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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Lrnt9BTKqx3DtjmsQGqdNwR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240542</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Eletropora&#231;&#227;o versus Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia de Alta Pot&#234;ncia e Curta Dura&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-053X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amador</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1554-6116</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morgado</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2771-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavaco</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Adrag&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ocidental Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Rita Reis Santos &#8226; Hospital de Santa Cruz - Avenida Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos. 2790-134, Carnaxide - Portugal E-mail: <email>reissantos.rita@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Carlos Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240542</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Eletropora&#231;&#227;o versus Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia de Alta Pot&#234;ncia e Curta Dura&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por cateter: eletropora&#231;&#227;o versus abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia de alta pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Lrnt9BTKqx3DtjmsQGqdNwR/70e48a1689ea723fea913693830bab14ba5be0ad.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Lrnt9BTKqx3DtjmsQGqdNwR/05a28da9d5eb544c16efda0867d0ef6b8d9faf0d.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O Isolamento da Veia Pulmonar (IVP) &#233; crucial no tratamento de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA). Novas tecnologias de abla&#231;&#227;o, tais como Abla&#231;&#227;o por Campo Pulsado (ACP) e abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia de Alta Pot&#234;ncia e Curta dura&#231;&#227;o (HPSD, do ingl&#234;s high-power short-duration) surgiram no laborat&#243;rio de eletrofisiologia. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos comparando os desfechos dessas abordagens.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Comparar a efic&#225;cia, a seguran&#231;a da ACP e da abla&#231;&#227;o por HPSD em pacientes com FA sintom&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, de pacientes consecutivos submetidos ao IPP com ACP ou HPSD entre maio e dezembro de 2022. Foram analisados dados demogr&#225;ficos, dados relacionados ao procedimento, e recorr&#234;ncia de FA durante o seguimento. Foi realizada an&#225;lise comparativa entre as duas t&#233;cnicas. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 101 pacientes (61&#177;11 anos, 75% homens); 56% dos pacientes apresentaram FA parox&#237;stica e 19% foram submetidos a uma segunda abla&#231;&#227;o. Quarenta e cinco porcento dos pacientes foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por HPSD e 55% &#224; ACP. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre a abla&#231;&#227;o por HPSD e ACP, a primeira t&#233;cnica apresentou um menor tempo de fluoroscopia [5min (IIQ 3-7min] vs. 13min (IQR 10-16min), p&lt;0,001], por&#233;m um tempo de procedimento mais longo [97min (IQR 75-142) vs. 88min (IQR 66-111), p=0,13]. O Isolamento da Parede Posterior (IPP) foi realizado em cinco (11%) dos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por HPSD vs. 20 (36%) dos submetidos &#224; ACP (p=0,004). Houve somente um caso de complica&#231;&#227;o maior, um paciente com tamponamento card&#237;aco ap&#243;s a ACP, tratado com pericardiocentese. Ao longo do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento [384 (IIQ 341 -545) dias], 76 pacientes (75%) encontravam-se em ritmo sinusal, e 25% dos pacientes sofreram recorr&#234;ncia de FA (10 pacientes no grupo ACP e 15 no grupo HPSD, p=0,06).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Observou-se que tanto a ACP como a abla&#231;&#227;o por HPSD &#233; um procedimento vi&#225;vel e seguro. A ACP resultou em tempos mais curtos de procedimento e menores taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de FA, principalmente quando o IPP foi realizado. Embora avalia&#231;&#245;es no mundo real sejam ainda escassas, ambas as t&#233;cnicas parecem eficientes, com uma baixa taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de FA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Veias Pulmonares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca mais comum, com um risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de cerca de 1 em 3-5 indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 45 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Proje&#231;&#245;es apontam que, at&#233; o ano de 2050, a preval&#234;ncia de FA aumentar&#225; para 15,9 milh&#245;es de pessoas na Am&#233;rica e 17,9 milh&#245;es na Europa at&#233; 2060.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A FA tem um grande impacto sobre a morbidade e a mortalidade, resultando em um risco aumentado de morte, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, interna&#231;&#245;es e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No tratamento de pacientes com FA sintom&#225;ticos, o isolamento da veia pulmonar (IVP) &#233; um componente chave no controle de ritmo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>Novas tecnologias de abla&#231;&#227;o, tais como a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia de alta pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o (HPSD, do ingl&#234;s <italic>high-power short-duration</italic>) e a abla&#231;&#227;o por campo pulsado (ACP) surgiram recentemente de estudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de arritmias atriais com HPSD surgiu como uma alternativa &#224;s modalidades convencionais, tipicamente realizadas com aplica&#231;&#227;o de energia de baixa pot&#234;ncia. A abla&#231;&#227;o por HPSD visa produzir les&#245;es mais superficiais, por&#233;m mais extensas, em um per&#237;odo mais curto reduzindo-se o aquecimento indireto (condutivo) e aumentando, simultaneamente, o aquecimento direto (resistivo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Isso pode resultar na forma&#231;&#227;o mais efetiva de uma les&#227;o superficial mais ampla, prevenindo-se, potencialmente, um dano colateral a estruturas adjacentes como o es&#244;fago e os nervos fr&#234;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ACP &#233; uma t&#233;cnica de energia avan&#231;ada n&#227;o termal que rompe as membranas celulares aplicando-se impulsos el&#233;tricos ultrarr&#225;pidos, resultando na forma&#231;&#227;o irrevers&#237;vel de nanoporos e em apoptose celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por meio da otimiza&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa de par&#226;metros, tais como a amplitude de voltagem, formas de onda, e sequ&#234;ncias de pulsos, a ACP pode seletivamente atingir o tecido mioc&#225;rdico enquanto minimiza o dano a estruturas adjacentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os primeiros dados de longo prazo mostraram uma taxa de sobrevida em um ano livre de arritmia entre 70% e 85% para ambas as modalidades de abla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo original, avaliamos e comparamos a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a de uma aplica&#231;&#227;o de ACP e HPSD para abla&#231;&#227;o da FA em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos, popula&#231;&#227;o e delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico incluindo pacientes com FA com idade inferior a 18 anos, encaminhados de maneira eletiva para abla&#231;&#227;o da FA sintom&#225;tica em nosso centro terci&#225;rio, entre maio e dezembro de 2022.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do procedimento pacientes com FA secund&#225;ria a desequil&#237;brio eletrol&#237;tico, doen&#231;a tireoidiana, causa n&#227;o card&#237;aca ou revers&#237;vel, ou a trombo atrial esquerdo, e pacientes com contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m foram coletados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento HPSD</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; angiografia computadorizada card&#237;aca pr&#233;-FA para mapear as Veias Pulmonares (VPs) e excluir trombo no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo de acordo com o protocolo da institui&#231;&#227;o. Foi necess&#225;ria terapia anticoagula&#231;&#227;o antes do procedimento, seguindo-se diretrizes atuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Administrou-se heparina durante o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o para se atingir um tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado &#8805; 325 segundos. Foi utilizado um novo cateter QDOT&#174; para a abla&#231;&#227;o, em modo temperatura controlada, com taxas aumentadas de fluxo de irriga&#231;&#227;o e pot&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas para diferentes &#225;reas do cora&#231;&#227;o. Aplica&#231;&#245;es de Radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) ponto a ponto foram utilizadas para criar um c&#237;rculo cont&#237;guo ao redor das veias, sob temperatura e pot&#234;ncia espec&#237;ficas (QMode+), com uma pot&#234;ncia espec&#237;fica de 90W para a parede posterior por quatro segundos (fluxo de irriga&#231;&#227;o a 2-8 mL/min) e 50W para a parede anterior (fluxo de irriga&#231;&#227;o a 4-15 mL/min) com um &#237;ndice de abla&#231;&#227;o alvo de 500-550.</p>
