<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">M3KYDNhTykYDpBDZBxMvq3s</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240501</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento da S&#237;ndrome de Brugada: Um Caso Bem-sucedido de Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Radiofrequ&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6313-4933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Facin</surname>
            <given-names>Mirella Esmanhotto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do;</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5818-5958</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samesima</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Mirella Esmanhotto Facin &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>mirellafacin@gmail.com</email>, <email>mirellafacin@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240501</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</kwd>
        <kwd>Eventos Arr&#237;tmicos Amea&#231;adores &#224; Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardioversor Desfibrilador Implant&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Radiofrequ&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A S&#237;ndrome de Brugada (SBr) &#233; uma doen&#231;a grave caracterizada por um padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico distinto e um risco aumentado de arritmias card&#237;acas fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tradicionalmente, seu tratamento limitava-se aos cardioversores desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDIs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, entretanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (ACRF) surgiu como uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica valiosa, principalmente para os pacientes considerados ineleg&#237;veis ao implante de CDI ou que j&#225; sofreram terapia apropriada pelo dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Todavia, registros sobre o sucesso desse procedimento em m&#233;dio ou longo prazo ainda s&#227;o escassos. Relatamos aqui o caso de um paciente sintom&#225;tico com SBr que se submeteu &#224; ACRF ap&#243;s sofrer um choque apropriado pelo CDI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Um homem branco de 51 anos foi encaminhado ao Ambulat&#243;tio de Arritmias Card&#237;acas do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo h&#225; 10 anos, devido &#224; s&#237;ncope. O paciente apresentara um &#250;nico epis&#243;dio de tontura e palpita&#231;&#227;o seguido de perda de consci&#234;ncia enquanto estava sentado, ap&#243;s o jantar, uma semana antes de sua primeira visita cl&#237;nica. Com exce&#231;&#227;o de dislipidemia tratada com atorvastatina 40mg uma vez ao dia, a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica n&#227;o apontava nenhum dado significativo. N&#227;o havia casos de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou morte s&#250;bita entre os familiares. N&#227;o foi detectado qualquer achado relevante no exame f&#237;sico. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) padr&#227;o (12 deriva&#231;&#245;es) e o ECG com deriva&#231;&#245;es superiores demonstraram um padr&#227;o Brugada (pBr) do tipo 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>), que tamb&#233;m foi evidente durante o monitoramento por Holter 24 horas e acentuado durante a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e a angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias estavam normais, excluindo doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural associada.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Eletrocardiograma com deriva&#231;&#245;es superiores antes da abla&#231;&#227;o (A) e 12 meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o (B).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240501-40501-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O paciente recebeu o diagn&#243;stico de SBr de alto risco com um escore de Shanghai estimado em no m&#237;nimo 5,5, uma vez que os resultados do teste gen&#233;tico ainda n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis. O incidente relatado de s&#237;ncope possivelmente arritmog&#234;nica levou &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de um CDI como preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria contra morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. Ap&#243;s 79 meses, o paciente sofreu um choque apropriado pelo CDI durante o sono ap&#243;s uma refei&#231;&#227;o pesada. Na tentativa de minimizar a recorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;micos graves, a equipe de sa&#250;de recomendou a ACRF.</p>
      <p>O procedimento foi realizado sob anestesia geral. O CDI foi reprogramado para o modo VVI a 40 bpm com desativa&#231;&#227;o das terapias antitaquicardia. Em seguida, foram realizadas tr&#234;s pun&#231;&#245;es na veia femoral direita, guiadas por ultrassonografia, e uma subxifoide conforme descrito por Sosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Essa abordagem permitiu a inser&#231;&#227;o de um cateter Pentaray de mapeamento e um cateter quadripolar (3,5 mm) irrigado (SmartTouch SF) nas c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas e no espa&#231;o epic&#225;rdico. Eletrodos de superf&#237;cie foram usados para o monitoramento cont&#237;nuo por ECG, e posicionados nos espa&#231;os intercostais superiores, para avaliar o trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico convencional mostrou intervalos normais de condu&#231;&#227;o, e a estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica programada n&#227;o induziu arritmias atriais ou ventriculares. O per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio efetivo ventricular mais curto foi de 220 ms, no trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, durante um ciclo de estimula&#231;&#227;o de 430 ms.</p>
