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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XPCt67tdm3Nzgg5cVgghsGB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250080</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortalidade Hospitalar em Pacientes com Choque Cardiog&#234;nico ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio: H&#225; Benef&#237;cio no Uso de Bal&#227;o Intra-A&#243;rtico?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-5134-2985</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Solis</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Arturo Effio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brentegani</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira Rua Nova York, 970, ap. 11. CEP 04560-002, Brooklin, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mluiz766@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250080</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Bal&#227;o Intra-a&#243;rtico</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Hospitalar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O choque cardiog&#234;nico (CC) representa uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica grave caracterizada por hipoperfus&#227;o sist&#234;mica e d&#233;bito card&#237;aco insuficiente devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca prim&#225;ria. Sua mortalidade frequentemente ultrapassa 40%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> dos casos, sendo uma condi&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica de alta complexidade. A etiologia &#233; multifatorial, sendo o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) a causa predominante, respons&#225;vel por cerca de 30% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Outras condi&#231;&#245;es relevantes incluem descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica aguda sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como observado na miocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O manejo do CC p&#243;s-IAM requer uma abordagem abrangente, que combine revasculariza&#231;&#227;o precoce e suporte hemodin&#226;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, dispositivos como o bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BIA) t&#234;m seu papel devido &#224; sua capacidade de aumentar a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica na aorta e reduzir a p&#243;s-carga ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esses efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos resultam em melhora da perfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria e redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, estudos recentes n&#227;o demonstraram benef&#237;cios significativos do BIA em termos de redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, levando a uma revis&#227;o de seu papel em diretrizes internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Essas evid&#234;ncias contribu&#237;ram para a redu&#231;&#227;o de seu uso em muitos centros, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de an&#225;lise cuidadosa na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que podem se beneficiar.</p>
    <p>Assim, pesquisadores nacionais, em um estudo observacional transversal, conduziram uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 98 pacientes de um &#250;nico centro m&#233;dico, analisando pacientes acometidos por IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e CC tratados com BIA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> com o objetivo de avaliar poss&#237;veis preditores da efic&#225;cia do BIA na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Noventa e oito pacientes foram selecionados de 2005 a 2022. A amostra foi composta principalmente por homens (73,5%) com m&#233;dia de idade de 66,5 &#177; 12,3 anos. A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi a comorbidade mais prevalente (73,7%), seguida de tabagismo (37,8%) e dislipidemia (46,9%).</p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado de gravidade (Killip IV, 39,2%) no momento da admiss&#227;o, e quase todos apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (95,9%), sendo a art&#233;ria descendente anterior identificada como a mais frequentemente acometida (80%). O uso do BIA no mesmo dia do IAM foi prevalente (74,5%), com a maioria dos dispositivos sendo utilizados por tr&#234;s ou mais dias (46,9%). O percentual total de &#243;bitos atingiu 43,9% e 55,7% de altas hospitalares. N&#227;o foram observadas associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre a maioria dos fatores cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos avaliados (sexo, tempo porta-bal&#227;o, IAM pr&#233;vio, comorbidades, entre outros) e o risco de &#243;bito (p &#8805; 0,05). Pacientes que utilizaram o dispositivo por dois ou mais dias apresentaram menor risco de &#243;bito em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que o utilizaram por apenas 0-1 dia. Fatores como idade e dislipidemia mostraram-se preditores independentes no modelo multivariado para o desfecho prim&#225;rio de &#243;bito hospitalar. Cada ano adicional de idade aumentou a chance de morte em 7% (OR 1,07; p = 0,005), enquanto a presen&#231;a de dislipidemia foi associada a um efeito protetor (OR 0,21; p = 0,005). Observou-se tamb&#233;m que os pacientes que receberam o BIA um dia ap&#243;s o IAM apresentaram menor risco de morte (OR 0,05; p = 0,002) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos que receberam o dispositivo no dia 0.</p>
    <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica da investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; adequada e detalhada, com aplica&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica apropriada, permitindo identificar potenciais associa&#231;&#245;es relevantes, como a influ&#234;ncia do tempo de uso e do momento de implementa&#231;&#227;o do BIA na mortalidade hospitalar. A se&#231;&#227;o de limita&#231;&#245;es do manuscrito destaca as limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo (estudo realizado a partir de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, altera&#231;&#245;es temporais nos crit&#233;rios de CC) e a considera&#231;&#227;o de um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes envolvidos na investiga&#231;&#227;o, o que reduz o poder estat&#237;stico e a reprodutibilidade dos achados, com consequente redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a das conclus&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, por se tratar de um estudo retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico, generalizar os resultados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es e diferentes contextos cl&#237;nicos torna-se desafiador.</p>
    <p>Outro ponto cr&#237;tico &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de suban&#225;lises estratificadas por subgrupos, o que poderia fornecer insights adicionais sobre quais perfis de pacientes se beneficiam mais do BIA. A inclus&#227;o de pacientes com mais de 17 anos pode ter introduzido vi&#233;s temporal, pois mudan&#231;as nas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas, na disponibilidade de tecnologias e na abordagem terap&#234;utica do CC podem ter impactado os resultados ao longo do per&#237;odo estudado.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o estudo n&#227;o aborda poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao uso do BIA, como infec&#231;&#227;o, trombose ou eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, que s&#227;o fatores cr&#237;ticos na evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente e que podem estar implicados no aumento da mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, embora o BIA possa proporcionar benef&#237;cios hemodin&#226;micos em determinados cen&#225;rios, evid&#234;ncias atuais requerem estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e de natureza multic&#234;ntrica para embasar seu uso rotineiro na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em pacientes com CC p&#243;s-IAM. No entanto, &#233; um dispositivo relativamente simples, de menor custo e mais amplamente dispon&#237;vel do que outras op&#231;&#245;es, como a ECMO. Portanto, sua indica&#231;&#227;o deve ser baseada em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa do estado cl&#237;nico do paciente e das alternativas de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico dispon&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>Portanto, estudos futuros, preferencialmente prospectivos, multic&#234;ntricos e com maior n&#250;mero de participantes, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar esses achados e refinar as indica&#231;&#245;es do BIA na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Parabenizamos tamb&#233;m os autores brasileiros pela iniciativa da investiga&#231;&#227;o e pela publica&#231;&#227;o de seus resultados.