        <p>Uma abordagem de sinais anat&#244;micos e endoc&#225;rdicos foi usada para isolar as VPs, e foi recomendado que aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF fossem feitas fora dos &#243;stios das VPs para minimizar o risco de estenose. O IVP via bloqueio de entrada foi avaliado usando cateteres Lasso ou PentaRay (Biosense Webster, Inc., Irvine, CA). O tempo total do procedimento foi o per&#237;odo entre a obten&#231;&#227;o do acesso vascular e a remo&#231;&#227;o dos cateteres do paciente.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral por pelo menos dois meses. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo inicial, os pacientes foram orientados a continuarem a terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com as diretrizes da ESC de 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A decis&#227;o de administrar drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o foi feita pelo m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel pelo tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de ACP</title>
        <p>Antes do procedimento, todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; angiotomografia computadorizada para avaliar o &#225;trio e as VPs e para excluir a presen&#231;a de trombo no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Segundo diretrizes atuais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> foi necess&#225;ria terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica ininterrupta por pelo menos tr&#234;s semanas antes do tratamento.</p>
        <p>Heparina n&#227;o fracionada foi administrada antes da pun&#231;&#227;o transseptal para manter um tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado entre 300 e 350 segundos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A abla&#231;&#227;o foi guiada por fluoroscopia, com ou sem um sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico tridimensional (CARTO 3, Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, EUA). Os pacientes receberam seda&#231;&#227;o profunda com administra&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de remifentanil e propofol ou anestesia geral, particularmente para abla&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior, segundo decis&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
        <p>Foi utilizado um cateter de multieletrodos tipo pentaspline (FARAPULSE, Boston Scientific) de ACP no procedimento. Outros cateteres foram posicionados no seio coron&#225;rio e no ventr&#237;culo direito para controle do ritmo. O protocolo do grupo ACP envolveu o uso de cateter de ACP pentaspline (Farawave 12-Fr), inserido atrav&#233;s de uma bainha manobr&#225;vel com um eixo transparente (Faradrive) at&#233; o &#225;trio esquerdo. Ap&#243;s posicionar o fio guia de ponta reta conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es (fio reto extra r&#237;gido Amplatz; Cook Inc.) em cada VP, o cateter de ACP foi posicionado no &#243;stio de cada VP para administrar um total de oito les&#245;es de campo pulsado por veia. Les&#245;es adicionais foram realizadas em veias maiores ou no tronco pulmonar sempre que fossem detectados sinais anormais. As les&#245;es foram distribu&#237;das em um padr&#227;o de &#8220;cesta&#8221; e &#8220;flor&#8221;, com rota&#231;&#227;o entre cada par de les&#245;es. Para abla&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, o cateter foi disposto em uma configura&#231;&#227;o de flor e posicionado ao longo da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo para administrar conjuntos sobrepostos de pulsos. O tempo total de procedimento foi o intervalo entre a obten&#231;&#227;o do acesso vascular at&#233; a remo&#231;&#227;o dos cateteres do paciente. Como no grupo HPSD, ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o por pelo menos dois meses. Os pacientes foram orientados a continuar com a terapia anticoagula&#231;&#227;o seguindo-se as diretrizes da ESC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e a decis&#227;o de administrar drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o foi feita pelo m&#233;dico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos e acompanhamento</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi sucesso agudo no IVP (e da parede posterior quando realizado). O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi qualquer recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s meses. Recorr&#234;ncia foi caracterizada por palpita&#231;&#245;es com dura&#231;&#227;o acima de 10 minutos ou detec&#231;&#227;o de FA, <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, ou qualquer arritmia atrial em eletrocardiograma (ECG) de rotina ou no Holter 24 horas.</p>
        <p>O principal desfecho de seguran&#231;a foi qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o maior relacionada ao procedimento, como tamponamento card&#237;aco, sangramento maior ou complica&#231;&#227;o vascular, infarto periprocedimento, paralisia persistente do nervo fr&#234;nico, f&#237;stula antrioesof&#225;gica, e morte.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP), ou mediana e Intervalo Interquartil (IIQ) para dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. Os grupos foram comparados usando o teste t de Student para amostras independentes quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e o teste exato de Fisher ou o teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p&lt;0,05 (bicaudal). As taxas de eventos cumulativos foram calculadas usando o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. O teste de log-rank foi usado para comparar a distribui&#231;&#227;o de eventos entre os dois grupos. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Statistics v27.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 101 pacientes consecutivos (75% homens), com idade m&#233;dia de 61&#177;11 anos. A pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia no escore CHA2DS2-VASc foi 2&#177;1 pontos; a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda m&#233;dia foi 59&#177; 8%, e o &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo mediano (tomografia computadorizada) foi 53 mL/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> [IIQ 40-58 mL/m<sup>2</sup>]. Cinquenta e seis porcento dos pacientes apresentavam FA parox&#237;stica, e 19% dos pacientes haviam se submetido a um procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o. Em termos de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e comorbidades, 64 pacientes (63%) apresentavam um diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o, 41% apresentavam dislipidemia, e 17 pacientes (17%) eram diab&#233;ticos. An&#225;lises comparativas das caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, indicando aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais da coorte do estudo e an&#225;lises comparativas entre os pacientes submetidos e &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia de alta pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o (HPSD, do ingl&#234;s high-power short-duration) e os pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por campo pulsado (ACP)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas basais</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Total (n=101)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">ACP (n=56)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">HPSD (n=45)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">61&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">60&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (63%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (91%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28&#177;4</td>
