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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HBfXPWsQYJN84MHChZ4Qw5x</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240668</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cuidado em Sa&#250;de Baseado em Valor na Cardiologia: Como Integrar uma Vis&#227;o mais Abrangente na Decis&#227;o M&#233;dica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1940-4470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5438-4562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furlan</surname>
            <given-names>Valter</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1186-2365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Volschan</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Camilo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Camilo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Ipiranga</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ipiranga, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Paulistano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Paulistano, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Duke Clinical Research Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">NC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke Clinical Research Institute - Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-card&#237;aco,Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Am&#233;ricas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Am&#233;ricas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">INCT para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">INCT para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de - Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8226; Hospital Samaritano Paulista - R. Dr. Fausto Ferraz, 204-232. CEP 01333-030, Bela Vista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>drpedrobarros80@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240668</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O cuidado em sa&#250;de baseado em valor representa um conceito centrado no paciente e que, ao mesmo tempo, proporciona uma vis&#227;o ampla de todas as partes envolvidas no processo assistencial. Este modelo visa o melhor desfecho poss&#237;vel, a um custo sustent&#225;vel. Na sua descri&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica, o cuidado baseado em valor &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre desfechos que importam para o paciente e os custos necess&#225;rios para alcan&#231;&#225;-los. Posteriormente, outras vari&#225;veis foram consideradas nesta equa&#231;&#227;o, como apropriabilidade e experi&#234;ncia do usu&#225;rio, para tornar este modelo mais replic&#225;vel. Ao trazer uma vis&#227;o que alinha os interesses dos pacientes, dos m&#233;dicos e das fontes pagadoras, a ado&#231;&#227;o do cuidado em sa&#250;de baseado em valor apresenta grande potencial para uma melhora sustent&#225;vel da pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica. Ap&#243;s mais de uma d&#233;cada de discuss&#245;es e publica&#231;&#245;es, a aplica&#231;&#227;o desse conceito ainda representa um tema desafiador e din&#226;mico, o qual tem crescido em import&#226;ncia com o objetivo de se tornar um modelo transformador dos ecossistemas de sa&#250;de. A remunera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica alinhada a esses princ&#237;pios parece ser um caminho promissor para tal transforma&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, a aplica&#231;&#227;o deste conceito depende de uma defini&#231;&#227;o mais objetiva dos par&#226;metros relacionados ao valor em sa&#250;de nas diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. A cardiologia &#233; uma especialidade que apresenta habitualmente uma base s&#243;lida de evid&#234;ncias para decis&#227;o m&#233;dica, o que gera grande potencial para aplica&#231;&#227;o dos elementos de valor em sa&#250;de. Neste artigo, os autores apresentam uma revis&#227;o sobre os principais conceitos do cuidado em sa&#250;de baseado em valor e poss&#237;veis aplica&#231;&#245;es na cardiologia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cuidado em Sa&#250;de Baseado em Valor na Cardiologia: Como Integrar uma Vis&#227;o mais Abrangente na Decis&#227;o M&#233;dica?</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>F&#243;rmula cl&#225;ssica do valor em sa&#250;de e suas varia&#231;&#245;es.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HBfXPWsQYJN84MHChZ4Qw5x/c8121d8b8050e9021915c04504795817a5d36515.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HBfXPWsQYJN84MHChZ4Qw5x/f392d6028eaf0b12de69f0c383c1fd704546e99c.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Qualidade da Assist&#234;ncia &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguro de Sa&#250;de Baseado em Valor</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="65"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O conceito de Cuidado em Sa&#250;de Baseado em Valor (CSBV), do ingl&#234;s <italic>Value-Based Health Care</italic> ou VBHC, foi introduzido de maneira formal no in&#237;cio dos anos 2000 e representa oferecer o melhor desfecho poss&#237;vel ao paciente de forma sustent&#225;vel economicamente, visando a redu&#231;&#227;o de desperd&#237;cios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#201; uma base conceitual para a reestrutura&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas de sa&#250;de com o objetivo abrangente de oferecer cuidados de acordo com os valores que importam aos pacientes e que tamb&#233;m estejam alinhados aos interesses de todas as partes envolvidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tendo em vista o constante aumento dos gastos em sa&#250;de sem que haja evid&#234;ncias de melhoria nos desfechos da popula&#231;&#227;o, fez-se necess&#225;rio buscar estrat&#233;gias para estimular a gera&#231;&#227;o de melhores resultados com os recursos existentes dentro da capacidade do pr&#243;prio sistema de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora este modelo continue sendo pouco compreendido e mal mensurado na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, j&#225; existem demonstra&#231;&#245;es de resultados efetivos de sua aplica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Entretanto, ainda h&#225; aspectos que devem ser considerados ou aprimorados para que, de fato, haja aplica&#231;&#227;o em larga escala da assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica baseada em valor.</p>
      <p>O presente artigo tem como objetivo discorrer sobre os conceitos de valor em sa&#250;de e suas aplica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas na cardiologia, al&#233;m de apresentar um modelo de aplica&#231;&#227;o deste conceito.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>O que &#233; valor?</title>
        <p>O conceito de valor &#233; algo, de certa forma, abstrato, mas que &#233; utilizado para diversas decis&#245;es do nosso cotidiano. Na vis&#227;o das ci&#234;ncias econ&#244;micas, &#8220;valor&#8221; representa a propens&#227;o a pagar por algo, ou seja, se o benef&#237;cio recebido pelo cliente supera o custo a ser pago por aquele produto ou servi&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em sa&#250;de, o benef&#237;cio deve estar centrado no paciente e, essencialmente, relacionado a uma melhoria na qualidade de vida, redu&#231;&#227;o da &#8220;carga&#8221; da doen&#231;a e/ou aumento da sobrevida. O custo deve ser calculado pelo consumo de recursos relacionados ao cuidado do paciente, o qual pode ser avaliado de forma global (custos diretos e indiretos) ou de forma espec&#237;fica (custo direto de uma interven&#231;&#227;o a ser realizada); estes gastos tamb&#233;m podem ser calculados em diferentes perspectivas (paciente, plano de sa&#250;de).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o benef&#237;cio do paciente e o custo do cuidado fundamenta o racional do que seria &#8220;valor&#8221; em sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Conceito original de valor em sa&#250;de</title>
        <p>O conceito de &#8220;valor nos cuidados em sa&#250;de&#8221; foi apresentado de maneira mais objetiva em publica&#231;&#245;es do professor Michael Porter da escola de neg&#243;cios de Harvard.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na equa&#231;&#227;o original sobre cuidado baseado em valor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>), o conceito pode ser interpretado da seguinte maneira: quanto melhor o desfecho sob a perspectiva do paciente e quanto menor o custo da a&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, maior o valor oferecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m da assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica, este conceito intuitivo de &#8220;valor&#8221; &#233; aplicado em v&#225;rias decis&#245;es da vida cotidiana, como comprar um bem material ou contratar um servi&#231;o, pois quanto melhor o resultado da aquisi&#231;&#227;o (satisfazer as necessidades de forma duradoura) e menor o custo, melhor ser&#225; a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos recursos e, por consequ&#234;ncia, maior ser&#225; o valor atribu&#237;do a essa escolha.</p>
        <p>Embora simples e intuitivo, existem pontos de aten&#231;&#227;o na aplica&#231;&#227;o deste conceito para as atividades em sa&#250;de. A preocupa&#231;&#227;o de que o uso da f&#243;rmula de valor em sa&#250;de possa recompensar resultados ruins que s&#227;o alcan&#231;ados a baixo custo &#233; algo pertinente e que deve ser considerado de forma cuidadosa quando da implementa&#231;&#227;o desse paradigma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Dessa forma, as duas vari&#225;veis da equa&#231;&#227;o devem ser consideradas tamb&#233;m de forma separada e n&#227;o apenas de forma conjunta, uma vez que n&#227;o existe uma m&#233;trica universal de valor que se baseia na rela&#231;&#227;o das duas vari&#225;veis (desfecho/custo) e que possa ser aplicada em todas as decis&#245;es em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, este conceito de valor foi criado para ser aplicado apenas quando n&#227;o h&#225; penaliza&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos relevantes, ou seja, custos mais baixos geram real valor quando os resultados obtidos pelos pacientes s&#227;o mantidos ou melhorados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
          <p>Os desfechos representam impactos em sa&#250;de percebidos pelos pacientes e gerados por processos coordenados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Embora a mensura&#231;&#227;o de indicadores de processos (ex: tempo porta-bal&#227;o no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio) seja uma a&#231;&#227;o importante na melhoria assistencial, este tipo de m&#233;trica se traduzir&#225; em valor em sa&#250;de se ele resultar em melhores indicadores na perspectiva do paciente, como maior sobrevida, qualidade de vida e redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es. Os indicadores de processos devem ser perseguidos para assegurar qualidade assistencial e planejamento t&#225;tico dos servi&#231;os, mas eles n&#227;o devem ser considerados como objetivo final nas entregas em sa&#250;de. Nesse sentido, h&#225; varia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos de acordo com as doen&#231;as e entre indiv&#237;duos, sendo importante buscar os desfechos que tenham maior relev&#226;ncia e validade na sa&#250;de populacional, e que tamb&#233;m possam ser avaliados de forma objetiva e hier&#225;rquica (ex: numa cirurgia de pr&#243;stata a hierarquia pode ser sobreviv&#234;ncia, incontin&#234;ncia e disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, embora essa ordem possa sofrer varia&#231;&#245;es entre indiv&#237;duos). &#201; fundamental que os desfechos representem benef&#237;cios sustentados para o paciente e que sejam relevantes tamb&#233;m para as outras partes interessadas no cuidado &#224; sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Al&#233;m dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos propriamente ditos, vale destacar que h&#225; diversas a&#231;&#245;es que podem influenciar o custo do cuidado em sa&#250;de e/ou a experi&#234;ncia dos indiv&#237;duos, mas n&#227;o necessariamente o desfecho cl&#237;nico do paciente. Tais processos coordenados embora n&#227;o alterem o desfecho cl&#237;nico, podem reduzir o custo e o desperd&#237;cio e, caso n&#227;o comprometam sobrevida e qualidade de vida, poderiam aumentar o valor em sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Custos</title>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise do valor em sa&#250;de, uma vez que os desfechos n&#227;o sejam comprometidos (numerador), qualquer a&#231;&#227;o que implique em menores custos (denominador), por consequ&#234;ncia, gera maior valor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse modelo de racioc&#237;nio, a organiza&#231;&#227;o de processos assistenciais que agilizem o fluxo de atendimento com m&#233;tricas bem definidas para melhoria cont&#237;nua, mesmo que n&#227;o mude o desfecho, pode melhorar a efici&#234;ncia (e eventualmente a experi&#234;ncia dos indiv&#237;duos) e, por consequ&#234;ncia, reduzir o custo e aumentar o valor em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O custo inicialmente &#233; calculado de forma direta, entretanto, pode-se considerar a inclus&#227;o de custos indiretos no denominador da f&#243;rmula de valor em sa&#250;de para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais abrangente.</p>