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Preditores de Mortalidade Intra-Hospitalar de Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Choque Cardiog&#234;nico em Uso de Bal&#227;o Intra-A&#243;rtico</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250080i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>In-Hospital Mortality in Patients Presenting Cardiogenic Shock After Myocardial Infarction: Does it Benefit Using an Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-5134-2985</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Solis</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Arturo Effio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brentegani</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira &#8226; Rua Nova York, 970, ap. 11. Postal Code 04560-002, Brooklin, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mluiz766@terra.com.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
        <kwd>Intra-aortic Balloon</kwd>
        <kwd>ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>In-Hospital Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiogenic shock (CS) represents a severe clinical syndrome characterized by systemic hypoperfusion and insufficient cardiac output due to primary cardiac dysfunction. Its mortality often exceeds 40%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> of cases, being a highly complex cardiological condition. The etiology is multifactorial, with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) being the predominant cause, responsible for around 30% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Other relevant conditions include acute decompensation of chronic heart failure and cases of acute myocardial dysfunction without a previous history of heart failure, as observed in myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The management of post-AMI CS requires a comprehensive approach, which combines early revascularization and hemodynamic support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In this context, devices such as the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) have their role due to their ability to increase diastolic pressure in the aorta and reduce left ventricular afterload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> These physiological effects result in improved coronary perfusion and reduced myocardial oxygen consumption.</p>
      <p>However, recent studies have not demonstrated significant benefits of IABP in terms of reducing mortality, leading to a review of its role in international guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This evidence has contributed to the reduction in its use in many centers, reinforcing the need for careful analysis in the selection of patients who can benefit.</p>
      <p>Thus, national researchers in an observational, cross-sectional study conducted a retrospective analysis on 98 patients from a single medical center, analyzing patients affected by ST-segment elevation AMI (STEMI) and CS treated with IABP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> with the aim of evaluating possible predictors of IABP effectiveness in reducing in-hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>Ninety-eight patients were selected from 2005 to 2022. The sample was mainly composed of men (73.5%) with a mean age of 66.5 &#177; 12.3 years. Systemic arterial hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity (73.7%), followed by smoking (37.8%) and dyslipidemia (46.9%).</p>
      <p>Most patients were in an advanced stage of severity (Killip IV, 39.2%) at the time of admission, and almost all had ventricular dysfunction (95.9%), with the anterior descending artery identified as the most frequently affected (80 %). The use of IABP on the same day as the AMI was prevalent (74.5%), with most devices being used for three or more days (46.9%). The total percentage of deaths reached 43.9% and 55.7% of hospital discharges. No significant associations were observed between most of the clinical and demographic factors assessed (gender, door-to-balloon time, previous AMI, comorbidities, among others) and the risk of death (p &#8805; 0.05). Patients who used the device for two or more days had a lower risk of death compared to those who used it for only 0-1 day. Factors such as age and dyslipidemia proved to be independent predictors in the multivariate model for the primary outcome of in-hospital death. Each additional year of age increased the chance of death by 7% (OR 1.07; p = 0.005), while the presence of dyslipidemia was associated with a protective effect (OR 0.21; p = 0.005). It was also observed that patients who received the IABP one day after the AMI had a lower risk of death (OR 0.05; p = 0.002) compared to those who received the device on day 0.</p>
      <p>The methodological description of the investigation is adequate and detailed, with the application of appropriate statistical analysis, allowing the identification of potential relevant associations, such as the influence of time of use and the moment of IABP implementation on in-hospital mortality. The limitations section of the manuscript highlights the study&#8217;s limitations (study carried out from medical records, temporal changes in CS criteria) and the consideration of a small number of patients involved in the investigation, which reduces the power of statistical and reproducibility of the findings, with a consequent reduction in the strength of the conclusions. Furthermore, as this is a retrospective and single-center study, generalizing the results to other populations and different clinical contexts becomes challenging.</p>
      <p>Another critical point is the absence of subanalyses stratified by subgroups, which could provide additional insights into which patient profiles benefit most from IABP. The inclusion of patients over 17 years may have introduced temporal bias, as changes in clinical guidelines, the availability of technologies, and the therapeutic approach to CS may have impacted outcomes throughout the period studied.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, the study does not address possible complications associated with the use of IABP, such as infection, thrombosis, or bleeding events, which are critical factors in the patient&#8217;s evolution and which may be implicated in increased in-hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>In summary, although the IABP can provide hemodynamic benefits in certain scenarios, current evidence requires studies with a larger number of patients and of a multicenter nature to support its routine use to reduce mortality in patients with post-AMI CS. However, it is a relatively simple device, lower in cost, and more widely available than other options, such as ECMO. Therefore, its indication must be based on a careful assessment of the patient&#8217;s clinical status and the available mechanical circulatory support alternatives.</p>
      <p>Therefore, future studies, preferably prospective, multicenter, and with a larger number of participants, are necessary to validate these findings and refine the indications for IABP in clinical practice. We also congratulate the Brazilian authors for the initiative of the investigation and the publication of their results.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: In-Hospital Mortality Predictors in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock Using Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
