<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5rgBVLnWLHY73VgJQLTnTGf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250105</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resposta Card&#237;aca ao Estresse: Influ&#234;ncia da Vortioxetina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Guimar&#227;es Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral</surname>
            <given-names>Milene Vit&#243;ria Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Coelho Figueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-5854</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pacagnelli</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Oeste Paulista</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Central Washington University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ellensburg</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">WA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Central Washington University, Ellensburg WA &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Francis Pacagnelli</bold> &#8226; Universidade do Oeste Paulista &#8211; Rua Jos&#233; Bongiovani, 700. CEP <postal-code>19050-920</postal-code>, Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>francispacagnelli@unoeste.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250105</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Antidepressivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Vortioxetina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O estresse psicol&#243;gico &#233; comum e desempenha um papel significativo na adapta&#231;&#227;o aos desafios ambientais. No entanto, tamb&#233;m tem efeitos negativos para a sa&#250;de, potencialmente desencadeando transtornos psiqui&#225;tricos, como ansiedade e depress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As respostas fisiol&#243;gicas ao estresse desempenham um papel crucial no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, pois as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, vasculares e imunol&#243;gicas induzidas pelo estresse est&#227;o particularmente envolvidas neste processo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O estresse ativa regi&#245;es do c&#233;rebro que, por meio do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico ou horm&#244;nios, afetam a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O estresse leve imprevis&#237;vel cr&#244;nico (ECMI) aumenta a corticosterona s&#233;rica, agravando os perfis lip&#237;dicos e acelerando a aterosclerose em roedores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O estresse cr&#244;nico ativa o eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-adrenal, aumentando os glicocorticoides e as esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, contribuindo para os dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os modelos ECMI simulam depress&#227;o em animais, evidenciada pela anedonia, que &#233; revers&#237;vel com antidepressivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Este modelo animal foi validado e &#233; amplamente utilizado; no entanto, melhorias em estudos que utilizam este modelo podem ser implementadas. Recomenda-se estratificar os animais no grupo ECMI em coortes "resilientes" e "suscet&#237;veis", usar protocolos mais refinados no teste de prefer&#234;ncia por sacarose para minimizar artefatos fisiol&#243;gicos e f&#237;sicos, avaliar sistematicamente os efeitos n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos do ECMI e implementar ajustes em testes comportamentais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os pesquisadores observaram que ratos expostos ao ECMI exibiram altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e comportamentais, aumentando o risco de arritmias e infarto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora os antidepressivos possam afetar o cora&#231;&#227;o, a vortioxetina (VOR) surge como uma op&#231;&#227;o promissora com efeitos neuroprotetores e cardiovasculares positivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A VOR &#233; um antidepressivo indicado para depress&#227;o maior, particularmente quando acompanhada de comprometimento cognitivo. A VOR atua multimodalmente, funcionando como um antagonista dos receptores de serotonina 5-HT3, 5-HT7 e 5-HT1D, um agonista parcial de 5-HT1B, um agonista total de 5-HT1A e um inibidor de transportadores de serotonina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora o impacto do estresse nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares seja amplamente reconhecido, seus efeitos diretos no mioc&#225;rdio e o papel dos agentes farmacol&#243;gicos neste contexto permanecem pouco explorados.</p>
    <p>Em publica&#231;&#227;o recente nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Ozmen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> investigaram os potenciais efeitos do VOR sobre aspectos histopatol&#243;gicos e imuno-histoqu&#237;micos em modelo animal submetido a ECMI. O uso do VOR melhorou altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, como hiperemia, edema, degenera&#231;&#227;o gordurosa, degenera&#231;&#227;o vacuolar, hipereosinofilia, aumento de c&#233;lulas mononucleares e hemorragia mioc&#225;rdica. Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado um potencial efeito cardioprotetor contra apoptose (redu&#231;&#227;o da caspase-3), inflama&#231;&#227;o (diminui&#231;&#227;o do NF-&#954;B e aumento da IL-10) e les&#227;o card&#237;aca (redu&#231;&#227;o da troponina).</p>
    <p>Outras avalia&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de VOR devem ser investigadas para confirmar seu efeito cardioprotetor. A ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, particularmente a angiotensina 2 e o receptor acoplado ATR-1, foram identificados na hipertrofia card&#237;aca relacionada ao ECMI em associa&#231;&#227;o com a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Portanto, estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar o papel do VOR em outros aspectos card&#237;acos histol&#243;gicos induzidos pelo estresse.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Potencial Terap&#234;utico da Vortioxetina: Respostas Card&#237;acas ao Estresse Cr&#244;nico Moderado Imprevis&#237;vel em um Modelo de Rato</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vaccarino</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bremner</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stress and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>603</fpage>
