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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xfdrNzVp3SYddrprnWMbYGm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240558</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Espiritualidade/Religiosidade e Ades&#227;o ao Tratamento em Indiv&#237;duos Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6147-3691</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Yanne da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9499-5998</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Aliny Serafim Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1000-8738</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scalia</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Ara&#250;jo Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5511-270X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magnabosco</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5762-9518</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragato</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Guarato da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4487-9232</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Raponi</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Beatriz Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6031-048X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dinamarco</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5793-112X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria Nasser</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Uberl&#226;ndia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ilh&#233;us</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilh&#233;us, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Val&#233;ria Nasser Figueiredo &#8226; Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia - Av. Par&#225;, Bloco 2u, 1720. CEP 38400-902, Umuarama, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>valeria.n.figueiredo@ufu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240558</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso e n&#227;o medicamentoso para hipertens&#227;o tem um impacto socioecon&#244;mico importante, al&#233;m de reduzir o risco de eventos cardiovasculares, morbidade e mortalidade. Sabe-se que a espiritualidade e a religiosidade podem ser incorporadas no manejo da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar poss&#237;veis fatores associados com a ades&#227;o ao tratamento em pacientes hipertensos e o papel da espiritualidade/religiosidade nesse contexto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo observacional, transversal, quantitativo, conduzido com 237 indiv&#237;duos hipertensos avaliados em um grande hospital de ensino no Brasil. Dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e de estilo de vida foram coletados, al&#233;m das medidas antropom&#233;tricas e realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame f&#237;sico. Para determinar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso e n&#227;o medicamentoso para hipertens&#227;o, utilizou-se o question&#225;rio QATSAH (Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension) e, para avaliar o n&#237;vel de espiritualidade/religiosidade, foram aplicados o Invent&#225;rio de Religiosidade de Duke e a Medida Multidimensional Breve de Religiosidade/Espiritualidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> N&#237;veis mais altos de ades&#227;o ao tratamento foram observados nos indiv&#237;duos com idade &#8805;65, fisicamente ativos, e que n&#227;o consumiam bebida alco&#243;lica (p&lt;0,05). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; religiosidade e &#224; espiritualidade, a religiosidade intr&#237;nseca [&#946; = 0,24, IC95% (0,22; 1,13), p = 0,004), valores e cren&#231;as (&#946; = -0,18, IC95% [-1,58; -0,20]; p = 0,012), e perd&#227;o (&#946; = 0,16; IC95% [0,13, 1,19], p = 0,015) foram preditores estatisticamente significativos de ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Religiosidade organizacional, religiosidade n&#227;o organizacional, e experi&#234;ncias espirituais di&#225;rias n&#227;o foram significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Religiosidade intr&#237;nseca mais alta, escores mais baixos de &#8220;valores e cren&#231;as&#8221; e escores mais altos de &#8220;perd&#227;o&#8221; aumentam o n&#237;vel de ades&#227;o medicamentosa e n&#227;o medicamentosa em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Espiritualidade/Religiosidade e Ades&#227;o ao Tratamento em Indiv&#237;duos Hipertensos</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Coopera&#231;&#227;o e Ades&#227;o ao Tratamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Espiritualidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</funding-source>
          <award-id>03/2021</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (PIBIC), oferecido pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) (n&#186; 03/2021 de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica PIBIC/CNPq/UFU)</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial e multig&#234;nica, caracterizada por n&#237;veis elevados da press&#227;o arterial (PA), que causam disfun&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias, e um dano progressivo e irrevers&#237;vel a &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. A hipertens&#227;o afeta 1,2 bilh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo, levando &#224; morte aproximadamente sete milh&#245;es de pessoas anualmente. Por se tratar de uma doen&#231;a assintom&#225;tica, a hipertens&#227;o est&#225; associada a um aumento na ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, custos hospitalares, entre outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Para o controle adequado da hipertens&#227;o, &#233; essencial manter e controlar os n&#237;veis da PA. Tratamentos dispon&#237;veis incluem terapias farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas; medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas incluem perda de peso, mudan&#231;as na alimenta&#231;&#227;o, restri&#231;&#245;es na ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio e de &#225;lcool, e evitar o tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo &#233; um processo multifatorial e complexo, por envolver a ades&#227;o do paciente a v&#225;rias a&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de para atingir um objetivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar da efic&#225;cia comprovada do tratamento da hipertens&#227;o, a ades&#227;o ainda &#233; considerada baixa. A efic&#225;cia farmacol&#243;gica pode variar entre 20 e 50%, e as taxas de ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo s&#227;o inferiores a 50% a partir de um ano ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Pesquisadores observaram que menos de 14% dos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos t&#234;m a PA controlada, e essa porcentagem &#233; inferior a 8% em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa e m&#233;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios fatores contribuem para a ades&#227;o ao tratamento por pacientes hipertensos, incluindo a espiritualidade e a religiosidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> as quais auxiliam no conv&#237;vio e no controle da doen&#231;a. A religiosidade refere-se &#224; conex&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo com o sagrado, geralmente expressa por cren&#231;as e pr&#225;ticas de uma religi&#227;o espec&#237;fica ou de um grupo religioso. Por outro lado, a espiritualidade refere-se a um senso mais amplo de prop&#243;sito e interconectividade, que podem ser vivenciados dentro ou fora do &#226;mbito religioso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Pode-se inferir que indiv&#237;duos religiosos podem se beneficiar de conex&#245;es sociais mais fortes, o que encoraja a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos mais saud&#225;veis e um controle do estresse mais eficaz. Isso pode levar a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de cortisol e melhor controle da PA. Pr&#225;ticas como ora&#231;&#227;o e medita&#231;&#227;o promovem relaxamento, reduzindo a atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, o que, por sua vez, reduz a PA e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Tais benef&#237;cios podem surgir da normaliza&#231;&#227;o do ritmo cardiovascular auton&#244;mico, de uma melhor modula&#231;&#227;o vagal, atividade simp&#225;tica reduzida, melhor sensibilidade barorreflexa, e aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico end&#243;geno. Ainda, indiv&#237;duos religiosos assumem maior responsabilidade por sua sa&#250;de e bem-estar, e veem seus corpos como templos de Deus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dado o aumento significativo na preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, aumentando de 22,6% em 2006 para 26,3% em 2023, al&#233;m do alto n&#250;mero de mortes relacionadas a doen&#231;as hipertensivas (551 262 mortes entre 2010 e 2020),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#233; crucial melhorar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica avaliando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre espiritualidade/religiosidade e a ades&#227;o medicamentosa em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular relatou que uma compreens&#227;o mais profunda dessa conex&#227;o pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias para aumentar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento, que sejam culturalmente sens&#237;veis, baseadas na espiritualidade, e centradas no paciente. Com base nesses achados, nosso objetivo &#233; identificar aspectos espec&#237;ficos da espiritualidade e da religiosidade que influenciem a ades&#227;o ao tratamento, abordando uma lacuna na literatura em que muitos estudos reconhecem a import&#226;ncia potencial dessas dimens&#245;es, mas n&#227;o exploram elementos pr&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivos</title>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os fatores potencialmente associados com a ades&#227;o ao tratamento em pacientes hipertensos e o papel da espiritualidade e da religiosidade nesse contexto.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo explorat&#243;rio, transversal, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, conduzido nos departamentos de emerg&#234;ncia, cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica e cirurgia de um grande hospital universit&#225;rio. O hospital &#233; um centro refer&#234;ncia para atendimento de alta e m&#233;dia complexidade para munic&#237;pios localizados no Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro e Alto Parana&#237;ba pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).</p>
      <p>A amostra incluiu 237 pacientes hipertensos admitidos no hospital mencionado. Para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral, foi obtido o n&#250;mero dos pacientes hipertensos admitidos no hospital em 2021 (n=4126). Uma amostra representativa foi determinada com um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% e uma margem de erro de 5%, resultando em um tamanho amostral de 237 indiv&#237;duos. Utilizou-se a f&#243;rmula de Cochran, assumindo-se uma propor&#231;&#227;o populacional de 50%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, e uma margem de erro de 5%.</p>
      <p>A f&#243;rmula &#233; a seguinte: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>z</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>&#8901;</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula>onde:</p>
      <list list-type="simple">
        <list-item>
