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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PVsVCS3cvcJZZkbcgG8W9Sf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240420</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;rios de Readmiss&#227;o Hospitalar em at&#233; 5 Anos ap&#243;s CRM: An&#225;lise de Coorte do Banco de Dados REPLICCAR II</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sancio</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3600-0200</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiane Let&#237;cia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9243-7407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borgomoni</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniella de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Horigoshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1940-4470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0449-7056</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nakazone</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Arruda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tiveron</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Gradim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campagnucci</surname>
            <given-names>Valquiria Pelisser</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2137-0604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lisboa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alberto Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6175-5595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Rita de C&#225;ssia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vitoria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Rita de C&#225;ssia, Vitoria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Mar&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Marilia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Mar&#237;lia, Marilia, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Fabiane Let&#237;cia de Freitas &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fabianeleticiaa@gmail.com</email>, <email>fabiane.freitas@fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi Potencial</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240420</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preditores Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;rios de Readmiss&#227;o Hospitalar em at&#233; 5 Anos ap&#243;s CRM: An&#225;lise de Coorte do Banco de Dados REPLICCAR II</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PVsVCS3cvcJZZkbcgG8W9Sf/ab8f1a7f0c00b2a32a226e2883112c607eefd0b2.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PVsVCS3cvcJZZkbcgG8W9Sf/1e8f804a4b01fe0332a08f01a7a6f453a0d4929e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/PVsVCS3cvcJZZkbcgG8W9Sf/43cb15d4b3c358b1c448e0a95fa3464fa579c289.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Reduzir as readmiss&#245;es hospitalares ap&#243;s cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) &#233; essencial para otimizar os resultados a m&#233;dio e longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar preditores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios associados &#224; readmiss&#227;o por todas as causas e card&#237;acas em at&#233; 5 anos ap&#243;s CRM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram analisados 1387 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM entre junho de 2017 e julho de 2019, utilizando dados do registro multic&#234;ntrico REPLICCAR II. O seguimento foi realizado por entrevista telef&#244;nica com question&#225;rio estruturado no REDCap. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica incluiu m&#233;todos univariados e multivariados, utilizando regress&#227;o de Cox e valida&#231;&#227;o interna do modelo por testes de calibra&#231;&#227;o e discrimina&#231;&#227;o. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de readmiss&#227;o por todas as causas foi de 27,69%, com um seguimento m&#233;dio de 4,3 anos e tempo m&#233;dio at&#233; a readmiss&#227;o de 2,4 anos. A regress&#227;o multivariada indicou que menor &#237;ndice de massa corporal (HR=0,97, p=0,032), hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (HR=1,27, p=0,024), diabetes mellitus (HR=1,35, p=0,004), insufici&#234;ncia renal (HR=1,62, p=0,004) e maior score STS (HR=1,22, p&lt;0,001) est&#227;o associados a maior risco de readmiss&#227;o por todas as causas. Foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre readmiss&#227;o e mortalidade (Rho=0,55).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Esta an&#225;lise revela que um &#237;ndice de massa corporal mais baixo, antecedentes de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, diabetes mellitus, insufici&#234;ncia renal e um STS score elevado est&#227;o associados ao aumento do risco de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar ap&#243;s a CRM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>16/15163-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Financiamento do estudo: Este subestudo do REPLICCAR II n&#227;o teve qualquer financiamento. Por outro lado, o estudo Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular II (REPLICCAR II) recebeu financiamento da ag&#234;ncia de fomento Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) sob processo n&#186;: 16/15163-0 com o projeto intitulado &#8220;Amplia&#231;&#227;o e Aprimoramento do Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular atrav&#233;s de parceria com o Registro do Estado de Massachusetts/Harvard University para melhoria da qualidade dos Programas em Cirurgia Card&#237;aca no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de&#8221;.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O avan&#231;o das t&#233;cnicas em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM), juntamente com a implementa&#231;&#227;o de programas de qualidade nos hospitais, contribu&#237;ram significativamente para a redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de morbidade e mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar desses avan&#231;os, enfrentamos desafios com a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar seja em curto prazo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> ou em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Sendo esta &#250;ltima, mais dif&#237;cil de definir pela falta de seguimento dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Portanto, a literatura m&#233;dica recente tem concentrado sua aten&#231;&#227;o nas readmiss&#245;es hospitalares que ocorrem em per&#237;odos mais curtos ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca, especificamente dentro de 30 ou at&#233; 90 dias do procedimento. No entanto, &#233; importante notar que os dados dispon&#237;veis sobre readmiss&#245;es em longo prazo, ou seja, anos ap&#243;s a CRM, ainda s&#227;o limitados e no nosso cen&#225;rio estes resultados ainda n&#227;o foram publicados pela falta de registros em longo prazo. Informa&#231;&#245;es que s&#227;o fundamentais para a defini&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias custo-eficazes nas CRM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em uma suban&#225;lise do &#8220;<italic>CORONARY trial&#8221;,</italic> que estudou as causas de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar em um per&#237;odo de cinco anos ap&#243;s CRM identificaram que ser mulher, idoso, apresentar &#237;ndices elevados de massa corporal, hist&#243;rico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, tabagismo ativo e diabetes mellitus se associaram a um risco aumentado de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Identificar estes fatores de risco ajudaria na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de grupos de risco com a finalidade de preven&#231;&#227;o, assim como de melhorar a indica&#231;&#227;o e, principalmente, a efic&#225;cia das CRM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Um assunto importante para a gera&#231;&#227;o de valor e redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos no sistema de sa&#250;de por complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Na literatura existe uma diversidade de abordagens metodol&#243;gicas, incluindo amostras de tamanhos variados, distintos crit&#233;rios para alocar os pacientes e desfechos com variados graus de relev&#226;ncia para a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar, ressaltando a necessidade de evid&#234;ncias mais s&#243;lidas relacionadas a este t&#243;pico.</p>
      <p>Por conseguinte, torna-se importante identificar os fatores que contribuem para a ocorr&#234;ncia de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar em m&#233;dio e longo prazo, com o objetivo de otimizar os resultados das cirurgias card&#237;acas e minimizar os encargos financeiros para o sistema de sa&#250;de. Sendo assim,o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os preditores de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar por todas as causas e por causas card&#237;acas em at&#233; cinco anos ap&#243;s a CRM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo a partir dos dados do Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular II (REPLICCAR II), um estudo prospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico (incluindo 5 hospitais do estado de S&#227;o Paulo), conduzido com pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>O banco de dados REPLICCAR II cont&#233;m pacientes com idade &#8805;18 anos, submetidos &#224; CRM prim&#225;ria e isolada de forma eletiva ou urg&#234;ncia. A plataforma para coleta de dados foi criada no REDCap (http://www.project-redcap.org) especialmente para o projeto, na qual foi feita a recolec&#231;&#227;o de forma online por profissionais graduados e treinados. O banco de dados cont&#233;m as mesmas vari&#225;veis e defini&#231;&#245;es da vers&#227;o 2.9 do sistema de coletas do STS (<italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise os pacientes que faleceram antes da alta hospitalar, os readmitidos dentro de 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta e aqueles que n&#227;o realizaram a CRM como um procedimento isolado. De forma que este estudo foca na readmiss&#227;o ocorrida mais de 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Os dados relacionados ao seguimento foram coletados de abril de 2023 a janeiro de 2024, os pacientes responderam um question&#225;rio estruturado relacionado &#224; qualidade de vida, sintomas card&#237;acos, ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos card&#237;acos maiores e readmiss&#245;es hospitalares (N=384), como representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> a seguir.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da an&#225;lise. REPLICCAR II: Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular; CRM: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Os autores seguiram os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo STROCSS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel de desfecho prim&#225;rio analisado neste estudo foi a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar por todas as causas. Definimos a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar como o retorno do paciente ao hospital dentro de um per&#237;odo de at&#233; cinco anos ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da CRM.</p>
