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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6csTs3VqJgc3KqB8RNSY7zB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250143</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Espiritualidade e Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular: Valorizando a Sensibilidade Cultural na Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5384-9476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lucchetti</surname>
            <given-names>Giancarlo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Giancarlo Lucchetti</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora &#8211; Av. Eug&#234;nio do Nascimento, s/n&#176;. CEP <postal-code>36038-330</postal-code>, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>g.lucchetti@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250143</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Espiritualidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Religi&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Compet&#234;ncia Cultural</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Os profissionais de sa&#250;de devem estar atentos ao fato de que seus pacientes t&#234;m valores de sa&#250;de diferentes, que podem ser influenciados por aspectos culturais e espirituais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As evid&#234;ncias atuais mostram que as cren&#231;as espirituais e religiosas (E/R) podem ter uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e negativa com diferentes resultados de sa&#250;de, como depress&#227;o, ansiedade, mortalidade, qualidade de vida, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e uso de subst&#226;ncias, entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste contexto, o campo da "Espiritualidade e Sa&#250;de" tem crescido constantemente na comunidade cient&#237;fica, impulsionado pelo n&#250;mero de estudos, pelo interesse das escolas m&#233;dicas e pela incorpora&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes de diferentes organiza&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Especificamente no campo da cardiologia, estudos t&#234;m apoiado a influ&#234;ncia das cren&#231;as E/R em fatores de risco cardiovascular (CV) (por exemplo, tabagismo, inatividade f&#237;sica, dieta inadequada, obesidade, diabetes, hiperlipidemia); desfechos CV (por exemplo, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, desfechos de cirurgia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o); mortalidade CV; e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios biol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Essas evid&#234;ncias resultaram na incorpora&#231;&#227;o da espiritualidade nas diretrizes brasileiras para hipertens&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e preven&#231;&#227;o CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos anteriores tamb&#233;m mostraram que as cren&#231;as E/R podem ter repercuss&#245;es importantes em aspectos comportamentais, como julgamentos de tomada de decis&#227;o, quest&#245;es &#233;ticas e rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Apesar dessas evid&#234;ncias, pesquisas sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre espiritualidade e ades&#227;o ao tratamento ainda s&#227;o escassas na literatura cient&#237;fica, conforme aponta recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e um estudo pr&#233;vio sobre pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de preencher esta lacuna, um estudo recente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> investigou o papel da espiritualidade e da religiosidade na ades&#227;o ao tratamento entre 237 pacientes hipertensos atendidos em um hospital de ensino no Brasil. Neste estudo transversal, os autores inclu&#237;ram o <italic>Duke Religion Index</italic> e a <italic>Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality</italic> para avaliar as cren&#231;as E/R, e o <italic>Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension</italic> para avaliar a ades&#227;o. Os resultados do estudo revelaram que a religiosidade intr&#237;nseca e o perd&#227;o foram positivamente associados &#224; ades&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o, enquanto "valores e cren&#231;as" foram negativamente associados. Os autores discutiram que os resultados positivos da religiosidade e do perd&#227;o podem ser explicados por um senso mais amplo de prop&#243;sito na vida, melhor sa&#250;de mental e uma maior probabilidade de adotar comportamentos mais saud&#225;veis (considerando o corpo como um "Templo Sagrado"). Em contraste, os resultados negativos de "valores e cren&#231;as" podem estar relacionados a concep&#231;&#245;es erradas e falta de confian&#231;a no tratamento convencional.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados s&#227;o importantes, pois trazem implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes para cardiologistas e profissionais de sa&#250;de que tratam de pacientes CVs. Primeiro, esses achados destacam os "dois lados da mesma moeda" da espiritualidade na assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. Se, por um lado, h&#225; uma influ&#234;ncia positiva das cren&#231;as E/R nos resultados de sa&#250;de (acontecendo em 80% das ocasi&#245;es), por outro lado, tamb&#233;m podem haver cren&#231;as disfuncionais que podem resultar em desfechos n&#227;o favor&#225;veis. Nesse contexto, a maneira como os indiv&#237;duos usam seus recursos de enfrentamento E/R (ou seja, a maneira como eles utilizam sua espiritualidade para lidar com seus problemas de vida e estresse) &#233; prejudicial &#224; sua sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Assim, os profissionais de sa&#250;de devem reconhecer as cren&#231;as funcionais e disfuncionais de seus pacientes, avaliando esses t&#243;picos de forma n&#227;o cr&#237;tica e abordando-os ou encaminhando os pacientes para cuidados especializados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Para esse prop&#243;sito, hist&#243;rias espirituais podem ser utilizadas, como o FICA ou a ferramenta HOPE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Concluindo, as cren&#231;as E/R s&#227;o aspectos importantes que devem ser avaliados e incorporados &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de profissionais de sa&#250;de que tratam pacientes CVs, pois podem influenciar os fatores de risco CV, os desfechos e a ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Essa vis&#227;o mais ampla da doen&#231;a CV pode resultar em uma medicina mais inclusiva e integrativa, valorizando a sensibilidade cultural.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Espiritualidade/Religiosidade e Ades&#227;o ao Tratamento em Indiv&#237;duos Hipertensos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250143i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Spirituality and Cardiovascular Disease: Valuing Cultural Sensitivity in Cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5384-9476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lucchetti</surname>