          <lpage>616</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41569-024-01024-y</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Vaccarino V, Bremner JD. Stress and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024;21(9):603-16. doi: 10.1038/s41569-024-01024-y.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vaccarino</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearce</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raggi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bremner</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brain-Heart Connections in Stress and Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for the Cardiac Patient</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>328</volume>
          <fpage>74</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.020</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Mehta PK, Pearce B, Raggi P, Bremner JD, et al. Brain-Heart Connections in Stress and Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for the Cardiac Patient. Atherosclerosis. 2021;328:74-82. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gu</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>ZQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Promotes Atherosclerosis via HMGB1/TLR4-Mediated Downregulation of PPAR&#947;/LXR&#945;/ABCA1 in ApoE-/- Mice</article-title>
          <source>Front Physiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <fpage>165</fpage>
          <lpage>165</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphys.2019.00165</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Gu HF, Li N, Xu ZQ, Hu L, Li H, Zhang RJ, et al. Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Promotes Atherosclerosis via HMGB1/TLR4-Mediated Downregulation of PPAR&#947;/LXR&#945;/ABCA1 in ApoE-/- Mice. Front Physiol. 2019;10:165. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00165.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Senoner</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dichtl</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: Still a Therapeutic Target?</article-title>
          <source>Nutrients</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>2090</fpage>
          <lpage>2090</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nu11092090</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Senoner T, Dichtl W. Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: Still a Therapeutic Target? Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2090. doi: 10.3390/nu11092090.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Willner</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) Model of Depression: History, Evaluation and Usage</article-title>
          <source>Neurobiol Stress</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <fpage>78</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.08.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Willner P. The Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) Model of Depression: History, Evaluation and Usage. Neurobiol Stress. 2016;6:78-93. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.08.002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Strekalova</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiselev</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khairuddin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiu</surname>
              <given-names>JLY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic Mild Stress Paradigm as a Rat Model of Depression: Facts, Artifacts, and Future Perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Psychopharmacology</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>239</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>663</fpage>
          <lpage>693</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00213-021-05982-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Strekalova T, Liu Y, Kiselev D, Khairuddin S, Chiu JLY, Lam J, et al. Chronic Mild Stress Paradigm as a Rat Model of Depression: Facts, Artifacts, and Future Perspectives. Psychopharmacology. 2022;239(3):663-93. doi: 10.1007/s00213-021-05982-w.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grippo</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biological Mechanisms in the Relationship between Depression and Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Neurosci Biobehav Rev</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>941</fpage>
          <lpage>962</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00003-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Grippo AJ, Johnson AK. Biological Mechanisms in the Relationship between Depression and Heart Disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002;26(8):941-62. doi: 10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00003-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asin</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Artigas</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vortioxetine, a Novel Antidepressant with Multimodal Activity: Review of Preclinical and Clinical Data</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>145</volume>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.07.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Sanchez C, Asin KE, Artigas F. Vortioxetine, a Novel Antidepressant with Multimodal Activity: Review of Preclinical and Clinical Data. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;145:43-57. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.07.001.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ozmen</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tasan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unal</surname>
              <given-names>GO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vortioxetine's Therapeutic Potential: Cardiac Responses to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in a Rat Model</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20240159</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240159</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Ozmen O, Tasan S, Unal GO. Vortioxetine's Therapeutic Potential: Cardiac Responses to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in a Rat Model. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2025;122(2):e20240159. doi: 10.36660/abc.20240159.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bangsumruaj</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kijtawornrat</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalandakanond-Thongsong</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Chronic Mild Stress on Cardiac Autonomic Activity, Cardiac Structure and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Male Rats</article-title>
