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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Jq6GtL97kLL9NLGy5ystjHM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250057</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20250057</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o de Curta Dura&#231;&#227;o de Alta Pot&#234;ncia ou Abla&#231;&#227;o de Campo Pulsado: Qual &#233; a Melhor Escolha para Abla&#231;&#227;o da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5111-488X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pachon-M</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7509-0731</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pachon-M</surname>
            <given-names>Enrique I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2801-1903</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lobo</surname>
            <given-names>Tasso J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santillana-P</surname>
            <given-names>Tomas G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pachon</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Thiene C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Carlos Pachon-M</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Juquis, 204-41/A. CEP <postal-code>04081-010</postal-code>, Indian&#243;polis, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>pachon@usp.br</email>, <email>jcpachon@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250057</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Eletropora&#231;&#227;o Irrevers&#237;vel</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Elogiamos os autores por sua valiosa contribui&#231;&#227;o ao estudo "Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Eletropora&#231;&#227;o versus Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia de Alta Pot&#234;ncia e Curta Dura&#231;&#227;o",<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> que investiga a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a de duas t&#233;cnicas distintas de abla&#231;&#227;o &#8212; radiofrequ&#234;ncia de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e alta pot&#234;ncia (HPSD)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e abla&#231;&#227;o por campo pulsado (PFA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#8212; para o tratamento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) sintom&#225;tica. Realizado em um &#250;nico centro em 2022, o estudo incluiu 101 pacientes, 75% homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 61 anos. Este estudo &#233; particularmente oportuno e relevante, pois tanto HPSD quanto PFA s&#227;o t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA relativamente novas que necessitam de avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente para estabelecer melhor sua utilidade cl&#237;nica, indica&#231;&#245;es e perfis de risco em compara&#231;&#227;o com tecnologias convencionais bem estabelecidas.</p>
    <p>Os resultados indicaram que ambas as t&#233;cnicas efetivamente alcan&#231;aram o isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP), com HPSD mostrando tempo de fluoroscopia significativamente menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com PFA (5 vs. 13 minutos). No entanto, HPSD teve uma dura&#231;&#227;o de procedimento mais longa (97 vs. 88 minutos). As complica&#231;&#245;es foram m&#237;nimas, com apenas uma complica&#231;&#227;o principal (tamponamento card&#237;aco) ocorrendo no grupo PFA.</p>
    <p>Durante o acompanhamento com m&#233;dia de 384 dias, 75% dos pacientes mantiveram o ritmo sinusal, com recorr&#234;ncia de FA observada em 25% dos casos. Embora a PFA tenha demonstrado tempos de procedimento mais curtos e taxas de recorr&#234;ncia potencialmente menores, ambos os m&#233;todos provaram ser seguros e eficazes para o tratamento da FA. Este estudo destaca a avalia&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de novas tecnologias de abla&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Embora A HPSD seja uma modifica&#231;&#227;o da conhecida abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> PFA &#233; uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o t&#233;rmica emergente para abla&#231;&#227;o de FA que utiliza pulsos el&#233;tricos de alta voltagem (at&#233; 2000 V) para induzir eletropora&#231;&#227;o irrevers&#237;vel, visando seletivamente o tecido card&#237;aco e minimizando os danos &#224;s estruturas circundantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Estudos recentes se concentraram principalmente na seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do PFA, com aten&#231;&#227;o especial aos eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.</p>
    <p>No estudo pivotal PULSED FA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> a PFA demonstrou uma baixa taxa de eventos adversos de seguran&#231;a prim&#225;ria (0,7%), sem casos relatados de estenose de VP, les&#227;o do nervo fr&#234;nico ou les&#227;o esof&#225;gica. O estudo concluiu que o PFA fornece efic&#225;cia consistente com tecnologias de abla&#231;&#227;o estabelecidas, ao mesmo tempo em que oferece um perfil de seguran&#231;a favor&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, desenvolvimentos recentes levantaram preocupa&#231;&#245;es quanto aos riscos tromboemb&#243;licos associados ao PFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Johnson &amp; Johnson suspendeu temporariamente as vendas do seu sistema PFA, Varipulse,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> depois que quatro pacientes apresentaram eventos neurovasculares, identificados como derrames, ap&#243;s o tratamento. Este incidente levou a um maior escrut&#237;nio dos sistemas PFA e destacou a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o completa de seus perfis de seguran&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Esses eventos ressaltam a import&#226;ncia da pesquisa cont&#237;nua e da vigil&#226;ncia p&#243;s-comercializa&#231;&#227;o para entender completamente os riscos tromboemb&#243;licos associados ao PFA. Embora estudos iniciais indiquem um perfil de seguran&#231;a favor&#225;vel, eventos adversos recentes sugerem que mais investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria para garantir a seguran&#231;a do paciente.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, embora o PFA ofere&#231;a vantagens promissoras na abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, incluindo redu&#231;&#227;o de danos colaterais e forma&#231;&#227;o eficiente de les&#245;es, relatos recentes de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos destacam a necessidade de vigil&#226;ncia e pesquisa cont&#237;nuas para avaliar e mitigar totalmente os riscos associados.</p>