          <p>No Brasil ainda h&#225; muitos desafios para estimar os custos reais do cuidado em sa&#250;de, o que muitas vezes gera a situa&#231;&#227;o em que para um procedimento espec&#237;fico, o qual deveria ter um custo semelhante em diferentes unidades, ter&#225; pagamentos com valores diferentes (varia&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o tipo de plano de sa&#250;de ou negocia&#231;&#227;o do hospital). A l&#243;gica financeira da maioria das institui&#231;&#245;es nacionais &#233; baseada em unidade estrutural (unidade de terapia intensiva, emerg&#234;ncia, hemodin&#226;mica), com distribui&#231;&#227;o de valores por t&#233;cnicas de rateio ou absor&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o considerando a trajet&#243;ria do paciente ou uma determinada condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. As t&#233;cnicas de microcusteio permitem estimar o custo real dos servi&#231;os em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>Essa distor&#231;&#227;o se reflete tanto no sobrefinanciamento em sa&#250;de (pre&#231;o muito acima do custo) como no subfinanciamento em sa&#250;de (valor repassado inferior ao custo do atendimento). A coexist&#234;ncia destes dois extremos gera uma situa&#231;&#227;o de custos n&#227;o controlados que estressam a sustentabilidade do sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Conceito de apropriabilidade</title>
      <p>Al&#233;m de desfecho e custo, outras duas vari&#225;veis t&#234;m sido discutidas nesta equa&#231;&#227;o: apropriabilidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> e experi&#234;ncia do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apropriabilidade (ou pertin&#234;ncia) indica se alguma a&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica apresenta embasamento cient&#237;fico adequado para melhora do desfecho do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Numa an&#225;lise categ&#243;rica (sim ou n&#227;o), esta vari&#225;vel entraria na f&#243;rmula como 1 ou 0, ou seja, se for apropriada (melhora desfecho), a quantifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita de acordo com a f&#243;rmula cl&#225;ssica (impacto no desfecho/custo), entretanto, se n&#227;o for apropriada, o resultado sempre ser&#225; zero (n&#227;o haver&#225; valor). Esse conceito j&#225; &#233; considerado nas an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade em que, se uma a&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; eficaz ou efetiva, n&#227;o existe motivo para avaliar o custo pois, por menor que ele seja, esta a&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ser&#225; custo-efetiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, em muitas decis&#245;es m&#233;dicas h&#225; uma zona &#8220;cinza&#8221; em que n&#227;o seria poss&#237;vel atribuir um valor 0 ou 1 (especialmente em par&#226;metros populacionais numa situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica heterog&#234;nea).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Tendo em vista a exist&#234;ncia de situa&#231;&#245;es de incerteza quanto &#224; apropriabilidade, essa vari&#225;vel &#233; especialmente &#250;til para aplica&#231;&#245;es nos casos em que h&#225; evid&#234;ncia suficiente para categorizar uma decis&#227;o como apropriada ou n&#227;o apropriada. Esse &#233; um modelo simples que pode ser aplicado de forma objetiva em a&#231;&#245;es que claramente n&#227;o s&#227;o apropriadas e que, por mais que o paciente tenha um bom desfecho com &#8220;baixo custo&#8221;, n&#227;o geram valor (uma vez que este mesmo desfecho seria alcan&#231;ado com &#8220;custo zero&#8221;).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A identifica&#231;&#227;o dessas a&#231;&#245;es sem pertin&#234;ncia permite evitar o desperd&#237;cio que ocorre em a&#231;&#245;es de sobrediagn&#243;stico e de sobretratamento (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-suppl01.pdf">Quadro 1, material suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>). De qualquer maneira, mesmo em situa&#231;&#245;es de zona &#8220;cinza&#8221; (ex: cen&#225;rios que n&#227;o s&#227;o exatamente aqueles testados em estudos cl&#237;nicos), ter esta vis&#227;o do valor em sa&#250;de ir&#225; levar o m&#233;dico e/ou gestor a buscar mais elementos para tomar decis&#245;es de forma adequada aos pacientes, uma vez que reconhece estes cen&#225;rios como situa&#231;&#245;es de apropriabilidade e valor incertos.</p>
      <p>Apesar do racional para considerar a &#8220;incerteza&#8221; sobre a apropriabilidade em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, geralmente, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais (americanas, europeias) consideram que a a&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica que n&#227;o possa ser classificada como apropriada, j&#225; seria, intrinsecamente, considerada como parte do desperd&#237;cio e m&#225;-pr&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Isto se baseia particularmente nas consequ&#234;ncias potenciais do sobrediagn&#243;stico e sobretratamento, as quais podem ser significativas e incluem desde efeitos psicol&#243;gicos e comportamentais da estigmatiza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes at&#233; danos f&#237;sicos/efeitos colaterais de testes ou tratamentos desnecess&#225;rios que prejudicam a qualidade de vida e que podem, inclusive, abreviar a sobrevida do indiv&#237;duo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m da possibilidade de piorar os desfechos, estas a&#231;&#245;es excessivas elevam os custos financeiros individualmente e geram desperd&#237;cio de recursos e de oportunidades no sistema de sa&#250;de. Apesar de conceitualmente fazer sentido a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos sempre que houver d&#250;vidas sobre o seu real benef&#237;cio, por outro lado, &#233; importante tamb&#233;m questionar se a n&#227;o execu&#231;&#227;o desses procedimentos n&#227;o iria gerar a consequ&#234;ncia inversa, ou seja, n&#227;o iria ocasionar subdiagn&#243;stico ou subtratamento. Embora este equil&#237;brio seja desafiador, deve-se ter em mente que a aplica&#231;&#227;o do conceito do valor em sa&#250;de &#233; um caminho racional para atingir a melhor maturidade nas decis&#245;es m&#233;dicas e de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Outras metas no cuidado em sa&#250;de</title>
      <p>Al&#233;m de desfecho, custo e apropriabilidade, outras m&#233;tricas devem ser consideradas tamb&#233;m como metas no cuidado baseado em valor. Embora a inclus&#227;o da experi&#234;ncia do paciente (&#8220;cliente&#8221;) na f&#243;rmula de valor tenha grande apelo do ponto de vista de mercado em sa&#250;de, isto pode trazer mais &#8220;ru&#237;do&#8221; do que informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o resultado cl&#237;nico propriamente dito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Isso n&#227;o quer dizer que a experi&#234;ncia n&#227;o agrega valor no cuidado do paciente, entretanto, trata-se de um outro tipo de valor (ex: percep&#231;&#227;o do usu&#225;rio que inclui vari&#225;veis como hotelaria, recep&#231;&#227;o, servi&#231;os auxiliares da unidade de sa&#250;de, dentre outros). Apesar de representar algo diferente do desfecho propriamente dito, a experi&#234;ncia do paciente nos cuidados em sa&#250;de deve ser valorizada como os outros elementos do CSBV, especialmente na busca do que, de fato, importa ao paciente e que possa ser mensurado de forma confi&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma vez acrescida esta vari&#225;vel (experi&#234;ncia do paciente) na valora&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os, &#233; importante que isto seja avaliada de forma independente dos desfechos. Por exemplo, um paciente pode ter sido submetido a um tratamento de alto custo que n&#227;o mudou o seu desfecho pois era uma terapia inapropriada (sobretratamento) e, por mais que a experi&#234;ncia tenha sido boa, n&#227;o houve valor em sa&#250;de (o contr&#225;rio tamb&#233;m &#233; verdadeiro, ou seja, um tratamento apropriado que melhorou o desfecho cl&#237;nico com baixo custo gerou alto valor em sa&#250;de mesmo que o paciente n&#227;o tenha ficado satisfeito com o acolhimento da equipe, por exemplo). Dessa forma, os problemas relacionados &#224; experi&#234;ncia devem ser reconhecidos e manejados de forma espec&#237;fica (ou seja, de forma distinta em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho cl&#237;nico).</p>
      <p>Finalmente, outros itens t&#234;m sido agregados nos objetivos prim&#225;rios do cuidado em sa&#250;de, desde a f&#243;rmula cl&#225;ssica de valor em sa&#250;de que se baseava apenas em desfechos e custos. A chamada tripla meta (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>triple aim</italic>), indica que o sistema de sa&#250;de deve ter foco n&#227;o s&#243; no desfecho do paciente a um custo sustent&#225;vel, mas tamb&#233;m na experi&#234;ncia do usu&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Este conceito evoluiu para meta quadrupla (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>quadruple aim</italic>) quando, al&#233;m de considerar a experi&#234;ncia do paciente, tamb&#233;m inclui a do profissional de sa&#250;de. Assim, al&#233;m de buscar o melhor desfecho para o paciente a um menor custo poss&#237;vel, visa-se igualmente proporcionar a melhor experi&#234;ncia tanto para o paciente quanto para o profissional de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, incluiu-se a equidade na sa&#250;de tamb&#233;m como um dos objetivos prim&#225;rios da agora chamada meta qu&#237;ntupla (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>quintuple aim</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Neste caso, busca-se reduzir as disparidades de acesso e de resultados dos cuidados de sa&#250;de entre diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, removendo barreiras geogr&#225;ficas, financeiras ou culturais em comunidades desfavorecidas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Estes conceitos podem ser melhor aplicados em redes de sa&#250;de, as quais, ao realizarem a gest&#227;o de uma popula&#231;&#227;o ampla e diversa, podem atuar de forma mais robusta na equidade do cuidado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Neste sentido, deve haver a integra&#231;&#227;o da presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados nas m&#250;ltiplas unidades de sa&#250;de n&#227;o s&#243; para reduzir custos (ex: evitar a duplica&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;os, atrasos e outras inefici&#234;ncias no processo de sa&#250;de), mas tamb&#233;m para real gest&#227;o populacional e, finalmente, melhora da equidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Aplica&#231;&#245;es do conceito de valor em sa&#250;de na cardiologia</title>
