&#227;o aos desenvolvimentos m&#233;dicos e t&#233;cnicos e manter os avan&#231;os na cirurgia card&#237;aca neonatal.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3101-1496</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akduman</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;itli</surname>
            <given-names>Rumeysa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;run</surname>
            <given-names>Utku Arman</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Do&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Vehbi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ta&#351;ar</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yolda&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Tamer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fettah</surname>
            <given-names>Nurdan Dinlen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zyaz&#305;c&#305;</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zenciro&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Ay&#351;eg&#252;l</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences of Turkey, Ministry of Health of Turkey, Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Ankara &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences of Turkey, Ministry of Health of Turkey, Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Hospital, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ankara &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Health Sciences of Turkey, Ministry of Health of Turkey, Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Hospital, Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Ankara &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Dilek Dilli &#8226; SBU Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Neonatology &#8211; Bestepe/ankara Ankara 06560 &#8211; T&#252;rkiye E-mail: drdilekdilli@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> In ductus-dependent left-sided heart lesions, systemic circulation depends on right-to-left flow via the ductus arteriosus. These lesions may occur as an isolated defect or complex disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> In this study, we aimed to investigate the neonatal outcomes of duct-dependent systemic circulatory lesions, especially aortic coarctation (CoA) and interrupted aortic arch (IAA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A total of 159 patients with duct-dependent systemic lesions were followed up in the Cardiac NICU of our institution from 2012 to 2022. We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of all patients from the hospital database. They were analyzed for clinical and surgical outcomes. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Of 159 patients, CoA was detected in 120 (75.4%) and IAA in 39 (24.5%) patients. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 74 (61.6%) patients with CoA in the neonatal period; 49 (40.8%) underwent therapeutic and 25 (20.8%) diagnostic procedures. One hundred one patients with CoA (84.1%) underwent surgery at a median age of 14 days (9-23). Thirty-four of 39 patients with IAA (87.1%) underwent surgery; single-stage repair was performed on 13 patients (38.2%), while two-stage repair was applied to 21 (61.7%) patients. The overall neonatal mortality rate was 19.5% (n=31). In multivariate analysis, the higher STAT categories (OR:2.3, CI:95%, 1.1-5.1, p=0.03) and the presence of major postoperative complications (OR:9.8, CI:95%, 2.1-35.1, p=0.003) have increased the risk of neonatal mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Newborns with congenital duct-dependent aortic anomalies necessitate meticulous perioperative care due to their heightened risk of morbidity and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Management of Ductus-Dependent Systemic Circulatory Lesions in the Neonatal Period: A Ten-Year Experience</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>CoA: Coarctation of the aorta, Interrupted aortic arch, MODS: Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit, CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass, ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, STAT: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230731-30731-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Newborn</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart</kwd>
        <kwd>Wounds and Injuries</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Abnormalities</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Ductal-dependent congenital lesions affecting the left side of the heart rely on the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with a right-to-left shunt for systemic blood flow. Notable conditions include coarctation of the aorta (CoA) and interrupted aortic arch (IAA), which are prominent in the early neonatal period. These lesions exhibit a spectrum of complexity, ranging from isolated CoA to hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Treatment approaches are intricately linked to the severity of the underlying pathology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> CoA refers to a distinct narrowing in the aorta, leading to obstruction in the blood flow. In IAA, luminal and anatomical continuity is lacking between the ascending and descending parts of the aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Isolated ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most frequent associated lesions (72%) in both CoA and IAA. Additionally, they may be accompanied by left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO), truncus arteriosus, aortopulmonary window (APW), double-outlet right ventricle (DORV)/double-inlet left ventricle (DILV), or transposition of the great arteries (TGA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>Aortic narrowings can be effectively addressed through balloon angioplasty and/or surgery. Given that IAA is considered a cardiac emergency, immediate surgical intervention is imperative for reconstructing the aorta and restoring normal heart function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> While the traditional double-stage method<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> has historically been employed for IAA correction, the introduction of single-stage repair in 1975<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> has gained preference in numerous institutions, even for complex surgeries, provided there are no contraindications to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Various treatment modalities for aortic arch pathologies exhibit distinct advantages and disadvantages concerning mortality and morbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study presents a ten-year retrospective analysis of our experience in managing CoA and IAA, specifically focusing on neonatal outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This retrospective clinical study investigates neonates (aged &lt;30 days) presenting with duct-dependent systemic circulatory lesions. The subjects were followed up at the Cardiac Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) section of our Pediatric Heart Center from January 2012 to August 2022. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Local Clinical Research Ethics Committee (E-21/02-090).</p>