      <p>O mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico da superf&#237;cie endoc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo direito, realizado usando o sistema CARTO 3, n&#227;o revelou &#225;reas de cicatriz. No entanto, achados eletrofisiol&#243;gicos anormais, caracterizados por potenciais tardios, fragmentados, e de baixa voltagem, foram localizados na superf&#237;cie epic&#225;rdica da parede livre, estendendo-se para o trato da sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. A administra&#231;&#227;o de ajmalina aumentou a extens&#227;o dos potenciais anormais, definindo assim os limites para a abla&#231;&#227;o. A ACRF foi aplicada por um cateter de ponta irrigada com sensor de contato, usando uma pot&#234;ncia de 40W por 10 segundos em cada ponto de eletrograma epic&#225;rdico anormal. Em seguida, observou-se eleva&#231;&#227;o convexa do segmento ST na superf&#237;cie do ECG, com eletrodos precordiais posicionados bilateralmente no segundo, terceiro e quarto espa&#231;os intercostais. O tempo total do procedimento foi de 360 minutos, o tempo de fluoroscopia foi de 48 minutos (147 mGy) e o tempo de aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia foi de 40 minutos. O remapeamento imediato p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o demonstrou sinal anormal com ou sem administra&#231;&#227;o de ajmalina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico usando o sistema CARTO 3; vermelho mais curto que 50 ms, roxo mais longo que 150 ms. (A) Para o mapeamento, os locais de eletrocardiogramas anomais foram marcados durante o ritmo sinusal basal (verde), ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de ajmalina (branco), e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de edrof&#244;nio (laranja). (B) Locais de abla&#231;&#227;o na parede livre e na sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito; n&#227;o foram registrados eletrogramas de longa dura&#231;&#227;o durante o remapeamento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240501-40501-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada no &#225;pice e no trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, com ciclos basais de 600 e 430 ms, n&#227;o induziu taquicardias ventriculares sustentadas. Ap&#243;s o procedimento, a aspira&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica estava clara, sem sinais de perfura&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e os cateteres foram removidos sem complica&#231;&#245;es. As terapias do CDI foram reativadas, e o dispositivo reprogramado para sua configura&#231;&#227;o inicial.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve intercorr&#234;ncias no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio precoce, exceto por pericardite inflamat&#243;ria leve, que melhorou rapidamente com administra&#231;&#227;o oral de prednisona e colchicina. Tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, o paciente recebeu alta hospitalar. Visitas cl&#237;nicas de seguimento foram agendadas 30, 90, e 180 dias ap&#243;s a ACRF e a cada seis meses depois.</p>
      <p>Cada visita consistiu de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente, que incluiu anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, interroga&#231;&#227;o do CDI, ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, ECG com deriva&#231;&#245;es superiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>), teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira e monitoramento por Holter 24 horas. Doze meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, o paciente foi submetido a um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico convencional, que revelou ritmo sinusal e nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de pBr, nem no ECG padr&#227;o, nem no ECG com deriva&#231;&#245;es superiores, mesmo ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de ajmalina. Intervalos basais encontravam-se dentro dos limites da normalidade, e o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio efetivo ventricular foi de 200ms tanto no trato de sa&#237;da como no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito, em um ciclo de estimula&#231;&#227;o de 430 ms. A estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada at&#233; o S4 no trato de sa&#237;da e no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito n&#227;o induziu arritmia.</p>
      <p>O paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico durante os 24 meses de acompanhamento, sem eventos arr&#237;tmicos detectados pelo aparelho. Testes complementares n&#227;o invasivos demonstraram normaliza&#231;&#227;o do ECG e aus&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares malignas durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>N&#243;s relatamos o caso de um paciente com SBr de alto risco que se submeteu &#224; ACRF ap&#243;s sofrer uma interven&#231;&#227;o apropriada pelo CDI. O paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico e sem outras terapias pelo dispositivo, com achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos normalizados em todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es de acompanhamento no per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o. Este caso destaca a potencial efic&#225;cia da ACRF em normalizar os padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, alcan&#231;ando controle da arritmia e, assim, melhorando a qualidade de vida de pacientes com essa doen&#231;a desafiadora.</p>
      <p>A SBr &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de importante, dada a sua alta preval&#234;ncia em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas e potencial letalidade, particularmente em homens de meia-idade, saud&#225;veis sob outros aspectos. Indiv&#237;duos afetados tipicamente apresentam um pBr tipo 1 no ECG, com ondas J proeminentes, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST do tipo c&#244;ncava, e ondas T invertidas, observadas principalmente nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas e (V1-V3), localizadas nos espa&#231;os intercostais padr&#245;es e superiores. O tipo e a dura&#231;&#227;o dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos determinam a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, que pode variar desde aus&#234;ncia de sintomas at&#233; desmaios e morte s&#250;bita, principalmente em repouso ou outras condi&#231;&#245;es