      <p>O desafio atual tem sido transformar os aspectos conceituais em a&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas, proporcionando maior compreens&#227;o para cada um dos &#8220;atores&#8221; dentro desse novo modelo. Embora o CSBV seja centrado no paciente e dependa de um cuidado baseado em time para implementa&#231;&#227;o e sucesso deste modelo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> algumas decis&#245;es da rotina do cardiologista podem ser pautadas pelos princ&#237;pios do valor em sa&#250;de. Abaixo s&#227;o explorados exemplos para aplica&#231;&#227;o destes conceitos na doen&#231;a coronariana:</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA)</title>
      <p>Embora, muitas vezes, o modelo de valor em sa&#250;de seja aplicado em interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas (ex: cirurgias),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> este conceito tamb&#233;m pode ser considerado em outras a&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas como, por exemplo, no diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. O biomarcador de escolha para este diagn&#243;stico &#233; a troponina de alta sensibilidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> entretanto, a CKMB continua sendo solicitada rotineiramente de forma concomitante &#224; troponina em muitos servi&#231;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Utilizando a f&#243;rmula de valor expandida, pode-se ver que a adi&#231;&#227;o de dosagem rotineira de CKMB n&#227;o agrega valor ao cuidado do paciente pois n&#227;o tem impacto positivo em nenhuma das vari&#225;veis: 1) n&#227;o &#233; considerado um exame apropriado, 2) n&#227;o contribui para a melhoria do desfecho do paciente, 3) aumenta o custo, 4) e se for analisar a experi&#234;ncia do paciente, um exame adicional n&#227;o lhe traz benef&#237;cios. Dessa forma, embora n&#227;o sejam utilizados n&#250;meros nessa f&#243;rmula, pode-se ver claramente que n&#227;o h&#225; valor nesta a&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
      <p>Em um ambiente de atendimento de doen&#231;a tempo-sens&#237;vel como a SCA com eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST, a avalia&#231;&#227;o por um m&#233;dico especialista seria o &#8220;padr&#227;o-ouro&#8221; para diagn&#243;stico e conduta. Entretanto, &#233; invi&#225;vel ter um cardiologista dispon&#237;vel em todas as emerg&#234;ncias para atendimento destes pacientes. Desse modo, o apoio de um especialista via telemedicina seria uma estrat&#233;gia atrativa para ter o suporte do cardiologista em um maior n&#250;mero de unidades. Este modelo demonstrou se associar a aprimoramentos na terapia dos pacientes com SCA e, por consequ&#234;ncia, melhora nos desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Embora as evid&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas sobre a telemedicina neste cen&#225;rio de SCA ainda care&#231;am de valida&#231;&#227;o em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, trata-se de uma a&#231;&#227;o que foi idealizada com o princ&#237;pio da entrega de valor em sa&#250;de, ou seja, melhorar desfechos a um custo sustent&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>A oferta de valor em sa&#250;de come&#231;a com foco na qualidade (desfecho), e diversos estudos randomizados t&#234;m demonstrado de forma consistente que interven&#231;&#245;es de melhoria de qualidade geram maior uso de terapias baseadas em evid&#234;ncia e alguns possuem impacto suficiente para demonstrar melhores desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Especificamente em SCA, um estudo nacional chamado BRIDGE-ACS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> avaliou de forma randomizada o impacto de interven&#231;&#245;es de qualidade assistencial. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido delineado com poder para avaliar impacto em desfechos cl&#237;nicos, o BRIDGE-ACS demonstrou melhora significativa no uso de terapias baseadas em evid&#234;ncia em SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O cuidado baseado em valor tem a melhora da qualidade assistencial e dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes como seu objetivo priorit&#225;rio. Entretanto, a entrega de valor deve tamb&#233;m focar no custo envolvido para obter este desfecho desejado, ou seja, ambos (desfechos e custos) devem ser sempre avaliados. Em uma experi&#234;ncia nacional, observou-se que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas internacionais para a&#231;&#245;es de qualidade assistencial se associou &#224; melhora no tratamento e nos desfechos dos pacientes com SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Entretanto, havia necessidade de entender se essas a&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m iriam causar impacto no custo e, quando analisado os custos hospitalares e taxas de reinterna&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA, foi observado que o custo hospitalar foi melhor controlado e com menos reinterna&#231;&#245;es no hospital sob as a&#231;&#245;es de melhoria de qualidade assistencial quando comparado ao custo de pacientes semelhantes em outras unidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Conforme demonstrado neste exemplo em que m&#233;tricas de qualidade e de custo foram aferidas em um programa voltado para a melhora da qualidade assistencial em SCA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> &#233; de se esperar que, nas difererentes linhas de cuidado cardiol&#243;gicas, uma vez tendo melhores desfechos (menos complica&#231;&#245;es), o custo em sa&#250;de tamb&#233;m seja menor e que haja menos reinterna&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</title>
      <p>Nos pacientes em que h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o apropriada de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ou seja, que existem evid&#234;ncias de melhores desfechos para o paciente com esta estrat&#233;gia, &#233; importante avaliar qual procedimento traria melhor valor em sa&#250;de de forma sustentada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que houver indica&#231;&#227;o apropriada de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, seja percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica, deve-se tamb&#233;m avaliar como melhorar o custo e a experi&#234;ncia do paciente sem comprometer o desfecho cl&#237;nico. De uma forma geral, a&#231;&#245;es que melhoram a qualidade, aumentar&#227;o o valor n&#227;o apenas pelo impacto em melhores desfechos mas tamb&#233;m porque a melhor qualidade em revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica se associa a menores custos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Dessa maneira, al&#233;m das a&#231;&#245;es focadas para obter o melhor desfecho cl&#237;nico, iniciativas para aprimorar a efici&#234;ncia (ex: para proporcionar redu&#231;&#227;o de tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca e p&#243;s-angioplastia), tamb&#233;m agregam valor ao processo assistencial, uma vez que reduzem os custos sem comprometer os desfechos cl&#237;nicos (podendo inclusive melhorar a recupera&#231;&#227;o do paciente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Iniciativas como os protocolos de alta no mesmo dia ap&#243;s angioplastia n&#227;o complicada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> e de r&#225;pida recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cirurgia (ERAS, do ingl&#234;s, <italic>enhanced recovery after surgery</italic>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> embora ainda n&#227;o tenham evid&#234;ncias robustas para recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais amplas, s&#227;o a&#231;&#245;es que visam oferecer valor, pois buscam pelo menos manter os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e, ao mesmo tempo, reduzir custos e melhorar a experi&#234;ncia do paciente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Outros exemplos</title>
      <p>Qualquer que seja a situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (interven&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica), a entrega de valor depende de uma rede assistencial integrada em que o atendimento &#233; prestado por uma equipe multidisciplinar dedicada, a qual assume a responsabilidade pelo ciclo completo de atendimento a uma condi&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, abrangendo atendimento ambulatorial, hospitalar e de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de servi&#231;os de apoio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> A ado&#231;&#227;o das melhores pr&#225;ticas deve ser guiada por diretrizes baseadas em evid&#234;ncia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> e, al&#233;m dos exemplos de aplica&#231;&#227;o pontual dos conceitos de valor em sa&#250;de em SCA, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, h&#225; outros exemplos na cardiologia em que h&#225; uma implementa&#231;&#227;o mais ampla deste novo modelo. Nesta aplica&#231;&#227;o plena do cuidado baseado em valor, h&#225; necessidade de criar-se uma forma de remunera&#231;&#227;o compat&#237;vel, uma vez que os modelos de remunera&#231;&#227;o atuais n&#227;o est&#227;o alinhados com os princ&#237;pios do cuidado baseado em valor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Modelos tradicionais de remunera&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Atualmente, h&#225; diferentes modelos de remunera&#231;&#227;o (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-suppl02.pdf">Quadro 2, material suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>) aplicados nos diversos sistemas de sa&#250;de, muitos dos quais coexistem dentro um mesmo ecossistema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>A forma de remunera&#231;&#227;o mais antiga e vigente nos sistemas de sa&#250;de, incluindo o Brasil &#233; o pagamento por servi&#231;o (<italic>fee-for-service</italic>), o qual foca em reembolso baseado na produ&#231;&#227;o de atividades e, dessa forma, n&#227;o alinha os interesses de todas as partes envolvidas (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-suppl03.pdf">Quadro 2, material suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>). Neste modelo, ao utilizar um plano de sa&#250;de, tanto o usu&#225;rio (paciente) como o prestador de servi&#231;os (profissional de sa&#250;de ou institui&#231;&#227;o) estabelecem uma rela&#231;&#227;o em que as entregas est&#227;o vinculadas ao produto (ou servi&#231;o prestado) e n&#227;o ao real ganho (ou benef&#237;cio) em sa&#250;de. Ou seja, independentemente dos resultados em sa&#250;de ou pertin&#234;ncia do servi&#231;o, haver&#225; um pagamento fixo, o qual incentiva a produ&#231;&#227;o em maior quantidade, mesmo que isso n&#227;o gere efetivamente valor em sa&#250;de. Neste modelo, est&#227;o inseridas formas de pagamento usualmente designadas por remunera&#231;&#227;o por unidade de servi&#231;o ou conta aberta, e remunera&#231;&#227;o por pacotes de procedimentos e di&#225;rias hospitalares, tendo como ess&#234;ncia, o pagamento por n&#250;mero de procedimentos individuais. Uma das principais desvantagens deste modelo &#233; o est&#237;mulo &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os em grupos de benef&#237;cio question&#225;vel, principalmente os que proporcionam margens de lucro mais elevadas e que, portanto, podem afetar negativamente a qualidade da aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de e a sustentabilidade do sistema. Atualmente, este &#233; o modelo mais associado na literatura ao aumento desnecess&#225;rio no custo da assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>O modelo por &#8220;pacote&#8221; (<italic>bundles</italic>) consiste em agrupar o pagamento por determinada condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, procedimento ou cirurgia considerando um per&#237;odo longitudinal de acompanhamento. Pode ou n&#227;o considerar compartilhamento de risco entre pagadores e prestadores. H&#225; &#8220;pacotes&#8221; espec&#237;ficos (ex: para condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas agudas, p&#243;s-cirurgia ou interven&#231;&#227;o transcateter), com acompanhamento geralmente de 30 a 90 dias. O pagamento por &#8220;pacote&#8221; tamb&#233;m pode dar maior retorno financeiro pelo volume e, al&#233;m disso, quando os custos das complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o assumidos pela pr&#243;pria equipe, ele tamb&#233;m estimula a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos nas situa&#231;&#245;es com menor probabilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es. Isto &#233; um risco potencial para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos em situa&#231;&#245;es com menor necessidade (ou apropriabilidade) e, al&#233;m disso, as equipes tenderiam a evitar procedimentos que, mesmo sendo apropriados, apresentem risco consider&#225;vel de complica&#231;&#245;es (o que pode gerar maior limita&#231;&#227;o do cuidado nos grupos de maior gravidade).