    <p>Como o estudo atual comparou HPSD vs. PFA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#233; altamente apropriado avaliar cada uma dessas tecnologias individualmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o convencional por cateter de RF. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> fornece uma vis&#227;o geral das metan&#225;lises mais recentes que avaliam essas tecnologias.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Tabela 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre metan&#225;lises de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA utilizando HPSD e PFA</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup width="33%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro</th>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Metan&#225;lise HPSD (Xu et al., 2022)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></th>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Metan&#225;lise de PFA (Aldaas et al., 2024)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Objetivo</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Comparar a abla&#231;&#227;o HPSD (&gt;40 W) vs. abla&#231;&#227;o LPLD para FA, com foco na efic&#225;cia, seguran&#231;a e efici&#234;ncia do procedimento.</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Comparar PFA com abla&#231;&#227;o t&#233;rmica (RF/crio) para FA, com foco na efici&#234;ncia, seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do procedimento.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>N&#250;mero de Estudos</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">15 estudos</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">6 estudos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Total de pacientes</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">3.255 pacientes (1.780 HPSD, 1.475 abla&#231;&#227;o t&#233;rmica/RF/crio)</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">1.012 pacientes (441 PFA, 571 abla&#231;&#227;o t&#233;rmica/RF/crio)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Resultados prim&#225;rios</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Recorr&#234;ncia de ATAs, recorr&#234;ncia de FA, IVPP, RVP aguda, tempo de procedimento, tempo de fluoroscopia, ETI, complica&#231;&#245;es.</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo de procedimento, tempo de fluoroscopia, complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedimentais, recorr&#234;ncia de FA.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Recorr&#234;ncia de FA/ATAs</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Menor recorr&#234;ncia de ATAs no acompanhamento de 1 ano (OR: 0,49; IC 95%: 0,35&#8211;0,67, p&lt;0,0001).</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa na recorr&#234;ncia de FA (RR: 0,64; IC 95%: 0,31&#8211;1,34).</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Tempo Procedimental</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Menor tempo de procedimento (DMP: -0,95; IC 95%: -1,06 a -0,85, p&lt;0,00001).</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Menor tempo de procedimento (DM: -21,95 minutos; IC 95%: -33,77 a -10,14, p=0,0003).</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Tempo de fluoroscopia</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo de fluoroscopia reduzido (DMP: -0,22; IC 95%: -0,32 a -0,12, p&lt;0,0001).</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Maior tempo de fluoroscopia (DM: 5,71 minutos; IC 95%: 1,13&#8211;10,30, p=0,01).</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>IVPP</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Aumento da IVPP (OR: 0,47; IC 95%: 0,34&#8211;0,64, p&lt;0,00001).</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o relatado explicitamente.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>RVP aguda</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">RVP aguda reduzida (OR: 0,45; IC 95%: 0,35&#8211;0,58, p&lt;0,00001).</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o relatado explicitamente.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Seguran&#231;a (Complica&#231;&#245;es)</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Les&#227;o t&#233;rmica esof&#225;gica reduzida (OR: 0,48; IC 95%: 0,30&#8211;0,77, p=0,002).</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa nas complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedimentais (RR: 1,20; IC 95%: 0,59&#8211;2,44).</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Principais descobertas</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">A HPSD &#233; mais eficiente e seguro que a LPLD, com menor recorr&#234;ncia de FA, tempos de procedimento mais curtos e menos complica&#231;&#245;es.</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">A PFA oferece tempos de procedimento mais curtos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o t&#233;rmica, com seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia compar&#225;veis.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">ECRs limitados, heterogeneidade nos protocolos de abla&#231;&#227;o e potencial vi&#233;s em estudos retrospectivos.</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#245;es heterog&#234;neas, n&#250;mero limitado de estudos e potencial sobreposi&#231;&#227;o nos dados dos pacientes.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Tratamento de TAs focais e adicionais</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Rotina</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel com o dispositivo atual</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Possibilidade de adicionar CNA</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Sim</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Denerva&#231;&#227;o Vagal</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Mais alta</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">Mais baixa</td>