vagot&#244;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; crucial para decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. Nosso paciente relatou um epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope possivelmente arritmog&#234;nica e apresentou um pBr tipo 1 espont&#226;neo no ECG. O escore de Shanghai, um sistema usado para o diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da SBr, foi de pelo menos 5,5, o que indica uma alta probabilidade de se desenvolverem arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que os pacientes com sintomas arr&#237;tmicos, tais como s&#237;ncope e taquicardia ventricular (TV) ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) s&#227;o mais propensos a sofrerem eventos arr&#237;tmicos fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Diretrizes atuais recomendam que os pacientes sejam encaminhados para implanta&#231;&#227;o de um CDI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Para os pacientes ineleg&#237;veis ao CDI ou que receberam terapias apropriadas do dispositivo, como nosso paciente, o tratamento medicamentoso ou a ACRF podem ser considerados, com base em consenso cl&#237;nico bem estabelecido e avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco individualizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No presente caso, devido &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente e &#224; falta de disponibilidade da quinidina, decidiu-se prosseguir com a ACRF. Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram resultados promissores com essa abordagem n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico destacou o substrato arritmog&#234;nico da SBr: &#225;reas din&#226;micas de potenciais tardios, fragmentados e de baixa voltagem, localizados principalmente na superf&#237;cie epic&#225;rdica do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Manobras de provoca&#231;&#227;o, tais como infus&#227;o de salina aquecida no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico ou administra&#231;&#227;o de bloqueadores de canais de s&#243;dio como a ajmalina, podem acentuar essas &#225;reas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> J&#225; foi comprovado que diferentes t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o suprimem TV/FV recorrente e normalizam o padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico em pacientes com SBr e alta carga arr&#237;tmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Recentemente, Nademanee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> relataram os desfechos da abla&#231;&#227;o do substrato epic&#225;rdico em 159 pacientes com SBr acompanhados por uma m&#233;dia de 48 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Segundo os autores, quatro de cada cinco pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de FV, o que aumentou para 96% ap&#243;s um segundo procedimento. Uma metan&#225;lise recente investigou 388 pacientes com SBr submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por meio de diferentes abordagens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os autores observaram que menos de 10% dos pacientes tiveram recorr&#234;ncia de pBr tipo 1 no ECG, e menos de 20% apresentaram TV ou FV durante um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio ponderado de 28 meses de acompanhamento ap&#243;s ACRF. A &#250;nica complica&#231;&#227;o observada ap&#243;s a ACRF nesta s&#233;rie foi pericardite ou derrame peric&#225;rdico, ocorrendo em 9,3% dos pacientes, e controlados de maneira eficaz com medidas conservadoras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este artigo apresenta o primeiro relato escrito de modifica&#231;&#227;o do substrato arr&#237;tmico da s&#237;ndrome de Brugada por ACRF via acesso epic&#225;rdico subxifoide no Brasil, demonstrando desfechos promissores na observa&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dio prazo. Desde a interven&#231;&#227;o, o monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico mostrou, de maneira consistente, aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia de pBr e, o importante, aus&#234;ncia de outros eventos arr&#237;tmicos fatais ao longo do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de 24 meses. Independentemente da estrat&#233;gia adotada, a ACRF &#233; um tratamento preciso e direcionado que pode fornecer uma solu&#231;&#227;o efetiva e segura para indiv&#237;duos com SBr. Contudo, o protocolo mais adequado para identificar os alvos da abla&#231;&#227;o e as melhores abordagens para a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia ainda precisam ser definidos. At&#233; o presente, existem poucos dados sobre o seguimento em longo prazo dos pacientes ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia que corrobore o uso da abla&#231;&#227;o em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos. Mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para esclarecer o papel da ACRF no manejo de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Brugada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>A Guilherme Conde, Natalia Mezzacapa, Nissia Capello, e toda a equipe do Biosense Webster (Johnson&amp;Johnson) pela parceria, e pelo apoio t&#233;cnico, financeiro e log&#237;stico durante o estudo. Para a equipe da Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas do InCor incluindo os departamentos de Arritmologia, Eletrofisiologia, e Marca-passo, pela participa&#231;&#227;o nos v&#225;rios est&#225;gios dos procedimentos relatados e assegurar seguimento cl&#237;nico adequado em todos os est&#225;gios de avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento. &#192; enfermeira Ana L&#250;cia Coimbra, por suas contribui&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas e burocr&#225;ticas durante o agendamento dos exames e procedimentos complementares durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. &#192;s equipes respons&#225;veis por realizar e analisar os exames complementares que permitiram melhor monitoramento do caso relatado neste artigo, com &#234;nfase &#224;s unidades de Eletrocardiografia de Repouso, (Dr. Carlos Alberto Pastore), Eletrocardiografia com estresse (Dr. William Chalela), Ecocardiografia (Dr. Wilson Matias Junior) e Resson&#226;ncia tomografia cardiovascular (Dr. Cesar Nomura e Dr. Carlos Eduardo Rochitte).