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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mCGfvrWz75sNDWDVSjVjD6b</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240795</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Oral com AVKs: Qualidade Acima de Tudo!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4370-8530</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1451-1843</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Assis Lopes do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Let&#237;cia Braga Ferreira &#8226; Unidade de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 110. CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>bragaferreira.leticia@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240795</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Antagonistas de Vitamina K</kwd>
        <kwd>Varfarina</kwd>
        <kwd>DOAC</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Desde a sua primeira aprova&#231;&#227;o pela <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> em 2010, os anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs) t&#234;m crescido em uso em todo o mundo e se tornaram o medicamento anticoagulante oral mais comumente prescrito inicialmente para pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial recentemente diagnosticada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, os altos custos ainda dificultam sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, especialmente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda. Al&#233;m disso, em certas condi&#231;&#245;es, especialmente pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas mec&#226;nicas e estenose mitral reum&#225;tica, os antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs) continuam sendo os &#250;nicos medicamentos com seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia estabelecidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dados de mais de 400.000 pacientes dos Estados Unidos mostram que, ap&#243;s 2019, quase 48% dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de DOAC, e apenas 17,7% estavam usando varfarina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Faltam dados t&#227;o precisos sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de varfarina e DOAC no Brasil, mas se estima que uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de pacientes esteja usando AVKs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esta edi&#231;&#227;o do ABC Cardiol apresenta um artigo que examina uma coorte substancial de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) submetidos &#224; terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com AVKs, com foco na incid&#234;ncia e nos preditores de eventos isqu&#234;micos e hemorr&#225;gicos desfavor&#225;veis nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A incid&#234;ncia anual do desfecho composto de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e morte cardiovascular foi de 4,4%, e a incid&#234;ncia anual de sangramentos s&#233;rios foi de 3,24% ap&#243;s um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 17 meses. Eventos tromboemb&#243;licos anteriores, tempo na faixa terap&#234;utica (TTR) abaixo de 50% e menor taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular foram preditores independentes do desfecho composto, e sangramento pr&#233;vio e pr&#243;tese valvar mec&#226;nica foram preditores independentes de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos graves.</p>
    <p>Os autores encontraram uma incid&#234;ncia impressionantemente baixa de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos. Isso pode ser parcialmente explicado pela boa qualidade geral da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o da coorte, refletida por um TTR mediano de 65%, 10%, maior do que o do estudo ROCKET-AF, por exemplo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, tamb&#233;m &#233; preciso estar atento &#224;s defini&#231;&#245;es de desfechos ao comparar diferentes estudos. O desfecho composto de sangramento foi avaliado usando as defini&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Internacional de Trombose e Hemostasia de sangramento maior e sangramento n&#227;o maior clinicamente relevante. No entanto, sangramento n&#227;o maior clinicamente relevante &#233; intrinsecamente subjetivo, e uma revis&#227;o encontrou relatos inconsistentes desse desfecho em diferentes ensaios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No ensaio ROCKET-AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> por exemplo, sangramento gengival que ocorreu espontaneamente ou durou mais de 5 minutos seria considerado sangramento n&#227;o maior clinicamente relevante, mesmo que n&#227;o tenha levado o paciente a procurar atendimento m&#233;dico. Isso n&#227;o seria mais considerado sangramento n&#227;o maior clinicamente relevante ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o da comunica&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; Cient&#237;fico e de Padroniza&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Internacional de Trombose e Hemostasia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> que definiu sangramento n&#227;o maior clinicamente relevante como apenas eventos hemorr&#225;gicos que exigiram interven&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica por um profissional de sa&#250;de, resultaram em hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou levaram a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o presencial (em oposi&#231;&#227;o a apenas uma comunica&#231;&#227;o telef&#244;nica ou eletr&#244;nica). Al&#233;m disso, a decis&#227;o de buscar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica presencial &#233; inerentemente subjetiva, influenciada por fatores como acessibilidade ao sistema de sa&#250;de, educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e experi&#234;ncias pessoais anteriores. Portanto, pelo menos algum grau da disparidade observada na incid&#234;ncia desse desfecho entre a coorte de Liporace e estudos randomizados anteriores pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224;s diferentes defini&#231;&#245;es empregadas.</p>