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>No modelo per capita ou de capita&#231;&#227;o (<italic>capitation</italic>) os provedores dos sistemas de sa&#250;de recebem uma remunera&#231;&#227;o fixa para o cuidado parcial ou integral da sa&#250;de de uma popula&#231;&#227;o definida. O modelo de capita&#231;&#227;o tem o conceito de assegurar o cuidado necess&#225;rio para quem precisa, independente se essa pessoa utiliza ou n&#227;o o servi&#231;o. O valor &#233; estabelecido por pessoa inclu&#237;da no programa (per capita) e a cada per&#237;odo. Dessa forma, o valor da remunera&#231;&#227;o &#233; baseado na m&#233;dia esperada de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cada paciente (remunera&#231;&#227;o planejada dever&#225; variar de acordo com idade, ra&#231;a, sexo, regi&#227;o e, principalmente, hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico). Esses modelos podem ter suas bases de rela&#231;&#227;o considerando entregas objetivas por servi&#231;o prestado (ex: n&#250;mero de pacientes hipertensos com press&#227;o arterial aferida ou colonoscopia realizada em indiv&#237;duos acima de 50 anos) ou por m&#233;tricas mais amplas que se referem a indicadores de sa&#250;de populacional (mortalidade por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, interna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). Deve-se destacar que essa modalidade pressup&#245;e o conhecimento dos riscos &#224; sa&#250;de associados &#224; cobertura da popula&#231;&#227;o definida, bem como a contrapartida em termos de custos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> Uma das grandes dificuldades no avan&#231;o do modelo de capita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que o seu sucesso depende de uma cadeia de an&#225;lise mais prolongada (com tempo e vari&#225;veis a serem consideradas) uma vez que h&#225; o risco potencial de se restringir o acesso ao cuidado em sa&#250;de para reduzir o custo no curto prazo e, por consequ&#234;ncia, postergar o problema do paciente para mais adiante (o que pode aumentar o custo a longo prazo). Dessa forma, a seguran&#231;a na sustentabilidade deste modelo depende de uma boa gest&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es dos cuidados, desfechos e custos dos pacientes para evitar, principalmente, situa&#231;&#245;es de subdiagn&#243;stico e subtratamento decorrentes de uma eventual restri&#231;&#227;o de acesso no curto prazo.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Remunera&#231;&#227;o baseada em valor</title>
      <p>A remunera&#231;&#227;o ou pagamento baseado em valor representa um modelo de presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados em sa&#250;de no qual os prestadores, incluindo hospitais e m&#233;dicos, s&#227;o pagos com base nos resultados de sa&#250;de dos pacientes (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-suppl04.pdf">Quadro 2, material suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>). Neste tipo de acordo, os provedores assumem a responsabilidade pelas entregas em sa&#250;de aos pacientes. A remunera&#231;&#227;o baseada em valor apresenta um est&#237;mulo mais adequado do que os outros modelos vigentes uma vez que tem como princ&#237;pio o melhor desfecho do paciente ao menor custo poss&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> Por consequ&#234;ncia, diferente de outros modelos em que o retorno financeiro se vincula a um maior n&#250;mero de servi&#231;os (<italic>fee for service</italic>) ou reduzindo procedimentos de maior custo/risco (<italic>bundles, capitation</italic>), a remunera&#231;&#227;o baseada em valor se baseia eminentemente no desfecho do paciente e, por consequ&#234;ncia, h&#225; alinhamento de interesses de todas as partes envolvidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ao usar um modelo de remunera&#231;&#227;o baseado em valor, &#233; importante entender que parte do desfecho depende do paciente (ex: ades&#227;o medicamentosa) e n&#227;o diretamente dos profissionais de sa&#250;de. De qualquer forma, a ades&#227;o do paciente &#233; diretamente relacionada com a educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e, neste caso, ter um modelo que realiza an&#225;lises comparativas de resultados entre profissionais ou equipes pode melhorar o resultado como um todo sem descaracterizar a remunera&#231;&#227;o baseada em valor.</p>
      <p>Nesse modelo integrado e coordenado, os provedores de sa&#250;de trabalham como uma equipe em rede para fornecer o melhor atendimento poss&#237;vel a um custo necess&#225;rio para alcan&#231;a-lo. Dessa maneira, al&#233;m do resultado individual, a equipe da linha de cuidado compartilha o risco e o retorno financeiro. A linha estruturante do modelo de pagamento baseado em valor deve focar na ado&#231;&#227;o das melhores pr&#225;ticas m&#233;dicas, baseadas em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas e diretrizes internacionais, com um horizonte temporal de longo prazo de resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro modelo alternativo de pagamento &#233; a Or&#231;amenta&#231;&#227;o Global ou Transfer&#234;ncia Or&#231;ament&#225;ria, que &#233; uma forma de remunera&#231;&#227;o prospectiva, na qual o estabelecimento de sa&#250;de estima, anualmente, suas necessidades de gastos e apresenta ao ente financiador e, em contrapartida, compromete-se com o cumprimento de metas de desempenho, baseadas em m&#233;tricas de efici&#234;ncia e qualidade da presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> Uma das principais quest&#245;es relativas a este modelo &#233; a complexidade de sua implementa&#231;&#227;o, e mensura&#231;&#227;o de indicadores, quando existem m&#250;ltiplos pagadores de servi&#231;os vinculados &#224;quele estabelecimento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Situa&#231;&#227;o atual dos modelos de remunera&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As atuais reformas em andamento nos sistemas de sa&#250;de no mundo t&#234;m a pretens&#227;o de reduzir a amplitude do modelo vigente do pagamento por servi&#231;o (<italic>fee-for-service</italic>) e substitu&#237;-lo progressivamente por modelos alternativos de remunera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> No contexto internacional, especificamente no mercado de seguros e planos privados de sa&#250;de, t&#234;m-se assistido ao surgimento de novos produtos, como o que se convencionou chamar no mercado americano de <italic>Value Based Insurance Products</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> De um modo geral, tanto a iniciativa dos <italic>Shared Savings Program</italic> (SSP) quanto as dos <italic>Bundled Payments</italic> podem ser agrupados dentro da categoria dos novos modelos de remunera&#231;&#227;o e compartilhamento de risco, surgidos nas reformas internacionais e que s&#227;o orientados por valores de qualidade e efici&#234;ncia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Cultura da medicina baseada em valor</title>
      <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o de um modelo de pagamento totalmente diferente do vigente, num sistema complexo como o de sa&#250;de, depende n&#227;o apenas das a&#231;&#245;es dos gestores em sa&#250;de, mas tamb&#233;m de uma mudan&#231;a cultural de m&#233;dicos, pacientes e sociedade em geral.</p>
      <p>O valor em sa&#250;de &#233; determinado pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados cl&#237;nicos alcan&#231;ados e o custo necess&#225;rio para obt&#234;-los. Esse conceito n&#227;o deve ser restrito ao m&#233;dico e ao gestor de sa&#250;de, mas deve fazer parte da decis&#227;o do paciente. Assim como na aquisi&#231;&#227;o de bens e contrata&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de forma geral, o &#8220;cliente&#8221; em sa&#250;de tamb&#233;m deveria buscar informa&#231;&#245;es dos resultados de um hospital ou m&#233;dico. No modelo atual de assist&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de, muitas vezes, os profissionais e hospitais s&#227;o escolhidos pelo custo (baixo ou elevado) e/ou reconhecimento social, como se fossem sin&#244;nimos de valor em sa&#250;de, o que n&#227;o necessariamente assegura o conceito descrito.</p>
      <p>H&#225; uma assimetria de informa&#231;&#227;o em que os pacientes t&#234;m poucas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre aspectos fundamentais, como: apropriabilidade das a&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, resultados cl&#237;nicos (do m&#233;dico e do hospital) e custos evit&#225;veis no cuidado em sa&#250;de. A disponibilidade destas informa&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m de beneficiar o paciente, pode gerar tamb&#233;m redu&#231;&#227;o do custo em sa&#250;de o que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, poder&#225; aumentar o acesso de pacientes ao sistema de sa&#250;de e elevar a remunera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos profissionais num modelo de pagamento baseado em valor.</p>
      <p>Uma das grandes dificuldades para implementa&#231;&#227;o desses modelos mais adaptativos &#233; garantir a seguran&#231;a e veracidade das informa&#231;&#245;es reportadas por prestadores (hospitais, cl&#237;nicas, profissionais), o que ainda limita a aplica&#231;&#227;o deste conceito de forma mais plena apenas em sistemas de sa&#250;de mais controlados (ex: redes verticalizadas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Seguindo os preceitos do cuidado baseado em valor, surgiram as <italic>Accountable Care Organizations</italic> (ACOs), que s&#227;o organiza&#231;&#245;es as quais o paciente e os provedores s&#227;o verdadeiros parceiros nas decis&#245;es de cuidado (centradas no paciente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> Neste modelo, h&#225; &#234;nfase na coordena&#231;&#227;o do cuidado com o compartilhamento de dados cl&#237;nicos e de sinistralidade entre os membros da equipe e tamb&#233;m com os pagadores para que a remunera&#231;&#227;o esteja vinculada a melhorias nos resultados (como readmiss&#245;es hospitalares, eventos adversos, envolvimento do paciente e indicadores de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o). Para que seja de fato considerado um modelo baseado em valor, ele deve ter como princ&#237;pio o melhor desfecho ao paciente, com a cautela em n&#227;o perseguir somente o resultado econ&#244;mico. M&#233;todos para avalia&#231;&#227;o uniforme de desfechos t&#234;m sido divulgados e aplicados como o ICHOM (<italic>International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement</italic>), os quais t&#234;m sido &#250;teis na condu&#231;&#227;o de linhas de cuidado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> Modelos de coleta diretamente do paciente tanto para desfechos (PROMs, do ingl&#234;s, <italic>Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures</italic>) como para experi&#234;ncia (PREMs, do ingl&#234;s, <italic>Patient-Reported Experience Measures</italic>) s&#227;o recomendados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De qualquer forma, seja numa aplica&#231;&#227;o em maior ou menor escala, a cultura do valor em sa&#250;de deve estar presente no delineamento dos servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos tendo como princ&#237;pio a&#231;&#245;es que de fato proporcionem o melhor desfecho atrav&#233;s de um processo coordenado de qualidade e seguran&#231;a assistencial. Uma vez definido e pactuado o que configura melhores desfechos para determinadas condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de ou popula&#231;&#245;es, estes processos devem ser avaliados quanto &#224; possibilidade de serem mais eficientes e, por consequ&#234;ncia, reduzir custos para entrega de maior valor em sa&#250;de. Um dos passos iniciais para aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica seria reconhecer as barreiras e buscar solu&#231;&#245;es de forma cont&#237;nua e adaptada a cada realidade (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-suppl05.pdf">Quadro 3, material suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Proposta para aplica&#231;&#227;o do conceito de valor em sa&#250;de</title>