        <p>O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar n&#227;o planejada relacionada a causas card&#237;acas, definida como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmias, angina, reopera&#231;&#227;o de CRM ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para todas as an&#225;lises deste estudo, utilizou-se o software R, vers&#227;o 4.0.2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> para este projeto, recorreu-se aos pacotes <italic>survival, car, survminer, psych, gmodels, survivalROC, timeROC, pROC, resource selection, ggplot2 e dplyr.</italic></p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise descritiva, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas exclusivamente pela mediana e o intervalo interquartil (IIQ), devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica dos dados. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em termos de frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis independentes categ&#243;ricas, realizamos a compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es utilizando o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, conforme adequado. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada atrav&#233;s do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para as vari&#225;veis independentes cont&#237;nuas e o desfecho do estudo, utilizamos o teste de Mann-Whitney para a compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias, uma vez que todas as vari&#225;veis apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica das vari&#225;veis preditivas, abrangendo tanto fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios quanto intraoperat&#243;rios, iniciou-se com a aplica&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada de <italic>Cox</italic>. Esta etapa preliminar visou a identifica&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis com valores de p&lt;0,05, que foram posteriormente incorporadas ao modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox para uma an&#225;lise mais aprofundada. Os achados foram apresentados em termos de raz&#227;o de risco (HR: Hazard ratio) acompanhada dos respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%).</p>
        <p>Para avaliar o modelo m&#250;ltiplo, realizamos o teste de res&#237;duos de <italic>Schoenfeld</italic>, adequado para a regress&#227;o de <italic>Cox</italic>, al&#233;m da an&#225;lise da curva <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic> (ROC).</p>
        <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar por todas as causas e a mortalidade foi avaliada utilizando a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Os valores de Rho foram interpretados da seguinte forma: Rho = 0 indica aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o; 0 &lt; &#8739;Rho&#8739; &#8804; 0,3 indica correla&#231;&#227;o fraca; 0,3 &lt; &#8739;Rho&#8739; &#8804; 0,7 indica correla&#231;&#227;o moderada; e &#8739;Rho&#8739; &gt; 0,7 indica correla&#231;&#227;o forte. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#201;tica e consentimento</title>
        <p>Este estudo &#233; uma suban&#225;lise do projeto REPLICCAR II, aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa para a An&#225;lise de Projetos (CAPPesq) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (n&#250;mero de registro CAAE: 66919417.6.1001.0068; SDC 4506/17/006). Para a fase de acompanhamento, uma emenda (parecer n&#250;mero 5.603.742) foi aprovada em 25 de agosto de 2022. Todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento para participar da entrevista.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes n&#227;o readmitidos e readmitidos por todas as causas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), observou-se que o grupo readmitido apresentou um &#237;ndice de massa corporal ligeiramente menor (p=0,022). Al&#233;m disso, a incid&#234;ncia de infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio foi significativamente maior nesse grupo (p=0,004), assim como a preval&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus (p=0,002). Notou-se tamb&#233;m uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior de pacientes insulinodependentes entre os readmitidos (p&lt;0,001). Quanto &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, o grupo readmitido teve maior frequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (p=0,001) e insufici&#234;ncia renal (p&lt;0,001). Este grupo tamb&#233;m registrou n&#237;veis de creatinina mais elevados, indicando diferen&#231;as significativas (p&lt;0,001). A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca revelou que uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 30% foi mais comum entre os readmitidos (p=0,039). Em termos de classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional, pacientes com uma classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA III e IV foram mais prevalentes no grupo readmitido (p=0,006), sugerindo uma maior severidade de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Por fim, o STS score para mortalidade tamb&#233;m foi maior no grupo de pacientes readmitidos (p&lt;0,001).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias dos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. REPLICCAR II, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>N&#227;o readmitido (N=1003)</th>
                <th>Readmitido (N=384)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos), (mediana e IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">64 (57-70)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (59-71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,118</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo feminino, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">256 (25,52)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (27,86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,375</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Status de admiss&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eletivo</td>
                <td align="center">574 (57,23)</td>
                <td align="center">198 (51,56)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Urg&#234;ncia/Emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">221 (22,03)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (27,34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transfer&#234;ncia de outro hospital</td>
                <td align="center">201 (20,04)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (21,09)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outro</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0,40)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,00)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (mediana e IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">27 (24,50-29,76)</td>
                <td align="center">26,57 (24,22-29,38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">495 (49,35)</td>
                <td align="center">223 (58,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">880 (87,74)</td>
                <td align="center">343 (89,32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a pulmonar, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leve</td>
                <td align="center">10 (1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0,40)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,78)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Severa</td>
                <td align="center">5 (0,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,00)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Tabagismo, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nunca</td>
                <td align="center">509 (50,75)</td>
                <td align="center">185 (48,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,549</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante ativo</td>
                <td align="center">146 (14,56)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (16,67)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">348 (34,70)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (35,16)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">484 (48,26)</td>
                <td align="center">221 (57,55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulinodependente</td>
                <td align="center">114 (11,37)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (18,49)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">79 (7,88)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (13,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia renal, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">42 (4,19)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (10,42)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aguda</td>
                <td align="center">7 (0,70)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,78)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Creatinina, mg/Dl (mediana e IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (0,93-1,37)</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 (0,90-1,23)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Angioplastia pr&#233;via, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">134 (13,36)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (16,41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,145</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (&lt;30%), n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">11 (1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (2,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>CCS, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">89 (8,87)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (10,42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,376</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>NYHA, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I e II</td>
                <td align="center">891 (88,83)</td>
                <td align="center">316</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III e IV</td>
                <td align="center">112 (11,17)</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>STS score de mortalidade, (mediana e IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,81 (0,43-0,97)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil CCS: Classifica&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Cardiovascular Canadense de angina; NYHA: Classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da New York Heart Association; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons; Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular: Acidente Vascular Cerebral, Ataque Isqu&#234;mico Transit&#243;rio ou Estenose das Car&#243;tidas maior ou igual a 50%; Insufici&#234;ncia renal: Considerado Clearance de creatinina &lt;60 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os pacientes n&#227;o readmitidos e readmitidos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e &#224; taxa de extuba&#231;&#227;o na sala cir&#250;rgica (p=0,028 e 0,040, respectivamente). Adicionalmente, os n&#237;veis de glicemia foram significativamente mais altos (p&lt;0,001) nos pacientes readmitidos, conforme detalhado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas intraoperat&#243;ria dos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. REPLICCAR II, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>N&#227;o readmitido (N=1003)</th>
                <th>Readmitido (N=384)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">901 (89,93)</td>
                <td align="center">328 (85,42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (minutos), (mediana e IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">75 (59,00-95,25)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (56-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo de anoxia (minutos), (mediana e IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">57 (43-75)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (41-79)</td>
                <td align="center">0,516</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica bilateral, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">135 (13,46)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (11,72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,388</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">966 (96,31)</td>
                <td align="center">361 (94,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,059</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pediculada</td>
                <td align="center">629 (65,11)</td>
                <td align="center">243 (67,31)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Esqueletizada</td>
                <td align="center">337 (34,89)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (32,69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">145 (14,46)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (13,28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,573</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pediculada</td>