          <p><italic>&#8226; z</italic> &#233; o valor z correspondente ao intervalo de confian&#231;a desejado;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><italic>&#8226; p</italic> &#233; a propor&#231;&#227;o esperada do atributo na popula&#231;&#227;o; e</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><italic>&#8226; E</italic> &#233; a margem de erro</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>O pesquisador selecionou os pacientes a partir de uma lista de interna&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias, incluindo somente os pacientes com n&#250;meros pares, at&#233; alcan&#231;ar o tamanho amostral desejado.</p>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes internados, com idade superior a 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, que possu&#237;am um diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o e haviam recebido tratamento medicamentoso por pelo menos seis meses, e tinham um escore &#8220;Mini-Mental&#8221; maior que 25 pontos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Gestantes e indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as psiqui&#225;tricas graves ou defici&#234;ncias mentais (caracterizadas por sintomas como confus&#227;o, del&#237;rio, fala ou comportamento desorganizado, alucina&#231;&#245;es, e altera&#231;&#245;es extremas de humor) foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada entre dezembro de 2021 e junho de 2022. Foi usado um question&#225;rio preparado pelos pr&#243;prios pesquisadores, composto de dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos (sexo, idade, ra&#231;a autorrelatada, escolaridade, estado civil, renda, religi&#227;o, profiss&#227;o), dados cl&#237;nicos (peso, altura, PA, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e pulso), claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, comorbidades (diabetes, obesidade, estilo de vida, tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool) e medicamentos em uso (anticoagulantes, agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, Inibidores de Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina &#8211; IECA, Bloqueadores do Receptor de Angiotensina &#8211; BRA, Bloqueadores de Canal de C&#225;lcio &#8211; BCC, betabloqueadores, estatinas, nitrato e diur&#233;ticos).</p>
      <p>Para a medida do peso corporal, utilizou-se uma escala digital eletr&#244;nica do tipo plataforma, com capacidade para 150 Kg e sensibilidade de 50 g (Omron HBF-214). A altura foi medida com aux&#237;lio de uma fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica fixada em uma parede, com os participantes de p&#233; com as costas contra a parede. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula peso (Kg) / altura (m)<sup>2</sup>, e os valores considerados normais (IMC entre 18,5 e 24,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), sobrepeso (IMC entre 25 e 29,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e obesidade (IMC &#8805;30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para a medida da PA, foram utilizados aparelhos port&#225;teis (modelo HEM-7113 Omron) e manguitos adequados para circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. As medidas da PA foram tomadas seguindo-se as diretrizes brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o arterial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> com os participantes sentados, manguito posicionado ao n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o, e a palma da m&#227;o virada para cima. Durante a medi&#231;&#227;o, os participantes ficavam com as pernas descruzadas, bexiga vazia, e eram orientados a n&#227;o praticarem exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico por pelo menos 60 minutos antes do exame, e a n&#227;o ingerirem bebida alco&#243;lica, caf&#233; ou alimentos, nem fumarem dentro de 30 minutos antes da medi&#231;&#227;o. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es da PA, com intervalo de um minuto entre as medidas, e a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas da PA foi considerada para an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos foram definidos pelo uso de hipoglicemiantes e/ou insulina, de acordo com dados obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, antes da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dislipidemia, foram considerados os pacientes que apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es em pelo menos um dos componentes (HDL-C, LDL-C ou triglicer&#237;deos), e pacientes utilizando estatinas. Pacientes que fumavam um ou mais cigarros por dia foram considerados fumantes. Pacientes que n&#227;o praticavam nenhuma atividade f&#237;sica por pelo menos dez minutos cont&#237;nuos durante a semana foram considerados sedent&#225;rios. Quanto ao consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, todos os pacientes que relataram o consumo foram considerados para an&#225;lise, independentemente do tipo, da quantidade e da frequ&#234;ncia da bebida.</p>
      <p>Para avaliar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso e n&#227;o medicamentoso, ap&#243;s obten&#231;&#227;o da autoriza&#231;&#227;o do autor, foi usado o <italic>Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension</italic> (QATSAH), que consistia em 12 perguntas, com um coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,81. A escala pode variar entre 60 e 110, e quanto maior o escore, maior a ades&#227;o ao tratamento (N&#237;vel 60: Os pacientes n&#227;o tomam a medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva pelo menos uma vez por semana ou tomam a medica&#231;&#227;o na dose diferente da prescrita pelo menos uma vez por semana; N&#237;vel 70: Os pacientes n&#227;o tomam a medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva no hor&#225;rio correto pelo menos uma vez por semana e comparecem a consultas agendadas; N&#237;vel 80: Os pacientes n&#227;o tomam a o medicamento anti-hipertensivo na dose prescrita pelo menos uma vez por m&#234;s; os pacientes tomam a medica&#231;&#227;o independentemente de sentir ou n&#227;o sintomas, e reduzem o consumo de sal e gordura em um ter&#231;o; N&#237;vel 90: Os pacientes n&#227;o tomam a medica&#231;&#227;o no hor&#225;rio correto pelo menos uma vez por m&#234;s, e reduzem pela metade o consumo de sal, gordura e doces e bebidas doces, tomam o medicamento pelo menos uma vez ao ano e praticamente n&#227;o ingerem gordura, doces ou bebidas doces; N&#237;vel 100: Os pacientes n&#227;o tomam a medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva pelo menos uma vez ao ano e praticamente n&#227;o ingerem gordura, doces ou bebidas doces; N&#237;vel 110: Os pacientes nunca deixam de tomar a medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, praticamente n&#227;o ingerem sal e seguem o tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso rotineiramente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da espiritualidade/religiosidade, foi utilizada a escala DUKE (P-durel), composta por cinco itens que medem tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es do envolvimento religioso relacionado a desfechos de sa&#250;de: Religiosidade Organizacional (RO), Religiosidade N&#227;o-Organizacional (RNO) e Religiosidade Intr&#237;nseca (RI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A RO envolve participa&#231;&#227;o em servi&#231;os religiosos e atividades comunit&#225;rias associadas &#224; religi&#227;o, enquanto RNO refere-se a pr&#225;ticas privadas n&#227;o religiosas tais como ora&#231;&#227;o, medita&#231;&#227;o, e a&#231;&#245;es pessoais de devo&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, a RI foca na import&#226;ncia e na influ&#234;ncia da religi&#227;o na vida di&#225;ria do indiv&#237;duo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ainda, foi utilizada o <italic>Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality</italic> (BMMRS-p) para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da religiosidade/espiritualidade sobre a ades&#227;o ao tratamento. O instrumento avalia a rela&#231;&#227;o entre religiosidade, espiritualidade e sa&#250;de. O BMMRS-p possui 38 itens e mede 11 dimens&#245;es: 1) Experi&#234;ncias espirituais di&#225;rias; 2) Valores/cren&#231;as; 3) Perd&#227;o; 4) Pr&#225;ticas religiosas privadas; 5) A&#231;&#245;es religiosas de enfrentamento; 6) Apoio religioso; 7) Hist&#243;ria religiosa espiritual; 8) Comprometimento; 9) RO; 10) Prefer&#234;ncias religiosas; e 11) Autoavalia&#231;&#227;o global de espiritualidade/religiosidade. As op&#231;&#245;es de respostas est&#227;o organizadas em uma escala do tipo Likert, com alguns itens variando de uma a oito op&#231;&#245;es, e outras de uma a seis op&#231;&#245;es. Cada dimens&#227;o possui um sistema espec&#237;fico de pontua&#231;&#227;o, em que um escore mais baixo indica um grau mais alto da dimens&#227;o em quest&#227;o. Para facilitar a an&#225;lise, os escores podem ser revertidos durante a inser&#231;&#227;o dos dados, de modo que escores mais altos refletem uma maior religiosidade/espiritualidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram organizados em uma planilha Excel, validados por digita&#231;&#227;o dupla, e a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Science</italic> (SPSS Windows), vers&#227;o 25.0<sup>TM</sup>. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas por m&#233;dias &#177; desvios padr&#245;es devido &#224; normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas usando frequ&#234;ncias relativas e absolutas. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para avaliar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. O teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado foi usado para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, bem como dos h&#225;bitos de vida, sobre os escores de ades&#227;o ao tratamento. A influ&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea das vari&#225;veis foi analisada usando regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla, em que as vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; religi&#227;o e &#224; espiritualidade foram inicialmente inclu&#237;das juntas no modelo. A multicolinearidade foi avaliada usando o Fator de Infla&#231;&#227;o da Vari&#226;ncia (FIV) e o diagn&#243;stico de colinearidade, e n&#227;o foram identificadas quest&#245;es significativas. Com base na import&#226;ncia conceitual e signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, um modelo final com nove vari&#225;veis preditoras foi estabelecido. As presun&#231;&#245;es para testes param&#233;tricos foram verificadas, e um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (&#945; = 0,05) foi adotado para an&#225;lises inferenciais. Como apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, o poder estat&#237;stico alcan&#231;ado foi 98,7%, considerando o tamanho amostral de 237 participantes, n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05, nove vari&#225;veis preditoras, e um coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0,12.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla dos fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos e religiosos/espirituais que influenciam a ades&#227;o medicamentosa e n&#227;o medicamentosa em pacientes hipertensos, com base no <italic>Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension</italic> (QATSAH); Uberl&#226;ndia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2021-2022</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>&#914;</th>
                  <th>Beta</th>
                  <th>Sig.</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                  <td align="center">[-2,39,1,45]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                  <td align="center">[-0,18,3,96]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renda</td>