      <p>Em muitos locais, a implementa&#231;&#227;o do modelo de CSBV tem sido feita em projetos pilotos para que sejam realizados ajustes iniciais antes de expandir. Nestes servi&#231;os, habitualmente as equipes possuem boa comunica&#231;&#227;o, bom conhecimento de medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias, dados confi&#225;veis e boa ades&#227;o a protocolos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> Seguem alguns elementos fundamentais para um sistema baseado em valor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>):</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Elementos fundamentais para cuidado em sa&#250;de baseado em valor (framework).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Organizar o atendimento de acordo com as condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, ou seja, linhas de cuidados para condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas dos pacientes ou segmentos da popula&#231;&#227;o;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Proporcionar registros m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos que permitam compartilhamento de informa&#231;&#245;es entre todos os prestadores da linha de cuidado;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>O atendimento dever&#225; se basear num modelo em &#8220;time&#8221; com compartilhamento de dados do paciente para um processo coordenado que reduza cuidados redundantes (e custos associados) e que inclua desfechos de f&#225;cil aferi&#231;&#227;o (nos modelos de sa&#250;de baseados em valor, o atendimento m&#233;dico em emerg&#234;ncia, aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou especializada n&#227;o ocorre em &#8220;silos&#8221; e, sim, numa linha de cuidado integrada e centrada no paciente);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Manter o paciente em acompanhamento de forma cont&#237;nua, proporcionando uma adequada coordena&#231;&#227;o e entrega do cuidado;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Definir a apropriabilidade das a&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas de acordo com a situa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica com base na melhor evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Uma vez definida a apropriabilidade, avaliar as m&#233;tricas a serem aferidas (desfechos que realmente importam para o paciente de acordo com o tipo de doen&#231;a e tratamento proposto);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Ter m&#233;tricas n&#227;o apenas de desfecho cl&#237;nico, mas tamb&#233;m de custo para cada paciente e avaliar as oportunidades de melhoria da efici&#234;ncia e da experi&#234;ncia do paciente;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Avaliar os indicadores de desfecho de forma regular e divulg&#225;-las a toda equipe assistencial;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Manter o foco na seguran&#231;a do paciente (evitar danos causados pela assist&#234;ncia) e procurar sempre melhorar o desfecho cl&#237;nico;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Por fim, ser transparente com os &#8220;consumidores&#8221; para que possam ser parceiros na constru&#231;&#227;o do CSBV.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o de pagamento baseado em valor dever&#225; ser feita de acordo com as premissas acima e, embora ainda n&#227;o seja exista uma f&#243;rmula universal, deve-se buscar modelos de pagamentos que recompensam os melhores desfechos (relevantes e sustentados) e a efici&#234;ncia do atendimento (menor custo poss&#237;vel desde que n&#227;o comprometa o desfecho). Do ponto de vista de sistema de sa&#250;de, uma forma de ter maior efici&#234;ncia seria realizar a integra&#231;&#227;o de uma rede assistencial em que a oferta de cuidados esteja organizada de forma hier&#225;rquica. O racional dessa integra&#231;&#227;o tem como pressuposto o fato de que um sistema com v&#225;rios centros que atendam casos de alta complexidade ir&#225; gerar um ambiente de menor efici&#234;ncia, maior custo e, por consequ&#234;ncia, menor valor. Al&#233;m da maior efici&#234;ncia e menor custo numa rede integrada hier&#225;rquica, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de linhas de cuidado em unidades assistenciais de refer&#234;ncia permite que, sob maior volume, o processo de qualidade se desenvolva mais plenamente e, dessa forma, s&#227;o esperados melhores desfechos (o que aumentaria ainda mais o valor entregue aos pacientes).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A mudan&#231;a do sistema atual para um modelo baseado em valor &#233; desafiadora, embora a transi&#231;&#227;o j&#225; esteja acontecendo em diferentes partes dos ecossistemas de sa&#250;de. Este &#233; um processo que tende a ser gradual, mas que deve ser ampliado rapidamente, especialmente no cuidado de pacientes cr&#244;nicos. A cardiologia baseada em valor &#233; uma tend&#234;ncia internacional para que seja poss&#237;vel aumentar o atendimento de qualidade com os menores custos poss&#237;veis. Esse pode ser o caminho para ajudarmos mais pessoas a terem vidas mais saud&#225;veis em um sistema de sa&#250;de sustent&#225;vel.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Porter ME. A Strategy for Healthcare Reform-Toward a Value-Based System. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(2):109-12. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp0904131.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Porter</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
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          <article-title>A Strategy for Healthcare Reform-Toward a Value-Based System</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>361</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>112</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMp0904131</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
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  </back>
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        <article-title>Value-Based Healthcare in Cardiology: How to Integrate a more Comprehensive View into Medical Decision-Making?</article-title>
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      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-card&#237;aco,Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Am&#233;ricas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">INCT para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de - Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8226; Hospital Samaritano Paulista - R. Dr. Fausto Ferraz, 204-232. Postal Code 01333-030, Bela Vista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: drpedrobarros80@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Value-based healthcare is a patient-centered concept that provides a broad view of all parties involved in the care process. This model is designed to achieve the best possible patient outcomes while maintaining cost sustainability. In its classic description, value-based care is the relationship between outcomes that matter to the patient and the costs required to achieve them. Later, other variables were considered in this equation, such as appropriateness and user experience, to make this model more replicable. With a view that aligns the interests of patients, physicians, and payers, value-based healthcare has great potential to improve medical practice sustainably. After more than a decade of discussions and publications, putting this concept into practice is still challenging and dynamic. Value-based healthcare has gained importance and should become a transformative model for health ecosystems. Medical compensation aligned with these principles appears to be a promising path toward such transformation. Nevertheless, the application of this concept depends on a more straightforward definition of the health value parameters in different clinical scenarios. Cardiology is a specialty that usually has a solid evidence base for medical decision-making and this generates great potential for the application of health value elements. In this article, the authors outline a review of the main concepts of value-based healthcare and its potential applications in cardiology.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Value-Based Healthcare in Cardiology: How to Integrate a more Comprehensive View into Medical Decision-Making?</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Classic health value formula and its variations.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Quality of Health Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Value-Based Health Insurance</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The concept of Value-Based Healthcare (VBHC) was formally introduced in the early 2000s and is about offering the best possible outcome to the patient in an economically sustainable way, focusing on reducing waste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It is a conceptual basis for restructuring health systems with the overarching goal of providing care in accordance with the values that matter to patients and that are also aligned with the interests of all the parties involved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Given the steady increase in health spending without evidence of outcome improvement for the population, strategies are needed to stimulate the generation of better results with the existing resources and within the capacity of the health system itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although this model continues to be poorly understood and measured in medical practice, its application has already yielded effective results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, some aspects still need to be considered or improved to enable a large-scale application of VBHC.</p>
        <p>This article will discuss the value of health and its practical application in cardiology, in addition to outlining a model to put the concept into practice.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>What is value?</title>
          <p>The concept of value is somehow abstract but is used commonly in decision-making in our daily lives. From the perspective of economic sciences, &#8220;value&#8221; is the propensity to pay for something, i.e., when the benefit received by the customer exceeds the cost of the product or service.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In health, the benefit must be centered on the patient and essentially involves a better quality of life, reduced disease &#8220;burden&#8221;, and/or increased survival. The cost should be calculated based on the consumption of patient care resources, which can be assessed globally (direct and indirect costs) or specifically (direct cost of an intervention to be performed). Costs can also be calculated from different perspectives (patient, health plan).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The relationship between the patient&#8217;s benefit and the cost of care is the basis for the rationale of &#8220;value&#8221; in health.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The original concept of value in health</title>