                  <td align="center">28&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">28&#177;4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (63%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">17(17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">41(41%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIT/AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore CHA2DS2-VASc</td>
                  <td align="center">2&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center">2&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA parox&#237;stica</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (54%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Tomografia computadorizada</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume atrial esquerdo, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">53 (40-58)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (40-72)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (38-64)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Valores em mediana (intervalo interquartil), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas apresentadas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA, 45% (n=45) dos pacientes realizaram HPSD e 55% (n=56) ACP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). O mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico foi conduzido em 94 (93%) pacientes (n=45 HPSD vs. n=49 ACP) com base na experi&#234;ncia inicial dos operadores e principalmente quando se planejou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de Isolamento da Parede Posterior (IPP). Em ambos os grupos, o IPP foi realizado com sucesso em todos (100%) os pacientes.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com valores de volume atrial esquerdo mais altos eram mais propensos a serem submetidos ao IPP [63 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (IIQ 42-76 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) vs. 48 mL/m<sup>2</sup> [IQR 39-64 mL/m<sup>2</sup>], p=0,034). O IPP foi realizado principalmente nos pacientes submetidos &#224; ACP. Os dados do procedimento est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento foi significativamente maior nos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o HPSD em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; ACP &#8211; 97 minutos (IIQ 75-142 min) vs. 88 minutos (IIQ 66-111 minutos), mas com tempos menores de fluoroscopia (5,4 min [IIQ 2,9-7,3 min] vs. 13,2 min [IIQ 10,2-15,6 min]). Em 13 pacientes (68%), houve necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de outro IPP. Pacientes submetidos ao IPP apresentaram volumes de &#225;trio esquerdo mais altos, embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica [62mL/m<sup>2</sup> (IIQ 42-75 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) vs. 42 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (IIQ 32-57 mL/m<sup>2</sup>), p=0.095].</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lises comparativas entre pacientes submetidos e &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia de alta pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o (HPSD, do ingl&#234;s high-power short-duration) e os pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por campo pulsado (ACP)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Total (n=101)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">ACP (n=56)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">HPSD (n=45)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abla&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (65%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procedure time, minutos</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (69 &#8211; 117)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (66 &#8211; 111)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (75 &#8211; 142)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de fluoroscopia, minutos</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (5 &#8211; 14)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (10-16)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3-7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (93%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (88%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Eventos adversos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamponamento peric&#225;rdico</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Valores em mediana (intervalo interquartil), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas apresentadas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram relatadas complica&#231;&#245;es maiores para o grupo HSPD. No grupo ACP, n&#227;o foram relatadas complica&#231;&#245;es, com exce&#231;&#227;o de um caso de tamponamento card&#237;aco com ACP, que foi tratado com pericardiocentese.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento</title>
        <p>Ao longo dos 384 dias (IIQ 341-545) e acompanhamento, o ECG realizado pelo menos tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA revelou que 76 pacientes (75%) estavam em ritmo sinusal, enquanto 25% dos pacientes apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de FA &#8211; 10 pacientes no grupo ACP e 15 no grupo HPSD, 48% com FA parox&#237;stica. Apesar de n&#227;o ter havido diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nas caracter&#237;sticas basais nem nas caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas ao procedimento entre os pacientes que sofreram recorr&#234;ncia de FA e os que n&#227;o sofreram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>), os pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de FA eram mais velhos (62 &#177;11 vs. 60 &#177; 12 anos), tinham maior chance de serem submetidos a um segundo procedimento (24 vs. 17%), e apresentaram maior porcentagem de IPP. Entre os pacientes submetidos ao IPP, a recorr&#234;ncia de FA foi observada em 80% dos indiv&#237;duos tratados com abla&#231;&#227;o por HPSD, e em 25% dos tratados com ACP (p=0,022). A an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>) n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas na sobrevida livre de arritmia entre os dois grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises comparativas entre pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia e sem recorr&#234;ncia de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) durante o seguimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Com FA recorrente (n=25)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Sem FA recorrente (n=76)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">60 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume atrial esquerdo, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">50 (37 &#8211; 72)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (41 &#8211; 66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA parox&#237;stica, n</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA pr&#233;vio, n</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abla&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de procedimento, min</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (84 &#8211; 120)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (65 &#8211; 118)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de fluoroscopia, min</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (5 &#8211; 12)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (6 &#8211; 14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Valores em mediana (intervalo interquartil), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas apresentadas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier mostrando sobrevida livre de arritmia nos pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia de alta pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o (HPSD) e pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por campo pulsado (ACP).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240542-40542-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de FA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>) mostrou um tempo mais curto da fluoroscopia no grupo HPSD em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo ACP [5 minutos (IIQ 3-10 minutos) vs. 12 minutos (IIQ 10-18 minutos)], mas sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no tempo de procedimento [97 minutos (IIQ 90-156 minutos) vs. 90 minutos (IIQ 68-108 minutos)].</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises comparativas entre pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia de Alta Pot&#234;ncia e Curta dura&#231;&#227;o (HPSD) e pacientes submetidos &#224; Abla&#231;&#227;o por Campo Pulsado (ACP) com recorr&#234;ncia de FA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>ACP</th>