</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Brugada P. Brugada Syndrome: 30 Years of Scientific Ventures. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(3):e20220289. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220289.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brugada</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brugada Syndrome: 30 Years of Scientific Ventures</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20220289</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220289</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, Cho Y, Behr ER, Berul C, et al. HRS/EHRA/APHRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Inherited Primary Arrhythmia Syndromes: Document Endorsed by HRS, EHRA, and APHRS in May 2013 and by ACCF, AHA, PACES, and AEPC in June 2013. Heart rhythm. 2013;10(12):1932-63. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.05.014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Priori</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilde</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horie</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behr</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berul</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>HRS/EHRA/APHRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Inherited Primary Arrhythmia Syndromes: Document Endorsed by HRS, EHRA, and APHRS in May 2013 and by ACCF, AHA, PACES, and AEPC in June 2013</article-title>
          <source>Heart rhythm</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1932</fpage>
          <lpage>1963</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.05.014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Nademanee K, Veerakul G, Chandanamattha P, Chao<italic>th</italic>awee L, Ariyachaipanich A, Jirasirirojanakorn K, et al. Prevention of Ventricular Fibrillation Episodes in Brugada Syndrome by Catheter Ablation Over the Anterior Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Epicardium. Circulation. 2011;123(12):1270-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.972612.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nademanee</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veerakul</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chandanamattha</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaothawee</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ariyachaipanich</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jirasirirojanakorn</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevention of Ventricular Fibrillation Episodes in Brugada Syndrome by Catheter Ablation Over the Anterior Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Epicardium</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1270</fpage>
          <lpage>1279</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.972612</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, Winkel BG, Behr ER, Blom NA, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(40):3997-4126. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zeppenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tfelt-Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Riva</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Winkel</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behr</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blom</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2022 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>40</issue>
          <fpage>3997</fpage>
          <lpage>4126</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Sosa E, Scanavacca M, d'Avila A, Pilleggi F. A New Technique to Perform Epicardial Mapping in the Electrophysiology Laboratory. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1996;7(6):531-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.1996.tb00559.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>d'Avila</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pilleggi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A New Technique to Perform Epicardial Mapping in the Electrophysiology Laboratory</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>531</fpage>
          <lpage>536</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8167.1996.tb00559.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Kawada S, Morita H, Antzelevitch C, Morimoto Y, Nakagawa K, Watanabe A, et al. Shanghai Score System for Diagnosis of Brugada Syndrome: Validation of the Score System and System and Reclassification of the Patients. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4(6):724-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2018.02.009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kawada</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morita</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antzelevitch</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morimoto</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakagawa</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watanabe</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Shanghai Score System for Diagnosis of Brugada Syndrome: Validation of the Score System and System and Reclassification of the Patients</article-title>
          <source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>724</fpage>
          <lpage>730</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2018.02.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Hai&#168;ssaguerre M, Extramiana F, Hocini Mlz, Cauchemez B, Jai&#168;s P, Cabrera JA, et al. Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Fibrillation Associated with Long-QT and Brugada Syndromes. Circulation. 2003;108(8):925-8. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000088781.99943.95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hai&#168;ssaguerre</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Extramiana</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hocini</surname>