          <p>The concept of &#8220;value in healthcare&#8221; was presented more objectively in publications by Harvard Business School Professor Michael Porter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the original equation on value-based care (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>), the concept can be interpreted as follows: the better the outcome from the patient&#8217;s perspective and the lower the cost of the medical action, the greater the value offered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In addition to medical care, this intuitive concept of &#8220;value&#8221; is applied to various everyday life decisions, such as purchasing a product or hiring a service, because the better the result of the acquisition (satisfying the existing needs in a long-lasting way) and the lower the cost, the better the application of resources and, consequently, the greater the value attributed to the choice.</p>
          <p>Although simple and intuitive, some points should be considered when applying this concept to healthcare activities. The concern that the use of the value in health formula could reward poor outcomes that are achieved at low cost is pertinent and should be considered carefully when implementing this paradigm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Thus, the two variables in the equation should also be considered separately and not only collectively because there is no universal value metric that is based on the relationship between the two variables (outcome/cost) and that can be applied to all health decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Furthermore, this concept of value was created to be applied only when there is no penalty for the relevant clinical outcomes, i.e., lower costs generate real value when the outcomes obtained by patients are maintained or improved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>Outcomes</title>
            <p>Outcomes represent health impacts perceived by patients and generated by coordinated processes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Although measuring process indicators (e.g., door-to-balloon time in Acute Myocardial Infarction) is an important action in improving care, this type of metric will translate into value in health only if it results in better indicators from the patient&#8217;s perspective, such as greater survival, reduced complications, and improved quality of life. Process indicators must be pursued to ensure quality of care and tactical planning of services, but they should not be considered as the final objective in health deliveries. In this sense, outcomes vary according to the disease and the individual. It is important to seek outcomes that have greater relevance and validity for population health, and that can also be evaluated objectively and hierarchically (e.g. in prostate surgery, the hierarchy may be survival, incontinence, and erectile dysfunction, although this order may vary between individuals). Outcomes must represent sustained benefits for the patient and must be relevant to other parties in healthcare.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In addition to the clinical outcomes themselves, several actions can influence the cost of healthcare and/or the experience of individuals, but not necessarily the patient&#8217;s clinical outcome. Although these coordinated processes do not change the clinical outcome, they can reduce costs and waste and could increase the value of health as long as they do not compromise survival and quality of life.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Costs</title>
            <p>In health value analysis, when the outcomes are not compromised (numerator), any action that implies lower costs (denominator) consequently generates greater value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this sense, planning care processes that streamline the flow of care with well-defined metrics for continuous improvement, even if they do not change the outcome, can improve efficiency (and, at some point, the experience of individuals) and, consequently, reduce costs and increase value in health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The cost is initially calculated directly. However, indirect costs can be included in the value denominator in the health formula for a more comprehensive assessment.</p>
            <p>In Brazil, it is still very challenging to estimate the real costs of healthcare. This often leads to situations where a specific procedure (which should have a similar cost in different units) costs a different amount (the amount changes according to the type of health plan or hospital negotiation). The financial logic of most national institutions is based on structural units (intensive care unit, emergency, hemodynamics), with values being distributed by apportionment or absorption techniques, leaving out the patient&#8217;s trajectory or a specific health condition. Micro-costing techniques allow us to estimate the real cost of health services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This distortion is reflected in both overfunding in health (the fund is way higher than the cost) and underfunding in health (the fund is lower than the cost of care). These two extremes create a situation of uncontrolled costs that drain the sustainability of the health system.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The concept of appropriateness</title>
        <p>In addition to outcome and cost, two other variables have been discussed in this equation: appropriability<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and patient experience.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Appropriateness (or relevance) indicates whether a medical action has an adequate scientific basis to improve the patient&#8217;s outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In a categorical analysis (yes or no), this variable would enter the formula as 1 or 0, i.e., if it is appropriate (improves outcome), quantification is done according to the classic formula (impact on outcome/cost). However, if it is not appropriate, the result will always be zero (there will be no value). This concept is already considered in cost-effectiveness analyses. If an action is not efficient or effective, there is no reason to evaluate the cost because the action will not be cost-effective, no matter how small the cost is.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, in several medical decisions, there is a &#8220;gray&#8221; zone in which it is not possible to assign a value of 0 or 1 (especially in population parameters in a heterogeneous clinical situation).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Given the existence of uncertainty regarding appropriateness, this variable is especially useful when there is sufficient evidence to classify a decision as appropriate or inappropriate. This is a simple model that can be applied objectively to actions that are not appropriate and do not generate value (since the same outcome would be achieved at &#8220;zero cost&#8221;) even when the patient has a good outcome at &#8220;low cost&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Identifying irrelevant actions helps reduce the waste caused by overdiagnosis and overtreatment actions (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-suppl01-en.pdf">Table 1, supplementary material</inline-supplementary-material>). In any case, even in &#8220;gray&#8221; zone situations (e.g. scenarios that are not the same as the ones tested in a clinical trial), having a value in health view will lead physicians and/or managers to seek more elements to make more effective decisions for patients because they know these scenarios involve uncertainty in terms of appropriateness and value.</p>
        <p>Despite the rationale for considering appropriateness &#8220;uncertainty&#8221; in some situations, international recommendations (US, Europe) say that a medical action that cannot be classified as appropriate should already be intrinsically considered a form of waste and poor practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> This is based particularly on the potential consequences of overdiagnosis and overtreatment, which can be significant and include everything from the psychological and behavioral consequences of patient stigmatization to physical harm/side effects of unnecessary tests or treatments that impair quality of life and may even shorten the individual&#8217;s survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In addition to the possibility of worsening outcomes, excessive actions increase individual financial costs and generate waste of resources and opportunities in the health system. Although it conceptually makes sense not to perform a procedure whenever its real benefit is questionable, care should be taken not to generate the opposite consequence if the procedure is not performed, i.e., underdiagnosis or undertreatment. Even though finding balance is challenging, applying the concept of value in health is a rational way to achieve greater maturity in medical decision-making and healthcare policies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Other goals in healthcare</title>
        <p>In addition to outcome, cost, and appropriateness, other metrics should also be considered as goals in value-based care. Although including the patient (&#8220;client&#8221;) experience in the value formula has a great appeal from the healthcare market point of view, this could add in more &#8220;noise&#8221; rather than information about the clinical result itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This does not mean that the experience does not add value to patient care. Nevertheless, it is another type of value (e.g., user perception that includes variables such as hospitality, reception, and auxiliary services of the healthcare unit, among others). Despite representing something different from the outcome itself, the patient&#8217;s experience in healthcare should be valued like the other elements of the VBHC, especially when searching for what matters to the patient and that can be measured reliably.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Once this variable (patient experience) is added to the valuation of services, it should be assessed independently of the outcomes. For example, a patient may have undergone a high-cost treatment that did not change the outcome because it was an inappropriate therapy (overtreatment) and, even though the experience was good, there was no value in health (the opposite is also true, for example, an appropriate treatment that improved the clinical outcome at a low cost generated high value in health even if the patient was not satisfied with the way they were cared by the team). Experience issues must be identified and managed in a specific way (i.e., differently from clinical outcomes).</p>
        <p>Finally, other items have been added to the primary objectives of healthcare, since the classic health value formula that was based only on outcomes and costs.. The so-called triple aim indicates that the health system must focus not only on patient outcomes at a sustainable cost but also on user experience.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> This concept was expanded to include a quadruple aim, in addition to considering the patient&#8217;s experience, it also includes that of the healthcare professional. Therefore, in addition to the best patient outcome at the lowest possible cost, the best experience is also sought for both the patient and the healthcare professional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>More recently, health equity has also been included as one of the primary objectives, creating the so-called quintuple aim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In this case, the aim is to reduce healthcare access and outcome inequality among different populations, removing geographic, financial, or cultural barriers in underprivileged communities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> These concepts can be better applied in health networks. Health networks manage a large and diverse population and can act more robustly in the equity of care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In this sense, there must be integration of care provision in multiple health units not only to reduce costs (e.g., avoid duplication of efforts, delays and other inefficiencies in the health process), but also for real population management and, ultimately, improved equity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Applying the concept of value in health to cardiology</title>