    <p>Estudos anteriores mostraram uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre TTR e desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes anticoagulados com AVK. TTRs mais baixos se correlacionam com resultados mais desfavor&#225;veis de forma quase linear, embora um limite cr&#237;tico pare&#231;a estar entre 60 e 70%. TTR abaixo de 60% foi associado a uma incid&#234;ncia duas vezes maior de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico ou embolia sist&#234;mica, sangramento grave e morte por todas as causas em uma grande coorte de pacientes designados para varfarina de dois ensaios randomizados de DOAC versus AVK.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Outra publica&#231;&#227;o endossando essas descobertas &#233; uma an&#225;lise <italic>post hoc</italic> de um ensaio randomizado comparando o tratamento com aspirina mais clopidogrel &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com um AVK em pacientes com FA. Embora a an&#225;lise principal de toda a coorte tenha demonstrado que a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foi superior &#224; dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria na preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, embolia sist&#234;mica ou morte vascular, o benef&#237;cio da terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o desapareceu no grupo com menor TTR quando a popula&#231;&#227;o foi dividida em dois subgrupos com base no TTR (abaixo e acima de 65%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, uma metan&#225;lise demonstrou que apenas um TTR acima de 70% pode tornar os AVKs igualmente seguros e eficazes como os DOACs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Uma vez que os outros preditores de eventos adversos encontrados pelos autores do estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> n&#227;o s&#227;o modific&#225;veis, devemos nos concentrar em aumentar o TTR de pacientes sob terapia com AVK.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Isso pode ser alcan&#231;ado por meio da implementa&#231;&#227;o de cl&#237;nicas dedicadas &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e do emprego de estrat&#233;gias de telessa&#250;de,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ambos os quais demonstraram melhorar a qualidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Esses resultados tamb&#233;m podem ajudar a informar a decis&#227;o sobre quem deve mudar da terapia com AVK para DOAC. Uma vez que o sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica brasileiro n&#227;o &#233; capaz de garantir DOAC para todos os pacientes com FA, identificar pacientes com maior risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos ou hemorr&#225;gicos pode ser &#250;til na escolha daqueles que mais se beneficiariam do DOAC.</p>
    <p>Em breve, novos estudos de custo-efetividade devem ser realizados em vista da recente expira&#231;&#227;o das patentes de DOACs no Brasil, o que reduz o pre&#231;o desses medicamentos. Enquanto isso, quando se trata de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com AVK, a qualidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o deve continuar sendo nossa principal meta!</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Incid&#234;ncia e Preditores de Desfechos Cl&#237;nicos em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Valvar e N&#227;o Valvar em uso de Antagonistas da Vitamina K</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240795i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Oral Anticoagulation with VKAs: Quality Above All!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4370-8530</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1451-1843</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Assis Lopes do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Rede Mater Dei de Sa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Let&#237;cia Braga Ferreira &#8226; Unidade de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 110. Postal Code 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: bragaferreira.leticia@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitamin K Antagonists</kwd>
        <kwd>Warfarin</kwd>
        <kwd>DOAC</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Since their first Food and Drug Administration approval in 2010, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have grown in use worldwide and have become the most common initially prescribed oral anticoagulation drug for patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, the high costs still hinder their utilization, especially in low and middle-income countries. Furthermore, in certain conditions, especially mechanical heart valves and rheumatic mitral stenosis, vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) remain the only drugs with established safety and efficacy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Data from more than 400.000 patients from the United States show that after 2019, nearly 48% of patients with atrial fibrillation were prescribed DOAC, and only 17,7% were using warfarin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Such precise data about warfarin and DOAC utilization in Brazil are lacking but it is estimated that a higher proportion of patients are using VKAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This edition of ABC Cardiol features an article examining a substantial cohort of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy with VKAs, focusing on the incidence and predictors of unfavorable ischemic and hemorrhagic events within this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The annual incidence of the composite outcome of thromboembolic events and cardiovascular death was 4.4%, and the annual incidence of serious bleeding was 3.24% after a median follow-up of 17 months. Previous thromboembolic events, time in therapeutic range (TTR) below 50%, and lower glomerular filtration rate were independent predictors of the composite outcome, and previous bleeding and mechanical valve prosthesis were independent predictors of serious bleeding events.</p>
