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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">b6sLVhyJHPWMyJYzNP6Ttft</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240348</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desfechos Cl&#237;nicos e Mortalidade em Pacientes com Cardioversor-Desfibrilador Implant&#225;vel para Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4711-8538</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ba&#351;kurt</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet An&#305;l</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;neri</surname>
            <given-names>Sema</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5762-1383</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lanc&#305;o&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Re&#351;it Yi&#287;it</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turan</surname>
            <given-names>O&#287;uzhan Ekrem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zcan</surname>
            <given-names>Emin Evren</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bak&#305;r&#231;ay University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#304;zmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Bak&#305;r&#231;ay University Faculty of Medicine, &#304;zmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dokuz Eylul University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#304;zmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, &#304;zmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Ahmet An&#305;l Ba&#351;kurt &#8226; Bakircay Universitesi Tip Fakultesi &#8211; G&#252;nerli Mah 2026 Sok Infinity Sitesi no 2c Izmir Izmir, Select One, 35665 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>a.baskurt@windowslive.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240348</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfechos Cl&#237;nicos e Mortalidade em Pacientes com Cardioversor-Desfibrilador Implant&#225;vel para Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</title>
              <p>
                <italic>CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/b6sLVhyJHPWMyJYzNP6Ttft/dfeb587b2d1360772b6839b7c8791317c83bec74.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/b6sLVhyJHPWMyJYzNP6Ttft/bc811cb5896f3f14b2ebdca07d946c04442562d2.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/b6sLVhyJHPWMyJYzNP6Ttft/f015f3d8909dc94bdef9bea19b46c2a8db249b1b.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) &#233; indicado para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8804; 35% e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe II ou III da New York Heart Association, apesar de 3 meses de terapia m&#233;dica otimizada. No entanto, os estudos que apoiam essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m mais de 20 anos e podem n&#227;o refletir as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes modernos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar retrospectivamente os pacientes que receberam CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> As taxas de morte por todas as causas e morte s&#250;bita foram comparadas em pacientes que receberam CDI entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2015 e 1&#186; de mar&#231;o de 2020 e aqueles que n&#227;o aceitaram o CDI. As vari&#225;veis foram analisadas em um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ao comparar as taxas de mortalidade entre pacientes com e sem CDI, 67 de 228 pacientes (29,4%) no grupo CDI e 39 de 150 pacientes (26%) no grupo controle apresentaram mortalidade por todas as causas (p = 0,473). Idade, FEVE, valor de BNP e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foram considerados preditores independentes de mortalidade por todas as causas. Pacientes com BNP acima de 508,5, FEVE abaixo de 24,5% e idade acima de 68,5 anos tiveram uma mortalidade por todas as causas 25 vezes maior. A doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria n&#227;o foi considerada um fator de risco independente. A sobrevida no grupo controle foi estatisticamente significativamente melhor nos primeiros meses. Embora n&#227;o tenha havido diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em longo prazo, a sobrevida foi numericamente melhor grupo CDI. Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do ao fato de que os implantes de CDI foram realizados em pacientes com piores condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. A taxa maior de sobrevida observada em pacientes com CDI pode ser devida ao fato de que eles vieram para o controle do dispositivo e permaneceram em acompanhamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Com os avan&#231;os no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o implante de CDI deve ser realizado em pacientes selecionados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="20"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) abaixo de 35% e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe II ou III da New York Heart Association (NYHA), com pelo menos 3 meses de terapia m&#233;dica otimizada, deve ser considerada a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria com um cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, os estudos nos quais essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o se baseia t&#234;m mais de 20 anos, podendo n&#227;o refletir as caracter&#237;sticas e o tratamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca hoje. Portanto, os efeitos do CDI na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria podem ter mudado.</p>
      <p>As taxas de choque e de mortalidade t&#234;m diminu&#237;do em pacientes com implante de CDI devido ao desenvolvimento do sistema de sa&#250;de, acesso mais f&#225;cil a m&#233;dicos e disponibilidade de novos tratamentos para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Com as novas op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento dispon&#237;veis para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a mortalidade geral nesse grupo de pacientes diminuiu gradualmente. Al&#233;m disso, o implante de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria tem sido questionado ap&#243;s ensaios de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca usando inibidores de SGLT2 e inibidores da neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina (INRA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Hoje, muitos pacientes com CDI n&#227;o recebem nenhum choque. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar retrospectivamente pacientes que receberam CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Utilizamos arquivos de hospitais universit&#225;rios terci&#225;rios, registros de pacientes e informa&#231;&#245;es de hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico do sistema Probel. Nesse contexto, realizamos a triagem de 504 pacientes submetidos a implante de CDI de janeiro de 2015 a mar&#231;o de 2020 e para os quais obtivemos dados completos. Determinamos que 289 desses pacientes receberam CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Testes gen&#233;ticos e diagn&#243;sticos revelaram que 12 desses 289 pacientes tinham canalopatia e 49 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o do gerador. Portanto, 228 pacientes tinham insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com baixa FEVE e foram submetidos a implante de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Durante o mesmo per&#237;odo, o estudo incluiu 150 pacientes como grupo controle, que tinham indica&#231;&#227;o para implante de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, mas n&#227;o aceitaram o tratamento. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa N&#227;o Invasiva da Universidade Dokuz Eyl&#252;l aprovou o protocolo do estudo (n&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o: 2020/18-02, data: 10 de agosto de 2020).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram avaliados usando o SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, EUA). A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada com o teste de Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov, e a homogeneidade da vari&#226;ncia foi avaliada com o teste de Levene. Os dados determinados pela medi&#231;&#227;o foram apresentados como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para aqueles com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e como mediana e intervalo interquartil para aqueles que n&#227;o foram distribu&#237;dos normalmente. O teste t n&#227;o pareado ou teste U de Mann&#8211;Whitney (para valor de BNP, hemoglobulina, creatinina) foi usado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica desses dados de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, sendo usado o teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher (para morte s&#250;bita), conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis foram analisadas em um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo. A an&#225;lise da caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi usada para c&#225;lculos de &#225;rea sob a curva. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial foi usada para determinar preditores independentes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 228 pacientes com CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, 175 (76,8%) eram do sexo masculino. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 65,63 (11,94) anos. O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 39,45 (18,89) meses. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para o procedimento foi de 5,49 (3,99) dias. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Grupo CDI (n = 228)</th>