                  <th>HPSD</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia de FA</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume atrial esquerdo, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">49 (39 &#8211; 74)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (37 &#8211; 70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA parox&#237;stica, n</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA pr&#233;vio, n</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abla&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de procedimento, min</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (68 &#8211; 108)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (90 &#8211; 156)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de fluoroscopia, min</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (10 &#8211; 18)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3 &#8211; 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Valores em mediana (intervalo interquartil), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas apresentadas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>An&#225;lises de subgrupos de pacientes com FA que sofreram recorr&#234;ncia de FA durante o acompanhamento indicaram aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os pacientes com e sem FA parox&#237;stica (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240542-40542-suppl01.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 1</inline-supplementary-material>). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a no tipo de FA entre os grupos HPSD e ACP (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240542-40542-suppl02.pdf">Tabelas Suplementares 2 e 3</inline-supplementary-material>). Ainda, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os pacientes com FA recorrente e submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior no grupo HPSD e no grupo ACP (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240542-40542-suppl03.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 4</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo compara nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial com novas tecnologias de abla&#231;&#227;o: ACP e HPSD. Com base em nosso conhecimento atual, h&#225; pouca evid&#234;ncia comparando os procedimentos de HPSD e ACP, principalmente a respeito de complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento e dados longitudinais ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Nosso estudo avalia nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial com essas t&#233;cnicas inovadoras, abordando os procedimentos, complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas e acompanhamento ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Este estudo inclui dois grupos de pacientes sem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente diferentes em suas caracter&#237;sticas basais. Um IVP bem-sucedido &#233; um fator chave na efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o. Em concord&#226;ncia com resultados previamente relatados da ACP e da abla&#231;&#227;o de HPSD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> n&#243;s alcan&#231;amos 100% de sucesso do procedimento em termos t&#233;cnicos.</p>
      <p>De acordo com nossos resultados, e consistente com registros pr&#233;vios, tais como os relatados no ensaio MANIFEST,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> a ACP demonstrou uma n&#237;tida vantagem em termos de um tempo de procedimento mais curto. A redu&#231;&#227;o no tempo de procedimento minimiza a exposi&#231;&#227;o do paciente a agentes anest&#233;sicos, fluidos intravenosos e heparina, enquanto melhora significativamente a efici&#234;ncia do procedimento.</p>
      <p>Consistente com nossos dados, ensaios pr&#233;vios relataram tempos mais curtos de fluoroscopia para HPSD em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; ACP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Como a ACP &#233; uma t&#233;cnica mais recente em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de HPSD, um fator que contribui para os tempos mais longos de fluoroscopia est&#225; provavelmente relacionado ao fen&#244;meno de curva de aprendizagem, j&#225; que operadores mais experientes tendem a realizar o procedimento de maneira mais eficiente e com um uso relativamente menor de fluoroscopia. Contudo, apesar da expertise dos operadores e do mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico, a ACP requer fluoroscopia para confirmar o posicionamento e a rota&#231;&#227;o do cateter. Tal fato resulta em um tempo de fluoroscopia um pouco mais longo em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o requerem confirma&#231;&#227;o radiogr&#225;fica.</p>
      <p>Outro ponto chave &#233; o fato de que ambos os grupos apresentaram poucas complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento, em conson&#226;ncia com dados pr&#233;vios para ambos os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> N&#227;o foram relatadas complica&#231;&#245;es no grupo HPSD e houve somente um caso de tamponamento card&#237;aco no grupo ACP. Neste paciente, a causa do tamponamento card&#237;aco n&#227;o foi identificada facilmente; no entanto, ao final do procedimento de ACP, o cateter Farawave<sup>TM</sup> foi removido da bainha Faradrive<sup>TM</sup>, e o &#225;trio esquerdo remapeado com um cateter Pentaray&#174;. Assim, a manipula&#231;&#227;o do cateter pode ter sido a causa do tamponamento card&#237;aco, que foi tratado com pericardiocentese, sem necessidade de cirurgia.</p>
      <p>Similarmente a estudos pr&#233;vios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> uma alta porcentagem de pacientes permaneceram livre de FA no seguimento em curto prazo, com uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia mais baixa no grupo ACP e um n&#250;mero estatisticamente menor de recorr&#234;ncias nos pacientes submetidos ao IPP no grupo ACP em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo HPSD. Uma vez que nossa coorte n&#227;o exibiu diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas basais entre os pacientes submetidos ao IPP no grupo ACP e HPSD, atribu&#237;mos a diferen&#231;a na efic&#225;cia em longo prazo &#224; t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o empregada, particularmente &#224; homogeneidade das les&#245;es da abla&#231;&#227;o geradas pela ACP.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, a ACP foi a t&#233;cnica preferida para o IPP planejado, demonstrando resultados excelentes do procedimento, atestando, assim, sua facilidade e efetividade. Vale ressaltar que o IPP foi conduzido com base na descri&#231;&#227;o do operador e no volume atrial esquerdo, e guiado principalmente pela avalia&#231;&#227;o dos potenciais fragmentados e/ou fibrose atrial.</p>
      <p>Por fim, em nosso estudo, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de FA, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os v&#225;rios subgrupos analisados. O &#250;nico fator de diferencia&#231;&#227;o foi a t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o empregada, com uma tendencia a melhores desfechos com ACP, especialmente quando o IPP foi realizado.</p>
      <p>Este estudo est&#225; sujeito a v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es importantes que devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos achados. Primeiro, o estudo foi conduzido em um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio com um tamanho amostral moderado. Tal fato limita a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados a outros ambientes ou popula&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, o per&#237;odo mediano de acompanhamento de aproximadamente um ano &#233; relativamente curto para avaliar desfechos em longo prazo, tal como recorr&#234;ncia de FA. Assim, &#233; necess&#225;rio um per&#237;odo mais longo de acompanhamento para avaliar a dura&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos da abla&#231;&#227;o. Segundo, este estudo se trata de uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva, n&#227;o randomizada. Embora ele inclua dois grupos de pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam caracter&#237;sticas basais estatisticamente significativas, a falta de randomiza&#231;&#227;o pode haver introduzido um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Estudos retrospectivos dependem de dados pr&#233;-existentes e registos m&#233;dicos, os quais podem introduzir vieses ou inconsist&#234;ncias na coleta de dados. Al&#233;m disso, este estudo n&#227;o considerou informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre terapias antiarr&#237;tmicas, o que poderia influenciar substancialmente os desfechos do manejo da FA e confundir as associa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de FA.</p>