                  <td align="center">1,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,059</td>
                  <td align="center">[-0,07,3,93]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Educa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                  <td align="center">[-1,63,2,68]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comorbidades</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">[-0,36,0,66]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Religiosidade intr&#237;nseca</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">[0,22,1,13]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Experi&#234;ncias espirituais intr&#237;nsecas</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">[-0,16,0,35]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valores/cren&#231;as</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                  <td align="center">[-1,58,-0,20]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Perd&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">[0,13,1,19]</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>QATSAH: Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension; Vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas: sexo (masculino ou feminino &#8211; categoria de refer&#234;ncia); idade (adulto ou idoso &#8211; categoria de refer&#234;ncia); renda (&lt; R$2500,00 e &gt; R$2500,00 &#8211; categoria de refer&#234;ncia); educa&#231;&#227;o (ensino fundamental e ensino m&#233;dio incompleto &#8211; categoria de refer&#234;ncia).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 237 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 63,0&#177;12,1 anos. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (127; 53,6%), com idade superior a 60 anos (156; 65,8%), cat&#243;licos (134; 56,5%), com mais de oito anos de educa&#231;&#227;o formal (166; 70%), aposentados (133; 56,1%), e com sobrepeso (156; 67,8%); 44,7% (n=106) eram brancos, e 46,8% (n=111) dos pacientes apresentaram alto n&#237;vel (percentil 90) de ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta o perfil sociodemogr&#225;fico e cl&#237;nico dos pacientes hipertensos, bem como h&#225;bitos de vida, medicamentos usados, e n&#237;veis de ades&#227;o de acordo com o question&#225;rio QATSAH.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Perfil cl&#237;nico e sociodemogr&#225;fico, h&#225;bitos de vida, medicamentos, e n&#237;veis de ades&#227;o de acordo com o question&#225;rio QATSAH nos participantes hipertensos (n=237); Uberl&#226;ndia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2021-2022</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Valores</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (53,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">63,03&#177;12,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;65 anos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (65,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ra&#231;a branca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (44,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Educa&#231;&#227;o formal</td>
                <td align="center">227 (95,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Casados, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (41,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Renda &lt; 1SM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">145(63,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Religi&#227;o</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Cat&#243;lica, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">134 (56,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Evang&#233;lica, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">57 (24%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Esp&#237;rita, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">17 (7,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Sem religi&#227;o, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">23 (9,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; N&#227;o acredita em Deus, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Candombl&#233;, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aposentado, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (56,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28,29&#177;6,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">128,86&#177;21,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">75,91&#177;13,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76,90&#177;14,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pulso regular, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">211 (88,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente</td>
                <td align="center">58 (24,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (32,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (17,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (38,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (24%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (12,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (20,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">154 (65,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (13,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (15%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de medicamentos</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Anticoagulantes, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16 (6,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">25 (10,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Inibidores de ECA, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">29 (12,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; BRA, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">144 (61,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; BCC, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">44 (18,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; BB, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">88 (37,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Estatina, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">75 (31,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Nitrato, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Diur&#233;tico, n (%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">116 (49,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QATSAH</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; N&#237;vel 60</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,42%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; N&#237;vel 70</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">11 (4,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; N&#237;vel 80</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">80 (33,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; N&#237;vel 90</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">111 (46,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; N&#237;vel 100</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">31 (13,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; N&#237;vel 110</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,26%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Valore expressos em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%) ou em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o; SM: sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina; BCC: bloqueadores do canal de c&#225;lcio; BB: betabloqueadores; QATSAH: Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Observou-se um n&#237;vel mais alto de ades&#227;o ao tratamento nos indiv&#237;duos com idade &#8805; 65 anos, n&#227;o sedent&#225;rios, e que n&#227;o ingeriam bebida alco&#243;lica (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, sociodemogr&#225;ficas, h&#225;bitos de vida e m&#233;dia obtida no <italic>Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension</italic> (QATSAH); Uberl&#226;ndia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2021-2022</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>M&#233;dia - QATHAS</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">91,8 &#177;8,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,620</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">92,3 &#177;7,2</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &#8805;65 anos</td>
                <td align="center">93 &#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,009*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &lt;65 anos</td>
                <td align="center">90,4 &#177;6,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brancos</td>
                <td align="center">91,8 &#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,567</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mistos (morenos)/Negros/ Asi&#225;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">92,4 &#177;7,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Educa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o formal</td>
                <td align="center">88,3 &#177;5,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,444</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Educa&#231;&#227;o formal</td>
                <td align="center">92,3 &#177;7,7</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt;1 SM</td>
                <td align="center">91,9 &#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,476</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;1 SM</td>
                <td align="center">92,6 &#177;7,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">94,9 &#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,000*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">90,6 &#177;7,3</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumantes</td>
                <td align="center">91,6 &#177;6,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o fumantes</td>
                <td align="center">92,7 &#177;7,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o consumiam bebidas alco&#243;licas</td>
                <td align="center">92,5 &#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,031*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumiam bebidas alco&#243;licas</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#177;5,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>SM: sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo; teste t de Student.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foi realizada para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia de fatores religiosos e espirituais sobre a ades&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Religiosidade intr&#237;nseca, valores e cren&#231;as, e perd&#227;o foram significativamente associados com resultados mais altos no QATSAH. Escores mais altos na religiosidade e perd&#227;o se correlacionaram com maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo, enquanto escores mais baixos nos valores e cren&#231;as se associaram com melhor ades&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla dos fatores religiosos e espirituais que influenciam a ades&#227;o medicamentosa e n&#227;o medicamentosa em pacientes hipertensos, com base no <italic>Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension</italic> (QATSAH); Uberl&#226;ndia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2021-2022</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis religiosas e espirituais</th>
                <th>&#914;</th>
                <th>Beta</th>
                <th>Sig.</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Religiosidade organizacional</td>
                <td align="center">0,364</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
                <td align="center">[-0,34,1,07]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Religiosidade n&#227;o organizacional</td>