                <th>Grupo controle (n:150)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, anos, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">65,63 (11,94)</td>
                <td align="center">66,55 (12,78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,476</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo, masculino, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">175 (76,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (71,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,236</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">135 (59,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (64,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,286</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">145 (63,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (70,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">79 (34,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (30,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,346</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">52 (22,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (17,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,198</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DPOC, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">22 (9,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,206</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">60 (26,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (16,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,028</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acompanhamento, meses, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">39,45 (18,89)</td>
                <td align="center">38,89 (11,61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,724</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Beta bloqueador, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">222 (97,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">144 (96,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,552</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IECA, BRA, INRA, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">189 (82,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (86,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,323</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ARM, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">182 (79,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (84,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,233</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; INRA: inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos transtor&#225;cicos de pacientes com CDI revelou uma FEVE m&#233;dia de 24,30% (6,19%). Por outro lado, no grupo controle, a FEVE m&#233;dia foi de 30,77% (4,87%). As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> exibem os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e os dados laboratoriais dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Grupo CDI (n = 228)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo controle (n = 150)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE, % &#177; SD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">24,30% (6,19)</td>
                <td align="center">30,77% (4,87)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DDVE, cm &#177; SD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6,00 (0,81)</td>
                <td align="center">5,54 (0,70)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DSVE, cm &#177; SD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,00 (0,91)</td>
                <td align="center">4,17 (0,92)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AE, cm &#177; SD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,53 (0,62)</td>
                <td align="center">4,31 (0,69)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PSAP, mmHg &#177; SD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">31,69 (20,09)</td>
                <td align="center">32,93 (15,72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,505</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados laboratoriais dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Grupo CDI (n = 228)</th>
                <th>Grupo controle (n = 150)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hemoglobina gr/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12,77 (1,80)</td>
                <td align="center">12,91 (1,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Creatinina mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,71)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Na (mmol/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">137,74 (2,87)</td>
                <td align="center">138,53 (3,61)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,025</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>K (mmol/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,36 (0,50)</td>
                <td align="center">4,15 (0,46)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>BNP pg/m</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">421,00 (114,68)</td>
                <td align="center">415,50 (719,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,932</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; K: pot&#225;ssio; Na: s&#243;dio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao comparar as taxas de mortalidade entre pacientes com e sem CDI, 67 de 228 pacientes (29,4%) no grupo CDI e 39 de 150 pacientes (26%) no grupo controle apresentaram mortalidade por todas as causas (p = 0,473). Verificamos que 2 pacientes no grupo CDI e 8 pacientes no grupo controle tiveram morte s&#250;bita (p = 0,017; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Mortalidade por todas as causas nos grupos CDI e controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo controle n = 150</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo CDI n = 228</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mortalidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Sobrevida</td>
                <td align="center">111 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">161 (70%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">39 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (30%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">150</td>
                <td align="center">228</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Morte s&#250;bita nos grupos CDI e controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo controle n = 150</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo CDI n = 228</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Morte s&#250;bita</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">142 (94,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">226 (99,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">150</td>
                <td align="center">228</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Analisamos os preditores de mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com CDI. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre pacientes com e sem mortalidade em termos de sexo ou doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. Idade, diabetes mellitus e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica foram estatisticamente significativamente maiores em pacientes com mortalidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos de pacientes com CDI de acordo com sobrevida ou morte</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Morte n = 67</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Sobrevida n = 161</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, anos, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">70,68 (10,51)</td>