      <p>Em resumo, enquanto este estudo contribui com <italic>insights</italic> valiosos, suas limita&#231;&#245;es destacam a necessidade de mais estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es maiores e delineamento prospectivo para validar e detalhar esses resultados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Tanto a ACP e a abla&#231;&#227;o por HPSD s&#227;o op&#231;&#245;es seguras e vi&#225;veis, com uma tend&#234;ncia a uma efic&#225;cia superior da ACP. Relatamos um caso de tamponamento card&#237;aco no grupo ACP, que ocorreu durante um procedimento realizado quando se havia pouca experi&#234;ncia no centro e atribu&#237;do &#224; manipula&#231;&#227;o do cateter.</p>
      <p>O tempo de procedimento foi mais curto com ACP e, embora n&#227;o estatisticamente significativo, esse fato foi associado com uma taxa mais baixa de recorr&#234;ncia de FA em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o HPSD. Especificamente, o grupo ACP exibiu taxas significativamente mais baixas de recorr&#234;ncia de FA quando o IPP foi realizado, em contraste com o grupo tratado com abla&#231;&#227;o por HPSD. Avalia&#231;&#245;es de ambas as t&#233;cnicas ainda s&#227;o poucas no mundo real, mas os dois m&#233;todos foram eficazes em temos de baixa recorr&#234;ncia de FA durante o seguimento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240542i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation: Electroporation Against High-Power Short Duration Radiofrequency</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-053X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to this work</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amador</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to this work</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1554-6116</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morgado</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2771-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavaco</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Adrag&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Rita Reis Santos &#8226; Hospital de Santa Cruz - Avenida Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos. 2790-134, Carnaxide - Portugal E-mail: reissantos.rita@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Carlos Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation: Electroporation Against High-Power Short Duration Radiofrequency</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: electroporation against high-power short duration radiofrequency.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240542-40542-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is crucial in treating symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF). New ablation technologies, such as pulse-field ablation (PFA) and high-power short-duration (HPSD) have emerged in the electrophysiology lab. However, no study has compared the outcomes of these approaches.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To compare the efficacy and safety of PFA and HPSD in AF symptomatic patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Single-centre, retrospective study of consecutive patients undergoing PVI with PFA or HPSD between May and December 2022. Demographic data, procedural data, and AF recurrence beyond the blanking period, were analysed. Comparative analysis between both techniques was performed. A P-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total 101 patients were included (61&#177;11 years, 75% men); 56% of patients had paroxysmal AF and 19% underwent a redo ablation. Forty-five percent of patients underwent HPSD ablation and 55% PFA. Comparing HPSD and PFA, HPSD had a lower fluoroscopy time (5min [IQR 3-7min]vs 13min [IQR 10-16min], p&lt;0.001), but higher procedure time (97min [IQR 75-142]vs 88min [IQR 66-111], p=0.13). Posterior wall isolation (PWI) was performed in 5 (11%) HPSD vs 20 (36%) PFA patients (p=0.004). There was only one case of major complication, a patient with cardiac tamponade following PFA, who was treated with pericardiocentesis. Over 384 (IQR 341 -545) days of follow-up, 76 patients (75%) were in sinus rhythm, while 25% of patients had AF recurrence: 10 PFA patients and 15 HPSD patients (p=0.06).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Both PFA and HPSD were found to be feasible and safe procedures. PFA resulted in shorter procedure times, and lower AF recurrence rates, mainly when PWI was performed. Although analysis in a real-world scenario is still scarce, both techniques seem to be efficient, with a low AF recurrence rate.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiofrequency Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Veins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent cardiac arrhythmia with a lifetime risk of about 1 in 3&#8211;5 individuals after the age of 45 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Projections indicate that by 2050, the prevalence of AF will rise to 15.9 million in America and 17.9 million in Europe by 2060.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> AF has a profound impact on global morbidity and mortality, resulting in an increased risk of death, heart failure, hospital admissions, and thromboembolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When treating symptomatic AF patients, pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is a key component of rhythm-control therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> New ablation technologies, such as high-power short-duration (HPSD) radiofrequency ablation and pulsed-field ablation (PFA), have been recently introduced in the electrophysiology (EP) lab.</p>
        <p>Catheter ablation of atrial arrhythmias with HPSD emerged as an alternative to conventional ablation modes, typically performed at low-power energy settings. HPSD ablation aims to produce shallower yet broader lesions in a short duration by reducing indirect (conductive) heating while simultaneously increasing direct (resistive) heating.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This may result in more effective, broader, and superficial lesion formation potentially avoiding collateral damage to adjacent structures like the oesophagus and the phrenic nerves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>PFA is an advanced nonthermal energy technique that disrupts cell membranes by applying ultra-rapid electrical impulses, resulting in irreversible nanoscale pore formation, and cellular apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Through the careful optimization of parameters such as voltage amplitude, waveforms, and pulse sequences, PFA can selectively target myocardial tissue while minimizing damage to adjacent structures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>First long-term data reported an arrhythmia-free survival after one year reaching from 70% to 85% for both AF ablation modalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this original research work, we evaluated and compared the efficacy and safety of single-shot PFA and HPSD for AF ablation in symptomatic patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical data, and study population and design</title>
          <p>Single-centre retrospective study including patients with AF, under 18 years of age, and electively referred for symptomatic AF ablation in our tertiary centre, between May and December 2022.</p>
          <p>Patients were excluded from the procedure if they had AF secondary to electrolyte imbalance, thyroid disease, reversible or non-cardiac cause, or left atrial thrombus, and patients with contraindications to anticoagulation. Clinical parameters were also collected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>HPSD procedure</title>
