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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ckgC5mBqDQkcg6KkVXznrzm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250142</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sobreviv&#234;ncia com CDI na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Realmente necess&#225;rio ou Apenas um Vi&#233;s de Sele&#231;&#227;o?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2612-8040</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Fernanda Almeida Andrade</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>aandradefernanda@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250142</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de candidatos &#224; terapia prim&#225;ria com cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) exige a considera&#231;&#227;o de fatores adicionais al&#233;m da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), a fim de selecionar com maior precis&#227;o os pacientes que realmente se beneficiar&#227;o do dispositivo. Evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem uma redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca em indiv&#237;duos com FEVE reduzida, associada a uma crescente heterogeneidade dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos. Entretanto, diante dos avan&#231;os nas abordagens farmacol&#243;gicas com efic&#225;cia na redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) a decis&#227;o sobre a indica&#231;&#227;o do CDI na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria tornou-se mais complexa e com necessidade de buscar estrat&#233;gias inovadoras para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco desses casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Tecnicamente, o CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#233; indicado em pacientes com FEVE &#8804; 35% e IC classe II-III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), apesar de pelo menos tr&#234;s meses de terapia m&#233;dica otimizada, e ent&#227;o j&#225; cabem algumas cr&#237;ticas: a) os estudos que fundamentam essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m mais de 20 anos, b) a popula&#231;&#227;o com FEVE reduzida representa um grupo heterog&#234;neo, c) diferentes n&#237;veis de risco para taquicardia ventricular/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (TV/FV) associada ao substrato arritmog&#234;nico <italic>versus</italic> mortalidade n&#227;o arr&#237;tmica, ou seja, relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de comorbidades e decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, e d) implementa&#231;&#227;o de novos tratamentos e melhor manejo da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo de Ba&#351;kurt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> traz um resultado baseado na an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 228 pacientes com IC submetidos ao implante de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria no per&#237;odo de 62 meses e quando analisamos as taxas de mortalidade entre pacientes com (29,4%) e sem (26%) CDI, houve pior desfecho (&#243;bito) no grupo controle [p &lt; 0,05 (IC 95%)], e embora a longo prazo n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica, a sobrevida foi numericamente melhor no grupo CDI. Esse achado pode ser atribu&#237;do ao fato de que os implantes de CDI foram realizados em pacientes com pior condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e tamb&#233;m pelo fato de possu&#237;rem um acompanhamento regular devido ao controle do dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Dados similares foram obtidos atrav&#233;s de uma metan&#225;lise que avaliou 12 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados por 20 anos (n 40.195), onde a incid&#234;ncia anual de morte s&#250;bita foi de 6,5% no estudo RALES (o primeiro desse per&#237;odo) e de 3,3% no estudo mais recente, PARADIGM-HF. O dado estat&#237;stico confere uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 44% na taxa de morte s&#250;bita ao longo dos anos [HR 0,56, IC 95% 0,33-0,93, p = 0,03].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Outros trabalhos tamb&#233;m demonstraram achados similares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <sec>
      <title>Preditores de mortalidade: O papel da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pormenorizada</title>
      <p>A relev&#226;ncia de uma boa consulta m&#233;dica deve ser rememorada quando trata-se da avalia&#231;&#227;o desses casos, atrav&#233;s de uma anamnese conseguimos extrair poss&#237;veis preditores de mortalidade, como por exemplo: idade, FEVE, valor de BNP e/ou NT-proBNP, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), diabetes mellitus, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, ritmo basal, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e NYHA &gt;2. A partir do descrito, o trabalho de Ba&#351;kurt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> traz valores como BNP &gt; 508,5 pg/mL (ROC: S 69% e E 69%), FEVE &lt; 24,5% (ROC: S 54% e E 63%) e idade &gt; 68,5 anos (ROC: S 62% e E 62%) e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por descompensa&#231;&#227;o como fatores independentes de mortalidade por todas as causas; j&#225; a DAC n&#227;o foi um fator de risco independente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos similares, como por exemplo, Bilchick et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> que analisou uma coorte expressiva (n. 45.000) tamb&#233;m conferiram dados semelhantes, onde o paciente mais cr&#237;tico e com mais comorbidades possuem maior risco de desfecho negativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Destarte, a necessidade de um escore de risco vem sendo discutido e validados ao decorrer do tempo, por exemplo: <italic>MADIT-II ICD Risk Stratification Score</italic> e o <italic>Seattle Heart Failure Score</italic> mas h&#225; diferen&#231;as importantes entre os dois: presen&#231;a de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o associada (modelo de Seattle n&#227;o inclui), diferen&#231;a na defini&#231;&#227;o de arritmia grave e morte arr&#237;tmica (<italic>MADIT-ICD Benefit Score</italic> usa arritmias potencialmente fatais como marcador de morte arr&#237;tmica, enquanto outros estudos utilizaram uma distin&#231;&#227;o entre morte s&#250;bita e n&#227;o s&#250;bita) e valida&#231;&#227;o atualizada com coorte contempor&#226;nea. O escore de benef&#237;cio MADIT-ICD proposto em 2021 vem para melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, visando auxiliar a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica individualizada atrav&#233;s da identifica&#231;&#227;o de candidatos &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de CDI com maior potencial de benef&#237;cio para a sobrevida, ou seja, aqueles em que o risco previsto de TV/FV &#233; superior ao risco concorrente de mortalidade n&#227;o arr&#237;tmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e perspectivas futuras</title>