        <p>Over the study period, 917 consecutive neonates with congenital heart defects (CHD) were admitted to our Cardiac NICU. Among them, 326 were diagnosed with congenital aortic arch anomalies. Exclusions comprised 75 patients not requiring prostaglandin E1, 74 with isolated HLHS, and 18 with isolated aortic valve stenosis or atresia. Finally, the study focused on 159 patients with isolated or complex CoA and IAA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Types of congenital aortic anomalies in all study patients. CoA: coarctation of aorta; IAA: interrupted aortic arch; VSD: ventricular septal defect; APW: aortopulmonary window; DORV: double outlet right ventricle; HLHS: hypoplastic left ventricle; LV: left ventricle; LVOTO: left ventricle outflow tract obstruction; TGA: transposition of the great arteria.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-03-e20230731-30731-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>All study patients received comprehensive care at our Cardiac NICU before and after catheterization and/or surgery, in close collaboration with the pediatric cardiology team. Our pediatric cardiology specialists performed transthoracic echocardiography (ECHO) and catheterizations. Intravenous prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) infusion was administered prior to balloon angioplasty and/or surgery to ensure adequate perfusion of end organs. The cardiac council, consisting of an anesthesiologist, cardiologist, and cardiovascular surgeon, determined the selection of the types of catheterization and surgical procedures.</p>
        <p>In CoA, balloon angioplasty was strategically utilized to create a temporal window, allowing time for subsequent surgical intervention for patients who could not immediately undergo surgery due to coagulopathy, acute renal failure, liver failure, or hemodynamic instability. In IAA, diagnostic angiography was predominantly performed to assess the detailed anatomical structure.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Coarctation of the aorta</title>
          <p>Isolated CoA was identified in cases characterized by a discrete narrowing of the aorta. CoA was classified as &#8220;complex&#8221; if associated with other CHDs such as VSD, DORV, DILV, or TGA. Aortic arch hypoplasia was defined by a z score of the aortic arch diameter less than -2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Catheter intervention or surgery was recommended for patients with CoA when the pressure gradient surpassed 20 mmHg. The preferred surgical technique involved extended or end-to-end anastomosis between the aortic arch and descending thoracic aorta (direct anastomosis repair) via thoracotomy. Midline sternotomy was reserved for selected patients with a narrow transverse arch. Patch aortoplasty was only favored in a limited number of cases as decided by cardiovascular surgeons.</p>
          <p>Recoarctation was defined by a gradient greater than 20 mmHg between the upper and lower extremities at rest, with or without a mean isthmic pressure gradient greater than 20 mmHg, and the presence of a diastolic tail in pulsed-wave Doppler in the abdominal aorta, as detected during ECHO follow-up by pediatric cardiologists. Paradoxical hypertension was characterized by blood pressure equal to or greater than the 95th percentile for postnatal age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interrupted aortic arch</title>
          <p>IAA was defined as either a complete discontinuity or a nonpatent fibrous strand in the transverse arch or aortic isthmus. The anatomic features of the aortic arch and the location of the interruption were classified according to the system proposed by Celoria and Patton.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Associated complex anomalies, such as TGA, APW, DORV, or DILV, were documented. Surgical repair was scheduled following hemodynamic stabilization.</p>
          <p>In single-stage repair,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> the distal segment of the aorta was anastomosed with the proximal aorta, and intracardiac defects were concurrently addressed under CPB. If aortoplasty and VSD repair were performed as separate procedures, it was termed a double-stage operation. In the first stage, arch repair, PDA division, and pulmonary banding were conducted to control pulmonary overcirculation. Following initial surgical palliation, a total correction was carried out between three to nine months of age. This staged repair approach was favored in small infants or hemodynamically unstable patients unable to tolerate CPB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical data</title>
          <p>The detailed medical dataset encompassed various demographic and clinical variables, including gestational age, birth weight, sex, prematurity (defined as &lt;37 weeks of gestational age), presenting symptoms, postnatal age at the diagnosis of CHD, and the presence of concurrent medical conditions such as intracranial hemorrhage, acute renal failure, and thyroid dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Follow-up data regarding the requirement for mechanical ventilation and the administration of inotropic medications were meticulously extracted from clinical records. Further details included associated heart lesions, age at catheterization and/or surgery, the types of catheterization and surgical repair, surgical approach (thoracotomy vs. sternotomy), the utilization of CPB, the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), the risk score in cardiac surgery (The Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery; STAT),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> recoarctation after angioplasty or surgery, early postoperative complications (&lt;30 days of life), length of NICU stay, and the rate of neonatal mortality.</p>
          <p>Life-threatening serious postoperative complications were meticulously defined, encompassing low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS; marked by oliguria, tachycardia, poor perfusion, or cardiac arrest necessitating high-dose inotropic support), sepsis, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS; involving &#8805;2 organ dysfunctions), sudden cardiac arrest, pulmonary hemorrhage, and arrhythmia. The clinical characteristics of the study participants were thoroughly analyzed with a focus on neonatal mortality. Overall survival was meticulously documented in medical records, culminating at the end of the study period in August 2022.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics for Windows (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). The normality of the distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Quantitative variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median with interquartile range (IQR), depending on the normality of the data. Frequency and percentage values (n, %) were provided for qualitative variables. Comparative analyses were performed on the clinical data of patients with CoA and IAA. Furthermore, all patients were stratified based on neonatal mortality, and a comparative analysis of their data was conducted.</p>