          <p>All patients underwent pre-AF ablation cardiac computed angiography to map the pulmonary veins (PVs) and rule out left atrial appendage thrombus following the institutional protocol. Anticoagulation therapy was required before the procedure in accordance with current guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Heparin was administered during the ablation procedure to achieve an activated clotting time of &#8805;325 seconds. A novel QDOT&#174; catheter in temperature-controlled mode was used for the ablation, with increased irrigation flow rates and specific power settings for different areas of the heart. Point-by-point radiofrequency (RF) delivery was used to create a contiguous circle around the veins, with specific temperature and power (QMode+), with a power of 90W for the posterior wall for four seconds (irrigation flow at 2-8 mL/min) and 50W for the anterior wall (irrigation flow 4-15 ml/min) with a target ablation index of 500-550.</p>
          <p>An anatomical and endocardial signals approach was used to isolate all PVs, and RF applications were recommended to be outside the PV ostia to minimize the risk of PV stenosis. PVI via the entrance block was assessed using Lasso or PentaRay catheters (Biosense Webster, Inc., Irvine, CA). The total procedure time was the interval from obtaining vascular access to removing catheters from the patient.</p>
          <p>After the ablation procedure, patients underwent oral anticoagulation therapy for at least two months. Following this initial period, patients were advised to continue anticoagulation therapy in accordance with the 2020 ESC guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The decision to administer antiarrhythmic drugs after the ablation was left to the treating physician&#8217;s discretion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>PFA procedure</title>
          <p>Prior to the procedure, all patients underwent cardiac computed tomography angiography to assess the atrium and PVs and to rule out the presence of left atrial appendage thrombus. According to current guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> uninterrupted systemic anticoagulation therapy was required for at least three weeks before treatment.</p>
          <p>Unfractionated heparin was given before the transseptal puncture to maintain an activated clotting time between 300 and 350 seconds.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The ablation was performed under fluoroscopic guidance, with or without a three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system (CARTO 3, Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA). Patients received deep sedation using continuous remifentanil and propofol infusion or general anaesthesia, particularly for posterior wall ablation, according to the physician&#8217;s discretion.</p>
          <p>The multielectrode pentaspline PFA catheter (FARAPULSE, Boston Scientific) was utilized for ablation. Other catheters were positioned in the coronary sinus and right ventricle for pacing if needed. The PFA group protocol involved using a pentaspline PFA catheter (Farawave, 12-Fr) inserted through a 13-Fr steerable sheath with a transparent shaft (Faradrive) into the left atrium (LA). After placing the recommended straight-tip 0.035 guidewire (Amplatz extra stiff straight wire; Cook Inc.) in each target PV, the PFA catheter was placed at the ostium of each PV to administer a total of eight pulsed-filed (PF) lesions per vein. Additional lesions were performed on larger veins or the pulmonary trunk whenever abnormal signals were detected. The lesions were distributed in a &#8216;basket&#8217; and &#8216;flower&#8217; pattern, with rotation between each pair of lesions. For ablating the posterior LA wall, the catheter was deployed in a flower configuration and placed along the posterior LA to deliver overlapping sets of pulses. The total procedure time was the interval from obtaining vascular access to the removal of catheters from the patient. Like in HPSD group, after the ablation procedure, patients underwent oral anticoagulation therapy for at least two months. They were then advised to continue anticoagulation therapy as per the 2020 ESC guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and the decision to administer antiarrhythmic drugs post-ablation was made by the physician.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes and follow-up</title>
          <p>The primary outcome was acute success in PVI (and posterior wall when performed). The secondary outcome was the presence of any recurrence of atrial arrhythmia after a 3-month blanking period. Recurrence was characterised by palpitations lasting over 10 minutes or the detection of AF, atrial flutter, or any atrial arrhythmia on a routine electrocardiogram (ECG) or on 24-hour Holter monitoring.</p>
          <p>The main safety outcome was any procedure-related major complications (e.g., cardiac tamponade, major bleeding or vascular complication, peri-procedural stroke, persistent phrenic nerve palsy, atrioesophageal fistula, and death).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), or median and interquartile range (IQR) for skewed data. Normality of data distribution was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute numbers and percentages. Groups were compared using the independent-samples Student&#8217;s t-test for normally distributed continuous variables, the Mann- Whitney U test for non-normally distributed variables, and the Fisher exact test or a chi-square test for categorical variables. Statistical significance was set at P-value &lt;0.05 (two-sided). Cumulative event rates were calculated using the Kaplan&#8211;Meier method. A log-rank test was performed to compare event distribution between both groups. All analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Statistics v27.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population and clinical data</title>
          <p>A total of 101 consecutive patients (75% men) were included in the study, with a mean age of 61 &#177; 11 years. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 2&#177;1 points; mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 59&#177; 8%, and median left atrial volume index (by computed tomography scan) was 53 mL/m<sup>2</sup> [IQR 40-58 mL/m<sup>2</sup>]. Fifty-six percent of the patients had paroxysmal AF, and 19% had performed a previous ablation procedure. In terms of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities, 64 patients (63%) had a previous diagnosis of hypertension, 41% had dyslipidaemia, and 17 patients (17%) were diabetic. Comparative analyses of the baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, indicating no statistically significant differences between the two groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the study cohort and comparative analyses between patients undergoing high-power short-duration (HPSD) radiofrequency ablation and those undergoing pulsed-field ablation (PFA)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Baseline characteristics</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Total (n=101)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">PFA (n=56)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">HPSD (n=45)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">61 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">61&#177;12</td>
                    <td align="center">60&#177;11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (75%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (63%)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (91%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">28&#177;4</td>
                    <td align="center">28&#177;5</td>
                    <td align="center">28&#177;4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (63%)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (66%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">17(17%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (11%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">41(41%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (46%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (33%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous MI</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous TIA/stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA2DS2-VASc, points</td>
                    <td align="center">2&#177;1</td>
                    <td align="center">2&#177;1</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Paroxysmal AF</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (56%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (54%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous AF-ablation procedure</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (19%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (16%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction</td>