      <p>Contra fatos n&#227;o h&#225; argumentos, as taxas de choques e a mortalidade em pacientes com CDI diminu&#237;ram devido ao progresso do sistema de sa&#250;de, as terapias farmacol&#243;gicas para IC e ao acesso mais facilitado ao m&#233;dico. A indica&#231;&#227;o do CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria tem sido questionada, temos "novas" drogas como o inibidor do cotransportador de s&#243;dio e glicose tipo 2 e inibidor do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina que revolucionaram a terap&#234;utica da IC. Atualmente, muitos pacientes com CDI nunca recebem um choque, em contrapartida, tem muitos com choques inapropriados e outras intercorr&#234;ncias sem o dito benef&#237;cio em sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diretrizes poder&#227;o necessitar de revis&#227;o &#224; medida que novos ensaios multic&#234;ntricos e randomizados sejam conduzidos, especialmente aqueles que avaliem popula&#231;&#245;es tratadas com abordagens terap&#234;uticas mais recentes em combina&#231;&#227;o. Embora a recomenda&#231;&#227;o para a implanta&#231;&#227;o do CDI na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da IC n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica tenha sido reduzida nas diretrizes mais recentes, ela permanece como indica&#231;&#227;o de classe 1 para pacientes com IC de origem isqu&#234;mica. Nos estudos que sustentam o benef&#237;cio do CDI na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes foi realizada por meio de testes eletrofisiol&#243;gicos, e a ades&#227;o &#224; terapia m&#233;dica otimizada (nas diretrizes definida como o uso de betabloqueadores, inibidores da ECA/BRA e antagonistas da aldosterona) era limitada; e ainda hoje as diretrizes internacionais n&#227;o exigem o uso das "novas" drogas como crit&#233;rio obrigat&#243;rio. Contudo, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira de testes eletrofisiol&#243;gicos pr&#233;-implante n&#227;o faz parte da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica habitual. O <italic>MADIT-ICD Benefit Score</italic> surge para auxiliar a tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhada entre m&#233;dico e paciente, por meio de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o personalizada e integrada do risco concorrente de TV/FV vs. mortalidade n&#227;o arr&#237;tmica em candidatos &#224; terapia com CDI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Concluindo, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dados provenientes de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados multic&#234;ntricos representa um avan&#231;o significativo na compreens&#227;o dos benef&#237;cios do CDI. No entanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio reconhecer que os participantes frequentemente recebem um acompanhamento rigoroso e um tratamento otimizado, o que pode n&#227;o refletir integralmente a realidade da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica cotidiana. Esse descompasso levanta questionamentos sobre a aplicabilidade dos achados, especialmente em subgrupos mais vulner&#225;veis, como idosos acima de 80 anos e pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal avan&#231;ada, cuja complexidade cl&#237;nica pode alterar os desfechos esperados. Al&#233;m disso, a abordagem retrospectiva e o per&#237;odo de seguimento da an&#225;lise podem influenciar os resultados, exigindo cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o das conclus&#245;es. A evolu&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua das terapias e a variabilidade dos perfis cl&#237;nicos imp&#245;em a necessidade de valida&#231;&#245;es adicionais em registros prospectivos contempor&#226;neos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Desfechos Cl&#237;nicos e Mortalidade em Pacientes com Cardioversor-Desfibrilador Implant&#225;vel para Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250142i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Survival with ICD in Heart Failure: Truly Necessary or Just a Selection Bias?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2612-8040</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Fernanda Almeida Andrade</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>aandradefernanda@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Implantable Defibrillators</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Prevention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In current clinical practice, the evaluation of candidates for primary therapy with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) requires the consideration of factors beyond left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to more accurately select patients who will genuinely benefit from the device. Recent evidence suggests a decline in the incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among individuals with reduced LVEF, associated with increasing heterogeneity in the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. However, in light of advances in pharmacological approaches that effectively reduce morbidity and mortality in heart failure (HF), the decision regarding ICD indication for primary prevention has become more complex, necessitating innovative strategies for risk stratification in these cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Technically, ICDs for primary prevention are indicated for patients with LVEF &#8804; 35% and HF classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II-III, despite at least three months of optimized medical therapy. However, several criticisms arise: a) the studies supporting this recommendation are over 20 years old, b) the population with reduced LVEF represents a heterogeneous group, c) different risk levels exist for ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) associated with the arrhythmogenic substrate versus non-arrhythmic mortality, i.e., related to the presence of comorbidities and cardiac