              <given-names>Mlz</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cauchemez</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jai&#168;s</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabrera</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Fibrillation Associated with Long-QT and Brugada Syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>925</fpage>
          <lpage>928</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.0000088781.99943.95</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Pappone C, Brugada J, Vicedomini G, Ciconte G, Manguso F, Saviano M, et al. Electrical Substrate Elimination in 135 Consecutive Patients with Brugada Syndrome. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. 2017;10(5):e005053. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.117.005053.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pappone</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brugada</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vicedomini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ciconte</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manguso</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saviano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrical Substrate Elimination in 135 Consecutive Patients with Brugada Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <elocation-id>e005053</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.117.005053</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Kotake Y, Barua S, Kazi S, Virk S, Bhaskaran A, Campbell T, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Catheter Ablation for Brugada Syndrome: an Updated Systematic review. Clin Res Cardiol. 2023;112(12):1715-26. doi: 10.1007/s00392-022-02020-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kotake</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barua</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kazi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Virk</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhaskaran</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and Safety of Catheter Ablation for Brugada Syndrome: an Updated Systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Clin Res Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1715</fpage>
          <lpage>1726</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00392-022-02020-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Nademanee K, Chung FP, Sacher F, Nogami A, Nakagawa H, Jiang C, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Brugada Substrate Ablation: A Report from BRAVO (Brugada Ablation of VF Substrate Ongoing Multicenter Registry). Circulation. 2023;147(21):1568-78. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.063367.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nademanee</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>FP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sacher</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogami</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakagawa</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Outcomes of Brugada Substrate Ablation: A Report from BRAVO (Brugada Ablation of VF Substrate Ongoing Multicenter Registry)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>147</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>1568</fpage>
          <lpage>1578</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.063367</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Mirella Esmanhotto Facin pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 08716979.8.000.0068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por Biosense Webster (Johnson&amp;Johnson).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240501i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treating Brugada Syndrome: A Case of Successful Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6313-4933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Facin</surname>
            <given-names>Mirella Esmanhotto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content;</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5818-5958</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samesima</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Mirella Esmanhotto Facin &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: mirellafacin@gmail.com, mirellafacin@incor.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Brugada Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Life-threatening Arrhythmic Events</kwd>
        <kwd>Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a severe health condition characterized by a distinctive electrocardiographic pattern and an increased risk of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Traditional therapy has been limited to implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the past two decades, however, radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) has emerged as a valuable treatment option, especially for those ineligible for ICD implantation or who have already undergone appropriate device therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nevertheless, reports on medium to long-term success of this procedure are still scarce. We reported herein the case of a symptomatic patient with BrS who underwent RFCA after experiencing an appropriate ICD shock.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 51-year-old white male was referred to the outpatient Cardiac Arrhythmia Unit at the Heart Institute (InCor) of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School due to syncope ten years ago. He experienced a single episode of dizziness and palpitation followed by loss of consciousness while seated after dinner a week before his first clinical visit. Except for dyslipidemia treated with Atorvastatin 40 mg once daily, his past medical history was unremarkable. There were no instances of heart disease or sudden death among his family members. No notable findings were detected during physical examination. The standard 12-lead and upper-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrated a spontaneous type 1 Brugada pattern (BrP) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>), which was also evident during the 24hour-Holter monitoring and further accentuated during the recovery phase after the treadmill exercise test. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and coronary computed tomography angiography were unremarkable, effectively ruling out associated structural heart disease.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pre- (A) and post- (B) ablation electrocardiogram (ECG) with upper precordial leads.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240501-40501-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The patient received a diagnosis of high-risk BrS with a Shanghai score of at least 5.5 since the results from genetic testing were pending. The reported incident of possible arrhythmic syncope prompted the implantation of an ICD as primary prevention against sudden cardiac death. Seventy-nine months later, the patient experienced an appropriate ICD shock during sleep following a heavy meal. Given the occurrence of this event, the healthcare team recommended RFCA to mitigate the risk of future arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>The procedure was performed under general anesthesia. The ICD was reprogrammed to VVI mode at 40 bpm with anti-tachycardia therapies deactivated. Subsequently, three ultrasound-guided punctures in the right femoral vein and one fluoroscopy-guided subxiphoid approach, as described by Sosa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> were performed. This approach allowed the insertion of a Pentaray mapping catheter and an irrigated quadripolar 3.5 mm SmartTouch SF ablation catheter into the right cardiac chambers and epicardial space. Surface electrodes were used for continuous ECG monitoring, placed in the superior intercostal spaces to assess the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). Conventional electrophysiology study (EPS) yielded normal conduction intervals, and programmed electrical stimulation failed to induce any atrial or ventricular arrhythmias. The shortest ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) was 220 ms in the RVOT during a stimulation cycle of 430 ms.</p>
        <p>Electroanatomical mapping of the right ventricular endocardial surface, performed using the CARTO 3 System, did not reveal any areas of scarring or abnormal potentials. However, abnormal electrophysiological findings, characterized by late, fragmented, and low-voltage potentials, were localized in the epicardial surface of the right ventricular free wall, extending into the outflow tract. Administration of ajmaline further increased the extent of abnormal potentials, thereby defining the boundaries for RFCA. RFCA was applied through an irrigated tip catheter with contact sensor using a power of 40W for 10 seconds at each point of abnormal epicardial electrograms. Subsequently, convex ST-segment elevation was observed in the surface ECG, with precordial electrodes placed bilaterally in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th intercostal spaces. The total procedure time was 360 minutes, fluoroscopy time of 48 minutes (147 mGy) and radiofrequency application time was 40 minutes. Immediate post-ablation remapping demonstrated no abnormal signals with and without Ajmaline administration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; CARTO 3 electroanatomical mapping; red shorter than 50ms, purple longer than 150ms. (A) For the mapping, the sites of abnormal electrograms were tagged during the baseline sinus rhythm (green tag), after ajmaline infusion (white tag), and after edrophonium (orange tag); (B) Ablation sites in the outflow and right ventricular free-wall; no long-duration electrograms were recorded on remapping.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240501-40501-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Programmed ventricular stimulation at the apex of the right ventricle and RVOT, with baseline cycle lengths of 600 and 430 ms, failed to induce sustained ventricular tachycardias. After the procedure, pericardial aspiration was clear, without signs of ventricular perforation, and catheters were removed without complications. The ICD therapies were reactivated, and the device was reprogrammed to its original settings.</p>
        <p>The early postoperative period was uneventful, except for mild inflammatory pericarditis, which resolved rapidly with oral prednisone and colchicine. Three days postoperatively, the patient was discharged from the hospital. Follow-up clinical visits were scheduled 30, 90, and 180 days after RFCA and every six months thereafter.</p>
        <p>Each follow-up visit consisted of a comprehensive assessment, including history taking, physical examination, and evaluation of data on the ICD, standard 12-lead and superior lead ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref>), treadmill exercise testing, and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Twelve months post-ablation, the patient underwent an EPS, which revealed normal sinus rhythm and no evidence of the BrP, either in standard or upper-lead ECG, even after ajmaline administration. Basic intervals were within normal limits, and VERP measured was 200ms in both RVOT and right ventricular apex at a 430ms stimulation cycle. Programmed electrical stimulation up to S4 in the RVOT and right ventricular apex failed to induce any arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>The patient remained asymptomatic throughout the 24-month follow-up period, with no arrhythmic events detected on device interrogation. Non-invasive complementary testing demonstrated normalization of the ECG and the absence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias throughout the follow-up period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>We report the case of a patient with high-risk BrS who underwent RFA after experiencing an appropriate ICD intervention. The patient has remained asymptomatic and free from further ICD therapies, with normalized electrocardiographic findings in all follow-up assessments throughout a 24-month observation period. This case highlights the potential efficacy of RFCA in normalizing the electrocardiographic pattern, achieving arrhythmia control, and, thus, improving the quality of life for patients with this challenging condition.</p>