                    <td align="center">59 &#177; 8</td>
                    <td align="center">59 &#177; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">59 &#177; 5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Computed Tomography scan</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrial volume index, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">53 (40-58)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (40-72)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (38-64)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Values are median (interquartile range), mean&#177;standard deviation. Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers (and percentages). AF: atrial fibrillation; MI: myocardial infarction; TIA: transient ischemic attack; LV: left ventricular.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>AF-ablation procedure results</title>
          <p>Regarding AF ablation technique, 45% (n=45) of patients performed HPSD and 55% (n=56) PFA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). Electroanatomical mapping was performed in 94 (93%) patients (n=45 HPSD vs. n=49 PFA) based on the initial experience of the operators and, mainly, when posterior wall isolation (PWI) was planned. In both groups, PVI was successfully performed in all patients (100%).</p>
          <p>Patients with larger left atrial volume indexes were more likely to undergo PWI (63 mL/m<sup>2</sup> [IQR 42-76 mL/m<sup>2</sup>] vs. 48 mL/m<sup>2</sup> [IQR 39-64 mL/m<sup>2</sup>], p=0.034). PWI was performed mostly in PFA patients &#8211; 20 (65%) vs 5 (11%). Procedural data are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Procedure duration was significantly longer in HPSD patients as compared to PFA (97 min [IQR 75-142 min] vs. 88 min [IQR 66-111 min]), although with shorter fluoroscopy times (5.4 min [IQR 2.9-7.3 min] vs 13.2 min [IQR 10.2-15.6 min]). Considering the redo procedures, in 13 patients (68%) a PWI was performed. Although not statistically significant, patients in whom PWI was performed had larger LA volume indexes (62mL/m<sup>2</sup> [IQR 42-75 mL/m<sup>2</sup>] vs 42 mL/m<sup>2</sup> [IQR 32-57 mL/m<sup>2</sup>], p=0.095).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Ablation procedure data and comparative analyses between patients undergoing high-power short-duration (HPSD) radiofrequency ablation and those undergoing pulsed-field ablation (PFA)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">AF ablation procedure data</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Total (n=101)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">PFA (n=56)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">HPSD (n=45)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Posterior wall ablation</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (25%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (65%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (11%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procedure time, min</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (69 &#8211; 117)</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (66 &#8211; 111)</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (75 &#8211; 142)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fluoroscopy time, min</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (5 &#8211; 14)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (10-16)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (3-7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Electroanatomical mapping</td>
                    <td align="center">94 (93%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (88%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Adverse Events</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pericardial tamponade</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Values are median (interquartile range), mean&#177;standard deviation. Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers (and percentages); AF: atrial fibrillation.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>No major complications were reported for the HPSD group. In the PFA group, no other complications were reported, aside from a cardiac tamponade with PFA which was treated with pericardiocentesis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up</title>
          <p>Over 384 [IQR 341 &#8211; 545] days of follow-up, ECG performed at least three months after AF ablation revealed that 76 patients (75%) were in sinus rhythm, while 25% of patients had AF recurrence: 10 PFA patients and 15 HPSD patients, 48% with paroxysmal AF. Although baseline and procedural characteristics showed no significant differences between the groups that experienced a relapse and those that did not (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>), patients with AF recurrence were older (62 &#177;11 vs. 60 &#177; 12 years), were more likely to undergo a redo procedure (24 vs. 17%), and had a higher percentage of PWI (36% vs. 21%). Among patients who underwent PWI, AF recurrence was observed in 80% of those treated with HPSD ablation compared to 25% of those treated with PFA (p=0.022). Kaplan-Meier analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>) showed no significant differences in arrhythmia-free survival between both groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparative analyses between patients with atrial fibrillation recurrence on follow-up and no AF recurrence</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">AF recurrence (n=25)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">No AF-recurrence (n=76)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">62 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">60 &#177; 12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction, %</td>
                    <td align="center">59 &#177; 7</td>
                    <td align="center">60 9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrial volume index, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">50 (37 &#8211; 72)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (41 &#8211; 66)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Paroxysmal AF, n</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (59%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous AF-ablation procedure, n</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (17%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Posterior wall ablation</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procedure time, min</td>
                    <td align="center">94 (84 &#8211; 120)</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (65 &#8211; 118)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fluoroscopy time, min</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (5 &#8211; 12)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (6 &#8211; 14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>Values are median (interquartile range), mean&#177;standard deviation. Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers (and percentages). AF: atrial fibrillation; LV: left ventricular.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier analysis showing arrhythmia-free survival during follow-up in patients undergoing high-power short-duration (HPSD) radiofrequency ablation and those undergoing pulsed-field ablation (PFA).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240542-40542-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The comparison of patients with AF recurrence (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>) revealed a shorter fluoroscopy time in the HPSD group compared to PFA (5 min [IQR 3-10 min] vs. 12 min [IQR 10-18 min]), but no statistical difference in procedure times (97 min [IQR 90-156 min] vs. 90 min [IQR 68-108 min]).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparative analyses between patients with atrial fibrillation recurrence on follow-up and in patients undergoing high-power short-duration (HPSD) radiofrequency ablation and those undergoing pulsed-field ablation (PFA)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>HPSD</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number of patients with AF-recurrence</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">63 &#177; 9</td>
                    <td align="center">61 &#177; 12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction, %</td>
                    <td align="center">59 &#177; 6</td>