          <p>The chi-square test was used for analyses of qualitative variables. To compare two independent groups, the Student&#8217;s t-test was employed for variables demonstrating a normal distribution, whereas the Mann-Whitney U test was utilized for variables that did not conform to a normal distribution. Multiple regression analysis was executed to identify factors affecting mortality. Variables significant in pairwise comparisons (mode of delivery, age at diagnosis, age at first surgery, preoperative inotropic support, need for mechanical ventilation, STAT category, presence of major postoperative complications) were entered into the model. Each predictor variable was assessed using the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The detailed echocardiographic data of 159 study patients are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>. Some patients had more than one lesion.</p>
        <p>The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 1</xref>. Most patients (n=139, 87.4%) were transferred to our Cardiac NICU from other NICUs in Turkey. A total of 61 patients (38.3%) could have a correct diagnosis of CHD after discharge from NICUs of external centers.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The demographic and clinical characteristics of all study patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>N=159</th>
                  <th>CoA (N=120)</th>
                  <th>IAA (N=39)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gestational age, week (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.7&#177;2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">37.7&#177;2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">37.8&#177;2.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Birth weight, g (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">2920&#177;586</td>
                  <td align="center">2939&#177;593</td>
                  <td align="center">2863&#177;565</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (49.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (46.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Delivery type, C/S, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (62.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (64.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (59.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prematurity (&lt;37 wk), n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (18.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age at diagnosis, day, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1-7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1-7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1-5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age at admission, day, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.0 (3-10)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3-9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prenatal diagnosis, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (18.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>At preoperative period</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mechanical ventilation, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (64.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (60.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (79.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inotropic support, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (71.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (67.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (82.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sepsis, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (38.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (53.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute kidney injury, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (21.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (20.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (23.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Necrotizing enterocolitis, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Cardiac catheterization, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>1st angiography</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Diagnostic</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">42 (26.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (20.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (43.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Therapeutic</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51 (32.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (40.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>2st angiography</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Diagnostic</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Therapeutic</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12 (7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Cardiac Surgery, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>1st Surgery</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>135 (84.9)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">101 (84.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (87.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Thoracotomy</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">112 (83.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (95.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (47.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Sternotomy</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23 (17.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (52.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>CPB</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (35.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>ECMO</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>2nd Surgery</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>36 (22.6)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23 (19.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (33.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Thoracotomy</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17 (47.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (56.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (30.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Sternotomy</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19 (52.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (43.