                <td align="center">0,158</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
                <td align="center">0,735</td>
                <td align="center">[-0,76,1,08]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Religiosidade intr&#237;nseca</td>
                <td align="center">0,586</td>
                <td align="center">0,208</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
                <td align="center">[0,08,1,09]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Experi&#234;ncias espirituais intr&#237;nsecas</td>
                <td align="center">0,122</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
                <td align="center">0,380</td>
                <td align="center">[-0,15,0,39]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valores/cren&#231;as</td>
                <td align="center">-1,061</td>
                <td align="center">-0,219</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">[-1,74,-0,38]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Perd&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,696</td>
                <td align="center">0,170</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
                <td align="center">[0,16,1,23]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A&#231;&#245;es religiosas de enfrentamento</td>
                <td align="center">-0,187</td>
                <td align="center">-0,088</td>
                <td align="center">0,283</td>
                <td align="center">[-0,53,1,04]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comprometimento</td>
                <td align="center">-0,042</td>
                <td align="center">-0,041</td>
                <td align="center">0,613</td>
                <td align="center">[-0,20,0,12]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Autoavalia&#231;&#227;o global de espiritualidade/religiosidade</td>
                <td align="center">0,367</td>
                <td align="center">0,083</td>
                <td align="center">0,287</td>
                <td align="center">[-0,30,0,15]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Com base nessa an&#225;lise mais ampla, quatro vari&#225;veis chaves &#8211; religiosidade intr&#237;nseca, experi&#234;ncias espirituais di&#225;rias, valores e cren&#231;as, e perd&#227;o &#8211; foram selecionadas para ajuste devido &#224; import&#226;ncia referencial e signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Essas vari&#225;veis foram ent&#227;o ajustadas quanto aos fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos (sexo, idade, renda, educa&#231;&#227;o e comorbidades), como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>. No modelo ajustado, religiosidade intr&#237;nseca, valores e cren&#231;as, e perd&#227;o continuaram significativos, refor&#231;ando ainda mais sua influ&#234;ncia sobre ades&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O envelhecimento est&#225; geralmente associado com uma incid&#234;ncia mais alta de hipertens&#227;o, uma condi&#231;&#227;o que requer interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas para controlar a PA. Em muitos casos, idosos tendem a ter mais consci&#234;ncia da import&#226;ncia do cuidado &#224; sa&#250;de, que inclui ades&#227;o regular &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o prescrita. Neste estudo, observou-se que indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Esse fato pode ser justificado pelo conhecimento sobre a import&#226;ncia do tratamento para prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es, visita regular a consultas m&#233;dicas, e estabilidade na rotina di&#225;ria, com hor&#225;rios mais regulares de refei&#231;&#245;es e medicamentos entre a popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre ser fisicamente mais ativo e a ades&#227;o ao tratamento nos pacientes hipertensos destaca-se como um fator importante na manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de cardiovascular. Al&#233;m da associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre controle da PA e atividade f&#237;sica regular, sabe-se que a atividade f&#237;sica pode reduzir valores da PA at&#233; 24 horas ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos que incorporam atividade f&#237;sica na rotina di&#225;ria tendem a aderir a prescri&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas e a outras diretrizes relacionadas a um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel, incluindo manuten&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal, controle do estresse e sono de qualidade. Esses dados corroboram os resultados deste estudo, em que os participantes n&#227;o sedent&#225;rios apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de ades&#227;o ao tratamento.</p>
      <p>Existe um consenso entre os estudos que o consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool pode exercer uma influ&#234;ncia negativa na PA, aumentando os riscos de hipertens&#227;o e comprometendo a efic&#225;cia dos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, e constituindo uma importante barreira &#224; ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Neste estudo, observou-se que os participantes que n&#227;o consumiram &#225;lcool apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Indiv&#237;duos que optam por n&#227;o consumir &#225;lcool geralmente demonstram um maior comprometimento &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, que podem incluir o uso regular das medica&#231;&#245;es prescritas. Ainda, a n&#227;o ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica contribui para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de um peso corporal adequado, reduzindo o risco de obesidade, o que pode melhorar o quadro cl&#237;nico da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A religiosidade e a espiritualidade foram identificadas em v&#225;rios estudos como fatores que promovem a ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso. Por exemplo, um estudo encontrou que indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis mais altos de religiosidade s&#227;o mais propensos a adotar estilos de vida mais saud&#225;veis, o que pode contribuir para uma maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Ainda, estudos indicam que pacientes que realizam pr&#225;ticas como ora&#231;&#227;o e medita&#231;&#227;o, ou buscam apoio em suas comunidades religiosas tendem a apresentar menos sintomas de depress&#227;o, o que pode facilitar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> V&#225;rios mecanismos podem explicar esse fen&#244;meno. A religiosidade e a espiritualidade podem fomentar um senso de esperan&#231;a e prop&#243;sito, o que aumenta o comprometimento do indiv&#237;duo ao tratamento. Ainda, o envolvimento da comunidade e algumas pr&#225;ticas como evitar certos alimentos e subst&#226;ncias prejudiciais, em geral encorajadas por grupos religiosos, tamb&#233;m podem exercer um papel chave na promo&#231;&#227;o de ades&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A religiosidade intr&#237;nseca refere-se &#224; experi&#234;ncia profunda e pessoal de f&#233;, em que a espiritualidade exerce um papel significativo na vida do indiv&#237;duo. Os dados listados aqui indicam que quanto maior a religiosidade intr&#237;nseca de um paciente hipertenso, maior a ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Um estudo conduzido com 9581 mulheres e homens adultos adventistas relatou que a religiosidade intr&#237;nseca &#233; um fator significativo na redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A raz&#227;o para essa associa&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o est&#225; clara, mas podemos pensar que indiv&#237;duos com alta religiosidade intr&#237;nseca encontram na sua f&#233; uma fonte de apoio emocional, for&#231;a interior e sentido para enfrentar os desafios, incluindo o cuidado com a sa&#250;de. Assim, a cren&#231;a em um prop&#243;sito maior pode motivar a ado&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos saud&#225;veis e a ades&#227;o a recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, contribuindo, assim, a um melhor controle da hipertens&#227;o. Uma religiosidade intr&#237;nseca elevada pode ser um recurso valioso na promo&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o, ao prover suporte emocional, um senso de prop&#243;sito e ao influenciar positivamente h&#225;bitos de vida saud&#225;veis. No entanto, &#233; essencial considerar a individualidade de cada pessoa ao explorar essa interconex&#227;o entre espiritualidade e sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, o perd&#227;o tamb&#233;m esteve relacionado a uma maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Entende-se &#8220;perd&#227;o&#8221; como a capacidade de se livrar de ressentimento e hostilidade em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros. Indiv&#237;duos que cultivam um desejo de perdoar geralmente vivenciam n&#237;veis menores de estresse, ansiedade e raiva, os quais, quando presentes em excesso, podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento e a piora da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Em um estudo conduzido com 3105 pacientes hipertensos, encontrou-se que a vari&#225;vel perd&#227;o associou-se com valores menores de PA diast&#243;lica e uma menor probabilidade de desfechos hipertensivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Indiv&#237;duos submetidos a um programa de treinamento de perd&#227;o tiveram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na PA em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que n&#227;o participaram do programa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Portanto, podemos inferir que a capacidade de perdoar est&#225; associada a uma melhora na sa&#250;de psicol&#243;gica, promovendo um estado de bem-estar que pode se refletir positivamente nas escolhas de estilo de vida e na ades&#227;o a recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas.</p>