          </tr>
          <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
            <td align="left" valign="middle">
              <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">A abla&#231;&#227;o HPSD &#233; superior &#224; LPLD na redu&#231;&#227;o da recorr&#234;ncia de FA e na melhoria da efici&#234;ncia do procedimento.</td>
            <td align="left" valign="middle">A PFA &#233; uma alternativa promissora &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o t&#233;rmica, com tempos de procedimento mais curtos e resultados compar&#225;veis.</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn id="TFN1">
          <p>ATA: Taquiarritmias atriais; IVPP: isolamento das veias pulmonares de primeira passagem; RVP: Reconex&#227;o da veia pulmonar; PFA: Abla&#231;&#227;o de campo pulsado; HPSD: Alta pot&#234;ncia de curta dura&#231;&#227;o; LPLD: Baixa pot&#234;ncia de longa dura&#231;&#227;o; CNA: Cardioneuroabla&#231;&#227;o; ECR: Ensaio cl&#237;nico controlado randomizado; DMP: Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padr&#227;o; DM: Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia; OR: Odd Ratio; RR: Raz&#227;o de risco.</p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>As duas metan&#225;lises se concentram em diferentes estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o para FA: abla&#231;&#227;o por HPSD e PFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ambos os estudos t&#234;m como objetivo avaliar a efic&#225;cia, seguran&#231;a e efici&#234;ncia procedimental dessas t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos m&#233;todos tradicionais.</p>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ambos os m&#233;todos destacam os avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, com foco na melhoria da efici&#234;ncia e seguran&#231;a do procedimento. A metan&#225;lise HPSD demonstra que a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia de alta pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o reduz a recorr&#234;ncia de FA e os tempos de procedimento, ao mesmo tempo em que minimiza complica&#231;&#245;es como les&#227;o esof&#225;gica. Por outro lado, a metan&#225;lise PFA mostra que a PFA oferece tempos de procedimento mais curtos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o t&#233;rmica tradicional, sem diferen&#231;a significativa em complica&#231;&#245;es ou recorr&#234;ncia de FA. Finalmente, uma quest&#227;o altamente relevante que n&#227;o foi adequadamente considerada nesses estudos &#233; a extens&#227;o da denerva&#231;&#227;o vagal resultante dessas t&#233;cnicas. Est&#225; bem estabelecido que um maior grau de denerva&#231;&#227;o vagal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> incluindo a potencial incorpora&#231;&#227;o de cardioneuroabla&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> est&#225; fortemente associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nas taxas de recorr&#234;ncia a longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Eletropora&#231;&#227;o versus Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia de Alta Pot&#234;ncia e Curta Dura&#231;&#227;o</p>
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          <article-title>Vagal AF Induction Test (VAFIT): A New Endpoint for Optimizing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Through Cardioneuroablation</article-title>
          <source>J Interv Card Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10840-025-02007-w</pub-id>
          <comment>Epub ahead of print</comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Pachon-M JC, Pachon-M EI, Santillana-P TG, Lobo TJ, Pachon CTC, Pachon-M JC, et al. Vagal AF Induction Test (VAFIT): A New Endpoint for Optimizing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Through Cardioneuroablation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2025. doi: 10.1007/s10840-025-02007-w. Epub ahead of print.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250057i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High-Power Short Duration or Pulsed Field Ablation: What is the Best Choice for AF Ablation?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5111-488X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pachon-M</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7509-0731</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pachon-M</surname>
            <given-names>Enrique I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2801-1903</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lobo</surname>
            <given-names>Tasso J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santillana-P</surname>
