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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bsSFJXcJkXTNzDDRCBVn8Zq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240313</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Frequ&#234;ncia de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares na Artrite Reumatoide no Brasil: Estudo de Coorte de 10 Anos com Bancos de Dados do DATASUS</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1519-247X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gamarski</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5144-4862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Antonio Sena do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Mirhelen Mendes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Mirhelen Mendes de Abreu &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio MAPEAR &#8211; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho &#8211; Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. CEP 21941-617, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mirhelen@hucff.ufrj.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240313</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A Frequ&#234;ncia de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares na Artrite Reumatoide no Brasil: Estudo de Coorte de 10 Anos com Bancos de Dados do DATASUS</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; BC: biol&#243;gico constante; DACA: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria aguda; MB: mudan&#231;a entre biol&#243;gicos; MBS: mudan&#231;a de biol&#243;gico para sint&#233;tico; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IFDM: &#205;ndice FIRJAN de Desenvolvimento Municipal; MS: mudan&#231;a entre sint&#233;ticos; MSB: mudan&#231;a de sint&#233;tico para biol&#243;gico; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; SC: sint&#233;tico constante.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/bsSFJXcJkXTNzDDRCBVn8Zq/01a07b6c15ba904487e93902f036239a26bd46aa.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/bsSFJXcJkXTNzDDRCBVn8Zq/cb7bc9d1fe8d5e888b67f265b79fbae105ead7e8.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/bsSFJXcJkXTNzDDRCBVn8Zq/c09ddb8f425bb279fbfbc8db4da3ccdcdb2495fe.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com artrite reumatoide (AR) t&#234;m sido amplamente investigados na literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores biol&#243;gicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O presente estudo de coorte retrospectivo nacional visou explorar a distribui&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com AR, assistidos pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) no Brasil, bem como identificar fatores associados a esses desfechos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pacientes com idade &#8805; 18 anos foram identificados no Banco de Dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS) por meio dos c&#243;digos CID-10 da AR e seus procedimentos terap&#234;uticos de acordo com as diretrizes do SUS. Os pacientes com AR tratados com medicamentos antirreum&#225;ticos modificadores da doen&#231;a (DMARDs) foram categorizados como usu&#225;rios biol&#243;gicos e n&#227;o biol&#243;gicos (sint&#233;ticos). Foram analisados os desfechos cardiovasculares, incluindo doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria aguda (DACA), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Os pacientes tamb&#233;m foram categorizados com base nos padr&#245;es de tratamento (se usaram o medicamento consistentemente ou mudaram para outro). O n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico foi avaliado usando o &#205;ndice FIRJAN de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM). As an&#225;lises descritivas identificaram a distribui&#231;&#227;o populacional e os desfechos cardiovasculares, e a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla explorou os fatores associados. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotada foi de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Entre os 4.321 pacientes com AR tratados com DMARDs, foram identificados 198 desfechos cardiovasculares (4,68%). A maioria era do sexo feminino (3.398 [80,3%]) com idade m&#233;dia de 54,2 (desvio padr&#227;o 12,8) anos, predominantemente da Regi&#227;o Sudeste (2.421 [57,2%]). O IFDM geral predominante foi &gt; 0,8 (47,5%). Idade avan&#231;ada, presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular e uso de DMARDs sint&#233;ticos foram associados aos desfechos cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Os desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com AR s&#227;o comuns e est&#227;o associados &#224; idade, comorbidades e medicamentos usados para tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Artrite Reumatoide</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Resultados em Cuidados de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Antirreum&#225;ticos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Eventos cardiovasculares s&#227;o uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o significativa na etiopatogenia e hist&#243;ria natural da artrite reumatoide (AR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios elevados em pacientes com AR est&#227;o associados ao aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular e &#224; maior atividade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Embora fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, como hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, sejam bem conhecidos, tamb&#233;m foi destacado na literatura o papel dos tratamentos para AR na redu&#231;&#227;o dos riscos cardiovasculares, particularmente os medicamentos antirreum&#225;ticos modificadores da doen&#231;a (DMARDs, do ingl&#234;s <italic>disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs</italic>) biol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo utiliza dados do DATASUS, o sistema de informa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> que cobre 80% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Ao explorar dados desse sistema abrangente, nosso estudo visa descrever a distribui&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em pacientes com AR tratados com DMARDs no Brasil e identificar os fatores associados a esses resultados. Os DMARDs avaliados s&#227;o descritos na Metodologia.</p>
      <p>Considerando que indicadores socioambientais como condi&#231;&#245;es clim&#225;ticas, polui&#231;&#227;o e &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano t&#234;m sido menos explorados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> o estudo avaliou o &#205;ndice FIRJAN de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM), um indicador sint&#233;tico de qualidade de vida municipal, que &#233; detalhado na Metodologia e no Material Suplementar Online. Especificamente, visamos entender a intera&#231;&#227;o entre DMARDs sint&#233;ticos e biol&#243;gicos na preven&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares (Material Suplementar Online, Se&#231;&#227;o 1), descrever a distribui&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nesse grupo de pacientes e identificar o papel dos fatores que contribuem para os desfechos, como comorbidades, fatores demogr&#225;ficos e socioecon&#244;micos. O presente estudo busca preencher lacunas no conhecimento atual e fornecer insights sobre como esses tratamentos impactam a sa&#250;de cardiovascular em pacientes com AR no contexto brasileiro.</p>
      <p>O problema principal a ser abordado &#233; entender a frequ&#234;ncia dos desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com AR. Alguns fatores afetam esses desfechos e s&#227;o chamados de multifatoriais na literatura; portanto, buscamos identificar a relev&#226;ncia desses fatores, tais como vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, sociais e cl&#237;nicas. Os resultados do presente projeto podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento cient&#237;fico sobre a intera&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a cardiovascular e AR, identificando o papel dessas vari&#225;veis multifatoriais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Os procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos iniciaram com a integra&#231;&#227;o de bases de dados administrativos do DATASUS, que ocorreu nas seguintes tr&#234;s fases: (1) constru&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o dos algoritmos utilizados para identificar os sujeitos na base de dados previamente extra&#237;da, (2) constru&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o dos algoritmos utilizados para identificar vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, (3) aplica&#231;&#227;o dos algoritmos e teste do modelo para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas vari&#225;veis e desfechos cardiovasculares.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi uma coorte retrospectiva longitudinal observacional com extra&#231;&#227;o de dados nacionais do DATASUS entre 2008 e 2018 (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl01.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Se&#231;&#227;o 2</inline-supplementary-material>). Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo de 2009 a 2017, e o per&#237;odo de estudo para cada paciente foi de 4 anos (48 meses), com acompanhamento censurado devido a morte, perda de acompanhamento ou conclus&#227;o do per&#237;odo de estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>A extra&#231;&#227;o de dados foi realizada individualmente e de forma an&#244;nima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A defini&#231;&#227;o de AR para a busca nos sistemas de dados administrativos foi orientada pela constru&#231;&#227;o de algoritmos (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl02.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Se&#231;&#227;o 3</inline-supplementary-material>) em alinhamento com os C&#243;digos Internacionais de Doen&#231;as (CID-10) para AR e suas subclassifica&#231;&#245;es (CID-10 de M05 a M08), em associa&#231;&#227;o com os c&#243;digos de procedimentos dos Protocolos Cl&#237;nicos e Diretrizes Terap&#234;uticas (PCDT) para AR autorizados e cobertos pelo SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os dados foram integrados de tr&#234;s sistemas de dados administrativos do DATASUS: Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Procedimento de Alto Custo (APAC), Boletim de Produ&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial Individualizado (BPAi) e Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar (AIH). Detalhes desses sistemas podem ser verificados no Material Suplementar Online (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl03.pdf">Figura S1</inline-supplementary-material>). O sistema APAC inclui informa&#231;&#245;es sobre data de nascimento, sexo, estado, cidade, c&#243;digo de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica do CID, fase do tratamento (inicial ou retorno), tratamento imunossupressor, di&#225;lise (sim ou n&#227;o) e consultas profissionais durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. O AIH inclui as datas de interna&#231;&#227;o, alta e nascimento, sexo, cidade, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, CID do motivo para interna&#231;&#227;o, data e causa do &#243;bito quando aplic&#225;vel, tipo de interna&#231;&#227;o (urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia) e motivo da desospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (cura ou &#243;bito). O BPAi inclui dados do paciente como cart&#227;o nacional de sa&#250;de, sexo, data de nascimento, ra&#231;a, cor e etnia, al&#233;m do c&#243;digo do munic&#237;pio de resid&#234;ncia. Inclui tamb&#233;m o Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Sa&#250;de (CNES) do estabelecimento realizador, c&#243;digo do procedimento, quantidade de procedimentos realizados, data e CID respectivo. O escopo da extra&#231;&#227;o foi nacional, realizado entre 2008 e 2018.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e defini&#231;&#227;o de casos</title>