                <td align="center">75 (51,72)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (52,94)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,844</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Esqueletizada</td>
                <td align="center">70 (48,28)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (47,06)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de art&#233;ria radial, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">46 (4,59)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (4,69)</td>
                <td align="center">0,935</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo de cirurgia (horas), (mediana e IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,50 (3,42-6,00)</td>
                <td align="center">4,67 (3,50-6,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,314</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Transfus&#227;o de concentrados de hem&#225;cias, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">8 (0,80)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,970</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Extuba&#231;&#227;o em sala cir&#250;rgica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">48 (4,79)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (2,34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Glicemia mais alta, (mediana e IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">174 (47,17-93,08)</td>
                <td align="center">177 (50,50-115,25)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Entre os pacientes analisados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>, os readmitidos apresentaram uma maior incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal (p&lt;0,001), maior taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento (p=0,009), e maior tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal (p=0,001). Al&#233;m disso, a ventila&#231;&#227;o prolongada por mais de 24 horas (p&lt;0,001) e a ocorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria (p=0,013) foram mais comuns entre os readmitidos. Esses pacientes tamb&#233;m tiveram interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares (p&lt;0,001) e perman&#234;ncias na UTI mais longas (p&lt;0,001), incluindo interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares com mais de 14 dias (p&lt;0,001), destacando desafios adicionais no manejo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio dos pacientes readmitidos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis de desfecho e evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria dos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. REPLICCAR II, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>N&#227;o readmitido (N=1003)</th>
                <th>Readmitido (N=384)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acidente Vascular Cerebral, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">13 (1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,992</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">45 (4,49)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (11,98)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,20)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">143 (14,26)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (17,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal (horas), (mediana e IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7,78 (5,33-11,01)</td>
                <td align="center">8,5 (6,04-12,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ventila&#231;&#227;o prolongada (&gt;24 horas), n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">25 (2,49)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (6,25)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Infec&#231;&#227;o ferida operat&#243;ria (&#8804;30 dias), n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">22 (2,19)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (4,69)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar prolongada (&gt;14 dias), n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">222 (22,13)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (30,99)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar curta (&lt;6 dias), n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">52 (5,18)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3,39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,156</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI (horas), (mediana e IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">68,12 (47,17-93,08)</td>
                <td align="center">73,17 (50,50-115,25)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (dias), (mediana e IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7,00 (6,00-8,00)</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 (6,00-10,00)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#211;bito em 30 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores associados ao desfecho de readmiss&#227;o por todas as causas, a regress&#227;o univariada foi utilizada para identificar vari&#225;veis correlacionadas ao evento (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-suppl01.pdf">Tabela suplementar 1</inline-supplementary-material>). Em seguida, a partir dos dados obtidos na an&#225;lise univariada, a regress&#227;o multivariada foi utilizada para cria&#231;&#227;o de um modelo m&#250;ltiplo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estimativas da associa&#231;&#227;o entre caracter&#237;sticas do paciente e readmiss&#227;o por todas as causas usando um modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox ajustado para caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes. REPLICCAR II, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor de P</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Status de admiss&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Urg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">1,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 - 1,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 - 0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 - 1,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 - 1,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia renal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,62</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 - 2,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (&lt;30%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 - 2,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,394</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>NYHA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III e IV</td>
                <td align="center">1,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 - 1,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>STS score (mortalidade)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 - 1,36</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>NYHA: Classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da New York Heart Association; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons; A: Considerado clearance de creatinina &lt; 60 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>; HR: Hazard ratio; IC 95%: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Para valida&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi realizado o teste de Res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld, os resultados do teste n&#227;o revelaram evid&#234;ncias significativas de viola&#231;&#245;es da suposi&#231;&#227;o de riscos proporcionais, ou seja, o modelo estava calibrado (p=0,192). Al&#233;m disso, a curva de ROC (0,80, IC 95% 0,73-0,79) demonstrou que o modelo m&#250;ltiplo &#233; preciso para prever readmiss&#227;o por todas as causas em at&#233; 5 anos ap&#243;s a CRM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva ROC do modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox ajustado para os pacientes que foram readmitidos por todas as causas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores associados ao desfecho de readmiss&#227;o por causas card&#237;acas, a regress&#227;o univariada foi utilizada para identificar vari&#225;veis correlacionadas ao evento (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-suppl02.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 2</inline-supplementary-material>). Em seguida, a partir dos dados obtidos na an&#225;lise univariada, a regress&#227;o multivariada foi utilizada para cria&#231;&#227;o de um modelo m&#250;ltiplo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Estimativas da associa&#231;&#227;o entre caracter&#237;sticas do paciente e readmiss&#227;o por causas card&#237;acas usando um modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox ajustado para caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes. REPLICCAR II, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>HR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Status de admiss&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Urg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">1,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 - 1,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 - 0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (&lt;30%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,15</td>
                <td align="center">1,47 - 6,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>HR: Hazard ratio; IC 95%: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Para valida&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi realizado o teste de Res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld, os resultados do teste n&#227;o revelaram evid&#234;ncias significativas de viola&#231;&#245;es da suposi&#231;&#227;o de riscos proporcionais, ou seja, o modelo estava calibrado (p=0,40). Al&#233;m disso, a curva de ROC (0,76, IC 95% 0,73-0,79) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>) demonstrou que o modelo m&#250;ltiplo &#233; preciso para prever readmiss&#227;o por causas card&#237;acas em at&#233; 5 anos ap&#243;s a CRM.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva ROC do modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox ajustado para os pacientes que foram readmitidos por causas card&#237;acas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A m&#233;dia de seguimento dos pacientes foi de 4,3 anos (percentil 25 e 75: 3,5-5,0), a incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de readmiss&#227;o por todas as causas foi de 27,69% (IC 95% 0,25 &#8211; 0,30) como representado na Figura 4-A. O tempo m&#233;dio de readmiss&#227;o por todas as causas foi de 2,4 anos (percentil 25 e 75: 1,0-3,6). A incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de readmiss&#227;o por causas card&#237;acas foi de 10,67% (IC 95%: Em rela&#231;&#227;o a readmiss&#227;o por causa card&#237;aca (Figura 4-B), o tempo m&#233;dio foi de 2,33 anos (percentil 25 e 75: 0,75-3,69).</p>