      <p>O perd&#227;o tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado &#224; promo&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos saud&#225;veis. Indiv&#237;duos que cultivam a capacidade de perdoar podem ser mais propensos a adotar uma abordagem proativa no cuidado da sua sa&#250;de, incluindo uma ades&#227;o consistente &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o, alimenta&#231;&#227;o equilibrada e atividade f&#237;sica regular. Esses elementos s&#227;o fundamentais no controle eficaz da hipertens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a pr&#225;tica do perd&#227;o est&#225; associada a uma melhoria na rela&#231;&#227;o interpessoal e social. Rela&#231;&#245;es familiares e comunit&#225;rias mais saud&#225;veis podem criar um ambiente de apoio em que a ades&#227;o ao tratamento &#233; encorajada e facilitada. O apoio social &#233; reconhecido como um fator crucial no manejo efetivo da hipertens&#227;o e na promo&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Contudo, em rela&#231;&#227;o a valores e cren&#231;as, observou-se uma influ&#234;ncia negativa sobre a ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Valores e cren&#231;as referem-se &#224;s convic&#231;&#245;es fundamentais sobre como as pessoas interpretam e interagem com o mundo, ou seja, eles s&#227;o elementos intr&#237;nsecos da identidade de cada indiv&#237;duo, formatando suas percep&#231;&#245;es sobre sa&#250;de, tratamento e estilo de vida. Assim, quando os valores e as cren&#231;as v&#227;o de encontro &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas para o controle da hipertens&#227;o, a ades&#227;o ao tratamento pode ser comprometida. Cren&#231;as culturais, espirituais e filos&#243;ficas podem exercer um papel significativo em como uma pessoa aborda o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o. Ainda, uma desconfian&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; efic&#225;cia de tratamentos convencionais, em geral baseada em cren&#231;as pessoais, pode levar &#224; busca de abordagens alternativas ou hesita&#231;&#227;o em seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, identificar e apoiar a&#231;&#245;es religiosas de enfrentamento e estrat&#233;gias de perd&#227;o, bem como compreender os valores e as cren&#231;as dos pacientes hipertensos, podem promover e facilitar maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento. &#201; crucial que profissionais da sa&#250;de exer&#231;a um papel ativo nesse processo, n&#227;o s&#243; reconhecendo e validando a import&#226;ncia da espiritualidade e das pr&#225;ticas religiosas para seus pacientes, como tamb&#233;m integrando esse entendimento &#224;s estrat&#233;gias de cuidado personalizado. Fazendo isso, os profissionais podem identificar poss&#237;veis barreiras &#224; ades&#227;o ao tratamento baseadas em cren&#231;as e atuar de maneira colaborativa para encontrar solu&#231;&#245;es que respeite essas vis&#245;es enquanto encorajam pr&#225;ticas efetivas de sa&#250;de.<sup>32</sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Devido ao delineamento transversal, tamanho amostral limitado, e o fato de o estudo ter sido conduzido em um &#250;nico hospital, infer&#234;ncias causais e a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados a outros contextos devem ser feitas com cuidado. Al&#233;m disso, a natureza transversal do estudo limita a capacidade de se estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito entre os fatores, como espiritualidade/religiosidade e ades&#227;o ao tratamento nos pacientes hipertensos. Ainda, a maioria dos dados foram autorrelatados, o que introduz um potencial vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria. A ades&#227;o foi avaliada indiretamente usando autorrelatos dos pacientes por meio do question&#225;rio QATSAH.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A religiosidade/espiritualidade influenciou a ades&#227;o medicamentosa e n&#227;o medicamentosa em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, nas dimens&#245;es &#8220;religiosidade intr&#237;nseca&#8221;, &#8220;valores e cren&#231;as&#8221; e &#8220;perd&#227;o&#8221;. Esses achados sugerem que investiga&#231;&#245;es e interven&#231;&#245;es focadas em elementos psicossociais e comportamentais s&#227;o essenciais para melhorar os desfechos de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o em termos do controle/manuten&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
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        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (PIBIC), oferecido pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) (n&#186; 03/2021 de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica PIBIC/CNPq/UFU)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <article-title>Spirituality/Religiosity and Adherence to Treatment in Hypertensive Individuals</article-title>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6147-3691</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Yanne da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9499-5998</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Aliny Serafim Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1000-8738</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scalia</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Ara&#250;jo Macedo</given-names>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5511-270X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magnabosco</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia</given-names>
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          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5762-9518</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragato</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Guarato da Cunha</given-names>
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          <name>
            <surname>Raponi</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Beatriz Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
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          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6031-048X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dinamarco</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5793-112X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria Nasser</given-names>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research;</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
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        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilh&#233;us, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Val&#233;ria Nasser Figueiredo &#8226; Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia - Av. Par&#225;, Bloco 2u, 1720. Postal Code 38400-902, Umuarama, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG - Brazil. E-mail: valeria.n.figueiredo@ufu.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Adherence to drug and non-drug treatment for hypertension has a major socioeconomic impact, in addition to reducing the risk of cardiovascular events and morbidity and mortality. It is known that spirituality and religiosity can be incorporated into coping and managing hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To analyze possible factors associated with adherence to treatment in hypertensive patients and the role of spirituality/religiosity in this context.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Observational, cross-sectional, quantitative study, carried out with 237 hypertensive individuals monitored in a large Brazilian teaching hospital. Sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle data were collected, in addition to measuring anthropometric data and performing a physical examination. To determine adherence to drug and non-drug treatment for hypertension, the QATSAH instrument was used and, to assess the level of spirituality/religiosity, the Duke Religion Index and the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality were applied.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Higher levels of adherence to treatment were observed when aged &#8805;65 years, physically active, and who did not consume alcohol (p&lt;0.05). Regarding religiosity and spirituality, intrinsic religiosity (&#946; = 0.24, 95%CI [0.22, 1.13], p = 0.004), values and beliefs (&#946; = -0.18, 95%CI [-1.58, -0.20], p = 0.012), and forgiveness (&#946; = 0.16, 95%CI [0.13, 1.19], p = 0.015) were statistically significant predictors of treatment adherence. Organizational religiosity, non-organizational religiosity, and daily spiritual experiences were not significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Greater intrinsic religiosity, lower scores in Values and Beliefs and higher scores in Forgiveness increase the level of medication and non-medication adherence in hypertensive individuals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Spirituality/Religiosity and Adherence to Treatment in Hypertensive Individuals</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240558-40558-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Treatment Adherence and Compliance</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication Adherence</kwd>
        <kwd>Spirituality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension consists of a chronic multifactorial and multigenic disease, characterized by high blood pressure (BP) levels, which causes impairment of the arteries, and leads to progressive and irreversible damage to target organs. Hypertension affects 1.2 billion people around the world and leads to the death of approximately seven million individuals annually. As it is an asymptomatic disease, it is associated with an increase in stroke, congestive heart failure, hospital costs, among others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In order to control hypertension properly, it is essential to maintain and control BP levels. Among available treatments are pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies; non-pharmacological measures include weight reduction, dietary changes, sodium restriction, alcohol restriction and discouraging smoking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Adherence to hypertension treatment is a multifactorial and complex process, as it involves compliance by the hypertensive individual with several actions established by the health professional to achieve a goal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, despite proving the effectiveness of hypertension treatment, adherence is still considered low. Pharmacological effectiveness can vary between 20 and 50%, and adherence rates to pharmacological antihypertensive treatment are below 50% from one year after diagnosis of hypertension onwards.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>Researchers observed that less than 14% of hypertensive individuals have their BP controlled, and this percentage is below 8% in low- and middle-income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several factors contribute to treatment adherence in hypertensive patients, including spirituality and religiosity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> which have been shown to aid in coping with and managing hypertension. Religiosity refers to an individual&#8217;s connection with the sacred, often expressed through the beliefs and practices of a specific religion or religious group. Spirituality, on the other hand, relates to a broader sense of purpose and interconnectedness, which can be experienced within or outside a religious framework.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It can be inferred that religious individuals may benefit from stronger social connections, which encourage the adoption of healthier habits and more effective stress management. This can lead to reduced cortisol levels and improved BP control. Practices like prayer and meditation promote relaxation, reducing sympathetic nervous system activity, which in turn lowers BP and heart rate. These benefits may arise from the normalization of autonomic cardiovascular rhythms, enhanced vagal modulation, decreased sympathetic activity, improved baroreflex sensitivity, and increased production of endogenous nitric oxide. Additionally, religious individuals often take greater personal responsibility for their health and well-being, viewing their bodies as temples of God.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given the significant rise in the prevalence of hypertension among the Brazilian population, increasing from 22.6% in 2006 to 26.3% in 2023, along with the high number of deaths related to hypertensive diseases (551,262 deaths between 2010 and 2020),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> the improvement of treatment adherence is crucial. A systematic review examining the relationship between spirituality/religiosity and medication adherence in patients with cardiovascular disease found that a deeper understanding of this connection can support the development of culturally sensitive, spiritually-based, and patient-centered strategies to enhance medication adherence. Building on these findings, our goal is to identify specific aspects of spirituality and religiosity that influence treatment adherence, addressing a gap in the literature where many studies recognize the potential importance of these dimensions but do not explore actionable elements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <p>The objective of the present study was to analyze the factors potentially associated with treatment adherence in hypertensive patients and the role of spirituality/religiosity in this context.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is an exploratory, cross-sectional, descriptive study with a quantitative approach, conducted in the departments of emergency medicine, internal medicine and surgery of a large Brazilian university hospital. The hospital serves as a referral center for medium- and high-complexity care for municipalities located in the Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro and Alto Parana&#237;ba regions through the Unified Health System (SUS).</p>