        <p>Os pacientes com AR eram selecionados se tivessem mais de 18 anos, conforme descrito pela data de nascimento nos formul&#225;rios do DATASUS usados no estudo. Os pacientes tinham que ter informa&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;nuas em pelo menos um dos bancos de dados por at&#233; 6 meses consecutivos antes da data da linha de base. Pacientes com mais de 20% de informa&#231;&#245;es ausentes em pelo menos duas vari&#225;veis do estudo foram exclu&#237;dos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). O fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e o n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo s&#227;o fornecidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de acompanhamento e sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. Notas: O fluxograma de acompanhamento dos pacientes mostra os procedimentos para identifica&#231;&#227;o do in&#237;cio ao fim da extra&#231;&#227;o de dados. O fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes mostra a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, destacando os pacientes com acompanhamento de 48 meses e em tratamento com medicamentos antirreum&#225;ticos modificadores da doen&#231;a (n = 4.231). AIH: Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar; APAC: Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Procedimento de Alto Custo pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de; AR: artrite reumatoide; BPAi: Boletim de Produ&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial Individualizado; CV: cardiovascular Fonte: elabora&#231;&#227;o dos autores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limpeza de dados e constru&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a extra&#231;&#227;o inicial de dados, foi realizado um processo de limpeza completo para garantir a qualidade e a consist&#234;ncia dos dados. Isso incluiu a remo&#231;&#227;o de entradas duplicadas, resolu&#231;&#227;o de inconsist&#234;ncias e tratamento de dados ausentes. As vari&#225;veis foram constru&#237;das com base nos dados dispon&#237;veis, garantindo que refletissem com precis&#227;o as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e socioecon&#244;micas dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Inicialmente, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria da distribui&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos descritos nos sistemas de dados. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o tratamento s&#227;o obtidas especificamente no banco de dados do APAC, que concentra informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso de medicamentos de alto custo. Com base nessa distribui&#231;&#227;o e nas suposi&#231;&#245;es descritas, os pacientes com AR foram categorizados nos seguintes grupos: complementar, constante ou mudan&#231;a. Pacientes no grupo complementar s&#227;o aqueles que adicionaram qualquer medicamento espec&#237;fico para AR durante o acompanhamento. Pacientes constantes s&#227;o aqueles que n&#227;o alteraram o regime terap&#234;utico durante o acompanhamento. Pacientes no grupo mudan&#231;a s&#227;o aqueles que alteraram o regime terap&#234;utico durante o acompanhamento. O grupo constante foi subclassificado como sint&#233;tico ou biol&#243;gico. O grupo mudan&#231;a foi subclassificado de acordo com a mudan&#231;a entre DMARD biol&#243;gico para DMARD sint&#233;tico ou vice-versa, ou mesmo quando houve uma mudan&#231;a entre medicamentos da mesma categoriza&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, de um medicamento biol&#243;gico para outro ou de um medicamento sint&#233;tico para outro (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl04.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Tabela S1</inline-supplementary-material>). Os seguintes DMARDs foram avaliados no grupo sint&#233;tico: metotrexato, leflunomida, cloroquina ou hidroxicloroquina, sulfassalazina. O grupo biol&#243;gico incluiu os seguintes DMARDs: adalimumabe, infliximabe, etanercepte, certolizumabe, golimumabe, tocilizumabe, abatacepte e rituximabe.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil das comorbidades cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>Para o presente estudo, a gravidade da AR foi categorizada de acordo com o tipo de tratamento espec&#237;fico para a doen&#231;a recebido durante o acompanhamento. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o tratamento contidas nos sistemas de dados foram consideradas (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl05.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Tabela S2</inline-supplementary-material>) com base nos seguintes princ&#237;pios: (1) em conson&#226;ncia com as diretrizes brasileiras utilizadas para o presente estudo, o medicamento biol&#243;gico &#233; fornecido como tratamento de segunda linha, e sua introdu&#231;&#227;o sugere falha do regime de primeira linha;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> (2) as mudan&#231;as no tratamento refletem uma mudan&#231;a no estado de sa&#250;de, ou seja, qualquer adi&#231;&#227;o ou mudan&#231;a de tratamento refletiria piora cl&#237;nica, enquanto a remo&#231;&#227;o de um determinado medicamento do sistema de informa&#231;&#227;o foi considerada como proxy para melhora no estado de sa&#250;de do paciente com AR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas relacionadas ao local de resid&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foram obtidas e analisadas, sendo a menor unidade geogr&#225;fica dispon&#237;vel para an&#225;lise o munic&#237;pio e o distrito de sa&#250;de onde a doen&#231;a foi tratada. A presente pesquisa foi baseada em informa&#231;&#245;es do IFDM, um indicador sint&#233;tico da qualidade de vida municipal (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl06.pdf">Material Suplementar Web, Se&#231;&#227;o 4</inline-supplementary-material>). O IFDM monitora anualmente o desenvolvimento socioecon&#244;mico de todos os munic&#237;pios brasileiros em 3 &#225;reas de atua&#231;&#227;o: emprego/renda, educa&#231;&#227;o e sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esse indicador foi constru&#237;do com base unicamente em estat&#237;sticas p&#250;blicas oficiais disponibilizadas pelos Minist&#233;rios do Trabalho, Educa&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de do Brasil, e pode ser lido em aspectos gerais ou analisado por setor em termos de emprego/renda, sa&#250;de e educa&#231;&#227;o. O &#237;ndice varia de 0 (m&#237;nimo) a 1 ponto (m&#225;ximo) para classificar o n&#237;vel de cada localidade nas seguintes 4 categorias: baixo (0 a 0,4), regular (0,4 a 0,6), moderado (0,6 a 0,8) e alto (0,8 a 1) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl07.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Tabela S3</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores de risco cardiovascular</title>
        <p>Os fatores de risco cardiovascular foram identificados a partir de todos os sistemas de dados administrativos do DATASUS com base na presen&#231;a do conjunto de informa&#231;&#245;es agrupadas pelo CID-10 da taxa de morbidade em associa&#231;&#227;o com os c&#243;digos de procedimentos para seu atendimento. Os eventos cardiovasculares foram definidos como DACA, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e AVC. Os eventos cardiovasculares foram categorizados por faixa et&#225;ria (&gt; 40, 40 a 60, 60 a 70, 70 a 80, &gt; 80 anos). O perfil de comorbidades cl&#237;nicas foi definido com foco no mapeamento de fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, incluindo dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade e tabagismo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes na linha de base foi descrita a partir de dados demogr&#225;ficos, dados de AR (categorizados por tratamento), fatores de risco tradicionais para eventos cardiovasculares e fatores socioecon&#244;micos (IFDM). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas usando frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Ap&#243;s esta etapa, foi realizada a an&#225;lise descritiva dos desfechos cardiovasculares. Subsequentemente, foi usado um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para explorar os fatores de linha de base associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. As etapas para a constru&#231;&#227;o do modelo foram as seguintes:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Emparelhamento da amostra com base na presen&#231;a de desfechos cardiovasculares usando vari&#225;veis como sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, regi&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo e dislipidemia, com uma propor&#231;&#227;o de pareamento de 1:5.