function decline, and d) the implementation of new treatments and improved disease management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study by Ba&#351;kurt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> presents results based on a retrospective analysis of 228 HF patients who underwent ICD implantation for primary prevention over 62 months. When analyzing mortality rates among patients with (29.4%) and without (26%) ICDs, a worse outcome (death) was observed in the control group [p &lt; 0.05 (95% CI)], and although no statistically significant difference was found in the long term, survival was numerically better in the ICD group. This finding may be attributed to the fact that ICD implants were performed in patients with worse clinical conditions and also because these patients received regular follow-ups due to device monitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Similar data were obtained through a meta-analysis evaluating 12 randomized clinical trials over 20 years (n = 40,195), in which the annual incidence of sudden death was 6.5% in the RALES study (the earliest study in this period) and 3.3% in the most recent study, PARADIGM-HF. These statistics indicate a 44% reduction in sudden death rates over the years [HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.33-0.93, p = 0.03].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Other studies have demonstrated similar findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortality predictors: The role of detailed clinical assessment</title>
        <p>The importance of thorough medical consultations should be emphasized when evaluating these cases. Through anamnesis, potential mortality predictors can be identified, such as age, LVEF, BNP and/or NT-proBNP levels, coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, baseline rhythm, HF-related hospitalizations, and NYHA &gt;2 classification. The study by Ba&#351;kurt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> identified BNP &gt; 508.5 pg/mL (ROC: S 69% and E 69%), LVEF &lt; 24.5% (ROC: S 54% and E 63%), age &gt; 68.5 years (ROC: S 62% and E 62%), and hospitalization due to decompensation as independent predictors of all-cause mortality, whereas CAD was not an independent risk factor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Similar findings were reported in a study by Bilchick et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> which analyzed a large cohort (n = 45,000), demonstrating that critically ill patients with multiple comorbidities have a higher risk of adverse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, the need for a risk score has been discussed and validated over time, with examples including the MADIT-II ICD Risk Stratification Score and the Seattle Heart Failure Score. However, important differences exist between them: the presence of associated cardiac resynchronization therapy (not included in the Seattle model), differences in the definition of severe arrhythmia and arrhythmic death (MADIT-ICD Benefit Score uses potentially fatal arrhythmias as a marker of arrhythmic death, whereas other studies distinguish between sudden and non-sudden death), and updated validation with contemporary cohorts. The MADIT-ICD Benefit Score, proposed in 2021, aims to improve risk stratification by assisting individualized clinical decision-making through the identification of primary ICD implantation candidates with the highest survival benefit, those whose predicted VT/VF risk surpasses the competing risk of non-arrhythmic mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations and future perspectives</title>
        <p>The facts are clear: shock rates and mortality among ICD patients have decreased due to improvements in healthcare systems, HF pharmacological therapies, and easier access to physicians. The indication for ICD in primary prevention has been questioned, especially considering "new" drugs such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, which have revolutionized HF therapy. Currently, many ICD patients never receive a shock, while others experience inappropriate shocks and other complications without the anticipated survival benefit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Guidelines may require revision as new multicenter, randomized trials are conducted, particularly those evaluating populations treated with the most recent therapeutic approaches in combination. Although the recommendation for ICD implantation in non-ischemic HF primary prevention has been downgraded in the latest guidelines, it remains a Class I indication for patients with ischemic HF. In studies supporting ICD benefits for primary prevention in this population, patient stratification was performed using electrophysiological testing, and adherence to optimized medical therapy (defined in guidelines as the use of beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, and aldosterone antagonists) was limited; even today, international guidelines do not mandate the use of "new" drugs as a prerequisite. However, routine use of pre-implant electrophysiological testing is not part of standard clinical practice. The MADIT-ICD Benefit Score emerges as a tool for shared decision-making between physicians and patients, providing a personalized and integrated assessment of the competing risks of VT/VF versus non-arrhythmic mortality in candidates for ICD therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In conclusion, data from multicenter randomized clinical trials represent a significant advancement in understanding ICD benefits. However, it is important to acknowledge that participants in these studies often receive rigorous follow-up and optimized treatment, which may not fully reflect real-world clinical practice. This discrepancy raises questions about the applicability of findings, particularly in vulnerable subgroups such as patients over 80 years old and those with advanced renal dysfunction, whose clinical complexity may alter expected outcomes. Additionally, the retrospective nature and follow-up duration of some analyses may influence results, requiring caution in interpreting conclusions. The continuous evolution of therapies and variability in clinical profiles necessitate further validation in contemporary prospective registries.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Clinical Outcomes and Mortality in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator for Primary Prevention</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