            <given-names>Tomas G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pachon</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Thiene C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Carlos Pachon-M</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Juquis, 204-41/A. Postal Code <postal-code>04081-010</postal-code>, Indian&#243;polis, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>pachon@usp.br</email>, <email>jcpachon@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Irreversible Electroporation Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>We commend the authors for their valuable contribution to the study <italic>"Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation: Electroporation Against High-Power Short Duration Radiofrequency,"</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> which investigates the efficacy and safety of two distinct ablation techniques &#8212; high-power short-duration radiofrequency (HPSD)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and pulsed-field ablation (PFA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#8212; for the treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF). Conducted at a single center in 2022, the study included 101 patients, 75% male, with a mean age of 61 years. This study is particularly timely and relevant, as both HPSD and PFA are relatively new AF ablation techniques that necessitate comprehensive evaluation to better establish their clinical utility, indications, and risk profiles in comparison with well-established conventional technologies.</p>
      <p>Results indicated that both techniques effectively achieved pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), with HPSD showing significantly lower fluoroscopy time compared to PFA (5 vs. 13 minutes). However, HPSD had a longer procedure duration (97 vs. 88 minutes). Complications were minimal, with only one major complication (cardiac tamponade) occurring in the PFA group.</p>
      <p>During follow-up averaging 384 days, 75% of patients maintained sinus rhythm, with AF recurrence observed in 25% of cases. Although PFA demonstrated shorter procedure times and potentially lower recurrence rates, both methods proved to be safe and effective for AF management. This study highlights the ongoing evaluation of new ablation technologies in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>While HPSD is a modification of the well-known radiofrequency (RF) ablation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> PFA is an emerging non-thermal technique for AF ablation that utilizes high-voltage electrical pulses (up to 2000V) to induce irreversible electroporation, selectively targeting cardiac tissue while minimizing damage to surrounding structures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Recent studies have primarily focused on the safety and efficacy of PFA, with particular attention to thromboembolic events.</p>
      <p>In the PULSED AF pivotal trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> PFA demonstrated a low rate of primary safety adverse events (0.7%), with no reported cases of PV stenosis, phrenic nerve injury, or esophageal injury. The study concluded that PFA provides effectiveness consistent with established ablation technologies while offering a favorable safety profile.</p>
      <p>However, recent developments have raised concerns regarding thromboembolic risks associated with PFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Johnson &amp; Johnson temporarily paused sales of its PFA system, Varipulse,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> after four patients experienced neurovascular events, identified as strokes, following treatment. This incident has prompted increased scrutiny of PFA systems and highlighted the need for a thorough evaluation of their safety profiles.</p>
      <p>These events underscore the importance of ongoing research and post-market surveillance to understand the thromboembolic risks associated with PFA fully. While early studies indicate a favorable safety profile, recent adverse events suggest that further investigation is necessary to ensure patient safety.</p>
      <p>In summary, while PFA offers promising advantages in AF ablation, including reduced collateral damage and efficient lesion formation, recent reports of thromboembolic events highlight the need for continued vigilance and research to assess and mitigate associated risks fully.</p>
      <p>As the current study compared HPSD vs. PFA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> it is highly appropriate to evaluate each of these technologies individually in relation to conventional RF catheter ablation. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref> provides an overview of the most recent meta-analyses assessing these technologies.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of Meta-analysis of AF ablation using HPSD and PFA</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">HPSD Meta-analysis (Xu et al., 2022)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">PFA Meta-analysis (Aldaas et al., 2024)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Objective</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Compare HPSD (&gt;40 W) vs. LPLD ablation for AF, focusing on efficacy, safety, and procedural efficiency.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Compare PFA vs. thermal ablation (RF/cryo) for AF, focusing on procedural efficiency, safety, and efficacy.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Number of Studies</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">15 studies</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">6 studies</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Total Patients</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">3,255 patients (1780 HPSD, 1475 thermal ablation/RF/cryo)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1,012 patients (441 PFA, 571 thermal ablation/RF/cryo)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Primary Outcomes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ATAs recurrence, AF recurrence, FPI, acute PVR, procedural time, fluoroscopy time, ETI, complications.