                <td align="center">63,57 (11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo, masculino, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">50 (74,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (74,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,624</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">45 (67,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (55,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,115</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">45 (67,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (62,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,470</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">30 (44,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (30,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,038</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">24 (35,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (17,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,003</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DPOC, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7 (10,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (9,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,792</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">27 (40,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (20,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC descompensada, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28 (41,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe NYHA &gt; 2, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26 (38,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (17,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>
                <italic>CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao examinar os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos transtor&#225;cicos e os resultados laboratoriais, verificamos que os pacientes com mortalidade apresentaram menor FEVE, maior tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo e press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica mais alta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref>). Houve uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o valor mediano do BNP entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 8</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de pacientes com CDI de acordo com sobrevida ou morte</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Morte n = 67</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Sobrevida n = 161</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE, % &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">21,75 (5,47)</td>
                <td align="center">25,36 (6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DDVE, cm &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6,1 (0,70)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 (0,84)</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DSVE, cm &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,24 (0,86)</td>
                <td align="center">4,91 (0,91)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,013</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AE, cm &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,80 (0,58)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 (0,60)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PSAP, mmHg &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">36,75 (23,73)</td>
                <td align="center">29,59 (18,02)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,029</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>
                <italic>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados laboratoriais de pacientes com CDI de acordo com sobrevida ou morte</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Morte n = 67</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Sobrevida n = 161</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hemoglobina gr/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12,29 (2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 (1,70)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,009</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Creatinina mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (0,61)</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 (0,61)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Na (mmol/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">137,00 (2,80)</td>
                <td align="center">138,06 (2,85)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,008</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>K (mmol/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,38 (0,57)</td>
                <td align="center">4,36 (0,48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,877</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>BNP pg/m (n = 177)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1424,44 (1384,83)</td>
                <td align="center">537,82 (783,80)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>
                <italic>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; K: pot&#225;ssio; Na: s&#243;dio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditores de mortalidade na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial incluiu vari&#225;veis que podem influenciar a mortalidade no modelo usando o m&#233;todo &#8220;<italic>enter</italic>&#8221;. Essas vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;ram idade, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, diabetes mellitus, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, ritmo basal, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, classe NYHA &gt; 2, complica&#231;&#245;es e valor do BNP. A an&#225;lise revelou que idade, FEVE, valor do BNP e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por descompensa&#231;&#227;o foram fatores independentes para mortalidade por todas as causas. A mortalidade foi 3,4 vezes maior em pacientes hospitalizados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada antes do procedimento. A doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria n&#227;o foi um fator de risco independente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 9</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>B</th>
                  <th>SE</th>
                  <th>Wald</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,067</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                  <td align="center">9,799</td>
                  <td align="center">1,069 (1,025 a 1,114)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,097</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                  <td align="center">7,411</td>
                  <td align="center">0,907 (0,846 a 0,973)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,006</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DAC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                  <td align="center">0,409</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">1,033 (0,463 a 2,301)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,937</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DM</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,530</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                  <td align="center">1,782</td>
                  <td align="center">1,699 (0,780 a 3,698)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,182</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DRC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,181</td>
                  <td align="center">0,484</td>
                  <td align="center">0,140</td>
                  <td align="center">0,834 (0,323 a 2,155)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,709</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,306</td>
                  <td align="center">0,414</td>
                  <td align="center">0,547</td>
                  <td align="center">1,358 (0,603 a 3,060)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,460</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,211</td>
                  <td align="center">0,433</td>
                  <td align="center">7,820</td>
                  <td align="center">3,355 (1,436 a 7,839)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,005</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classe NYHA &gt; 2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,447</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">1,007 (0,420 a 2,418)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,987</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BNP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">6,175</td>
                  <td align="center">1,001 (1,000 a 1,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,013</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>