                    <td align="center">60 &#177; 9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.69</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrial volume index, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">49 (39 &#8211; 74)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (37 &#8211; 70)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Paroxysmal AF, n</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (47%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous AF-ablation procedure, n</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (27%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Posterior Wall ablation, n</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (27%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procedure time, min</td>
                    <td align="center">90 (68 &#8211; 108)</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (90 &#8211; 156)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fluoroscopy time, min</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (10 &#8211; 18)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (3 &#8211; 10)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>Values are median (interquartile range), mean&#177;standard deviation. Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers (and percentages). AF: atrial fibrillation; LV: left ventricular.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Subgroup analyses of patients with AF who experienced AF recurrence during follow-up indicated no statistically significant differences between those with paroxysmal AF and those with non-paroxysmal AF (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240542-40542-suppl01-en.pdf">Supplementary Table 1</inline-supplementary-material>). Additionally, no significant differences were observed in AF type between the HPSD and PFA groups (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240542-40542-suppl02-en.pdf">Supplementary Tables 2 and 3</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
          <p>Likewise, no statistically significant differences were observed between patients with AF recurrence who underwent posterior wall ablation in HPSD and PFA groups (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240542-40542-suppl03-en.pdf">Supplementary Table 4</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study compares our initial experience with new ablation technologies: PFA and HPSD. Based on our current knowledge, evidence is scarce comparing HPSD and PFA procedures, mainly concerning procedure complications and longitudinal data following the intervention. Our study evaluates our initial experience with these innovative techniques, addressing the procedures, related complications, and post-intervention follow-up.</p>
        <p>This study includes two groups of patients with no statistically significant differences in their basal characteristics. Successful PVI is a key factor in the efficacy of ablation. In line with some previously reported PFA and HPSD results,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> we achieved 100% intraprocedural technical success.</p>
        <p>According to our results, and consistent with previous registries, such as the MANIFEST trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> PFA demonstrated a clear advantage in terms of shorter procedure time. The reduction in procedure time minimizes patient exposure to anaesthetic agents, intravenous fluids and heparin, while significantly enhancing procedural efficiency.</p>
        <p>Consistent with our data, previous trials reported shorter fluoroscopy times for HPSD compared to PFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Since PFA is a more recent technique compared to HPSD, a contributory factor for the higher fluoroscopy times is likely related to the learning curve phenomenon, as more experienced operators tend to perform the procedure more efficiently and with a relatively lower use of fluoroscopy. However, despite operators&#8217; expertise and electroanatomic mapping, PFA requires fluoroscopy to confirm catheter rotation and positioning. This requirement results in a slightly longer fluoroscopy time compared to other ablation techniques that do not require radiographic confirmation.</p>
        <p>Another key point is that both groups showed very few procedural complications, in line with previous data for both groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No complications were reported in the HPSD group and only one case of cardiac tamponade in the PFA group was reported. In this patient, the cause of cardiac tamponade was not easily identified; however, at the end of the PFA procedure, the Farawave<sup>TM</sup> catheter was removed from the Faradrive<sup>TM</sup> sheath and the left atrium was remapped with a Pentaray&#174; catheter after ablation. Thus, catheter manipulation may have caused cardiac tamponade, which was managed with pericardiocentesis, without the need for cardiac surgery.</p>
        <p>In line with previous reports,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> a high percentage of patients remained free from AF in the short-term follow-up, with a lower AF recurrence in the PFA group and statically fewer recurrences when PWI was performed in PFA compared to HPSD. Given that our cohort did not exhibit statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between patients undergoing PWI in PFA and HPSD, we attribute the observed difference in long-term efficacy to the specific ablation technique employed, particularly the homogeneity of the ablation lesions generated by PFA.</p>
        <p>In this context, PFA was the preferred technique for planned PWI, demonstrating excellent intraprocedural results, thereby attesting to its ease and effectiveness. It is noteworthy that PWI was conducted based on the operator&#8217;s description and on LA volume and primarily guided by the assessment of fragmented potentials and/or LA fibrosis.</p>
        <p>Finally, in our study, concerning AF recurrence, no statistically significant differences were observed across the various subgroups analysed. The sole differentiating factor was the ablation technique employed, with a tendency towards better outcomes with PFA, mainly when PWI was performed.</p>
        <p>This study is subject to several important limitations that should be considered when interpreting its findings. Firstly, it was conducted at a single tertiary centre with a moderate sample size, which limits the extrapolation of the findings to other settings or populations. Additionally, the median follow-up period of approximately one year is relatively brief for evaluating long-term outcomes, such as AF recurrence. Thus, a longer follow-up period to fully assess the duration of the ablation effects is needed. Second, this study is a non-randomized, retrospective analysis. Although it includes two groups of patients with no statistically significant differences in their basal characteristics, the lack of randomization could introduce selection bias. Retrospective studies inherently rely on pre-existing data and medical records, which may introduce biases or inconsistencies in data collection. Furthermore, this study did not capture detailed information on antiarrhythmic therapies, which could substantially influence AF management outcomes and confound the associations related to AF recurrence.</p>
        <p>In summary, while this study contributes valuable insights, its limitations underscore the need for further research with larger populations and prospective study designs to validate and expand upon these findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Both PFA and HPSD were found to be feasible and safe options, with a trend favouring superior efficacy for PFA. We reported one case of cardiac tamponade in the PFA group, occurring during a procedure performed early in the center&#8217;s experience and attributed to catheter manipulation. Procedure time was shorter with PFA, and although not statistically significant, it was associated with a lower rate of AF recurrence compared to HPSD. Specifically, the PFA group exhibited significantly fewer AF recurrences when PWI was performed, as opposed to the group treated with HPSD ablation. While still undergoing initial real-world assessment, both methods have demonstrated effectiveness in achieving minimal AF recurrence during follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1001">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2001">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa under the protocol number 2117. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0542_AO_Supplemental.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