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Procedural time, fluoroscopy time, periprocedural complications, AF recurrence.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Recurrence of AF/ATAs</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Lower recurrence of ATAs at 1-year follow-up (OR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.35&#8211;0.67, p&lt;0.0001).</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">No significant difference in AF recurrence (RR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.31&#8211;1.34).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Procedural Time</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Shorter procedural time (SMD: -0.95; 95% CI: -1.06 to -0.85, p&lt;0.00001).</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Shorter procedural time (MD: -21.95 minutes; 95% CI: -33.77 to -10.14, p=0.0003).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Fluoroscopy Time</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Reduced fluoroscopy time (SMD: -0.22; 95% CI: -0.32 to -0.12, p&lt;0.0001).</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Longer fluoroscopy time (MD: 5.71 minutes; 95% CI: 1.13&#8211;10.30, p=0.01).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>FPVI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Increased FPVI (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.34&#8211;0.64, p&lt;0.00001).</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Not explicitly reported.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Acute PVR</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Reduced acute PVR (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.35&#8211;0.58, p&lt;0.00001).</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Not explicitly reported.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Safety (Complications)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Reduced esophageal thermal injury (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.30&#8211;0.77, p=0.002).</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">No significant difference in periprocedural complications (RR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.59&#8211;2.44).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Key Findings</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HPSD is more efficient and safer than LPLD, with reduced AF recurrence, shorter procedural times, and fewer complications.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PFA offers shorter procedural times compared to thermal ablation, with comparable safety and efficacy.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Limitations</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Limited RCTs, heterogeneity in ablation protocols, and potential bias in retrospective studies.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Heterogeneous populations, limited number of studies, and potential overlap in patient data.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Treating focal additional TAs</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Routine</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Not possible with the current device</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Possibility of adding CNA</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Yes</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">No</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Vagal Denervation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Higher</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Lower</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Conclusion</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HPSD ablation is superior to LPLD in reducing AF recurrence and improving procedural efficiency.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PFA is a promising alternative to thermal ablation, with shorter procedural times and comparable outcomes.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>ATA: Atrial Tachyarrhythmias; FPVI: First-Pass pulmonary vein isolation; PVR: Pulmonary Vein Reconnection; PFA: Pulsed Field Ablation; HPSD: High-Power Short-Duration; LPLD: Low-Power Long-Duration; CNA: Cardioneuroablation; RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial; SMD: Standard Mean Difference; MD: Mean Difference; OR: Odds Ratio; RR: Risk Ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The two meta-analyses focus on different ablation strategies for AF: HPSD radiofrequency ablation and PFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Both studies aim to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and procedural efficiency of these ablation techniques compared to traditional methods.</p>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Both methods highlight the advancements in AF ablation techniques, focusing on improving procedural efficiency and safety. The HPSD meta-analysis demonstrates that high-power, short-duration radiofrequency ablation reduces AF recurrence and procedural times while minimizing complications like esophageal injury. On the other hand, the PFA meta-analysis shows that pulsed field ablation offers shorter procedural times compared to traditional thermal ablation, with no significant difference in complications or AF recurrence. Finally, a highly relevant issue that has not been adequately considered in these studies is the extent of vagal denervation resulting from these techniques. It is well established that a greater degree of vagal denervation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> including the potential incorporation of cardioneuroablation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> is strongly associated with a significant reduction in long-term recurrence rates.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation: Electroporation Against High-Power Short Duration Radiofrequency</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