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Teste qui-quadrado para verificar diferen&#231;as entre modelos de tratamento dada a presen&#231;a do desfecho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Teste <italic>post-hoc</italic> pareado para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es e identificar diferen&#231;as entre modelos quando o teste qui-quadrado foi significativo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>M&#233;todo de Bonferroni para corroborar os resultados do valor p (a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotada foi de p &lt; 0,05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>C&#225;lculo de raz&#227;o de chances para revelar resultados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>A an&#225;lise coloca o uso das ferramentas estat&#237;sticas em uma ordem apropriada, com o teste qui-quadrado aplicado inicialmente para detectar diferen&#231;as entre modelos de tratamento com base na presen&#231;a de desfechos, o que &#233; adequado para amostras independentes. Em segundo lugar, o modelo <italic>stepwise</italic> foi usado para selecionar quais vari&#225;veis seriam associadas aos desfechos. Nesse processo, exclu&#237;mos primeiramente a vari&#225;vel modelo de tratamento. Em sequ&#234;ncia, as vari&#225;veis foram selecionadas pelo modelo <italic>stepwise</italic> como crit&#233;rios no pareamento entre pacientes com desfechos e pacientes sem desfechos. Com os pacientes pareados, usamos o teste de propor&#231;&#245;es para verificar em qual subgrupo dentro do modelo de tratamento havia signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Isso foi feito para ter certeza de que o efeito de outras vari&#225;veis seria anulado e para excluir o efeito de confus&#227;o na magnitude do efeito do tratamento no grupo de pacientes com desfechos. Ap&#243;s verificar em qual grupo houve diferen&#231;a, calculamos a raz&#227;o de chances correspondente e valor de p, considerando p &lt; 0,001 (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl08.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Tabela S8</inline-supplementary-material>). Essa abordagem nos permitiu controlar as vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o e conduzir uma an&#225;lise precisa dos subgrupos.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Institucional, sob o parecer n&#250;mero 23016819.9.0000.5257. A extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi fornecida pela ger&#234;ncia do DATASUS por meio processo n&#250;mero SEI 250001348282015-86.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, foram identificados 37.941 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de AR, dos quais 7.225 foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo de 48 meses, e 4.231 deles foram tratados com DMARDs. A an&#225;lise do estudo, portanto, incluiu 4.231 pacientes com AR tratados com DMARDs e acompanhados por 48 meses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (80,3%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 54,2 anos. A maioria dos pacientes residia na Regi&#227;o Sudeste (57,2%) e 47,5% tinham IFDM acima de 0,8. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o social, demogr&#225;fica e cl&#237;nica da popula&#231;&#227;o tratada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de base e aos 48 meses. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central</xref> fornece uma vis&#227;o geral da distribui&#231;&#227;o social, demogr&#225;fica e cl&#237;nica da popula&#231;&#227;o com AR e desfechos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o social, demogr&#225;fica e cl&#237;nica da popula&#231;&#227;o tratada (linha de base e 48 meses)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Linha de base (n = 15.999)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">48 meses (n = 4.231)</th>
                  <th>Observa&#231;&#245;es</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">12.779 (79,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.398 (80,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes predominantemente do sexo feminino.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">3.220 (20,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">833 (19,7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="center">50,08 (13,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,22 (12,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumento da idade m&#233;dia ao longo dos 48 meses.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 40 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">3.888 (24,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">648 (15,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Diminui&#231;&#227;o de pacientes mais jovens.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40 a 60 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">8.480 (53,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.210 (52,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o consistente de pacientes de meia-idade.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60 a 70 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">2.645 (16,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">993 (23,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumento no n&#250;mero de pacientes mais velhos.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70 a 80 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">862 (5,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">324 (7,7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 80 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (1,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ra&#231;a</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">7.559 (47,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.138 (50,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes predominantemente brancos.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Afrodescendente</td>
                  <td align="center">3.440 (21,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">834 (19,7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asi&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">312 (2,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (2,0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regi&#227;o</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Centro-Oeste</td>
                  <td align="center">898 (5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">195 (4,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">551 (3,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (2,2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nordeste</td>
                  <td align="center">2.332 (14,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">474 (11,2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sul</td>
                  <td align="center">3.268 (20,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.050 (24,8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sudeste</td>
                  <td align="center">8.950 (55,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.421 (57,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Predominantemente da Regi&#227;o Sudeste.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IFDM</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">7.086 (44,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.010 (47,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Maioria com alto IFDM.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IFDM emprego/renda</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0,6 a 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">7.036 (44,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.756 (41,5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IFDM sa&#250;de</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">12.492 (78,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.443 (81,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Maioria com alto IFDM sa&#250;de.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IFDM educa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">11.251 (70,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.031 (71,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Maioria com alto IFDM educa&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fatores de risco CV</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">15.485 (96,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.102 (97,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Maioria sem fatores de risco (p = 0,003).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">514 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (3,0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>A tabela mostra um perfil demogr&#225;fico e cl&#237;nico abrangente dos pacientes com artrite reumatoide na linha de base e ap&#243;s 48 meses. H&#225; um aumento not&#225;vel na idade m&#233;dia e na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes mais velhos ao longo do per&#237;odo do estudo. A maioria dos pacientes &#233; da Regi&#227;o Sudeste e tem alto IFDM nos setores de sa&#250;de e educa&#231;&#227;o. CV: cardiovascular; IFDM: &#205;ndice FIRJAN de Desenvolvimento Municipal. Fonte: elabora&#231;&#227;o dos autores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o e categoriza&#231;&#227;o dos DMARDs</title>
        <p>Os DMARDs biol&#243;gicos foram usados por 1.885 (44,6%) pacientes, enquanto DMARDs sint&#233;ticos foram usados por 3.757 (88,8%) pacientes. Os pacientes foram categorizados com base em suas trajet&#243;rias de tratamento da seguinte forma: sint&#233;tico constante (20,4%), mudan&#231;a entre sint&#233;ticos (35,1%), biol&#243;gico constante (7,9%), medicamento complementar (20,2%), mudan&#231;a de sint&#233;tico para biol&#243;gico (10,5%), mudan&#231;a entre biol&#243;gicos (3,3%) e mudan&#231;a de biol&#243;gico para sint&#233;tico (2,6%). O grupo mudan&#231;a entre sint&#233;ticos mostrou uma preval&#234;ncia maior de fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl09.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Tabela S4</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos cardiovasculares</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, 198 desfechos cardiovasculares foram registrados em 184 pacientes, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas e AVC. Conforme ilustrado nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>, a maioria dos resultados ocorreu no grupo mudan&#231;a (130 [65,7%]), seguido pelo grupo constante (42 [21,2%]) e pelo grupo complementar (26 [13,1%]). Os desfechos foram mais frequentes no grupo mudan&#231;a entre sint&#233;ticos (112 [56,6%]), seguido pelo grupo sint&#233;tico constante (33 [16,6%]), pelo grupo complementar (26 [13,3%]), pelo grupo mudan&#231;a de sint&#233;tico para biol&#243;gico (12 [6%]), pelo grupo biol&#243;gico constante (9 [4,5%]), pelo grupo mudan&#231;a entre biol&#243;gicos (3 [1,5%]) e pelo grupo mudan&#231;a de biol&#243;gico para sint&#233;tico (3 [1,5%]) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl10.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Tabela S5</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cardiovasculares em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s categorias agrupadas de tratamento. Descri&#231;&#227;o: Gr&#225;fico de barras mostrando a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cardiovasculares por categorias de tratamento. Complementar: adi&#231;&#227;o de um novo medicamento biol&#243;gico ou sint&#233;tico; constante: o mesmo medicamento durante o estudo; mudan&#231;a: troca de um medicamento para outro durante o estudo. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DACA: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria aguda. Fonte: elabora&#231;&#227;o dos autores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com desfechos cardiovasculares</title>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cardiovasculares ao final do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 48 meses foi avaliada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao total de 198 desfechos cardiovasculares. Os desfechos cardiovasculares identificados foram: DACA (CID-10 I20-I24) com 91 eventos (46%), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (CID-10 I50) com 80 eventos (40,4%) e AVC (CID-10 I64/G45) com 27 eventos (13,6%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). Dos 198 desfechos cardiovasculares, 77,2% ocorreram em mulheres; 41,3% dos pacientes tinham entre 40 e 60 anos, com m&#233;dia de idade de 59,93 anos. A maioria dos pacientes era branca (66,8%) e residia na Regi&#227;o Sudeste (56,5%). A maioria apresentou IFDM geral maior que 0,8 (52,7%), particularmente nos dom&#237;nios de sa&#250;de (83,2%) e educa&#231;&#227;o (71,7%), enquanto o dom&#237;nio de renda/emprego variou de 0,6 a 0,7 (40,8%). Observamos que o dom&#237;nio renda/emprego do IFDM foi predominantemente entre 0,6 e 0,7 (40,8%) no grupo com desfechos cardiovasculares, bem como para o grupo geral (41,5%), embora valha a pena notar que o IFDM foi analisado em todas as regi&#245;es brasileiras, e nenhuma signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi observada (p &gt; 0,05) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl11.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Tabela S6</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares em rela&#231;&#227;o a cada categoria de tratamento para artrite reumatoide. Descri&#231;&#227;o: Gr&#225;fico detalhado mostrando a distribui&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares por subcategorias espec&#237;ficas de tratamento. Complementar: adi&#231;&#227;o de um novo medicamento biol&#243;gico ou sint&#233;tico; BC: biol&#243;gico constante; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DACA: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria aguda; MB: mudan&#231;a entre biol&#243;gicos; MBS: mudan&#231;a de biol&#243;gico para sint&#233;tico; MS: mudan&#231;a entre sint&#233;ticos; MSB: mudan&#231;a de sint&#233;tico para biol&#243;gico; SC: sint&#233;tico constante. Fonte: elabora&#231;&#227;o dos autores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais e desfechos cardiovasculares</title>
        <p>Os desfechos cardiovasculares foram mais comuns em pacientes com fatores de risco tradicionais, com uma associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre a presen&#231;a de um ou mais fatores de risco e desfechos cardiovasculares (raz&#227;o de chances de 2,39; p = 0,003) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). Houve uma rela&#231;&#227;o crescente entre idade e ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cardiovasculares, com maior raz&#227;o de chance para faixas et&#225;rias mais velhas. Pacientes no grupo mudan&#231;a entre sint&#233;ticos tiveram maior probabilidade de desfechos cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sint&#233;tico constante (raz&#227;o de chances de 2,31; p = 0,002) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>; <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl12.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Tabela 7A e 7B</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para desfechos cardiovasculares. Descri&#231;&#227;o: Representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica do modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica mostrando a raz&#227;o de chances para eventos cardiovasculares. OR: raz&#227;o de chances para eventos cardiovasculares. Fonte: elabora&#231;&#227;o dos autores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos DMARDs utilizados no estudo REAL e no presente estudo, apontando os desfechos cardiovasculares no presente estudo, de acordo com os DMARDs que os pacientes receberam</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Tipo de DMARDs</th>
                  <th>Estudo REAL e DMARDS</th>
                  <th>Presente estudo e DMARDs</th>
                  <th>Desfechos cardiovasculares</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">N = 1.116</td>
                  <td align="center">N = 4.231</td>
                  <td align="center">N = 184</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Metotrexato</td>
                  <td align="center">Sint&#233;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">66,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">31,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">29,9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leflunomida</td>
                  <td align="center">Sint&#233;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">33,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">59,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">60,9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cloroquina ou hidroxicloroquina</td>
                  <td align="center">Sint&#233;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">18,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sulfassalazina</td>
                  <td align="center">Sint&#233;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">11,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">15,2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anti-TNF (adalimumabe, infliximabe, etanercepte, certolizumabe, golimumabe,)</td>
                  <td align="center">Biol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">19,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">53,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">31,0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tocilizumabe</td>
                  <td align="center">Biol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abatacepte</td>
                  <td align="center">Biol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rituximabe</td>
                  <td align="center">Biol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grupo sint&#233;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">3.757 (88,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (93,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grupo biol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1.885 (44,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (27,7%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>A tabela especifica a associa&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares e DMARDs sint&#233;ticos e biol&#243;gicos usados no estudo REAL e em nosso estudo. DMARDs: medicamentos antirreum&#225;ticos modificadores da doen&#231;a. Fonte: elabora&#231;&#227;o dos autores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares na AR n&#227;o pode ser totalmente explicado apenas pelos fatores de risco tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O presente estudo de coorte retrospectivo visou identificar fatores de risco tradicionais e n&#227;o tradicionais associados a desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com AR registrados no DATASUS (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl13.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Tabela S9</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados sobre eventos cardiovasculares</title>
        <p>Identificamos 198 eventos cardiovasculares em nossa coorte. O envelhecimento foi um fator prevalente entre pacientes com eventos cardiovasculares, sendo a hipertens&#227;o o fator de risco tradicional mais comum associado a esses eventos. Embora a propor&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco tradicionais encontrados em nosso estudo tenha sido relativamente baixa em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros estudos, nossos achados se alinham com outros estudos de coleta de dados prim&#225;rios realizados no Brasil. Por exemplo, a preval&#234;ncia relatada de hipertens&#227;o em pacientes com AR varia significativamente de 4% a 73%, dependendo do desenho do estudo e da popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Simard et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> mostraram que a preval&#234;ncia de diabetes na AR est&#225; entre 7,0% e 35,0%, com poucos estudos indicando uma preval&#234;ncia maior de diabetes na AR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl14.pdf">Material Suplementar Online, Tabela S10</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Impacto dos DMARDs no risco cardiovascular</title>
        <p>Vicente et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> realizaram uma an&#225;lise transversal de pacientes da coorte do estudo REAL na linha de base, verificando que o risco cardiovascular foi alto na popula&#231;&#227;o com AR. O estudo sugeriu que a escolha de DMARDs, particularmente os biol&#243;gicos, poderia resultar em melhores desfechos cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o aos sint&#233;ticos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Nosso estudo de coorte corroborou esses achados, mostrando uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de tratamento para AR e a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Pacientes que precisaram mudar sua medica&#231;&#227;o para controlar a atividade da doen&#231;a (grupo mudan&#231;a) tiveram maior probabilidade de desenvolver desfechos cardiovasculares. Golmia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> apresentaram uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta do uso de infliximabe e tocilizumabe, dois DMARDs biol&#243;gicos, e verificaram diferentes respostas entre eles em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; funcionalidade da AR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelo estat&#237;stico e associa&#231;&#245;es principais</title>
        <p>O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica do nosso estudo verificou que a progress&#227;o da idade e a presen&#231;a de um ou mais fatores de risco cardiovascular estavam significativamente associados aos desfechos cardiovasculares. O modelo mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais e desfechos cardiovasculares, com raz&#227;o de chances de 2,39 (1,34 a 4,29; p = 0,003) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2A</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). Em nossa an&#225;lise pareada, observamos uma diferen&#231;a significativa nos desfechos cardiovasculares entre pacientes que precisaram mudar entre sint&#233;ticos, sugerindo que esses pacientes podem ter doen&#231;a mais grave (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0313_Supplemental.pdf">Tabela S8</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Modelo de regress&#227;o para diferentes vari&#225;veis e associa&#231;&#227;o com desfechos cardiovasculares e resultado do teste comparando as propor&#231;&#245;es entre os tipos de tratamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor p (Teste de Wald)</th>