                  <italic>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; DM: diabetes mellitus; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; NYHA: New York Heart Association; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; SE: erro padr&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Realizamos an&#225;lise ROC para essas vari&#225;veis, encontrando valores preditivos de 68,5 anos com sensibilidade de 62% e especificidade de 62% para idade; 24,5% com sensibilidade de 54% e especificidade de 63% para FEVE; e 508,5 com sensibilidade de 69% e especificidade de 69% para valor de BNP.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade por todas as causas dos pacientes com valor de BNP acima de 508,5, valor de FEVE abaixo de 24,5% e idade maior que 68,5 anos foi 25 vezes maior do que nos outros pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 10</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>B</th>
                  <th>SE</th>
                  <th>Wald</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade &lt; 68,5 anos BNP &lt; 508,5 FEVE &gt; 24,5%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;3,243</td>
                  <td align="center">1,029</td>
                  <td align="center">9,938</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039 (0,005 a 0,293)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>
                  <italic>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; SE: erro padr&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Quando as curvas de sobrevida dos dois grupos foram avaliadas, a sobrevida no grupo controle foi estatisticamente significativamente melhor nos primeiros meses em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com CDI. No m&#234;s 44, as curvas de sobrevida dos dois grupos foram cruzadas. Embora n&#227;o tenha havido diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em longo prazo, a sobrevida foi numericamente melhor no grupo CDI. A sobrevida m&#233;dia foi de 59 meses no grupo com CDI e 55 meses no grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sobrevida nos grupos CDI e controle. CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240348-40348-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do ao fato de que os implantes de CDI foram realizados em pacientes com piores condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. A longo prazo, acreditamos que os pacientes com CDI implantado tiveram uma taxa de sobrevida maior porque eles vieram para o controle do dispositivo e permaneceram em acompanhamento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o tenha havido diferen&#231;a significativa entre os pacientes com CDI e o grupo controle em termos de mortalidade por todas as causas, uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa foi observada em termos de morte s&#250;bita (p = 0,017), que foi observada em 2 pacientes no grupo CDI e em 8 pacientes no grupo controle. Essa diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica pode ser devida ao baixo n&#250;mero de eventos.</p>
      <p>Uma metan&#225;lise publicada examinou 12 ensaios randomizados de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com baixa FEVE ao longo de um per&#237;odo de 20 anos de 1995 a 2014 para risco de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita. Um total de 40.195 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos nos estudos. A incid&#234;ncia anual de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita foi de 6,5% no RALES,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> primeiro estudo que abrangeu esse per&#237;odo, e 3,3% no estudo PARADIGM-HF mais recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 44% na taxa de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita em um per&#237;odo de 20 anos (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>: 0,56; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,33 a 0,93; p = 0,03). A incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita em 90 dias foi de 2,4% em estudos mais antigos e 1,0% em estudos recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quando analisamos os estudos realizados de maneira semelhante ao nosso estudo, verificamos que 45.000 pacientes com CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria foram estudados nos EUA. O estudo identificou os seguintes 7 preditores de mortalidade, que foram abreviados com as letras &#8220;SHOCKED&#8221;: idade &#8805; 75 anos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, FEVE &#8804; 20% e diabetes. No grupo de teste do modelo, usando o modelo SHOCKED, a mortalidade em 3 anos foi de 65% em pacientes no grupo com o risco 10% mais alto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Outro estudo publicado em 2012 incluiu 2.717 pacientes. Nessa publica&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, idade &#8805; 70 anos, creatinina &gt;2 mg/dL e FEVE &#8804; 20% foram determinados como crit&#233;rios de risco. Em pacientes com &#8805; 3 desses crit&#233;rios de risco, a mortalidade foi considerada 4 vezes maior (16,5% versus 3,4%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com &lt; 3 crit&#233;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Outro estudo semelhante foi publicado em 2012. Incluindo 900 pacientes, foi desenvolvido em escore denominado FADES no qual NYHA &gt; III, idade avan&#231;ada, diabetes mellitus, FEVE &#8804; 25% e tabagismo foram encontrados como crit&#233;rios de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os resultados do nosso estudo s&#227;o semelhantes aos dessas publica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Outro estudo examinou o impacto da carga de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da carga de condi&#231;&#245;es com&#243;rbidas na sobrevida de pacientes com CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria atendidos pelo Medicare nos EUA. A an&#225;lise incluiu 66.974 pacientes com FEVE &#8804; 35% e implante de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, com idade m&#233;dia de 75 anos. Durante um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 1,4 anos, 11.876 pacientes morreram. A mortalidade em 3 anos foi de 27% em pacientes sem hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca antes do implante de CDI, enquanto a mortalidade em 3 anos foi de 63% em pacientes com 3 ou mais hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es (n = 1.263; <italic>hazard ratio</italic>: 1,8; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,6 a 2,0).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, idade, BNP, FEVE e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o foram determinados como fatores de risco independentes, o que est&#225; de acordo com esses estudos. Alguns pacientes morrem de causas n&#227;o arr&#237;tmicas logo ap&#243;s o implante de CDI. Os ensaios cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o mostram nenhum benef&#237;cio do implante de CDI em pacientes de risco muito alto. Por exemplo, no estudo SCD-HeFT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> a mortalidade em 2 anos foi de 30% em pacientes no grupo com o risco 20% mais alto, e o CDI foi considerado in&#250;til neste grupo. O estudo MADIT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> relatou achados semelhantes. Tudo isso sugere que um CDI &#233; in&#250;til para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em pacientes com alta comorbidade. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com alta comorbidade que provavelmente n&#227;o se beneficiar&#227;o de um CDI &#233; muito importante para evitar um procedimento invasivo desnecess&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Embora a sobreviv&#234;ncia de pacientes isqu&#234;micos tenha sido numericamente pior do que a de pacientes n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos, nenhuma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada. O n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica foi rebaixado nas diretrizes, mas continua sendo recomendado com indica&#231;&#227;o de classe 1 em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em estudos que mostram que os CDI s&#227;o &#250;teis para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, pacientes com alto risco de arritmias foram identificados por testes eletrofisiol&#243;gicos, e a taxa de terapia m&#233;dica ideal recebida pelos pacientes foi baixa. No entanto, testes eletrofisiol&#243;gicos pr&#233;-implanta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o realizados na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, com a disponibilidade de INRA e inibidores de SGLT2 na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica podem n&#227;o mais se beneficiar da implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Apesar da experi&#234;ncia de diferentes operadores ao longo dos anos e do alto n&#250;mero de casos, o fato de que este foi um estudo unic&#234;ntrico se destaca como uma limita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo retrospectivo, n&#227;o houve equival&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos. O implante de CDI foi realizado em pacientes com um perfil pior.