        <p>BrS remains a significant health concern due to its high prevalence in specific populations and potential lethality, particularly among middle-aged, otherwise healthy men. Afflicted individuals characteristically exhibit a type 1 BrP on the ECG, with prominent J waves, coved-type ST-segment elevation, and inverted T waves, most observed in the right precordial leads (V1-V3), placed in either standard or upper intercostal spaces. The type and duration of the arrhythmic events determine clinical presentation, which can range from no symptoms at all to fainting spells and sudden death, most commonly at rest or other vagotonic conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Risk stratification is crucial for treatment decisions. Our patient reported a potential arrhythmogenic syncope episode and displayed a spontaneous type 1 BrP on ECG. The Shanghai score, a system used for diagnosing and stratifying the risk of BrS, was found to be at least 5.5, which indicates a higher probability of developing critical ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Additionally, it is widely known that patients with arrhythmic symptoms such as syncope and previously documented ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) are more likely to experience recurring life-threatening arrhythmic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Current guidelines recommend these patients be referred for ICD placement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> For individuals who have declined ICD implantation or experienced appropriate device therapies, such as our patient, drug therapy or RFCA may be considered based on established clinical consensus and individualized risk appraisal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In the present case, due to patient&#8217;s clinical condition and the unavailability of quinidine, it was decided to proceed with RFCA. Previous studies have shown promising results with this non-pharmacological approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Electroanatomical mapping highlighted the arrhythmogenic substrate of BrS: dynamic areas of late, fragmented, and low-voltage potentials, primarily located in the epicardial surface of the RVOT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Provocation maneuvers, such as infusion of warm saline into the pericardial space or intravenous administration of sodium channel blockers like ajmaline, may accentuate these areas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Different ablation techniques have already been proven to suppress recurrent VT/VF and normalize the electrocardiographic pattern in patients with BrS and high arrhythmic burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Recently, Nademanee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> reported the outcomes of epicardial substrate ablation in 159 BrS patients followed for an average of 48 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> According to the authors, four of every five patients were free from post-ablation VF recurrence, which increased to 96% after a second procedure. A recently published meta-analysis investigated 388 patients with BrS who underwent RCA through different approaches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The authors found that less than 10% of patients experienced a recurrence of type 1 Brugada ECG pattern, and less than 20% experienced VT or VF during a mean weighted follow-up period of 28 months after RFCA. The sole complication observed following RFCA in this series was pericarditis or pericardial effusion, occurring in 9.3% of patients, which was managed effectively with conservative measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This manuscript presents the first written report on arrhythmic substrate modification of Brugada syndrome by RFCA via subxiphoid epicardial access in Brazil, demonstrating promising outcomes in medium-term observation. Since the intervention, the patient&#180;s electrocardiographic monitoring has consistently shown no evidence of the BrP, and importantly, no additional life-threatening arrhythmic events throughout the 24-month clinical follow-up period. Regardless of the adopted strategy, RFCA is a targeted and precise treatment that may provide a safe and effective solution for individuals with BrS. However, the optimal protocol for identifying the ablation targets and best approaches to radiofrequency application remains to be defined. Additionally, there is limited data on long-term follow-up after ablation, and no evidence supports ablation in asymptomatic patients. Further research is needed to clarify the precise role of radiofrequency catheter ablation in managing patients with BrS.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>To Guilherme Conde, Natalia Mezzacapa, Nissia Capello, and the entire team at Biosense Webster (Johnson&amp;Johnson) for their partnership and technical, financial, and logistical support during this study. To the Cardiac Arrhythmias unit staff at InCor, including the Arrhythmology, Electrophysiology, and Cardiac Pacing departments, for participating in the various stages of the procedures reported and ensuring adequate clinical follow-up at all stages of assessment and treatment. To nurse Ana L&#250;cia Coimbra, for her technical and bureaucratic contributions during the scheduling of complementary tests and procedures during hospitalization. To the teams responsible for carrying out and analyzing the complementary exams that allowed for better monitoring of the case above reported, with particular emphasis on the Resting Electrocardiography (Dr. Carlos Alberto Pastore), Stress Electrocardiography (Dr. William Chalela), Echocardiography (Dr. Wilson Matias Junior) and Cardiac Resonance and Tomography (Dr. Cesar Nomura and Dr. Carlos Eduardo Rochitte) units.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Mirella Esmanhotto Facin, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number CAAE 08716979.8.000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Biosense Webster (Johnson&amp;Johnson).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