      <p>Entre os pacientes que n&#227;o foram readmitidos, apenas 15 (1,50%) evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito. Em contraste, dentre os pacientes readmitidos, 154 (40,10%) evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito. Foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar por todas as causas e a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, apresentando um coeficiente Rho de 0,55 (IC 95%, 0,51-0,59).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta an&#225;lise de seguimento de m&#233;dio e longo prazo em pacientes submetidos a CRM no estado de S&#227;o Paulo por meio de dados multic&#234;ntricos, foi identificado que a m&#233;dia de incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de readmiss&#227;o por causas card&#237;acas e todas as causas foram de 10,67% e de 27,69%, respectivamente. Estando esta &#250;ltima correlacionada com a mortalidade, em conformidade com a literatura atual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre os preditores identificados, o status cir&#250;rgico de urg&#234;ncia, o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) reduzido e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt;30% foram relevantes para ambos os desfechos avaliados, refletindo tamb&#233;m a complexidade dos pacientes em nosso cen&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Apesar de a mortalidade em cirurgia card&#237;aca ter diminu&#237;do significativamente a partir do refinamento das t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, maquin&#225;rios, linha de cuidados, bancos de dados e outros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>atualmente a aten&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos n&#227;o relacionados ao &#243;bito tem ganhado espa&#231;o nas discuss&#245;es no &#226;mbito da qualidade e seguran&#231;a do paciente, entretanto, estes dados ainda s&#227;o raros e dispersos em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, sobretudo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acompanhamento a longo prazo, onde o foco nas an&#225;lises permeia os primeiros 30 a 90 dias ap&#243;s a alta, apresentando uma heterogeneidade de taxas entre 8,3 e 21,1% entre as an&#225;lises.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia de grandes bancos de dados em sa&#250;de, devidamente estruturados para o seguimento a longo prazo, nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento n&#227;o apenas limita a capacidade de realizar pesquisas robustas e o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias guiadas por dados, como tamb&#233;m compromete o acompanhamento dos pacientes submetidos a CRM. Sem um registro detalhado, com atualiza&#231;&#245;es peri&#243;dicas, hist&#243;ricos m&#233;dicos de diagn&#243;sticos e interven&#231;&#245;es, os profissionais de sa&#250;de, gestores hospitalares e de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica enfrentam obst&#225;culos no monitoramento do progresso dos pacientes, na identifica&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, na adapta&#231;&#227;o de planos de cuidados assist&#234;ncias, e na pr&#243;pria evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de sistemas de dados amig&#225;vel e robusto &#233; crucial para a forma&#231;&#227;o de uma cultura baseada em dados, melhoria cont&#237;nua dos cuidados em sa&#250;de, garantindo a identifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as com maior agilidade, indica&#231;&#227;o do melhor tratamento e acompanhando sua evolu&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> como &#233; o caso da readmiss&#227;o hospitalar, desfecho que culmina em pior progn&#243;stico e aumento de custos para o sistema de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nossa an&#225;lise, foi observado que 40,10% dos pacientes que necessitaram realizar ao menos uma reinterna&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar p&#243;s-CRM evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito. Da mesma forma, Bianco et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> avaliaram os impactos a longo prazo da readmiss&#227;o ap&#243;s 30 dias da cirurgia (n=14538) e apontaram que a reinterna&#231;&#227;o esteve significativamente associada &#224; mortalidade tanto a curto (6 meses) quanto a longo seguimento (60 meses), mas tamb&#233;m um preditor independente para novas readmiss&#245;es. &#201; necess&#225;rio realizar mais estudos para avaliar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes que, ap&#243;s procedimentos card&#237;acos, necessitam de novas interna&#231;&#245;es. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o deve considerar n&#227;o apenas aspectos cl&#237;nicos, mas tamb&#233;m psicossociais, permitindo que os hospitais desenvolvam ferramentas adequadas de acompanhamento e follow-up, al&#233;m de estrat&#233;gias para reduzir a probabilidade de readmiss&#245;es. Neste cen&#225;rio, a cria&#231;&#227;o de modelos preditivos e escores surge como uma ferramenta poderosa para auxiliar nas decis&#245;es m&#233;dicas e multiprofissionais, com o potencial de reduzir significativamente o risco de readmiss&#227;o. Os fatores associados &#224; readmiss&#227;o apontados pela regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla refletem a complexidade do paciente no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, e podem oportunizar janelas de melhorias, semelhantes aos achados da literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O recente ensaio <italic>CORONARY trial</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> avaliou 4623 pacientes com seguimento a longo prazo e destacou que as taxas de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar, tanto para todas as causas quanto para card&#237;acas, foram significativas ap&#243;s 5 anos da alta hospitalar ap&#243;s CRM, onde mulheres apresentaram risco significativamente maior de readmiss&#227;o, com uma correla&#231;&#227;o forte entre readmiss&#227;o e mortalidade a longo prazo, evidenciando diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero significativas no prognostico ap&#243;s o procedimento. Em nosso estudo, o sexo n&#227;o teve associa&#231;&#227;o em nenhum dos desfechos avaliados, entretanto, a readmiss&#227;o por todas as causas foi correlacionada moderadamente com a mortalidade. Mais estudos precisam ser realizados a fim de explorar o impacto do sexo na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes submetidos a CRM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nossa an&#225;lise IMC baixo foi um preditor de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar em longo prazo. A desnutri&#231;&#227;o, fator correlacionado &#224; readmiss&#227;o na nossa an&#225;lise, pode estar vinculada &#224; demora para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia card&#237;aca devido &#224; consider&#225;vel fila cir&#250;rgica no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, sem o devido acompanhamento multiprofissional estimulando a pr&#233;-habilita&#231;&#227;o do paciente, mas tamb&#233;m pode ter rela&#231;&#227;o com a perda de peso observada durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-cirurgia, sabendo-se que sarcopenia est&#225; associada a desfechos cl&#237;nicos menos favor&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Este achado indica a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional e do manejo adequado do peso do paciente desde a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, o preparando para o procedimento a partir de linhas de cuidados personalizadas e preventivas, como estrat&#233;gias para otimizar o estado cl&#237;nico do paciente no momento da cirurgia, promovendo uma recupera&#231;&#227;o mais eficiente e com potencial de minimizar o risco de readmiss&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225; sabidamente associada &#224; necessidade de m&#250;ltiplas interna&#231;&#245;es e &#224; piora de morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A identifica&#231;&#227;o da FEVE &lt;30% como preditor de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar &#233; justific&#225;vel e pode ser explicada pela demora no diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou devido ao longo per&#237;odo de espera para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico sendo esta realizada muitas vezes com car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A FEVE &lt;30% pode levar ao deterioramento do estado cl&#237;nico do paciente gerando descompensa&#231;&#245;es que necessitam de novas interna&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>O uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) foi menor entre os pacientes readmitidos. Estudos indicam que a CEC pode aumentar o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es devido &#224; resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica e ao trauma causado pela m&#225;quina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> No entanto, como este estudo n&#227;o &#233; randomizado, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os pacientes que n&#227;o utilizaram CEC tivessem um perfil cl&#237;nico mais grave, como aorta em porcelana ou outros fatores de risco que n&#227;o foram mensurados nesta an&#225;lise. Isso pode ter influenciado os diferentes perfis de complica&#231;&#245;es observados. Embora a literatura sugira que cirurgias sem CEC podem reduzir complica&#231;&#245;es imediatas, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre o impacto a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A extuba&#231;&#227;o em sala cir&#250;rgica foi menos comum entre os pacientes readmitidos. Essa pr&#225;tica &#233; geralmente associada a melhores desfechos, como redu&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, do tempo de UTI e da dura&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A literatura indica que a extuba&#231;&#227;o precoce, quando realizada em pacientes devidamente selecionados, pode diminuir o risco de infec&#231;&#245;es pulmonares e promover uma recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica mais r&#225;pida, o que pode contribuir para uma menor taxa de readmiss&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Estudos mostram que um controle glic&#234;mico rigoroso pode reduzir o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e readmiss&#245;es hospitalares, especialmente em pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Em nosso estudo, observamos que os pacientes readmitidos apresentaram n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos mais elevados em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#227;o readmitidos. A hiperglicemia no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio est&#225; associada a piores desfechos, incluindo aumento de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, atraso na cicatriza&#231;&#227;o e maior mortalidade. Esses achados est&#227;o alinhados com a literatura, que destaca a import&#226;ncia de manter um controle glic&#234;mico adequado durante o per&#237;odo intraoperat&#243;rio, independentemente de o paciente ser diab&#233;tico ou n&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pacientes readmitidos a longo prazo apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas hospitalares associadas a piores desfechos, como insufici&#234;ncia renal, maior taxa de reopera&#231;&#245;es por sangramento e infec&#231;&#227;o profunda/mediastinite. Esses achados indicam que complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, associadas a maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e em UTI, est&#227;o relacionadas ao aumento das readmiss&#245;es a longo prazo. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de indicadores para avaliar o desempenho da nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; fundamental para o gerenciamento eficaz das institui&#231;&#245;es. A readmiss&#227;o hospitalar n&#227;o apenas reflete a qualidade do atendimento e a satisfa&#231;&#227;o do paciente, mas tamb&#233;m permite monitorar processos que podem levar a reinterna&#231;&#245;es. Tais eventos postergam o retorno do paciente &#224;s suas atividades di&#225;rias, exp&#245;em-no novamente ao ambiente hospitalar, aumentam o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es e, potencialmente, elevam o risco de morte. Em nossa an&#225;lise, destacamos a import&#226;ncia desse indicador, observando uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre readmiss&#227;o por todas as causas e mortalidade, com um coeficiente Rho de 0,55 (IC 95%: 0,51 a 0,59) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). A identifica&#231;&#227;o e o monitoramento desses indicadores s&#227;o cruciais para o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias proativas voltadas &#224; melhoria dos resultados assistenciais e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de custos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de readmiss&#227;o por todas as causas (A) e card&#237;aca (B) na coorte geral durante o seguimento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Um dos principais desafios deste estudo foi o acompanhamento dos pacientes, que exigiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas. O Brasil ainda carece de um sistema &#250;nico de banco de dados que centralize informa&#231;&#245;es sobre readmiss&#245;es e &#243;bitos, o que poderia facilitar e fazer avan&#231;ar a pesquisa nacional. Enquanto n&#227;o tivermos uma integra&#231;&#227;o eficaz de dados, ser&#225; dif&#237;cil obter um seguimento completo e preciso dos pacientes. A aus&#234;ncia de um sistema unificado dificulta a coleta e an&#225;lise de dados que s&#227;o essenciais para a melhoria cont&#237;nua da qualidade dos cuidados e da gest&#227;o em sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Acreditamos que a implementa&#231;&#227;o de um banco de dados com seguimento dos pacientes tenha potencial para identificar preditores e guiar interven&#231;&#245;es, de forma que o atendimento m&#233;dico cir&#250;rgico possa melhorar resultados na qualidade de vida dos pacientes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi realizado com uma coorte preliminar de um banco de dados multic&#234;ntrico no estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Os seguimentos continuam sendo coletados pelo grupo de estudos at&#233; o contato (ou 5&#170; tentativa) para cada paciente inclu&#237;do no banco de dados prim&#225;rio. A dificuldade em localizar uma significativa propor&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes inicialmente inclu&#237;dos no estudo pode comprometer a precis&#227;o e a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados obtidos. Os resultados por institui&#231;&#227;o podem ter refletido algum n&#237;vel de impacto na an&#225;lise devido a heterogeneidade relacionada &#224; experi&#234;ncia das equipes de sa&#250;de, materiais dispon&#237;veis, metodologias e protocolos institucionais e at&#233; mesmo o perfil do paciente atendido por hospital de modo de transmitir um retrato de mundo-real. Portanto &#233; recomendado que cada institui&#231;&#227;o avalie isoladamente seus dados para valida&#231;&#227;o dos resultados aqui expostos e direcionamento de condutas para melhorias dos resultados. A descri&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s CRM n&#227;o foram objeto da presente an&#225;lise, pois trata-se de um estudo com pacientes sobreviventes &#224; cirurgia com o objetivo de compreender quais os preditores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios que influenciaram na readmiss&#227;o hospitalar e desta forma criar estrat&#233;gias para diminuir este impacto. Esta &#233; uma an&#225;lise post-hoc, pois o seguimento a longo prazo n&#227;o foi objetivo de an&#225;lise principal do banco de dados REPLICCAR II, por isso &#233; poss&#237;vel que esta analise n&#227;o tenha poder estat&#237;stico suficiente para validar a hip&#243;tese, por esta raz&#227;o recomendamos que mais estudos sejam realizados com esta finalidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias IMC baixo, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, diabetes mellitus, insufici&#234;ncia renal e um STS score elevado se associaram ao aumento do risco de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar 5 anos ap&#243;s a CRM. Assim mesmo, cirurgia na urg&#234;ncia, IMC baixo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;30% foram preditores das readmiss&#245;es por causas card&#237;acas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>O Grupo de Estudos REPLICCAR, Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) e Secretaria de Estado da Sa&#250;de de S&#227;o Paulo (SES-SP) no &#226;mbito do Programa de Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de Unificada Sistema de gest&#227;o compartilhada (PPSUS), que permitiu o desenvolvimento deste estudo no &#226;mbito do Processo FAPESP n&#186; 16 /15163-0.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5.603.742. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>* Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0420_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Financiamento do estudo:</label>
        <p> Este subestudo do REPLICCAR II n&#227;o teve qualquer financiamento. Por outro lado, o estudo Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular II (REPLICCAR II) recebeu financiamento da ag&#234;ncia de fomento Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) sob processo n&#186;: 16/15163-0 com o projeto intitulado &#8220;Amplia&#231;&#227;o e Aprimoramento do Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular atrav&#233;s de parceria com o Registro do Estado de Massachusetts/Harvard University para melhoria da qualidade dos Programas em Cirurgia Card&#237;aca no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de&#8221;.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP - Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240420i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preoperative Predictors of Hospital Readmission within 5 Years Following CABG: Cohort Analysis of the REPLICCAR II Database</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sancio</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3600-0200</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiane Let&#237;cia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9243-7407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borgomoni</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniella de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Horigoshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1940-4470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0449-7056</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nakazone</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Arruda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tiveron</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Gradim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campagnucci</surname>
            <given-names>Valquiria Pelisser</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2137-0604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lisboa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alberto Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6175-5595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Rita de C&#225;ssia, Vitoria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Mar&#237;lia, Marilia, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Fabiane Let&#237;cia de Freitas &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: fabianeleticiaa@gmail.com, fabiane.freitas@fm.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Preoperative Predictors of Hospital Readmission within 5 Years Following CABG: Cohort Analysis of the REPLICCAR II Database</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Reducing hospital readmissions following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgeries is essential to optimizing medium- and long-term patient outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To analyze preoperative predictors associated with all-cause and cardiac readmissions within 5 years following CABG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We analyzed 1,387 patients who underwent CABG between June 2017 and July 2019 using data from the multicenter REPLICCAR II registry. Follow-up was carried out by telephone interviews using a questionnaire structured in the REDCap platform. Statistical analysis included univariate and multivariate methods, with Cox regression and internal validation through calibration and discrimination tests. A significance level of 5% was applied.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The cumulative incidence of all-cause readmission was 27.69%, with a mean follow-up of 4.3 years and a mean time to readmission of 2.4 years. Multivariate regression analysis indicated the following predictors of higher all-cause readmission risk: lower body mass index (HR=0.97, p=0.032), history of myocardial infarction (HR=1.27, p=0.024), diabetes mellitus (HR=1.35, p=0.004), renal failure (HR=1.62, p=0.004), and higher STS score (HR=1.22, p&lt;0.001). A moderate correlation was observed between readmission and mortality (Rho=0.55).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> This analysis demonstrates that lower body mass index, history of myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, and elevated STS scores are significant predictors of increased hospital readmission risk following CABG.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The advancement of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) techniques, combined with the implementation of hospital quality improvement programs, has significantly reduced postoperative morbidity and mortality rates<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, despite these advancements, hospital readmissions remain a challenge both in the short term<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and long term<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Long-term readmission is particularly difficult to define due to limited patient follow-up data.</p>
        <p>Recent medical literature has primarily focused on hospital readmissions occurring within shorter periods after cardiac surgery, specifically within 30 or 90 days post-procedure. However, data on long-term readmissions, years after CABG, remain limited. In our setting, these results have yet to be published due to a lack of long-term records, information that is essential for defining cost-effective strategies in CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A subanalysis of the CORONARY trial, which studied the causes of hospital readmission within five years after CABG, identified several factors associated with an increased risk of all-cause readmission, including female sex, advanced age, high body mass index, history of acute myocardial infarction, previous cerebrovascular accident, peripheral arterial disease, active smoking, and diabetes mellitus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Identifying these risk factors can help in stratifying risk groups for prevention and improving the indication and, especially, the effectiveness of CABG surgeries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This is crucial for generating value and reducing costs associated with complications in the healthcare system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, the literature shows significant variability in methodological approaches used, including differing size samples, patient allocation criteria, and outcome definitions for hospital readmission, highlighting the need for more solid evidence on this topic.</p>
        <p>It is important to identify the factors contributing to hospital readmissions in the medium and long term to optimize cardiac surgery outcomes and minimize the financial burden on the healthcare system. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify predictors of hospital readmission for both all causes and cardiac causes within five years following CABG.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study is based on data from the Paulista Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery II (<italic>Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular II, REPLICCAR II</italic>), a prospective, multicenter study involving five hospitals in the state of S&#227;o Paulo conducted with patients undergoing CABG surgery.</p>
        <p>The REPLICCAR II database includes patients aged &#8805;18 years who underwent primary, isolated CABG, either electively or urgently. Data collection was conducted in the REDCap platform (http://www.project-redcap.org) specifically designed for this project, ensuring consistency with the variables and definitions from version 2.9 of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)</p>
        <p>collection system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Patients who died before hospital discharge, were readmitted within 30 days of discharge, or did not undergo isolated CABG were excluded from the analysis. Therefore, this study focuses on readmissions occurring more than 30 days after discharge.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient follow-up</title>