        <p>The sample included 237 hypertensive patients who were admitted to the aforementioned hospital. To calculate the sample size, the number of hypertensive patients admitted to the hospital in 2021 (n = 4,126) was obtained. A representative sample was determined with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, resulting in an estimated sample size of 237 subjects. Cochran&#8217;s formula was used, assuming a population proportion of 50%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> a 95% confidence level, and a 5% margin of error. The formula is as follows: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>z</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>&#8901;</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> where:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>&#8226; z</italic> is the z-value corresponding to the desired confidence level,</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>&#8226; p</italic> is the expected proportion of the attribute in the population, and</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>&#8226; E</italic> is the margin of error</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>The researcher selected patients from the daily hospitalization list, including only those with even numbers, until the desired sample size was reached.</p>
        <p>Included participants were over 18 years old, had a clinical diagnosis of hypertension, were of both sexes, were hospitalized, had been undergoing medication treatment for at least six months, and had a Mini-Mental score greater than 25 points.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Pregnant women and individuals with severe psychiatric illnesses or mental disabilities (characterized by symptoms such as confusion, delusions, disorganized speech or behavior, hallucinations, and extreme mood swings) were excluded.</p>
        <p>Data collection took place between December 2021 and June 2022. A questionnaire, prepared by the researchers themselves, was used and composed of sociodemographic data (sex, age, self-reported race, educational level, marital status, income, religion, occupation), clinical data (weight, height, BP, heart rate and pulse); intermittent claudication, comorbidities (diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction-MI, stroke, CHF, and lifestyle habits (sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol consumption) and medications in use (anticoagulant agents, antiplatelet agents, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [ACEI], angiotensin receptor blockers [ARB], calcium channel blockers-BBC, beta-blocker-BB, statin, nitrate and diuretic).</p>
        <p>To measure weight, a platform-type, electronic digital scale (Omron HBF-214), with 150kg capacity and 50g precision was used. Height was measured with the aid of an inextensible measuring tape attached to a wall, with participants standing with their backs to the tape. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the ratio weight (Kg)/height<sup>2</sup>(m), and BMI values were considered as normal (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), overweight (BMI between 25 and 29.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and obesity (BMI &#8805;30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To measure BP, automatic portable devices (model HEM-7113 Omron) and cuffs suitable for upper arm circumference were used. BP measurements were taken in accordance with the Brazilian Arterial Hypertension Guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> with the participant seated and the cuff positioned at heart level, palm facing upward. The participant&#8217;s legs were uncrossed, bladder empty, and they had refrained from physical exercise for at least 60 minutes, as well as from consuming alcohol, coffee, food, or smoking in the 30 minutes prior to the measurement. All participants underwent three BP measurements, with a one-minute interval between them, and the average of the last two BP measurements was considered for analysis.</p>
        <p>Diabetic individuals were defined as the use of hypoglycemic drugs and/or insulin, according to the medical records, prior to hospital admission. Patients with dyslipidemia were defined as those who presented changes in at least one of the components (HDL-C, LDL-C or triglycerides), or even those who used statins. Patients who smoked at least one cigarette per day were considered smokers. Those who did not perform any physical activity for at least 10 minutes continuously during the week were considered sedentary.</p>
        <p>Regarding the consumption of alcoholic beverages, all those who reported consuming alcoholic beverages were considered, regardless of type, quantity or frequency.</p>
        <p>To assess adherence to drug or non-drug treatment, the Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension (QATSAH) was used, as authorized by the author, consisting of 12 questions and with a Cronbach&#8217;s alpha coefficient of 0.81. The scale can vary between 60 and 110, and the higher the score, the greater the adherence to treatment (Level 60: They skip antihypertensive medication at least once a week or take a different dose than the one prescribed at least once a week; Level 70: They neglect to take their hypertension medication at the correct time at least once a week and attend scheduled appointments; Level 80: They neglect to take the antihypertensive medication at the prescribed dose at least once a month; they take the medication independently of symptoms, and reduce consumption of salt and fat by a third; Level 90: They neglect to take their medication at the correct time at least once a month; they reduce the intake of salt, fat, and sweets and sugary drinks by half; take the medication at least once a year and eat practically no fat, no sweets and sugary drinks; Level 100: They neglect to take their hypertension medication at least once a year and eat practically no fat, sweets and sugary drinks; Level 110: They do not neglect to take their hypertension medication, and eat practically no salt and follow non-drug treatment routinely.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To assess the influence of spirituality/religiosity, the DUKE scale (P-durel) was used, which is composed of five items that measure three dimensions of religious involvement related to health outcomes: Organizational Religiosity (OR), Non-Organizational Religiosity (NOR) and Intrinsic Religiosity (IR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>OR involves participation in religious services and communal activities associated with religion, while NOR refers to private religious practices such as prayer, meditation, and personal acts of devotion. In contrast, IR focuses on the significance and influence of religion in an individual&#8217;s everyday life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Additionally, the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS-p) was used to assess the influence of spirituality/religiosity on treatment adherence. The instrument assesses the relationship between religiosity, spirituality and health. The BMMRS-p has 38 items and measures 11 dimensions: 1) Daily spiritual experiences; 2) Values/beliefs; 3) Forgiveness; 4) Private religious practices; 5) Religious coping; 6) Religious support; 7) Spiritual religious history; 8) Commitment; 9) OR; 10) Religious preferences and 11) Global self-assessment of spirituality/religiosity. The answer options are arranged on a Likert scale, with some items ranging from one to eight options and others from one to six. Each dimension has a specific scoring system, where a lower score indicates a higher degree of the dimension in question. To facilitate analysis, item scores can be reversed during data entry so that higher scores reflect greater religiosity/spirituality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data were organized in an Excel spreadsheet, validated by double typing, and statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS Windows), version 25.0<sup>TM</sup>. Continuous variables were described using mean &#177; standard deviation due to normality of data distribution and categorical variables were expressed using absolute and relative frequencies. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality of data distribution. Unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test was used to verify the influence of sociodemographic and clinical variables, as well as lifestyle habits, on treatment adherence scores.</p>
          <p>The simultaneous influence of variables was analyzed using multiple linear regression, where religion- and spirituality-related variables were initially included together in the model. Multicollinearity was assessed using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and collinearity diagnostics, and no significant issues were identified. Based on conceptual relevance and statistical significance, a final model with nine predictor variables was established. The assumptions for parametric tests were verified, and a significance level of 5% (&#945; = 0.05) was adopted for inferential analyses. As presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>, the statistical power achieved was 98.7%, considering the sample size of 237 participants, with a significance level at 0.05, nine predictor variables, and a coefficient of determination R<sup>2</sup> = 0.12.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multiple linear regression analysis of sociodemographic and religious/spiritual factors influencing medication and non-medication adherence in hypertensive patients, adjusted model (QATSAH). Uberl&#226;ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2021-2022</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>&#914;</th>
                    <th>Beta</th>
                    <th>Sig.</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63</td>
                    <td align="center">[-2.39,1.45]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">1.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.073</td>
                    <td align="center">[-0.18,3.96]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Income</td>
                    <td align="center">1.93</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.059</td>
                    <td align="center">[-0.07,3.93]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Education</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63</td>
                    <td align="center">[-1.63,2.68]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Comorbities</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                    <td align="center">[-0.36,0.66]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intrinsic Religiosity</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">[0.22,1.13]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Daily Spiritual Experiences</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46</td>