        <p>The current challenge has been to transform conceptual aspects into practical actions, providing greater understanding to each of the &#8220;players&#8221; in this new model. Although VBHC is patient-centered and depends on team-based care for the implementation and success of this model,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> some decisions made by cardiologists can be guided by the principles of value in health. Below are examples of how to apply these concepts to coronary heart disease:</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)</title>
        <p>Although the value of the health model is often applied to therapeutic interventions (e.g. surgeries),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> this concept can also be considered in other medical actions, such as the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The biomarker of choice for this diagnosis is high-sensitivity troponin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> However, CKMB continues to be routinely requested concomitantly with troponin in many services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Using the expanded value formula, adding routine CKMB measurement does not add value to patient care as it has no positive impact on any of the variables: 1) it is not considered an appropriate test, 2) it does not improve patient outcome, 3) it increases cost, 4) and in terms of patient experience, an additional test would not improve it. Thus, although no numbers are used in this formula, it can be seen that this medical action has no value.</p>
        <p>In a time-sensitive disease care setting such as ST-elevation ACS, evaluation by a specialist physician would be the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for diagnosis and management. However, it is not feasible to have a cardiologist available in all emergency rooms to treat these patients. Therefore, the support of a specialist via telemedicine would be an attractive strategy to ensure the support of a cardiologist in a greater number of units. This model has been associated with improvements in the therapy of patients with ACS and, consequently, improved outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Although specific evidence on telemedicine in this ACS scenario still lacks validation in randomized clinical trials, this action was designed to deliver value in health, i.e. improve the outcome at a sustainable cost.</p>
        <p>Value in health begins with a focus on quality (outcome) and several randomized studies have consistently shown that interventions that improve quality generate greater use of evidence-based therapies and some with the power to demonstrate better outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Specifically in ACS, a national study called BRIDGE-ACS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> randomly evaluated the impact of care quality interventions. Although not designed with the power to assess the impact on clinical outcomes, BRIDGE-ACS demonstrated significant improvement in the use of evidence-based therapies in ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Value-based care has the improvement of care quality and clinical outcomes for patients as its primary objective. However, value delivery must also focus on the cost involved in achieving this desired outcome, i.e., both outcomes and costs must always be evaluated. In a national experience, the use of international tools for quality care actions was associated with improvements in the treatment and outcomes of patients with ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> However, it was necessary to understand whether these actions would also have an impact on the costs. When analyzing hospital costs and readmission rates of patients with ACS, hospital costs were better controlled and there were fewer readmissions to the hospital under the quality care improvement actions when compared to the cost of similar patients in other units.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> As demonstrated in this example in which quality and cost metrics were measured,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> in a program aimed at improving the quality of care in ACS, it is expected that, in the different lines of cardiology care, since there are better outcomes (fewer complications), the cost in healthcare will also be lower and there will be fewer readmissions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial revascularization</title>
        <p>In patients adequately indicated for myocardial revascularization, i.e., when there is evidence of better outcomes for the patient with this strategy, it is important to evaluate which procedure would bring the best value in health in a sustained manner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In situations where there is an appropriate indication for myocardial revascularization, whether percutaneous or surgical, one should also evaluate how to improve cost and patient experience without compromising clinical outcome. In general, actions that improve quality will increase value not only because of their impact on better outcomes but also because better quality in myocardial revascularization is associated with lower costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Thus, in addition to actions focused on achieving the best clinical outcome, initiatives to improve efficiency (e.g., reduce hospital stays after cardiac surgery and angioplasty) also add value to the care process, since they reduce costs without compromising clinical outcomes (and may even improve patient recovery).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Initiatives such as same-day discharge protocols after uncomplicated angioplasty<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> and enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> although they do not yet have robust evidence for broader recommendations, are actions that aim to offer value because they seek to at least maintain clinical outcomes and, at the same time, reduce costs and improve the patient experience.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Other examples</title>
        <p>Whatever the clinical situation (intervention, chronic disease), value delivery depends on an integrated care network in which care is provided by a dedicated multidisciplinary team assuming responsibility for the complete cycle of care for a specific condition. This covers outpatient, inpatient, and rehabilitation care, in addition to support services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> The adoption of the best practices should be guided by evidence-based guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> and, in addition to the examples of value in health in ACS and myocardial revascularization, other examples can be found in cardiology that allow for a broader implementation of this new model. In this full application of value-based care, a compatible form of compensation is necessary because the current compensation models are not aligned with the principles of value-based care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Traditional compensation models</title>
        <p>Currently, different compensation models (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-suppl02-en.pdf">Table 2, supplementary material</inline-supplementary-material>) are used in different health systems, many of which coexist within the same ecosystem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8226; The oldest and most prevalent form of compensation in health systems, including Brazil, is fee-for-service, which focuses on reimbursement based on the production of activities and, therefore, does not align the interests of all the parties involved (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-suppl03-en.pdf">Table 2, Supplementary Material</inline-supplementary-material>). In this model, when using a health plan, both the user (patient) and the service provider (health professional or institution) establish a relationship in which deliveries are linked to the product (or service provided) and not to the actual gain (or benefit) in health. In other words, regardless of the health results or relevance of the service, there will be a fixed payment, which encourages production in greater quantities, even if this does not effectively generate value in health. This model includes payment methods usually referred to as compensation per unit of service or open account, and compensation for packages of procedures and hospital daily rates, with the essence being payment according to the number of individual procedures. One of the main disadvantages of this model is that it encourages the use of services in groups with questionable benefits, especially those that provide higher profit margins which, therefore, can negatively affect the quality of healthcare and the sustainability of the system. In the literature, this is currently the model most associated with the unnecessary increase in healthcare costs.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8226; The &#8220;bundle&#8221; payment model consists of grouping payments for a specific health condition, procedure, or surgery considering a longitudinal follow-up period. May or may not consider risk sharing between payers and providers. There are specific &#8220;bundles&#8221; (e.g. for acute cardiac conditions, post-surgery, or transcatheter intervention), with follow-up generally lasting 30 to 90 days. &#8220;Bundle&#8221; payment can also generate higher financial returns through volume and it also encourages the teams to perform procedures in situations with a lower probability of complications when the costs of any complications are assumed by the teams themselves. This represents a potential risk for performing procedures in situations with less need (or appropriateness). Additionally, teams would tend to avoid procedures that, despite being appropriate, have a considerable risk of complications (which can generate greater limitation of care in groups with more severe diseases).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8226; In the per capita or capitation model, health system providers receive a fixed compensation for partial or full healthcare, for a defined population. The capitation model ensures the necessary care for those who need it, regardless of whether or not that person uses the service. The value is established per person included in the program (per capita) and for each period. Therefore, the compensation amount is based on the expected average utilization of each patient (planned compensation should vary according to age, race, sex, region, and, mainly, medical history). These models can have their relationship bases considering objective deliveries per service provided (e.g.: number of hypertensive patients with blood pressure measured or colonoscopy performed on individuals over 50 years old) or per broader metrics that refer to population health indicators (mortality due to myocardial infarction, hospitalization due to heart failure). It should be noted that this modality presupposes knowledge of the health risks associated with coverage of the defined population, as well as the counterpart in terms of costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> One of the major difficulties in advancing the capitation model is that its success depends on a more prolonged chain of analysis (with time and variables to be considered) since there is a potential risk of restricting access to healthcare to reduce costs in the short term and, consequently, postponing the solution of the patient&#8217;s problem to a later date (which can increase costs in the long term). Therefore, the safety and sustainability of this model depend on the effective management of patient care information, outcomes, and costs to prevent, mainly, underdiagnosis and undertreatment resulting from potential short-term access restrictions.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Value-based compensation</title>