                  <th>Observa&#231;&#245;es</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabela 2A Idade (refer&#234;ncia: &lt; 40 anos)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40 a 60 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48 (0,85 - 2,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,169</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60 a 70 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">2,56 (1,44 - 4,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">Associa&#231;&#227;o significativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70 a 80 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">3,53 (1,84 - 6,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">Associa&#231;&#227;o significativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 80 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">6,60 (2,65 - 16,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">Associa&#231;&#227;o significativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fator de risco (refer&#234;ncia: 0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 1 versus 0</td>
                  <td align="center">2,39 (1,34 - 4,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">Associa&#231;&#227;o significativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Valor p</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Observa&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabela 2B</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mudan&#231;a versus constante</td>
                  <td align="center">1,81 (1,23 - 2,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,056</td>
                  <td align="center">Quase significativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabela 2C</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mudan&#231;a de sint&#233;ticos versus sint&#233;tico constante</td>
                  <td align="center">2,31 (1,50 - 3,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">Associa&#231;&#227;o significativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mudan&#231;a de sint&#233;ticos versus complementar</td>
                  <td align="center">1,81 (1,15 - 2,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>A Tabela 2A destaca as chances crescentes de desfechos cardiovasculares com o avan&#231;o da idade. A presen&#231;a de um ou mais fatores de risco aumenta significativamente a probabilidade de eventos cardiovasculares. As Tabelas 2B e 2C mostram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a mudan&#231;a de sint&#233;ticos e os desfechos cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento sint&#233;tico constante. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: raz&#227;o de chances. Fonte: elabora&#231;&#227;o dos autores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Papel dos fatores socioecon&#244;micos</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m de corroborar a literatura existente, nosso estudo avan&#231;a a discuss&#227;o das disparidades e o papel do acesso como um fator de risco para eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O &#237;ndice socioecon&#244;mico (IFDM) em nosso estudo n&#227;o mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com os desfechos cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o global com AR (p &gt; 0,05). Isso contrasta com outros estudos que indicam que 80% do risco cardiovascular na AR surge em pa&#237;ses com n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico baixo a m&#233;dio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> mas menos de 20% dos estudos cl&#237;nicos incluem n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico em seus modelos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta v&#225;rios pontos fortes, incluindo um grande tamanho de amostra nacional e uma an&#225;lise abrangente de fatores cl&#237;nicos e socioecon&#244;micos, fornecendo insights valiosos sobre os riscos cardiovasculares enfrentados por pacientes com AR no Brasil. O uso do DATASUS permitiu a inclus&#227;o de uma popula&#231;&#227;o diversificada de pacientes em v&#225;rios contextos de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. No entanto, o estudo se concentra em pacientes que recebem medicamentos de alta complexidade para AR grave, o que pode n&#227;o representar aqueles com doen&#231;a inicial ou de leve a moderada. Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es incluem varia&#231;&#245;es potenciais na precis&#227;o dos dados, fatores de confus&#227;o residuais n&#227;o levados em considera&#231;&#227;o (por exemplo, dieta, atividade f&#237;sica, predisposi&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o) e aus&#234;ncia de dados cl&#237;nicos detalhados (por exemplo, escores de atividade da doen&#231;a e resultados laboratoriais). Mudan&#231;as nas pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas e na qualidade da assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica ao longo do per&#237;odo do estudo tamb&#233;m podem ter influenciado os resultados. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, os pontos fortes deste estudo ajudam a mitigar essas preocupa&#231;&#245;es. Pesquisas futuras podem se concentrar em pacientes com AR em est&#225;gio inicial ou aqueles com gravidade da doen&#231;a leve a moderada para expandir ainda mais esses achados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es para pesquisas e pol&#237;ticas futuras</title>
        <p>A relev&#226;ncia do presente estudo est&#225; na explora&#231;&#227;o de aspectos cardiovasculares em uma grande amostra nacional de pacientes com AR no Brasil. Nossos achados refor&#231;am a premissa de que um melhor controle da inflama&#231;&#227;o se traduz em uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com AR. Como uma perspectiva futura, essa evid&#234;ncia pode orientar a pesquisa de efic&#225;cia comparativa com as op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas analisadas aqui, usando eventos cardiovasculares como medidas de desfecho. Essa abordagem tamb&#233;m pode incluir estudos comparativos de custos, que podem ser &#250;teis para a elabora&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas no Brasil e no contexto da carga global da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, os achados do nosso estudo podem informar os provedores de sa&#250;de e formuladores de pol&#237;ticas sobre a import&#226;ncia de tratamentos personalizados para pacientes com AR, considerando fatores cl&#237;nicos e socioecon&#244;micos para otimizar os desfechos de sa&#250;de cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo demonstra que fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, fatores socioecon&#244;micos e fatores relacionados &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o impactam significativamente os desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com AR grave recebendo tratamentos biol&#243;gicos de alta complexidade. Esses achados destacam a import&#226;ncia do manejo abrangente do risco cardiovascular e os benef&#237;cios do controle da inflama&#231;&#227;o por meio de DMARDs apropriados, particularmente DMARDs biol&#243;gicos. Embora a grande amostra nacional do estudo e a an&#225;lise detalhada forne&#231;am conhecimentos valiosos, pesquisas futuras devem se concentrar em pacientes com AR em est&#225;gio inicial ou com doen&#231;a leve a moderada para entender melhor os riscos cardiovasculares em diferentes est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a e considerar fatores de confus&#227;o residuais e dados cl&#237;nicos detalhados para melhorar a compreens&#227;o dessas rela&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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            <name>
              <surname>Pincus</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Limitations of a Biomedical Model to Explain Socioeconomic Disparities in Mortality of Rheumatic and Cardiovascular Diseases</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Rheumatol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 51</supplement>
          <fpage>S25</fpage>
          <lpage>S34</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Dessein PH, Semb AG, Gonz&#225;lez-Gay MA, Popa CD. Enhanced Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Elucidation, Assessment, and Management. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:850671. doi: 10.1155/2015/850671.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dessein</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Semb</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonz&#225;lez-Gay</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popa</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Enhanced Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Elucidation, Assessment, and Management</article-title>
          <source>Biomed Res Int</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>2015</volume>