                    <td align="center">[-0.16,0.35]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Values and Beliefs</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                    <td align="center">[-1.58,-0.20]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Forgiveness</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                    <td align="center">[0.13,1.19]</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>QATSAH: Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension. Dichotomous variables: sex (male or female &#8211; reference category); age (adult or elderly &#8211; reference category); income (&lt; 2,500 Brazilian reals and &gt; 2,500 Brazilian reals &#8211; reference category); education (elementary school and some secondary school or more &#8211; reference category).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Two hundred and thirty-seven hypertensive patients with a mean (&#177;SD) age of 63.0&#177;12.1 years were included. Most patients were male (127; 53.6%), aged &#8805;60 years (156; 65.8%), catholic (134; 56.5%), had &#8804; eight years of formal education (166; 70%), retired (133; 56.1%), and overweight (156; 67.8%); 44.7% (n=106) were white, and 46.8% (n=111) of patients had high level (90th percentile) of adherence to hypertension treatment. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the sociodemographic and clinical profiles, lifestyle habits, medications used, and adherence levels according to the QATSAH questionnaire among hypertensive participants.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sociodemographic and clinical profiles, lifestyle habits, medications used, and adherence levels according to the QATSAH questionnaire among hypertensive participants (n=237). Uberl&#226;ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2021-2022</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (53.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">63.03&#177;12.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;65 years, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (65.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (44.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Formal education</td>
                  <td align="center">227 (95.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Married, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (41.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Income&lt;1MW, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">145(63.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Religion</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Catholic, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">134 (56.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Evangelical, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">57 (24%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Spiritist, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17 (7.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; No religion, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23 (9.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Does not believe in God, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Candombl&#233;, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Retired, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (56.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28.29&#177;6.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">128.86&#177;21.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">75.91&#177;13.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76.90&#177;14.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regular pulse, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">211 (88.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intermittent claudication</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (24.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (32.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (17.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (38.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (24%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (12.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (20.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentarism, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (65.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (13.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol consumption, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (15%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medication use</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Anticoagulant, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16 (6.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Antiplatelet, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25 (10.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; ACE inhibitors, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29 (12.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; ARB, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">144 (61.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; CCB, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">44 (18.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; BB, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">88 (37.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Statin, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">75 (31.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Nitrate, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8 (3.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Diuretic, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">116 (49.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QATSAH</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Level 60</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.42%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Level 70</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Level 80</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">80 (33.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Level 90</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">111 (46.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Level 100</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">31 (13.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#8226; Level 110</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1.26%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Values are expressed as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies or mean and Standard Deviation (SD). MW: minimum wage; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: Diabetes mellitus; MI: myocardial infarction; CHF: congestive heart failure; ACE inhibitors: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB: calcium channel blockers; BB: beta blocker; QATSAH: Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Higher levels of adherence to treatment were observed when aged &#8805;65 years, non-sedentary, and who did not drink alcohol (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison between sociodemographic, clinical variables, lifestyle habits and QATSAH average. Uberl&#226;ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2021-2022</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Mean - QATHAS</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">91.8 &#177;8.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.620</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">92.3 &#177;7.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &#8805;65 years</td>
                  <td align="center">93 &#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &lt;65 years</td>
                  <td align="center">90.4 &#177;6.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">91.8 &#177;7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.567</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed (Brown)/Black/Asian</td>
                  <td align="center">92.4 &#177;7.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No formal education</td>
                  <td align="center">88.3 &#177;5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.444</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Formal education</td>
                  <td align="center">92.3 &#177;7.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;1 MW</td>
                  <td align="center">91.9 &#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.476</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;1 MW</td>
                  <td align="center">92.6 &#177;7.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not sedentary</td>
                  <td align="center">94.9 &#177;7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary</td>
                  <td align="center">90.6 &#177;7.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">91.6 &#177;6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.689</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Not Smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">92.7 &#177;7.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No alcohol consumption</td>
                  <td align="center">92.5 &#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.031*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol consumption</td>
                  <td align="center">90 &#177;5.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>MW: minimum wage; QATSAH: Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension. Student&#8217;s t test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess the influence of religious and spiritual factors on adherence (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Intrinsic religiosity, values and beliefs, and forgiveness were significantly associated with higher QATSAH results. Specifically, higher scores in intrinsic religiosity and forgiveness correlated with greater adherence to hypertension treatment, while lower scores in values and beliefs were linked to better adherence (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multiple linear regression analysis of religious and spiritual factors influencing medication and non-medication adherence among hypertensive patients, based on the Questionnaire of Adherence to the Treatment of Hypertension (QATSAH); Uberl&#226;ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2021-2022</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Religious and Spiritual Variables</th>
                  <th>&#914;</th>
                  <th>Beta</th>
                  <th>Sig.</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Organizational Religiosity</td>
                  <td align="center">0.364</td>
                  <td align="center">0.081</td>
                  <td align="center">0.308</td>
                  <td align="center">[-0.34,1.07]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-Organizational Religiosity</td>
                  <td align="center">0.158</td>
                  <td align="center">0.026</td>
                  <td align="center">0.735</td>
                  <td align="center">[-0.76,1,08]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intrinsic Religiosity</td>
                  <td align="center">0.586</td>
                  <td align="center">0.208</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  <td align="center">[0.08,1,09]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Daily spiritual experiences</td>
                  <td align="center">0.122</td>
                  <td align="center">0.081</td>
                  <td align="center">0.380</td>
                  <td align="center">[-0.15,0.39]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Values/beliefs</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.061</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.219</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">[-1.74,-0.38]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Forgiveness</td>