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (69.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>CPB</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14 (38.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (26.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (61.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>ECMO</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (823.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Life-threatening complications, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (38.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (29.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (67.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NICU stay, day median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (13-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (13-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (13-57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Follow-up time, median (yr) (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1yr (2 month-6 yr)</td>
                  <td align="center">3yr (2 month-7 yr)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 month (1 month-2 yr)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neonatal mortality, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>31 (19.5)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Fifteen (9.4%) patients were immigrants (Syrian or Iraqi). The preterm birth rate was 18.2% (n=29). In the preoperative period, all patients received PGE1 infusion. Twenty patients had a syndromic appearance: DiGeorge syndrome (n=6), Down syndrome (n=5), Turner syndrome (n=2), and trisomy 18 (Edwards) (n=1). Maternal Medical history was significant for gestational diabetes (n=3) and hypothyroidism (n=2). Hormone therapy was required for hypothyroidism in six patients.</p>
        <p>In the neonatal period, cardiac catheterization was performed in 93 of 159 patients (58.4%).</p>
        <p>Thrombosis (n=16, 17.2%), hypothermia (n=9, 9.6%), and bleeding (n=4, 4.3%) were the most common complications observed after catheterization. Of 135 patients undergoing surgery, life-threatening serious complications were noted in 38.5% (n=52).</p>
        <p>The median length of NICU stay was 24 days (13-43). Neonatal mortalities (19.5%, n=31) were attributed to distinct factors, encompassing preoperative heart failure and sepsis (n=13), intraoperative arrest (n=8), and postoperative complications like sepsis, pneumonia, MODS, and/or hemodynamic instability (n=10).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Coarctation of Aorta</title>
          <p>During the neonatal period, at a median age of 11 days (6-28), 74 (61.6%) out of 120 patients with CoA underwent cardiac catheterization via the femoral artery and/or vein. Among them, 49 (66.2%) underwent therapeutic catheterizations (45 balloon angioplasty, four balloon valvuloplasty), while 25 (33.7%) underwent diagnostic catheterizations (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 1</xref>). The pressure gradient showed a significant decrease after angioplasty [30 (20-40) mmHg vs. 10 (5-14) mmHg, p&lt;0.001)].</p>
          <p>Following the initial angioplasty, 28 patients proceeded to surgery, and three required a second balloon angioplasty due to recoarctation, resulting in a recoarctation rate of 63.2% (n=31/49). Post-angioplasty, paradoxical hypertension requiring treatment was observed in eight of 45 patients (16.3%).</p>
          <p>At a median age of 14 days (9.2-23 days), 101 patients with CoA (84.1%) underwent surgery (96-thoracotomy and 5-sternotomy). Nineteen of 120 patients (15.8%) did not undergo surgery; eleven received balloon angioplasty, and eight passed away before surgery.</p>
          <p>Among 101 patients undergoing surgery, extended resection end-to-end anastomosis (n=66, 65.3%), resection end-to-end anastomosis (n=19, 18.8 %), and graft repair (n=16, 15.8%) were the surgical procedures. Three patients (2.9%) operated under CPB and moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. Following surgery, paradoxical hypertension developed in 18 of 101 (17.8%) patients. The other frequent complications were sepsis, MODS, acute renal failure, chylothorax, and diaphragm paralysis. Three patients died during surgery, and five patients died due to postoperative sudden cardiac arrest or MODS.</p>
          <p>At a median age of 88 days (48-350), 13 patients with CoA underwent the second catheterization; seven underwent balloon angioplasty, two diagnostic catheterizations, one atrial septostomy, and one VSD closure with Amplatzer Duct Occluder II (ADOII) device.</p>
          <p>In infancy, 23 patients underwent second surgery with a recoarctation rate of 22.7% at a median age of 148 days (68-330). At this point, surgeries were performed via thoracotomy in 13 (56.5%) patients and median sternotomy in 10 (43.5%) patients. The types of surgeries were extended resection end-to-end anastomosis (n=16), graft repair (n=2), VSD patch (n=2), and LVOTO resection (n=3). Six of the patients underwent CPB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interruption of the aortic arch</title>
          <p>Of 39 patients, diagnostic catheterizations were performed in 17 (43.6%) at a median age of 7.5 days (3-15). Five patients with IAA (12.8%) were unable to have surgery because they passed away before surgery. Thus, 34 patients (87.1%) underwent IAA repair at a median age of 14 days (5-20) in the neonatal period.</p>
          <p>Of 34 patients, 16 (47.1%) were operated on with thoracotomy and 18 (52.9%) with sternotomy; 12 (35.3%) underwent CPB. A single-stage repair was performed in 12 patients: two APW and aortic arch repairs with graft, nine end-to-end anastomoses, and VSD patch repair. Double-stage repair was implemented in 22 patients: 10 underwent aortic arch repair with graft and pulmonary banding, nine underwent end-to-end anastomosis with pulmonary banding, and three underwent end-to-end anastomosis without pulmonary banding. In the early postoperative period, two patients (5.9%) needed ECMO. The types of repair and median sternotomy rates were similar among patients with IAA type A and IAA type B (p &gt;0.05 for both comparisons).</p>
          <p>In infancy, at a median of 150 days (45-202), three patients required diagnostic catheterization, and one underwent therapeutic catheterization (endovascular stenting for para-anastomotic stenosis).</p>
          <p>A total of 13 patients underwent second surgery at a median age of 177 days (56-330). At this step, surgeries were performed via thoracotomy in four patients and sternotomy in nine patients. Types of surgeries were six VSD patch repairs, four graft changes, and three pulmonary re-banding. Eight of the patients entered CPB, while three patients needed ECMO.</p>