          <size units="pages">850671</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/850671</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Roberto Gamarski pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0313_Supplemental.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240313i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Frequency of Cardiovascular Diseases in Rheumatoid Arthritis in Brazil: 10-year Cohort Study with DATASUS Databases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1519-247X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gamarski</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5144-4862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Antonio Sena do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Mirhelen Mendes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Mirhelen Mendes de Abreu &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio MAPEAR- Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho &#8211; Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. Postal Code 21941-617, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mirhelen@hucff.ufrj.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The Frequency of Cardiovascular Diseases in Rheumatoid Arthritis in Brazil: 10-year Cohort Study with DATASUS Databases</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ACAD: acute coronary artery disease; BC: biological constant; BS: biological switch; BSS: biological-to-synthetic switch; CI: confidence interval; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; IFDM: FIRJAN Municipal Development Index; OR: odds ratio; SBS: synthetic-to-biological switch; SC: synthetic constant; SS: synthetic switch.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been extensively explored in the literature concerning biological factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This nationwide retrospective cohort study aimed to explore the distribution of cardiovascular events in patients with RA in Brazil, assisted by the Unified Health System (SUS), and to identify factors associated with these outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Patients aged &#8805; 18 years were identified from the Brazilian Unified Health System Database (DATASUS) through RA ICD-10 codes and their therapeutic procedures according to SUS guidelines. RA patients treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were categorized as biological users and non-biological (synthetic) users. Cardiovascular outcomes, including acute coronary artery disease (ACAD), heart failure, and cerebrovascular accident (CVA), were analyzed. Patients were also categorized based on treatment patterns (switch or constant users). Socioeconomic status was assessed using the FIRJAN Municipal Development Index (IFDM). Descriptive analyses identified population distribution and cardiovascular outcomes, and multiple logistic regression explored associated factors. The statistical significance adopted was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Among the 4,321 patients with RA treated with DMARDS, 198 cardiovascular outcomes (4.68%) were identified. The majority were female (3,398 [80.3%]) with a mean age of 54.2 (standard deviation 12.8) years, predominantly from the Southeast Region (2,421 [57.2%]). The predominant overall IFDM was &gt; 0.8 (47.5%). Advanced age, the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, and the use of synthetic DMARDs were associated with cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with RA are common and are associated with age, comorbidities, and the drugs used for treatment.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Rheumatoid Arthritis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Care Outcome Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Antirheumatic Agents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular events are a significant concern in the etiopathogenesis and natural history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Elevated inflammatory markers in patients with RA are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and greater disease activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> While traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes are well known, the role of RA treatments, particularly biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), in reducing cardiovascular risks has also been highlighted in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study utilizes data from DATASUS, the health information system of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) of the Brazilian Ministry of Health,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> which covers 80% of the Brazilian population. By exploring data from this comprehensive system, our study aims to describe the distribution of cardiovascular disease in patients with RA treated with DMARDs in Brazil and identify the factors associated with these outcomes. The DMARDs evaluated are described in the methodology.</p>
        <p>Given that socio-environmental indicators like climatic conditions, pollution, and human development index have been less explored,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> the study evaluated the FIRJAN Municipal Development Index (IFDM), a synthetic indicator of municipal quality of life, which is detailed in the methodology and <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl01-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material</inline-supplementary-material>. Specifically, we aim to understand the interaction between synthetic and biological DMARDs in preventing cardiovascular outcomes (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl02-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Section 1</inline-supplementary-material>), describe the distribution of cardiovascular disease in this group of patients, and identify the role of contributors to the outcomes, such as comorbidities, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. This study seeks to fill gaps in current knowledge and provide insights into how these treatments impact cardiovascular health in patients with RA in the Brazilian context.</p>
        <p>The key problem to be addressed is to understand the frequency of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with RA. Some factors affect these outcomes and are referred to as multifactorial in the literature; therefore, we seek to identify the relevance of these factors, such as demographic, social, and clinical variables. The results of this project may contribute to the development of scientific knowledge on the interaction between cardiovascular disease and RA by identifying the role of these multifactorial variables.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The methodological procedures began with the integration of administrative databases from DATASUS, which took place in three phases: (1) construction and validation of the algorithms used to identify the subjects in the previously extracted database, (2) construction and validation of the algorithms used to identify demographic and clinical variables, (3) application of the algorithms and testing of the model to analyze the association between these variables and cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Outline</title>
          <p>This study was an observational longitudinal retrospective cohort with nationwide data extraction from DATASUS between 2008 and 2018 (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl03-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Section 2</inline-supplementary-material>). Patients were included in the study from 2009 to 2017, and the study period for each patient was 4 years (48 months), with follow-up censored due to death, loss of follow-up, or completion of the study period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction</title>
          <p>Data extraction was performed individually and in an anonymized manner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The definition of RA for the search in the administrative data systems was guided by constructing algorithms (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl04-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Section 3</inline-supplementary-material>) in alignment with the International Disease Codes (ICDs-10) for RA and its subclassifications (ICD-10 from M05 to M08), in association with the codes of procedures of the Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines (PCDT, acronym in Portuguese) for RA authorized and covered by SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Data were integrated from three DATASUS administrative data systems: High-Cost Procedure Authorization (APAC), Individualized Ambulatory Production Bulletin (BPAi), and Hospital Admission Authorization (AIH). For details of these systems, please check the Web Supplemental Material (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl05-en.pdf">Figure S1</inline-supplementary-material>). The APAC system includes information on date of birth, sex, state, city, ICD rheumatic disease code, treatment phase (initial or return), immunosuppressive treatment, dialysis (yes or no), and professional visits during the study period. The AIH system includes the dates of hospitalization, discharge and birth, sex, city, length of hospitalization, ICD reason for hospitalization, date and reason of death when applicable, type of hospitalization (urgency or emergency), and reason for dehospitalization (cure or death). The BPAi system includes patient data such as national health card number, sex, date of birth, race, color, and ethnicity, in addition to the code of the municipality of residence. It also includes the National Registry of Healthcare Establishments (CNES, acronym in Portuguese) number of the performing establishment, procedure code, quantity of procedures performed, date, and respective ICD. The scope of the extraction was national, carried out between 2008 and 2018.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria and case definition</title>
          <p>Patients with RA were selected if they were over 18 years old, as described by the date of birth in the DATASUS forms used in the study. Patients had to have continuous information in at least one of the databases for up to 6 consecutive months prior to the baseline date. Patients with more than 20% missing information in at least two study variables were excluded (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). The patient selection flowchart and the number of patients included in the study are provided in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patient follow-up and selection flowchart. Notes: Patient follow-up flowchart shows the procedures to identify from the beginning to the end of data extraction. Patient selection flowchart shows the selection of patients included in the study, highlighting patients with a follow-up of 48 months and undergoing treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (n = 4,231). AIH: Individualized Ambulatory Production Bulletin; APAC: Authorization for a High-Cost Procedure by the Brazilian Unified Health System; BPAi: Hospital Admission Authorization; CV: cardiovascular; RA: rheumatoid arthritis. Source: Prepared by the authors.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data cleaning and variable construction</title>
          <p>After the initial data extraction, a thorough cleaning process was conducted to ensure data quality and consistency. This included removing duplicate entries, resolving inconsistencies, and addressing missing data. Variables were constructed based on the available data, ensuring they accurately reflected the patients&#8217; demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic characteristics.</p>