                  <td align="center">0.696</td>
                  <td align="center">0.170</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  <td align="center">[0.16,1.23]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Religious coping</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.187</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.088</td>
                  <td align="center">0.283</td>
                  <td align="center">[-0.53,1.04]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Commitment</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.042</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.041</td>
                  <td align="center">0.613</td>
                  <td align="center">[-0.20,0.12]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Global self-assessment of spirituality/religiosity</td>
                  <td align="center">0.367</td>
                  <td align="center">0.083</td>
                  <td align="center">0.287</td>
                  <td align="center">[-0.30,0.15]</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Based on this broader analysis, four key variables &#8212; intrinsic religiosity, daily spiritual experiences, values and beliefs, and forgiveness &#8212; were selected for further adjustment due to their referential relevance and statistical significance. These variables were then adjusted for sociodemographic factors (sex, age, income, education, and comorbidities), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>. In the adjusted model, intrinsic religiosity, values and beliefs, and forgiveness remained significant, further reinforcing their influence on adherence.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Aging is often associated with a higher incidence of hypertension, a condition that requires pharmacological interventions to control BP. In many cases, elderly people tend to be more aware of the importance of health care, which includes regular adherence to prescribed medication. In this study, it was observed that those aged 65 years or older had higher levels of adherence to treatment. This fact can be justified by the awareness of the importance of treatment to prevent complications, regular attendance at medical appointments, as well as stability in the daily routine, with more regular times for meals and medications observed in the elderly population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The positive relationship between being physically active and adherence to treatment in hypertensive patients stands out as an important element in maintaining cardiovascular health. In addition to the positive association between BP control and regular physical activity, it is known that physical activity can reduce values of BP within 24 hours after its practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Furthermore, individuals who incorporate physical activity into their daily routine tend to adhere to medication prescriptions as well as other guidelines related to a healthy lifestyle, such as maintaining body weight, controlling stress and improving sleep. These data corroborate the findings of this study, in which non-sedentary participants showed higher levels of adherence to treatment.</p>
        <p>There is a consensus among research studies that excessive alcohol consumption can negatively influence BP, increasing the risks of hypertension and compromising the effectiveness of antihypertensive medications, as well as constituting an important barrier to treatment adherence. In this study, it was observed that participants who did not consume alcohol showed higher levels of adherence to treatment. Individuals who choose not to consume alcohol generally demonstrate greater commitment to medical recommendations, which may include taking prescribed medications regularly. Furthermore, not consuming alcohol reduces the likelihood of unwanted drug interactions, which favors the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment, resulting in adherence to treatment. Also, not consuming alcohol contributes to maintaining an adequate body weight, reducing the risk of obesity, which can improve the clinical picture of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Religiosity and spirituality have been identified in numerous studies as factors that promote adherence to medication treatment. For example, one study found that individuals with higher levels of religiosity are more likely to adopt healthier lifestyles, which may contribute to better treatment adherence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Furthermore, research indicates that patients who engage in practices such as prayer and meditation, or seek support from their religious communities tend to experience fewer symptoms of depression, which can further facilitate adherence to treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Various mechanisms may explain this phenomenon. Religiosity and spirituality can foster a sense of hope and purpose, which enhances an individual&#8217;s commitment to treatment. Additionally, community involvement and practices such as avoiding some foods and harmful substances, often encouraged by religious groups, may also play a key role in promoting adherence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Intrinsic religiosity refers to the deep and personal experience of faith, where spirituality plays a significant role in the individual&#8217;s life. The data listed here indicate that the greater the intrinsic religiosity of a hypertensive patient, the greater the adherence to treatment. Likewise, a study carried out with 9,581 adult Adventist men and women found that intrinsic religiosity is a significant factor in reducing hypertension rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The reason for this association is not yet clear, but we can think that individuals with high intrinsic religiosity find in their faith a source of emotional support, inner strength and meaning to face challenges, including health management. Thus, the belief in a greater purpose can motivate the adoption of healthy behaviors and adherence to medical recommendations, thus contributing to better control of hypertension. A high intrinsic religiosity can be a valuable resource in promoting adherence to hypertension treatment, providing emotional support and a sense of purpose and positively influencing healthy lifestyle habits. However, it is essential to consider the individuality of each person when exploring this interconnection between spirituality and health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this study, forgiveness was also related to greater adherence to treatment. Forgiveness is understood as the ability to let go of resentment and hostility towards others. Individuals who cultivate a willingness to forgive often experience reduced levels of stress, anxiety and anger, which, when present in excess, can contribute to the development and worsening of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In a study carried out with 3,105 hypertensive patients, it was found that the forgiveness variable was associated with lower diastolic BP and a reduced probability of hypertensive outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Individuals undergoing a forgiveness training program had significant reductions in their BP when compared to those who did not participate in the program.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Therefore, we can infer that the ability to forgive is associated with an improvement in psychological health, promoting a state of well-being that can be positively reflected in lifestyle choices and adherence to medical recommendations.</p>
        <p>Forgiveness is also related to promoting healthy behaviors. Individuals who cultivate the ability to forgive may be more likely to take a proactive approach to their health, including consistent adherence to medication, balanced eating habits, and engaging in regular physical activity. These elements are fundamental in the effective control of hypertension. Furthermore, the practice of forgiveness is associated with an improvement in interpersonal and social relationships. Healthier family and community relationships can create a supportive environment where adherence to treatment is encouraged and facilitated. Social support is recognized as a crucial factor in the effective management of hypertension and the promotion of healthy behaviors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, in relation to values and beliefs, a negative influence on adherence to treatment was found. Values and beliefs refer to fundamental convictions about the way people interpret and interact with the world, that is, they are intrinsic elements of individuals&#8217; identity, shaping their perceptions about health, treatment and lifestyle. Therefore, when a person&#8217;s values and beliefs conflict with medical recommendations for controlling hypertension, adherence to treatment may be compromised. Cultural, spiritual, and philosophical beliefs can play a significant role in how a person addresses hypertension treatment. Also, a distrust regarding the effectiveness of conventional treatments, often rooted in personal beliefs, can lead to the search for alternative approaches or hesitation in following medical advice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, identifying and supporting religious coping and forgiveness strategies, as well as understanding the values and beliefs of hypertensive patients, can promote and facilitate greater adherence to treatment. It is crucial that healthcare professionals play an active role in this process, not only recognizing and validating the importance of spirituality and religious practices for their patients, but also integrating this understanding into personalized care strategies. By doing so, they can identify possible barriers to treatment adherence based on beliefs and work collaboratively to find solutions that respect these views, while encouraging effective health practices.<sup>32</sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Due to the cross-sectional design, limited sample size, and the fact that the study was conducted in a single hospital, causal inferences and extrapolation of the results to other contexts should be made with caution. Moreover, the cross-sectional nature of the study limits the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships between factors like spirituality/religiosity and treatment adherence in hypertensive patients. Additionally, most data were self-reported, which introduces the potential for recall bias. Adherence was assessed indirectly using patient self-reports through the QATSAH questionnaire.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Religiosity/spirituality influenced medication and non-medication adherence in hypertensive individuals, in the dimensions Intrinsic Religiosity, Values and Beliefs and Forgiveness. These findings suggest that investigations and interventions focused on psychosocial and behavioral elements are essential to improve the population&#8217;s health outcomes in terms of controlling/maintaining hypertension.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of scientific initiation submitted by Yanne da Silva Camargo, from Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia under the protocol number 4.567.621 and CAAE: 33792420.0.0000.5152. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Institutional Program of Scientific Initiation Scholarships (PIBIC), provided by The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (no. 03/2021 of Scholarships Scientific Initiation PIBIC/CNPq/UFU).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