          <p>The most common postoperative complications were LCOS, sepsis/MODS, pneumonia, acute kidney injury, and arrhythmia. LCOS was defined in five patients with IAA and is closely related to preoperative left ventricular dysfunction. Two patients passed away during surgery, and eight died due to postoperative LCOS or MODS. The mortality rate was lower by double-stage repair, although not significantly (50.0% vs 34.8%, respectively, p=0.38).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref> display the clinical features of the study patients according to neonatal mortality.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of the study patients according to the neonatal mortality</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Survived (n=128)</th>
                    <th>Died (n=31)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gestational age, week (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.8&#177;2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">37.5&#177;2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Birth weight, g (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">2945&#177;580</td>
                    <td align="center">2818&#177;609</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male gender, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (45.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Delivery type, C/S, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (67.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (45.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prematurity, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (17.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (22.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Early diagnosis, n(%) (&lt;3 day of life)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (46.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (74.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age at 1st Surgery, day, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (10-25)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (5-15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prenatal diagnosis, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (15.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (29.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NICU stay (day), median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (17-49)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (3-15)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mechanical ventilation, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (59.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (87.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inotropic support, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (67.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (87.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sepsis, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (39.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (32.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MODS, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (18.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (35.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acute kidney injury, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (19.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (29.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peritoneal dialysis, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (4.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (9.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intracranial hemorrhage/hypoxic-ischemic changes, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (14.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (9.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">Cardiac Surgery, n(%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CPB, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (7.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (33.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECMO, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (9.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Risk of surgery, median (IQR) STAT category</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (2-4)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (4-4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Life-threatening complications, n(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (30.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>CoA: Coarctation of the aorta, Interrupted aortic arch; MODS: Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit; CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; STAT: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In multivariate analysis, the higher STAT categories (OR:2.3, CI:95%, 1.1-5.1, p=0.03) and the presence of major postoperative complications (OR:9.8, CI:95%, 2.1-35.1, p=0.003) have increased the risk of neonatal mortality. The other variables did not affect the risk of mortality.</p>
          <p>The median follow-up time of all patients was one year (2 months-6 years). Overall survival at the end of the study period was 71.0% (n=113/159).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The clinical presentations of CoA vary widely, encompassing infants who present with heart failure to asymptomatic individuals who exhibit systemic hypertension or murmurs detected incidentally during routine physical examinations in children and adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> CoA can also be associated with specific genetic syndromes, including Down, Turner, or Williams-Beuren Syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In our study, the most prevalent presenting symptoms were cardiac murmurs, cyanosis, respiratory issues, and hemodynamic impairment. Some patients with CoA were associated with Down, Edwards, and Turner syndromes.</p>
        <p>The management of complex lesions involving arch hypoplasia can be approached through a thoracotomy with an extended end-to-end anastomosis, aiming to enhance proximal arch growth by eliminating the distal obstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> An alternative method involves midline sternotomy and enlargement of the aortic arch to achieve optimal relief of any obstruction in the left ventricular outlet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Dharmapuram et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> reported positive outcomes using extended end-to-end anastomosis through a thoracotomy with a modified surgical technique in CoA cases associated with proximal arch hypoplasia. Gropler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>suggested that median sternotomy should be considered for patients with severe arch hypoplasia. Graft patch aortoplasty is not recommended in infancy due to the associated risk of aneurysmatic dilatation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, a total of 101 patients with CoA underwent surgery, and most of the cases were treated with thoracotomy. The preferred procedure for the majority of CoA patients was resection with extended end-to-end anastomosis. Approximately one-third of the CoA patients are associated with aortic arch hypoplasia. For this subgroup, the chosen surgical approach involved sternotomy with extended end-to-end anastomosis or the application of aortic patches. Graft repair was selectively performed in patients with long-segment hypoplasia. Notably, our team has not employed this specific surgical technique for Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA) repair in infants over the last five years.</p>