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>De acordo com os resultados do nosso estudo, o implante de CDI, al&#233;m do tratamento atual para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n&#227;o reduziu a mortalidade por todas as causas. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes podem ser revisadas com base em estudos futuros realizados com popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes nas quais novas terapias sejam usadas juntas; portanto, devem ser conduzidos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados multic&#234;ntricos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Ahmet An&#305;l Ba&#351;kurt pela Dokuz Eylul University.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Dokuz Eylul University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2020/18-02. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240348i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Outcomes and Mortality in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator for Primary Prevention</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4711-8538</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ba&#351;kurt</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet An&#305;l</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;neri</surname>
            <given-names>Sema</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5762-1383</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lanc&#305;o&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Re&#351;it Yi&#287;it</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turan</surname>
            <given-names>O&#287;uzhan Ekrem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zcan</surname>
            <given-names>Emin Evren</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Bak&#305;r&#231;ay University Faculty of Medicine, &#304;zmir &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, &#304;zmir &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address: Ahmet An&#305;l Ba&#351;kurt</label> &#8226; Bakircay Universitesi Tip Fakultesi &#8211; G&#252;nerli Mah 2026 Sok Infinity Sitesi no 2c Izmir Izmir, Select One, 35665 &#8211; T&#252;rkiye. E-mail: a.baskurt@windowslive.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical Outcomes and Mortality in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator for Primary Prevention</title>
              <p>
                <italic>ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240348-40348-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is indicated for primary prevention in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 35% and New York Heart Association class II or III heart failure despite 3 months of optimal medical therapy. However, studies that support this recommendation are over 20 years old, and they may not reflect modern heart failure patients&#8217; characteristics.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> Retrospectively evaluate patients who received an ICD for primary prevention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> All-cause and sudden death rates were compared in patients who received ICD between January 1, 2015 and March 1, 2020 and those who did not accept ICD. Variables were analyzed at a 95% confidence interval, and p &lt; 0.05 was considered as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> When comparing mortality rates between patients with and without ICD, 67 of 228 patients (29.4%) in the ICD group and 39 of 150 patients (26%) in the control group died from all causes (p = 0.473). Age, LVEF, BNP value, and hospitalization were found to be independent predictors of all-cause mortality. Patients with BNP above 508.5, LVEF below 24.5%, and age over 68.5 years had a 25-fold increased all-cause mortality. Coronary artery disease was not found to be an independent risk factor. Survival in the control group was statistically significantly better in the first months. Although there was no statistical difference in the long term, survival was numerically better in the ICD arm. This could be attributed to the fact that ICD implantations were performed on patients with worse clinical conditions. The higher survival rate observed in patients with ICD may be due to the fact that they came in for device control and remained in follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> With advances in the treatment of heart failure, ICD implantation should be performed in selected patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Implantable Defibrillators</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Prevention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below 35% and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III heart failure, after at least 3 months of optimal medical therapy, should consider primary prevention with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, the studies on which this recommendation is based are more than 20 years old, and they may not reflect the characteristics and treatment of heart failure patients today. Therefore, the effects of ICD on primary prevention may have changed.</p>
        <p>Shock rates and mortality have decreased in patients with ICD implantation due to the development of the healthcare system, easier access to physicians, and the availability of new treatments for heart failure. With the new treatment options available for heart failure, overall mortality in this patient group has gradually decreased. Furthermore, ICD implantation for primary prevention has been questioned following heart failure trials using SGLT2 inhibitors and ARNI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Today, many patients with ICD do not receive any shocks. The aim of our study was to retrospectively evaluate patients who had ICD implanted for primary prevention.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <p>We used tertiary university hospital archives, patient records, and epicrisis information from the Probel system. In this context, we screened 504 patients who underwent ICD implantation from January 2015 to March 2020 and for whom we obtained complete data. We determined that 289 of these patients received ICD implants for primary prevention. Genetic and diagnostic tests revealed that 12 of these 289 patients had channelopathy, and 49 patients underwent generator replacement. Therefore, 228 patients had heart failure with low LVEF and underwent ICD implantation for primary prevention. During the same period, the study included 150 patients as a control group who had an indication for ICD implantation for primary prevention but did not accept the treatment. The Dokuz Eyl&#252;l University Non-invasive Research Ethics Committee approved the study protocol (approval number: 2020/18-02, date: August 10, 2020).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were evaluated using SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). The normal distribution of variables was evaluated with the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test, and the homogeneity of variance was evaluated with the Levene test. Data determined by measurement were given as mean and standard deviation for those with normal distribution and as median and interquartile range for those that were not normally distributed. The unpaired t test or Mann&#8211;Whitney U test (for BNP value, hemoglobulin, creatinin) was used in the statistical analysis of these data according to the normality of the data. Categorical variables were shown as absolute and relative frequencies, and the &#967;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test (for sudden death) was used, as appropriate. Variables were analyzed at a 95% confidence interval, and p &lt; 0.05 was considered as significant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used for area under the curve calculations. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of 228 patients with ICD for primary prevention, 175 (76.8%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 65.63 (11.94) years. The mean follow-up period was 39.45 (18.89) months. The mean duration of hospitalization for the procedure was 5.49 (3.99) days. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes the patients&#8217; demographic characteristics.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patients&#8217; demographic characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>ICD group (n = 228)</th>