          <p>Follow-up data were collected between April 2023 and January 2024. Patients (N=384) answered a structured questionnaire assessing quality of life, cardiac symptoms, major cardiac adverse events, and hospital readmissions, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart analysis. CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; REPLICCAR II: Paulista Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery. The authors adhered to the criteria established by STROCSS guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of variables</title>
          <p>The primary outcome of this study was hospital readmission for all causes, defined as a patient&#8217;s return to the hospital within a period of up to five years following CABG.</p>
          <p>The secondary outcome was unplanned hospital readmission due to cardiac causes, defined as heart failure, arrhythmias, angina, CABG reoperation, or percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All analyses were performed using R software, version 4.0.2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The following packages were utilized for this project: <italic>survival, car, survminer, psych, gmodels, survivalROC, timeROC, pROC, resource selection, ggplot2,</italic> and <italic>dplyr.</italic></p>
          <p>In the descriptive analysis, continuous variables were expressed exclusively as medians and interquartile range (IQR) due to the asymmetric data distribution. Categorical variables were presented in terms of frequencies and percentages.</p>
          <p>For the analysis of categorical independent variables, proportions were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test, as appropriate. Data normality was assessed through the Shapiro-Wilk test. For continuous independent variables and the study outcome, the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare means since all variables presented a non-parametric distribution. To identify predictive factors, Cox univariate regression analysis was initially performed on preoperative and intraoperative variables. Variables with p-values &lt;0.05 were subsequently included in the Cox multivariate regression model for further analysis. The findings were presented as hazard ratios (HR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).</p>
          <p>To evaluate the multiple regression model, we performed the Schoenfeld residual test, suitable for Cox regression, in addition to the analysis of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve.</p>
          <p>The correlation between all-cause hospital readmission and mortality was assessed using Spearman&#8217;s correlation. Rho values were interpreted as follows: Rho=0 indicates no correlation; 0 &lt; &#8739;Rho&#8739; &#8804;0.3 indicates weak correlation; 0.3 &lt; &#8739;Rho&#8739; &#8804;0.7 indicates moderate correlation; and &#8739;Rho&#8739; &gt;0.7 indicates strong correlation. A significance level of 5% was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics and consent</title>
          <p>This study is a subanalysis of the REPLICCAR II project, approved by the Ethics Committee for the Analysis of Research Projects (CAPPesq) of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (registration number CAAE: 66919417.6.1001.0068; SDC 4506/17/006). For the follow-up phase, an amendment (opinion number 5.603.742) was approved on August 25, 2022. All patients provided consent to participate in the interview.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the comparison between non-readmitted and readmitted patients for all causes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>), the readmitted group exhibited a slightly lower body mass index (p=0.022). The incidence of previous myocardial infarction (p=0.004) and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (p=0.002) were significantly higher in this group, with a significantly higher proportion of insulin-dependent patients (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Preoperative characteristics of patients undergoing CABG. REPLICCAR II, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>Non-readmitted (N=1,003)</th>
                  <th>Readmitted (N=384)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years), (median and IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">64 (57-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (59-71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.118</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Female sex, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">256 (25.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (27.86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.375</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Admission status, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Elective</td>
                  <td align="center">574 (57.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (51.56)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urgency/Emergency</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (22.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (27.34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transfer from another hospital</td>
                  <td align="center">201 (20.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (21.09)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.00)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (median and IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27 (24.50-29.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.57 (24.22-29.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Previous myocardial infarction, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">495 (49.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">223 (58.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Systemic arterial hypertension, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">880 (87.74)</td>
                  <td align="center">343 (89.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.413</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Pulmonary disease, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (1.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.321</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.78)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.00)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Smoking, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">509 (50.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (48.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.549</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (14.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (16.67)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">348 (34.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (35.16)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">484 (48.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (57.55)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin-dependent</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (11.37)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (18.49)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79 (7.88)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (13.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Renal failure, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (4.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (10.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (0.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.78)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinine, mg/dL (median and IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.07 (0.93-1.37)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.16 (0.90-1.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Previous angioplasty, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">134 (13.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (16.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.145</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ejection fraction (&lt;30%), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">11 (1.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>CCS, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (8.87)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (10.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.376</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>NYHA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I and II</td>
                  <td align="center">891 (88.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">316</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III and IV</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (11.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>STS mortality score (median and IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.81 (0.43-0.97)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina grading; IQR: interquartile range; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional classification; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Cerebrovascular disease: stroke, transient ischemic attack, or carotid stenosis &#8805;50%; renal failure: creatinine clearance &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The readmitted group also had a higher frequency of cerebrovascular disease (p=0.001) and renal failure (p&lt;0.001), along with elevated creatinine levels (p&lt;0.001). Cardiac function analysis revealed that an ejection fraction below 30% was more common in the readmitted group (p=0.039).</p>
        <p>In terms of functional status, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classifications III and IV were more prevalent in the readmitted group (p=0.006), suggesting a greater heart failure severity. Finally, the STS score for mortality was significantly higher in the readmitted group (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>Significant differences were observed between non-readmitted and readmitted patients regarding the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and extubation in the operating room (p=0.028 and 0.040, respectively). Furthermore, blood glucose levels were significantly higher (p&lt;0.001) in the readmitted patients, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Intraoperative characteristics of patients undergoing CABG. REPLICCAR II, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>Non-readmitted (N=1,003)</th>
                  <th>Readmitted (N=384)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CPB use, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">901 (89.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">328 (85.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CPB time (min), (median and IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">75 (59.00-95.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (56-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.998</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Aortic clamping time (min), (median and IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">57 (43-75)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (41-79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.516</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of bilateral thoracic artery, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">135 (13.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (11.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.388</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of left internal thoracic artery, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">966 (96.31)</td>
                  <td align="center">361 (94.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.059</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pedicled</td>
                  <td align="center">629 (65.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">243 (67.31)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Skeletonized</td>