            <given-names>Giancarlo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Giancarlo Lucchetti</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora &#8211; Av. Eug&#234;nio do Nascimento, s/n&#176;. Postal Code <postal-code>36038-330</postal-code>, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>g.lucchetti@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Spirituality</kwd>
        <kwd>Religion</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Cultural Competency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Health professionals should be sensitive to the fact that their patients have different health values, which could be influenced by cultural and spiritual aspects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Current evidence has shown that spiritual and religious (S/R) beliefs can have both a positive and negative association with different health outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, mortality, quality of life, hospitalization, chronic illnesses, and substance use, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, the field of "Spirituality and Health" has been constantly growing in the scientific community, driven by the number of studies, the interest of medical schools, and its incorporation into guidelines from different medical organizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Specifically in the field of cardiology, studies have supported the influence of S/R beliefs on cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (e.g., smoking, physical inactivity, inappropriate diet, obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia); CV outcomes (e.g., coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiac surgery outcomes, hypertension); CV mortality; and biological inflammatory markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This evidence has resulted in the incorporation of spirituality into the Brazilian guidelines for hypertension<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and CV prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Previous studies have also shown that S/R beliefs can have important repercussions on behavioral aspects, such as decision-making judgments, ethical issues, and patient-physician relationships.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Despite this evidence, research on the relationship between spirituality and adherence to treatment is still scarce in the scientific literature, as noted by a recent systematic review<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and a previous study on heart failure patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Aiming to bridge this gap, a recent study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> has investigated the role of spirituality and religiosity on adherence to treatment among 237 hypertensive patients attending a teaching hospital in Brazil. In this cross-sectional study, authors have included the Duke Religion Index and the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality to assess S/R beliefs, and the Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension to assess adherence. The study's findings revealed that intrinsic religiosity and forgiveness were positively associated with adherence to hypertension treatment, while "values and beliefs" were negatively associated. The authors discussed that the positive results of religiosity and forgiveness might be explained by a broader sense of purpose in life, better mental health, and a greater likelihood of adopting healthier behaviors (considering the body as a "Sacred Temple"). In contrast, the negative results of "values and beliefs" could be related to misconceptions and lack of trust in the conventional treatment.</p>
      <p>These results are important since they bring important clinical implications for cardiologists and health professionals treating CV patients. First, these findings highlight the "two sides of the same coin" of spirituality in healthcare. If, on the one hand, there is a positive influence of S/R beliefs on health outcomes (happening on 80% of occasions), on the other hand, there could also be dysfunctional beliefs that could result in worse outcomes. In this context, the way individuals use their S/R coping resources (i.e., the way they rely on spirituality to handle their life problems and stress) is detrimental to their health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Hence, health professionals must recognize the functional and dysfunctional beliefs of their patients, assessing these topics in a non-judgmental manner and addressing them or referring patients to specialized care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> For this purpose, spiritual histories could be used, such as the FICA or the HOPE tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In conclusion, S/R beliefs are important aspects that should be assessed and incorporated into the clinical practice of health professionals who treat CV patients since they can influence CV risk factors, outcomes, and adherence to the treatment. This broader view of CV disease could result in a more inclusive and integrative medicine, valuing cultural sensitivity.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Spirituality/Religiosity and Adherence to Treatment in Hypertensive Individuals</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