                  <th>Control group (n = 150)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years, mean &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">65.63 (11.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.55 (12.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.476</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex, male, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">175 (76.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (71.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.236</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Coronary artery disease, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">135 (59.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (64.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.286</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">145 (63.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (70.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.155</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79 (34.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (30.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.346</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic kidney disease, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">52 (22.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (17.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.198</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>COPD, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22 (9.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (6.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.206</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Atrial fibrillation, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60 (26.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (16.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.028</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Follow-up, months, mean &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">39.45 (18.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.89 (11.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.724</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Beta blocker , n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">222 (97.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (96.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.552</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ACEI, ARB, ARNI, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">189 (82.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (86.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.323</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MRA, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">182 (79.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (84.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.233</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SD: standard deviation.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Analyzing the transthoracic echocardiographic findings of patients with ICD revealed a mean LVEF of 24.30% (6.19%). On the other hand, in the control group, the mean LVEF was 30.77% (4.87%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">3</xref> display the patients&#8217; echocardiographic findings and laboratory data.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patients&#8217; echocardiographic data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>ICD group (n = 228)</th>
                  <th>Control group (n = 150)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF, % &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">24.30% (6.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.77% (4.87)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEDD, cm &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6.00 (0.81)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.54 (0.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVESD, cm &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.00 (0.91)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.17 (0.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LA, cm &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.53 (0.62)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.31 (0.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>sPAP, mmHg &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">31.69 (20.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.93 (15.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.505</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LA: left atrium; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; SD: standard deviation; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patients&#8217; laboratory data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>ICD group (n = 228)</th>
                  <th>Control group (n = 150)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemoglobin gr/dL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12.77 (1.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.91 (1.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.467</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinine mg/dL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 (0.62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89 (0.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Na (mmol/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">137.74 (2.87)</td>
                  <td align="center">138.53 (3.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.025</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>K (mmol/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.36 (0.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.15 (0.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BNP pg/m</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">421.00 (114.68)</td>
                  <td align="center">415.50 (719.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.932</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; K: potassium; Na: sodium.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When comparing mortality rates between patients with and without ICD, 67 of 228 patients (29.4%) in the ICD group and 39 of 150 patients (26%) in the control group died from all causes (p = 0.473). We found that 2 patients in the ICD group and 8 patients in the control group had sudden death (p = 0.017; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; All-cause mortality in ICD and control groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Control group (n = 150)</th>
                  <th>ICD group (n = 228)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mortality</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Survived</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (70%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Died</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (30%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">150</td>
                  <td align="center">228</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sudden death in ICD and control groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo controle n = 150</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo CDI n = 228</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Sudden death</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (5.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (94.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">226 (99.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">150</td>
                  <td align="center">228</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>We analyzed the predictors of all-cause mortality in ICD implanted patients. There was no statistically significant difference between patients with and without mortality in terms of sex or coronary artery disease. Age, diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure were statistically significantly higher in patients with mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6001">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic data of ICD patients according to survival or death</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Patients who died n = 67</th>