                  <td align="center">337 (34.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (32.69)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of right internal thoracic artery, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">145 (14.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (13.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.573</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pedicled</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (51.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (52.94)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.844</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Skeletonized</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (48.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (47.06)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of radial artery, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">46 (4.59)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (4.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.935</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Duration of surgery (h), (median and IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.50 (3.42-6.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.67 (3.50-6.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.314</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Packed red blood cell transfusion, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.970</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Extubation in operating room, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">48 (4.79)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2.34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Higher blood glucose (median and IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">174 (47.17-93.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (50.50-115.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; IQR: interquartile range.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, readmitted patients had a higher incidence of renal failure (p&lt;0.001), an increased rate of reoperation for bleeding (p=0.009), and longer durations of orotracheal intubation (p=0.001). Prolonged ventilation exceeding 24 hours (p&lt;0.001) and surgical wound infection (p=0.013) were also more common in this group. Additionally, readmitted patients experienced longer hospital stays (p&lt;0.001) and intensive care unit (ICU) stays (p&lt;0.001), including hospitalizations exceeding 14 days (p&lt;0.001), highlighting the complexities of postoperative management in these cases.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Postoperative outcomes and evolution of patients undergoing CABG. REPLICCAR II, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>Non-readmitted (N=1,003)</th>
                  <th>Readmitted (N=384)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cerebrovascular accident, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">13 (1.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.992</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Renal failure, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">45 (4.49)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (11.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Reoperation for bleeding, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">143 (14.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (17.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Orotracheal intubation time (h), (median and IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.78 (5.33-11.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5 (6.04-12.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Prolonged ventilation (&gt;24 h), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25 (2.49)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (6.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Surgical wound infection (&#8804;30 days), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22 (2.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (4.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Prolonged hospital stay (&gt;14 days), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">222 (22.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (30.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Short hospital stay (&lt;6 days), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">52 (5.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3.39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.156</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Length of ICU stay (hours), (median and IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">68.12 (47.17-93.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">73.17 (50.50-115.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total length of hospital stay (days) (median and IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.00 (6.00-8.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.00 (6.00-10.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>30-day post-procedure mortality, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>ICU: intensive care unit; IQR: interquartile range.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>To identify factors associated with all-cause readmission, univariate regression was used to determine variables correlated with the event (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-suppl01-en.pdf">Supplementary Table 1</inline-supplementary-material>). These variables were subsequently included in a multivariate regression to create a multiple model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate Cox regression model: association between patient characteristics and all-cause readmission (adjusted for patient characteristics). REPLICCAR II, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Admission status</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urgency</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99 - 1.24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.070</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 - 0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Previous myocardial infarction</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 - 1.56</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.35</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10 - 1.66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Renal failure*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.62</td>
                  <td align="center">1.16 - 2.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ejection fraction (&lt;30%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70 - 2.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.394</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>NYHA</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III and IV</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 - 1.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.077</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>STS score (mortality)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.22</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09 - 1.36</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional classification; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons. * Creatinine clearance &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>To validate the model, the Schoenfeld residuals test was performed, and the results showed no significant evidence of proportional hazard assumption violations, indicating proper model calibration (p=0.192). Furthermore, the ROC curve (AUC 0.80, 95% CI 0.76-0.84) demonstrated that the multiple model is accurate in predicting all-cause readmission within 5 years after CABG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central figure</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curve of the multivariate Cox regression model adjusted for patient characteristics predicting all-cause readmission.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>To identify factors associated with all-cause readmission, univariate regression was used to determine variables correlated with the event (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-suppl02-en.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</inline-supplementary-material>). These variables were then incorporated into a multivariate regression analysis to create a multiple model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate Cox regression model: association between patient characteristics and all-cause readmission (adjusted for patient characteristics). REPLICCAR II, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Admission status</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urgency</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 - 1,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 - 0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ejection fraction (&lt;30%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3,15</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47 - 6,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>To validate the model, the Schoenfeld residuals test was performed, and the results showed no significant evidence of proportional hazard assumption violations, indicating proper model calibration (p=0.192). In addition, the ROC curve (AUC 0.76, 95% CI 0.73-0.79) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>) demonstrated that the multiple model is accurate to predict cardiac-related readmission within 5 years after CABG.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curve of the multivariate Cox regression model adjusted for predicting cardiac-related readmission.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The mean follow-up time for patients was 4.3 years (25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles: 3.5-5.0). The cumulative incidence of all-cause readmission was 27.69% (95% CI 0.25-0.30), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4-A</xref>. The mean time to all-cause readmission was 2.4 years (25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles: 1.0-3.6). For cardiac-related readmissions, the cumulative incidence was 10.67%. Regarding readmission due to cardiac causes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4-B</xref>), the mean time was 2.33 years (25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles: 0.75-3.69).</p>
        <p>Among patients who were not readmitted, only 15 (1.50%) died. In contrast, 154 (40.10%) of readmitted patients died. A moderate correlation was observed between all-cause hospital readmission and mortality, with a Rho coefficient of 0.55 (95% CI 0.51-0.59).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cumulative incidence of all-cause (A) and cardiac-related (B) readmissions in the cohort during follow-up.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240420-40420-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This analysis of medium- and long-term follow-up in patients undergoing CABG in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, based on multicenter data, revealed that the cumulative incidence of cardiac-related readmission was 10.67%, while all-cause readmission was 27.69%. The latter was found to be correlated with mortality, consistent with current literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the identified predictors, urgent surgical status, reduced body mass index (BMI), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt;30% were significant for both outcomes evaluated, highlighting the complexity of patients in this cohort.</p>