        <p>Value-based payment or compensation is a healthcare delivery model in which providers, including hospitals and physicians, are paid based on patient health outcomes (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-suppl04-en.pdf">Table 2, Supplementary Material</inline-supplementary-material>). In this type of agreement, providers assume responsibility for healthcare deliveries to patients. Value-based compensation provides a more appropriate incentive than other current models since its principle is to provide the best patient outcome at the lowest possible cost.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> Consequently, unlike other models in which the financial return is linked to a greater number of services (fee for service) or reduced higher cost/risk procedures (bundles, capitation), value-based compensation is based primarily on patient outcome and, consequently, the interests of all the parties involved are aligned.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When using a value-based compensation model, it is important to understand that part of the outcome depends on the patient (e.g., medication adherence) and not directly on the healthcare professionals. In any case, patient adherence is directly associated with health education and, in this case, having a model that performs comparative analyses of the results between professionals or teams can improve the result as a whole without distorting value-based compensation.</p>
        <p>In this integrated and coordinated model, healthcare providers work as a networked team to provide the best possible care at the cost necessary to achieve it. In this way, in addition to the individual result, the care line team shares the risk and financial return. The structuring line of the value-based payment model should focus on the adoption of best medical practices, based on scientific evidence and international guidelines, with a long-term time horizon of results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another alternative payment model is the Global Budgeting or Budget Transfer, which is a form of prospective compensation, in which the health establishment annually estimates its spending needs and presents them to the financing entity. In return, it commits to meeting performance targets, based on efficiency and quality metrics of service provision.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> One of the main issues related to this model is the complexity of its implementation and measurement of indicators when multiple payers of services are linked to the establishment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Current status of compensation models</title>
        <p>The current reforms underway in health systems around the world aim to reduce the scope of the current fee-for-service model through alternative compensation models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> In the international context, specifically in the private health insurance and plans market, new products have emerged, such as what has become known in the US market as Value-Based Insurance Products.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref></sup> In general, both the Shared Savings Program (SSP) initiative and the Bundled Payments can be grouped within the category of new compensation and risk-sharing models that emerged from international reforms and are guided by values of quality and efficiency.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Value-based medicine culture</title>
        <p>The implementation of a payment model that is completely different from the current one, in a complex system such as healthcare, depends not only on the actions of healthcare managers, but also on a cultural change among physicians, patients, and society in general.</p>
        <p>Value in healthcare is derived from measuring clinical outcomes achieved and the cost required to obtain them. This concept should not be restricted to the physician and health manager but should be part of the patient&#8217;s decision. Just like when purchasing a product or hiring a service, a healthcare &#8220;client&#8221; should also seek information on the results of a hospital or physician. In the current healthcare model, professionals and hospitals are often chosen based on cost (low or high) and/or social recognition, as if they were synonymous with value in healthcare, which does not necessarily ensure the concept described.</p>
        <p>As part of an information asymmetry, patients have little information about fundamental aspects, such as the appropriateness of medical actions, clinical results (for the physician and hospital), and avoidable costs in healthcare. The availability of this information, in addition to benefiting the patient, can also lead to a reduction in healthcare costs, which, ultimately, could increase patient access to the healthcare system and increase the average compensation of professionals in a value-based payment model.</p>
        <p>One of the major difficulties in implementing these more adaptive models is ensuring the security and veracity of the information reported by providers (hospitals, clinics, professionals). This limits the application of this concept only to more controlled health systems (e.g., verticalized networks).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Following the precepts of value-based care, accountable care organizations (ACOs) have emerged. In these organizations, the patient and providers are true partners in care decisions (patient-centered).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> In this model, there is an emphasis on coordinating care with the sharing of clinical and claims data among team members and also with payers so that compensation is linked to improvements in results (such as hospital readmissions, adverse events, patient engagement, and population health indicators). For it to be truly considered a value-based model, it must have the best outcome for the patient as a principle and not pursue economic results only. Methods for the uniform assessment of outcomes have been published and applied, such as ICHOM (International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement), which have been useful in guiding lines of care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup> Models for collecting data directly from patients for both outcomes (PROMs, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures) and experience (PREMs, Patient-Reported Experience Measures) are recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In any case, whether applied on a larger or smaller scale, the culture of value in health must be present in the design of medical services, based on actions that provide the best outcome through a coordinated process of care quality and safety. When the best outcomes for specific health conditions or populations have been defined and agreed upon, these processes must be evaluated to see if they can be streamlined and, consequently, reduce costs to deliver greater value in health. One of the initial steps for practical application would be to recognize the barriers and continuously seek solutions that are adapted to each reality (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-suppl05-en.pdf">Table 3, Supplementary Material</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Applying the concept of value in health - A proposal</title>
        <p>In many locations, the VBHC model has been implemented as a pilot project to allow for initial adjustments before expanding. In these services, teams usually have good communication, good knowledge of evidence-based medicine, reliable data, and good adherence to protocols.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup> The following are some fundamental elements of a value-based system (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>):</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fundamental elements of value-based healthcare (framework).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240668-40668-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Organize care according to medical conditions, i.e., lines of care for the medical conditions of patients or segments of the population;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Provide electronic medical records that allow information sharing among all providers in the care line;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Care should be based on a &#8220;team&#8221; model with sharing of patient data for a coordinated process that reduces redundant care (and associated costs) and includes easily measured outcomes (in value-based health models, emergency, primary, or specialized medical care does not occur in &#8220;silos&#8221; but rather in an integrated, patient-centered line of care);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Keep the patient under continuous monitoring, providing adequate coordination and delivery of care;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Define the appropriateness of medical actions according to the medical situation based on the best available evidence;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Once appropriateness has been defined, evaluate the metrics to be measured (outcomes that matter to the patient according to the type of disease and proposed treatment);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Have metrics not only for clinical outcomes, but also for costs, for each patient, and evaluate opportunities to improve efficiency and patient experience;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Evaluate outcome indicators regularly and share them with the entire healthcare team;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Keep the focus on patient safety (avoiding harm caused by care) and always seek to improve clinical outcomes;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Finally, be transparent with &#8220;consumers&#8221; so they can be partners in building VBHC.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>The implementation of value-based payment must be done following the above premises and, although there is still no universal formula, payment models should reward the best outcomes (relevant and sustained) and efficiency of care (lowest possible cost as long as it does not compromise the outcome). From the point of view of the health system, one way to achieve greater efficiency would be to integrate a healthcare network in which the provision of care is organized hierarchically. The rationale behind this integration is that a system with several centers that handle highly complex cases will generate an environment with lower efficiency, higher costs, and, consequently, lower value. In addition to greater efficiency and lower costs in a hierarchical integrated network, the concentration of care lines in reference care units allows the quality process to develop more fully and, therefore, better outcomes are expected (which would further increase the value delivered to patients).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The shift from the current system to a value-based model is challenging, although the transition is happening in different parts of the healthcare ecosystems. This is a process that tends to be gradual, but it must be scaled up quickly, especially for chronic patients. Value-based cardiology is an international trend that aims to increase quality care at the lowest possible costs. This could be the way to help more people live healthier lives in a sustainable healthcare system.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1_en">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0668_suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>. </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