                  <th>Patients who survived n = 161</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years, mean &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">70.68 (10.51)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.57 (11.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex, male, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50 (74.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (74.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.624</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Coronary artery disease, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">45 (67.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (55.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.115</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">45 (67.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (62.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.470</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30 (44.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (30.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.038</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic kidney disease, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">24 (35.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (17.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.003</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>COPD, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (9.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.792</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Atrial fibrillation, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27 (40.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (20.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hospitalization for decompensated HF, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28 (41.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (14.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NYHA class &gt; 2, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26 (38.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (17.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6001">
                <p>
                  <italic>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF: heart failure; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Upon examining transthoracic echocardiographic parameters and laboratory results, we found that patients with mortality exhibited lower LVEF, larger left atrial size, and higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 7</xref>). There was a statistically significant difference between the median BNP value between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8001">Table 8</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7001">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic data of ICD patients according to survival or death</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Patients who died n = 67</th>
                  <th>Patients who survived n = 161</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF, % &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">21.75 (5.47)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.36 (6.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEDD, cm &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6.1 (0.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9 (0.84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.077</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVESD, cm &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.24 (0.86)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.91 (0.91)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.013</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LA, cm &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.80 (0.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4 (0.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>sPAP, mmHg &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36.75 (23.73)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.59 (18.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.029</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LA: left atrium; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; SD: standard deviation; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t8001">
            <label>Table 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Laboratory data of ICD patients according to survival or death</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Patients who died n = 67</th>
                  <th>Patients who survived n = 161</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemoglobin gr/dL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12.29 (2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0 (1.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.009</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinine mg/dL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.36 (0.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.12 (0.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Na (mmol/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">137.00 (2.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">138.06 (2.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.008</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>K (mmol/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.38 (0.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.36 (0.48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.877</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BNP pg/m (n = 177)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1424.44 (1384.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">537.82 (783.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; K: potassium; Na: sodium.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictors of mortality in multinomial logistic regression analysis</title>
          <p>Multinomial logistic regression analysis included variables that may influence mortality in the model using the &#8220;enter&#8221; method. These variables included age, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, basal rhythm, hospitalization for heart failure, NYHA class &gt; 2, complications, and BNP value. The analysis revealed that age, LVEF, BNP value, and hospitalization for decompensation were independent factors for all-cause mortality. Mortality was 3.4 times higher in patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure before the procedure. Coronary artery disease was not an independent risk factor (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9001">Table 9</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t9001">
              <label>Table 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multinomial logistic regression analysis results</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>B</th>
                    <th>SE</th>
                    <th>Wald</th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.067</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                    <td align="center">9.799</td>
                    <td align="center">1.069 (1.025 a 1.114)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.002</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.097</td>
                    <td align="center">0.036</td>
                    <td align="center">7.411</td>
                    <td align="center">0.907 (0.846 a 0.973)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.006</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CAD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.032</td>
                    <td align="center">0.409</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">1.033 (0.463 a 2.301)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.937</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>DM</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.530</td>
                    <td align="center">0.397</td>
                    <td align="center">1.782</td>
                    <td align="center">1.699 (0.780 a 3.698)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.182</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CKD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.181</td>
                    <td align="center">0.484</td>
                    <td align="center">0.140</td>
                    <td align="center">0.834 (0.323 a 2.155)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.709</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>AF</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.306</td>
                    <td align="center">0.414</td>
                    <td align="center">0.547</td>
                    <td align="center">1.358 (0.603 a 3.060)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.460</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hospitalization for decompensated HF</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.211</td>
                    <td align="center">0.433</td>
                    <td align="center">7.820</td>
                    <td align="center">3.355 (1.436 a 7.839)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.005</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>NYHA class &gt; 2</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">0.447</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">1.007 (0.420 a 2.418)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.987</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BNP</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">6.175</td>