      <p>The authors found an impressively low incidence of hemorrhagic events. This could be partially explained by the cohort&#8217;s overall good quality of anticoagulation, reflected by a median TTR of 65%, 10% greater than that of the ROCKET-AF study, for example.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nevertheless, one must also be attentive to the definitions of outcomes when comparing different studies. The composite bleeding outcome was evaluated using the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis definitions of major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major bleeding. However, &#8220;clinically relevant non-major bleeding&#8221; is intrinsically subjective, and a review has found inconsistent reporting of this outcome across different trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In the ROCKET-AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> trial, for example, gingival bleeding that occurred spontaneously or lasted for more than 5 minutes would be considered clinically relevant non-major bleeding even if it did not lead the patient to seek medical attention. This would no longer be regarded as &#8220;clinically relevant non-major bleeding&#8221; following the release of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis Communication,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> which defined &#8220;clinically relevant non-major bleeding&#8221; as only hemorrhagic events that required medical intervention by a healthcare professional, resulted in hospitalization or an increased level of care, or prompted a face-to-face (as opposed to merely a telephone or electronic communication) evaluation. Furthermore, the decision to pursue an in-person clinical evaluation is inherently subjective, influenced by factors such as accessibility to the healthcare system, health literacy, and previous personal experiences. Therefore, at least some degree of the disparity observed in the incidence of this outcome between Liporace&#8217;s cohort and prior randomized studies may be attributable to the varying definitions employed.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have shown a strong association of TTR and outcomes in patients anticoagulated with VKA. Lower TTRs correlate with poorer outcomes in a nearly linear fashion, although a critical threshold appears to be between 60 and 70%.TTR below 60% was associated with a two-fold incidence of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism, severe bleeding, and all-cause death in a large cohort of patients assigned to warfarin from two randomized trials of DOAC versus VKA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Another publication endorsing these findings is a <italic>post-hoc</italic> analysis of a randomized trial comparing treatment with aspirin plus clopidogrel to anticoagulation with a VKA in patients with AF. Although the main results for the entire cohort demonstrated that anticoagulation was superior to double antiplatelet therapy at preventing stroke, myocardial infarction, systemic embolism, or vascular death, the benefit of anticoagulation therapy disappeared in the group with lower TTR when the population was divided into two subgroups based on TTR (below and above 65%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Additionally, a meta-analysis has found that only a TTR above 70% can make VKAs equally safe and effective as DOACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Since the other predictors of adverse events found by the authors of study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> are non-modifiable, we should focus on increasing the TTR of patients under VKA therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This can be achieved through the implementation of dedicated anticoagulation clinics<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and the employment of telehealth strategies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> both of which have been shown to improve anticoagulation quality. These results may also help inform the decision of whom to switch from VKA to DOAC therapy. If the Brazilian public health system is unable to ensure DOAC for all AF patients, identifying patients at higher risk of thromboembolic or bleeding events could be useful in choosing those who would most benefit from DOAC.</p>
      <p>Shortly, new cost-effective studies are expected to be carried out in light of the recent expiration of DOAC patents in Brazil, which lowers the price of those medications. Meanwhile, when it comes to anticoagulation with VKA, the quality of anticoagulation should remain our main goal!</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1001">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Incidence and Predictors of Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Valvular and Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Using Vitamin K Antagonists</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