          <source>Vet Sci</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>539</fpage>
          <lpage>539</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/vetsci9100539</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Bangsumruaj J, Kijtawornrat A, Kalandakanond-Thongsong S. Effects of Chronic Mild Stress on Cardiac Autonomic Activity, Cardiac Structure and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Male Rats. Vet Sci. 2022;9(10):539. doi: 10.3390/vetsci9100539.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250105i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Response to Stress: Influence of Vortioxetine</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Guimar&#227;es Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral</surname>
            <given-names>Milene Vit&#243;ria Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Coelho Figueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-5854</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pacagnelli</surname>
            <given-names>Francis Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ellensburg</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">WA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Central Washington University, Ellensburg WA &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Francis Pacagnelli</bold> &#8226; Universidade do Oeste Paulista &#8211; Rua Jos&#233; Bongiovani, 700. Postal Code <postal-code>19050-920</postal-code>, Presidente Prudente, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>francispacagnelli@unoeste.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Antidepressive Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart</kwd>
        <kwd>Psychological Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Vortioxetine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Psychological stress is common and plays a significant role in adapting to environmental challenges. However, it also has negative health effects, potentially triggering psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Physiological responses to stress play a crucial role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, as hemodynamic, vascular, and immunological changes induced by stress are particularly involved in this process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Stress activates brain regions that, through the sympathetic nervous system or hormones, affect heart function. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) increases serum corticosterone, aggravating lipid profiles and accelerating atherosclerosis in rodents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Chronic stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, increasing glucocorticoids and reactive oxygen species, contributing to cardiovascular disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>CUMS models simulate depression in animals, as evidenced by anhedonia, which is reversible with antidepressants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This animal model has been validated and is widely used; however, improvements in studies utilizing this model can be implemented. It is recommended to stratify animals in the CUMS group into "resilient" and "susceptible" cohorts, use more refined protocols in the sucrose preference test to minimize physiological and physical artifacts, systematically evaluation of the nonspecific effects of CUMS, and implement adjustments in behavioral tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Researchers observed that rats exposed to CUMS exhibited both cardiac and behavioral changes, increasing the risk of arrhythmias and infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although antidepressants can affect the heart, vortioxetine (VOR) emerges as a promising option with positive neuroprotective and cardiovascular effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> VOR is an antidepressant indicated for major depression, particularly when accompanied by cognitive impairment. VOR acts multimodally, functioning as an antagonist of serotonin receptors 5-HT3, 5-HT7, and 5-HT1D, a partial agonist of 5-HT1B, a full agonist of 5-HT1A, and an inhibitor of serotonin transporters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> While the impact of stress on cardiovascular diseases is widely recognized, its direct effects on the myocardium and the role of pharmacological agents in this context remain underexplored.</p>
      <p>In a recent publication in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Ozmen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> investigated the potential effects of VOR on histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects in an animal model undergoing CUMS. The use of VOR improved histological alterations in the left ventricle, such as hyperemia, edema, fatty degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, hypereosinophilia, increased mononuclear cells, and myocardial hemorrhage. A potential cardioprotective effect against apoptosis (reduction of caspase-3), inflammation (decrease in NF-&#954;B and increase in IL-10), and cardiac injury (reduction of troponin) was also demonstrated.</p>
      <p>Further myocardial assessments following VOR administration should be investigated to confirm its cardioprotective effect. The activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, particularly Angiotensin 2 and the ATR-1 coupled receptor, were identified in CUMS-related cardiac hypertrophy in association with sympathetic nervous system activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, future studies are necessary to confirm the role of VOR in other histological cardiac aspects induced by stress.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Vortioxetine's Therapeutic Potential: Cardiac Responses to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in a Rat Model</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