                    <td align="center">1.001 (1.000 a 1.001)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.013</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN9001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CAD: coronary artery disease; CI: confidence interval; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>We performed ROC analysis for these variables, finding predictive values of 68.5 years with 62% sensitivity and 62% specificity for age, 24.5% with 54% sensitivity and 63% specificity for LVEF, and 508.5 with 69% sensitivity and 69% specificity for BNP value.</p>
          <p>The all-cause mortality of patients with BNP value above 508.5, LVEF value below 24.5%, and age greater than 68.5 years was 25 times higher than the other patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11001">Table 10</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t11001">
              <label>Table 10</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate logistic regression analysis results</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>B</th>
                    <th>SE</th>
                    <th>Wald</th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age &lt; 68.5 years BNP &lt; 508.5 LVEF &gt; 24.5%</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;3.243</td>
                    <td align="center">1.029</td>
                    <td align="center">9.938</td>
                    <td align="center">0.039 (0.005 a 0.293)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN10001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CI: confidence interval; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>When the survival curves of the two groups were evaluated, survival in the control group was statistically significantly better in the first months compared to the ICD implanted group. At month 44, the survival curves of the two groups were crossed. Although there was no statistical difference in the long term, survival was numerically better in the ICD arm. Mean survival was 59 months in the ICD implanted group and 55 months in the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Survival in ICD and control groups. ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240348-40348-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>This could be attributed to the fact that ICD implantations were performed on patients with worse clinical conditions. In the long term, we believe that ICD implanted patients had a higher survival rate because they came in for device control and remained in follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>While there was no significant difference between the ICD implanted patients and the control group in terms of all-cause mortality, a statistically significant difference was observed in terms of sudden death (p = 0.017). Sudden death was observed in 2 patients in the ICD arm and in 8 patients in the control group, and this statistical difference may be due to the low number of events.</p>
        <p>A published meta-analysis examined 12 randomized trials of heart failure with low LVEF over a 20-year period from 1995 to 2014 for sudden cardiac death risk. A total of 40,195 patients were included in the studies. The annual incidence of sudden cardiac death was 6.5% in RALES,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> the first study covering this period, and 3.3% in the most recent PARADIGM-HF study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> There was a 44% reduction in the rate of sudden cardiac death over a 20-year period (hazard ratio 0.56; 95% confidence interval 0.33 to 0.93; p = 0.03). The 90-day cumulative incidence of sudden cardiac death was 2.4% in older studies and 1.0% in recent studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When we analyzed the studies performed in a similar manner to our study, we found that 45,000 patients with ICD for primary prevention were studied in the USA. The study identified the following 7 mortality predictors, which were abbreviated with the letters &#8220;SHOCKED&#8221;: age &#8805; 75 years, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, LVEF &#8804; 20%, and diabetes. In the model test group, using the SHOCKED model, 3-year mortality was 65% in patients in the top 10% risk group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Another study published in 2012 included 2717 patients. In this publication, peripheral arterial disease, age &#8805; 70 years, creatinine &gt; 2 mg/dL and LVEF &#8804; 20% were determined as risk criteria. In patients with &#8805; 3 of these risk criteria, mortality was found to be 4 times higher (16.5% versus 3.4%) compared to patients with &lt; 3 criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A similar study was published in 2012. Using 900 patients, a score called FADES was developed. In this score, NYHA &gt; III, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, LVEF &#8804; 25%, and smoking were found as risk criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>The results of our study are similar to these studies.</p>
        <p>Another study examined the impact of heart failure burden and comorbid condition burden on survival in Medicare patients with ICD for primary prevention in the USA. The analysis included 66,974 patients with LVEF &#8804; 35% and ICD implantation for primary prevention, with a mean age of 75 years. During a mean follow-up of 1.4 years, 11,876 patients died. Three-year mortality was 27% in patients with no hospitalization for heart failure before ICD implantation, whereas 3-year mortality was 63% in patients with 3 or more hospitalizations (n = 1,263; hazard ratio 1.8; 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 2.0).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, age, BNP, LVEF, and hospitalization due to decompensation were determined as independent risk factors, which is in agreement with these studies. Some patients die of non-arrhythmic causes shortly after ICD implantation. Clinical trials show no benefit of ICD implantation in very high-risk patients. For example, in the SCD-HeFT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> study, 2-year mortality was found to be 30% in patients in the top 20% risk group and ICD was found to be useless in this group. The MADIT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> study reported similar findings. All this suggests that an ICD is useless for primary prevention in patients with high comorbidity. Identification of patients with high comorbidity who are unlikely to benefit from an ICD is very important to avoid an unnecessary invasive procedure.</p>
        <p>Although the survival of ischemic patients was numerically worse than non-ischemic patients, no statistically significant difference was found. The recommendation level for ICD implantation for primary prevention in patients with non-ischemic heart failure has been downgraded in the guidelines, but it continues to be recommended with class 1 indication in patients with ischemic heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In studies showing that ICD are useful for primary prevention in ischemic heart failure, patients at high risk of arrhythmias were identified by electrophysiological testing, and the rate of optimal medical therapy received by patients was low. However, pre-implantation electrophysiological tests are not performed in daily practice. Furthermore, with the availability of ARNI and SGLT2 inhibitors in clinical practice, patients with ischemic heart failure may no longer benefit from ICD implantation for primary prevention.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Despite the experience of different operators over the years and the high number of cases, the fact that this was a single-center study stands out as a limitation.</p>
          <p>In our retrospective study, there was no statistical equivalence between the groups. ICD implantation was performed in patients with a worse profile.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>According to the results of our study, ICD implantation in addition to current heart failure treatment did not reduce all-cause mortality. Guideline recommendations can be revised with studies performed with patient populations in which new therapies are used together in the future; therefore, multicenter randomized controlled trials should be conducted.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ahmet An&#305;l Ba&#351;kurt, from Dokuz Eylul University.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Dokuz Eylul University under the protocol number 2020/18-02. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