          <p>Initially, an exploratory analysis of the distribution of drugs described in the data systems was performed. Treatment information is specifically obtained in the APAC database, which concentrates information on the use of high-cost medications. Based on this distribution and the described assumptions, patients with RA were categorized as add-on, constant, or switch. Add-on patients are those who added any specific medication for RA during follow-up. Constant patients are those who did not change the therapeutic regimen during follow-up. Patients in the switch group changed the therapeutic regimen during follow-up. The constant group was subclassified as synthetic and biological. The switch group was subclassified according to the change from biological DMARD to synthetic DMARD or vice versa, or even when there was a change between drug classes of the same categorization, i.e., from one biological drug to another or from one synthetic drug to another (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl06-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Table S1</inline-supplementary-material>). The following DMARDs were evaluated in the synthetic group: methotrexate, leflunomide, chloroquine, or hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine. The biological group included the following: adalimumab, infliximab, etanercept, certolizumab, golimumab, tocilizumab, abatacept, and rituximab.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Profile of clinical comorbidities</title>
          <p>For this study, RA severity was categorized according to the type of disease-specific treatment received during follow-up. The information regarding the treatment contained in the data systems was considered (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl07-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Table S2</inline-supplementary-material>), based on the following principles: (1) in line with Brazilian guidelines used for this study, biological medication is provided as a second-line treatment, and its introduction suggests a failure of the first-line regimen;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> (2) treatment changes reflect a change in health status, i.e., any addition or change of treatment would reflect clinical worsening, while the removal of a given medication from the information system was considered a proxy for improvement in the health status of the patient with RA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Socioeconomic information related to the place of residence was also obtained and analyzed, with the smallest geographic unit available for analysis being the municipality and the health district where the disease is treated. This survey was based on information from the IFDM, which is a synthetic indicator of municipal quality of life (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl08-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Section 4</inline-supplementary-material>). The IFDM annually monitors the socioeconomic development of all Brazilian municipalities in 3 areas of activity: employment/income, education, and health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This indicator is built based solely on official public statistics made available by the Ministries of Labor, Education, and Health in Brazil, and can be read in general aspects or analyzed by sector in terms of employment/income, health, and education. The index ranges from 0 (minimum) to 1 point (maximum) to classify the level of each location into the following 4 categories: low (0 to 0.4), regular (0.4 to 0.6), moderate (0.6 to 0.8), and high (0.8 to 1) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl09-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Table S3</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk factors</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular risk factors were identified from all DATASUS administrative data systems based on the presence of the set of information grouped by the ICD-10 of the morbidity rate in association with the codes of procedures for their care. Cardiovascular events were defined as ACAD, heart failure, and CVA. Cardiovascular events were categorized by age group (&gt; 40, 40 to 60, 60 to 70, 70 to 80, &gt; 80 years). The profile of clinical comorbidities was defined with a focus on mapping traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The distribution of patients at baseline was described based on demographic data, RA data (categorized by treatment), traditional risk factors for cardiovascular events, and socioeconomic factors (IFDM). The categorical variables were described using absolute and relative frequencies. After this step, descriptive analysis of cardiovascular outcomes was performed. A logistic regression model was then used to explore baseline factors associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular outcomes in the studied population. The steps for building the model were as follows:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Sample pairing based on the presence of cardiovascular outcomes using variables such as sex, age group, region, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia, with a pairing ratio of 1:5.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Chi-square test to verify differences between treatment models given the presence of the outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Paired post-hoc test to compare proportions and identify differences between models when the chi-square test was significant.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Bonferroni method to corroborate p-value results (the statistical significance adopted was p &lt; 0.05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Calculation of odds ratios to reveal statistically significant results.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The analysis places the use of the statistical tools in an appropriate order, with the chi-square test initially applied to detect differences between treatment models based on the presence of outcomes, which is suitable for independent samples. Secondly, the stepwise model was used to select which variables would be associated with outcomes. In this process, we first excluded the variable model of treatment. In sequence, the variables were selected by the stepwise model as criteria in pairing among patients with outcomes and patients without outcomes. With the paired patients, we used the test of proportions to verify in which subgroup inside the treatment model there was a statistical significance. This was done to be sure that the effect of other variables would be nulled and to exclude confusion effect in the magnitude of treatment effect in the group of patients with outcomes. After verifying in which group there was a difference, we calculated its corresponding odd ratio and p value, considering p &lt; 0.001 (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl10-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Table S8</inline-supplementary-material>). This approach allowed us to control for confounding variables and conduct an accurate analysis of subgroups.</p>
          <p>The study was submitted and approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee, under opinion number 23016819.9.0000.5257. Data extraction was provided by DATASUS management through process number SEI 250001348282015-86.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Initially, a total of 37,941 patients with a diagnosis of RA were identified, of whom 7,225 were followed up for a period of 48 months, and 4,231 of them were treated with DMARDs. The study&#8217;s analysis, therefore, included 4,231 patients with RA treated with DMARDs and followed for 48 months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). The majority of the patients were female (80.3%), with a mean age of 54.2 years. Most patients lived in the Southeast Region (57.2%), and 47.5% had IFDM above 0.8. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents social, demographic, and clinical distribution of the treated population in relation to baseline and 48 months. The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> provides an overview of the social, demographic, and clinical distribution of the population with RA and cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Social, demographic, and clinical distribution of the treated population (baseline and 48 months)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Baseline (n = 15,999)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">48 Months (n = 4,231)</th>
                    <th>Observations</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">12,779 (79.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3,398 (80.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Predominantly female patients.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">3,220 (20.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">833 (19.7%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Average</td>
                    <td align="center">50.08 (13.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.22 (12.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">Increase in average age over 48 months.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 40 years</td>
                    <td align="center">3,888 (24.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">648 (15.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Decrease in younger patients.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>40 to 60 years</td>
                    <td align="center">8,480 (53.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,210 (52.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Consistent proportion of middle-aged patients.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>60 to 70 years</td>
                    <td align="center">2,645 (16.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">993 (23.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Increase in older patients.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>70 to 80 years</td>
                    <td align="center">862 (5.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">324 (7.7%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 80 years</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (0.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (1.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Race</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White</td>
                    <td align="center">7,559 (47.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,138 (50.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Predominantly white.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>African Descent</td>
                    <td align="center">3,440 (21.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">834 (19.7%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Asian</td>
                    <td align="center">312 (2.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">84 (2.0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Region</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Midwest</td>
                    <td align="center">898 (5.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">195 (4.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>North</td>