        <p>Although mortality rates in cardiac surgery have significantly declined due to advancements in surgical techniques, equipment, care management, databases, and others,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> attention has increasingly shifted toward non-mortality outcomes, particularly in discussions about patient quality and safety. However, such data remain scarce and fragmented in low- and middle-income countries, especially regarding long-term follow-up. Most analyses focus on the first 30 to 90 days after discharge, with reported readmission rates ranging from 8.3 and 21.1%, reflecting substantial variability across studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The lack of large, well-structured health databases for long-term follow-up in developing countries not only limits the ability to conduct robust research and develop data-driven strategies but also compromises the follow-up of patients undergoing CABG. Without a detailed record, with periodic updates, medical histories of diagnoses, and interventions, health professionals, hospital administrators, and public health officials face obstacles in tracking patient progress, identifying postoperative complications, adapting care plans, and ensuring optimal patient outcomes. Implementing user-friendly and robust data systems is essential for fostering a data-driven culture, improving healthcare delivery, and enabling faster disease identification, optimal treatment selection, and effective monitoring of outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Hospital readmissions, for example, represent an outcome linked to poorer prognosis and increased healthcare costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our analysis, 40.10% of patients who required at least one readmission after hospital discharge following CABG progressed to death. Similarly, Bianco et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> evaluated the long-term impacts of readmission within 30 days after surgery (N=14,538), demonstrating that readmission was significantly associated with mortality both at short (6 months) and long follow-up (60 months). It also emerged as an independent predictor of subsequent readmissions. Further studies are needed to assess the quality of life in patients who require new hospitalizations after cardiac procedures. This assessment should consider not only clinical factors but also psychosocial aspects, allowing hospitals to develop appropriate follow-up tools and strategies to reduce readmission rates.</p>
        <p>In this context, the creation of predictive models and risk scores emerges as a powerful tool to support medical and multiprofessional decision-making, with the potential to reduce the risk of readmission significantly. The factors associated with readmission through multivariate regression reflect the complexity of preoperative patient conditions, providing opportunities for improvement. These findings align with prior literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> including the CORONARY trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> which evaluated 4,623 patients with long-term follow-up. The trial highlighted the substantial rates of all-cause and cardiac-related readmissions within five years post-CABG and revealed a strong correlation between readmission and long-term mortality. The study also showed that women had a significantly higher risk of readmission, with a strong correlation between readmission and long-term mortality, showing significant gender differences in prognosis after the procedure. In contrast, our study did not find sex to be significantly associated with any of the outcomes evaluated; however, we observed a moderate correlation between all-cause readmission and mortality. More studies need to be carried out to explore the impact of sex in the progression and prognosis of patients undergoing CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our analysis, low BMI was a predictor of long-term hospital readmission. Malnutrition, closely correlated with readmission, may reflect delays in performing cardiac surgery due to the considerable surgical queue in the public health system. These delays often occur without adequate multidisciplinary follow-up or structured prehabilitation programs. Additionally, it may be associated with weight loss during pre-surgical hospitalization, as sarcopenia is well-documented to correlate with poorer clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This finding underscores the importance of nutritional assessment and management of the patient&#8217;s weight at the time of surgical indication, preparing them for surgery based on personalized and preventive care management as strategies to optimize the patient&#8217;s clinical status at the time of surgery, promoting a more efficient recovery and with the potential to minimize the risk of readmission.</p>
        <p>Heart failure is widely recognized as a condition associated with multiple hospitalizations and worsening morbidity and mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The identification of LVEF &lt;30% as a predictor of hospital readmission is reasonable and can be explained by delays in diagnosing cardiovascular disease or prolonged waiting periods for surgical treatment, which is often performed under urgent circumstances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> An LVEF &lt;30% contributes to the deterioration of a patient&#8217;s clinical condition, leading to decompensations that require additional hospitalizations.</p>
        <p>The use of CPB was less common among readmitted patients.</p>
        <p>Studies suggest that CPB may increase the risk of complications due to the systemic inflammatory response and mechanical trauma associated with the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> However, since this study was not randomized, it is possible that patients who did not undergo CPB had a more severe clinical profile, such as porcelain aorta or other unmeasured risk factors, which could have influenced the different complication profiles observed. Although the literature suggests that off-pump surgeries can reduce immediate postoperative complications, there is still no consensus on the long-term impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Extubation in the operating room was less common among readmitted patients. This practice is generally associated with better outcomes, such as reduced mechanical ventilation, ICU time, and length of hospital stay.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The literature indicates that early extubation when performed in carefully selected patients, may decrease the risk of pulmonary infections and promote faster postoperative recovery, which may contribute to a reduced rate of readmissions.</p>
        <p>Studies have shown that tight glycemic control can reduce the risk of postoperative complications and hospital readmissions, especially in diabetic patients. In our study, readmitted patients had higher glycemic levels compared to non-readmitted patients. Perioperative hyperglycemia is associated with worse outcomes, including increased infectious complications, delayed wound healing, and higher mortality. These findings align with the literature, which highlights the importance of maintaining adequate glycemic control during the intraoperative period, regardless of whether the patient has diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Long-term readmitted patients exhibited hospital characteristics associated with worse outcomes, such as renal failure, higher rate of reoperations for bleeding, and deep sternal wound infection/mediastinitis. These findings indicate that postoperative complications associated with longer hospital and ICU stays are related to an increased risk of long-term readmissions. The use of performance indicators to evaluate clinical practice is fundamental for effective hospital management. Hospital readmission not only reflects the quality of care and patient satisfaction but also allows monitoring processes that can lead to readmissions. Such events postpone the patient&#8217;s return to daily activities, expose them again to additional hospital risks, and potentially increase the risk of complications and death. In our analysis, we highlighted the importance of this indicator, observing a moderate correlation between all-cause readmission and mortality, with a Rho coefficient of 0.55 (95% CI 0.51-0.59) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). Identifying and monitoring these indicators is crucial for the development of proactive strategies aimed at improving care outcomes and reducing costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One of the main challenges of this study was the follow-up of patients, which required telephone calls. Brazil still lacks a single database system that centralizes information on readmissions and deaths, which could facilitate and advance national research efforts. Without effective data integration, achieving comprehensive and accurate patient follow-up remains a challenge. The absence of a centralized database complicates data collection and analysis, both of which are essential for the continuous improvement of healthcare quality and management.</p>
        <p>We believe that implementing a robust patient follow-up database has the potential to identify predictors and guide interventions, improving surgical and medical care outcomes and enhancing patients&#8217; quality of life.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>This study was conducted with a preliminary cohort from a multicenter database in the state of S&#227;o Paulo. Follow-up efforts are ongoing, with the study group attempting contact (up to five attempts) for each patient included in the primary database. However, the difficulty in locating a significant proportion of the patients included initially in the study may compromise the accuracy and generalization of the results obtained. Institutional-specific results may have influenced the analysis due to heterogeneity in health team expertise, available resources, institutional methodologies, protocols, and patient profiles. Therefore, it is recommended that each institution evaluate its own data independently to validate the results presented here and guide strategies for improving outcomes.</p>
          <p>This analysis did not focus on complications occurring within the first 30 days after CABG, as the study aimed to examine long-term outcomes among surgery survivors to identify preoperative predictors of hospital readmission and develop strategies to reduce this impact. This is a post-hoc analysis, as long-term follow-up was not the main objective of the REPLICCAR II database. As such, the statistical power of this analysis may be insufficient to validate the hypotheses presented fully. Further studies are recommended to confirm these findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The preoperative variables, low BMI, history of myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, and a high STS score were associated with an increased risk of hospital readmission within 5 years after CABG. Likewise, emergency surgery, low BMI, and an ejection fraction &lt;30% were predictors of readmissions due to cardiac causes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We want to acknowledge the REPLICCAR Study Group, the Brazilian Ministry of Health, the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), and the S&#227;o Paulo State Department of Health (SES-SP) under the Research Program for the Unified Health System (PPSUS). Their support allowed the development of this study under FAPESP Process No. 16/15163-0.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 5.603.742. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1_en">
          <label>* Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0420_AO_material-suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Study funding:</label>
          <p> This REPLICCAR II sub-study did not obtain any specific funding. However, the broader study, Paulista Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery II (REPLICCAR II), received funding from the S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) under process number 16/15163-0. The project, titled &#8220;Expansion and Improvement of the Paulista Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery through a partnership with the Massachusetts State Registry/Harvard University to improve the quality of Cardiac Surgery Programs in the Unified Health System&#8221;, provided support for the development of the main registry.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by FAPESP - Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