        <p>Mid-to-long-term results highlight that recurrent aortic arch obstruction postoperatively remains a significant concern. In the study by Onalan et al<italic>.,</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> it was found that 20.8% of patients required reintervention due to distal recoarctation, with seven successfully treated via aortic balloon angioplasty and three requiring surgical reintervention.</p>
        <p>Following CoA repair, the persistence or recurrence of hypertension can be linked to factors such as later age at repair, the presence of residual obstruction, suboptimal aortic arch shape, and unclear neuro-humoral mechanisms initiated before the repair. The reported incidence of hypertension after CoA repair varies between 17 and 48% in numerous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>In our study, the rate of hypertension after coarctation surgery was 17.8%.</p>
        <p>Currently, balloon angioplasty is the preferred approach for selected cases of CoA. In the neonatal period, angioplasty can be used as the first option to gain time until surgery, especially in cases of low birth weight and hemodynamic instability. In our study, approximately 40% of cases with CoA underwent angioplasty. In a study by Oswal et al. involving 44 infants, the mean gradient decreased from 48.05&#177;15.26 mmHg to 10.97&#177;5.8 mmHg, demonstrating successful immediate results after balloon angioplasty for CoA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>In the present study, all infants exhibited a peak gradient of more than 20 mmHg before intervention. Following angioplasty, there was a significant reduction in the pressure gradient [30 (20-40) mmHg vs. 10 (5-14) mmHg].</p>
        <p>An IAA is a rare and severe CHD, which frequently coexists with other intracardiac and extracardiac defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In our study, eight of the patients with IAA had associated complex heart defects such as APW, TGA, DORV, and tricuspid atresia. Mortality rates were similar among complex and isolated IAA types. Dealing with complex malformations poses surgical challenges, requiring intricate procedures. In such cases, palliation may be ineffective, and early complete repair is often necessary after birth.</p>
        <p>In recent years, there has been a global trend toward promoting single-stage repair for IAA, but it requires complex technical skills and multidisciplinary cooperation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>Our study involving 39 IAA patients showed that 12 underwent single-stage repair, while 22 required double-stage repair.</p>
        <p>In the neonatal period, postoperative serious complications like LCOS may occur after aortic arch repair, particularly when associated with preoperative left ventricular dysfunction. A study by Lim et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> reported a 5.7% postoperative LCOS rate in neonates or infants undergoing single-stage total repair of aortic arch anomalies with poor preoperative conditions. Our study also observed LCOS in five patients with IAA after surgery, all with preoperative left ventricular dysfunction. The presence of preoperative sepsis may have negatively impacted their outcomes.</p>
        <p>Although both CoA and IAA are aortic arch pathologies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> the prognosis for IAA is more severe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> When comparing the two patient groups, it was noted that IAA cases were diagnosed earlier than CoA cases, possibly due to the more prominent symptoms. Similarly, the need for mechanical ventilation, the rate of sepsis, and the frequency of AKI were higher in IAA cases. In the presence of isolated CoA, angioplasty can provide a temporary solution, whereas in IAA, angiography is used for diagnostic purposes, with treatment being solely surgical. Therefore, in our study, the frequency of therapeutic angiography was higher in CoA cases, while diagnostic angiography was more frequent in IAA cases.</p>
        <p>While surgeries for isolated CoA can be performed using minimally invasive methods and thoracotomy, IAA procedures are frequently carried out under CPB and through sternotomy. Consequently, the frequency of sternotomy was higher among IAA cases. Besides, as previously reported,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> due to the complexity of the surgery, the STAT category, ECMO requirement, and mortality rates were found to be higher in IAA cases.</p>
        <p>When comparing surviving and deceased cases, it was observed that those who died received an earlier diagnosis. This phenomenon was attributed to the severity of the disease, leading to earlier symptom manifestation in babies. Additionally, due to the earlier surgical intervention required for more severe cases, the age at surgery for deceased patients was lower, and their STAT categories were higher. Compared to survivors, deceased patients had a higher need for preoperative mechanical ventilation and inotropic support, and the rate of MODS was more frequent. In the deceased group, the requirements for CPB and ECMO, as well as the frequency of life-threatening postoperative complications, were higher. In multivariate regression analysis, the factors most significantly impacting mortality were the STAT category, which reflects the complexity of the surgery and the development of severe postoperative complications.</p>
        <p>This study has limitations, including its retrospective and single-center design, hindering the generalizability of results. Multi-center studies with long-term outcomes are necessary for a comprehensive understanding of congenital aortic arch anomalies.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, newborns with congenital duct-dependent aortic anomalies require optimal perioperative care due to their increased risk of morbidity and mortality. In developing countries, improving neonatal CHD outcomes seems possible via several factors, including increased knowledge and expertise of physicians, the reached learning curve, adaptation to medical and technical developments, and keeping up advances in neonatal cardiac surgery.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sami Ulus Maternity Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital under the protocol number E-21/02-090. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