                    <td align="center">551 (3.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (2.2%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Northeast</td>
                    <td align="center">2,332 (14.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">474 (11.2%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>South</td>
                    <td align="center">3,268 (20.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,050 (24.8%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Southeast</td>
                    <td align="center">8,950 (55.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,421 (57.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Predominantly from the Southeast Region.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IFDM</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">7,086 (44.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2,010 (47.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Majority with high IFDM.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IFDM employment/income</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0.6 to 0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">7,036 (44.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,756 (41.5%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IFDM health</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">12,492 (78.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3,443 (81.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Majority with high IFDM health.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IFDM education</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">11,251 (70.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3,031 (71.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Majority with high IFDM education.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CV risk factors</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0</td>
                    <td align="center">15,485 (96.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4,102 (97.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">Majority with no risk factors (p = 0.003).</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 1</td>
                    <td align="center">514 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (3.0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>This table shows a comprehensive demographic and clinical profile of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis at baseline and after 48 months. There is a noticeable increase in the average age and the proportion of older patients over the study period. The majority of patients are from the Southeast Region and have a high IFDM in the health and education sectors. CV: cardiovascular; IFDM: FIRJAM Index for Human Development. Source: Prepared by the authors.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Distribution and categorization of DMARDs</title>
          <p>Biological DMARDs were used by 1,885 (44.6%) patients, while synthetic DMARDs were used by 3,757 (88.8%) patients. Patients were categorized based on their treatment trajectories as follows: constant synthetic (20.4%), synthetic switch (35.1%), constant biological (7.9%), add-on medication (20.2%), synthetic-to-biological switch (10.5%), biological switch (3.3%), and biological-to-synthetic switch (2.6%). The synthetic switch group showed a higher prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl11-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Table S4</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular outcomes</title>
          <p>During the follow-up period, 198 cardiovascular outcomes were recorded in 184 patients, including heart failure, acute coronary syndromes, and stroke. As illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">3</xref>, most outcomes occurred in the switch group (130 [65.7%]), followed by the constant group (42 [21.2%]) and the add-on group (26 [13.1%]). Outcomes were most frequent in the synthetic switch group (112 [56.6%]), followed by the constant synthetic group (33 [16.6%]), the add-on group (26 [13.3%]), the synthetic-to-biological switch group (12 [6%]), the constant biological group (9 [4.5%]), the biological switch group (3 [1.5%]), and the biological-to-synthetic switch group (3 [1.5%]) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl12-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Table S5</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of cardiovascular outcomes in relation to grouped categories of treatment. Description: Bar chart showing the distribution of cardiovascular outcomes by treatment categories. Add-on: addition of a new biological or synthetic medication; constant: the same drug during the study; switch: change from one drug to another during the study. ACAD: acute coronary artery disease; CVA: cerebrovascular accident. Source: Prepared by the authors.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of cardiovascular outcomes in relation to each category of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Description: Detailed chart showing the distribution of cardiovascular outcomes by specific treatment categories. Add-on: addition of biologic or synthetic; ACAD: acute coronary artery disease; BC: biological constant; BS: biological switch; BSS: biological-to-synthetic switch; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; SBS: synthetic-to-biological switch; SC: synthetic constant; SS: synthetic switch. Source: Prepared by the authors.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of patients with cardiovascular outcomes</title>
          <p>The distribution of cardiovascular outcomes at the end of the 48-month follow-up period was evaluated in relation to the total of 198 cardiovascular outcomes. The cardiovascular outcomes identified were: ACAD (ICD-10 I20-I24) with 91 events (46%), heart failure (ICD-10 I50) with 80 events (40.4%), and CVA (ICD-10 I64/G45) with 27 events (13.6%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Of the 198 cardiovascular outcomes, 77.2% occurred in females; 41.3% of patients were aged 40 to 60 years, with a mean age of 59.93 years. Most patients were white (66.8%) and lived in the Southeast Region (56.5%). The majority had an overall IFDM greater than 0.8 (52.7%), particularly in the health (83.2%) and education (71.7%) domains, while the income/employment domain ranged from 0.6 to 0.7 (40.8%). We observed that the IFDM income/employment domain was predominantly between 0.6 and 0.7 (40.8%) in the group with cardiovascular outcomes, as well as for the general group (41.5%), although it is worth noting that IFDM was analyzed across all Brazilian regions, and no statistical significance was observed (p &gt; 0.05) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl13-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Table S6</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular outcomes were more common in patients with traditional risk factors, with a direct association between the presence of one or more risk factors and cardiovascular outcomes (odds ratio of 2.39; p = 0.003) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). There was an increasing relationship between age and the occurrence of cardiovascular outcomes, with higher odds ratios for older age ranges. Patients in the synthetic switch group had a higher likelihood of cardiovascular outcomes compared to the constant synthetic group (odds ratio of 2.31; p = 0.002) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>; <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl14-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Table 7A and 7B</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Logistic regression model for cardiovascular outcomes. Description: Graphical representation of the logistic regression model showing the odds ratios for cardiovascular events. OR: odds ratio for cardiovascular events. Source: Prepared by the authors.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of DMARDs used in REAL study and this study, pointing to cardiovascular outcomes in this study, according to which DMARDs patients received</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Type of DMARDs</th>
                    <th>REAL Study and DMARDs</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">This study and DMARDs</th>
                    <th>Cardiovascular outcomes</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">N = 1,116</td>
                    <td align="center">N = 4,231</td>
                    <td align="center">N = 184</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Methotrexate</td>
                    <td align="center">Synthetic</td>
                    <td align="center">66.5%</td>
                    <td align="center">31.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">29.9%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leflunomid</td>
                    <td align="center">Synthetic</td>
                    <td align="center">33.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">59.6%</td>
                    <td align="center">60.9%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine</td>
                    <td align="center">Synthetic</td>
                    <td align="center">13.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">18.4%</td>
                    <td align="center">17.4%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sulfasalazine</td>
                    <td align="center">Synthetic</td>
                    <td align="center">4.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">11.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">15.2%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anti-TNF (adalimumab, infliximab, etanercept, certolizumab, golimumab)</td>
                    <td align="center">Biological</td>
                    <td align="center">19.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">53.4%</td>
                    <td align="center">31.0%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tocilizumab</td>
                    <td align="center">Biological</td>
                    <td align="center">4.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7%</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abatacept</td>
                    <td align="center">Biological</td>
                    <td align="center">6.5%</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rituximab</td>
                    <td align="center">Biological</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4%</td>
                    <td align="center">1.5%</td>
                    <td align="center">1.1%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Synthetic group</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">3,757 (88.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">172 (93.5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Biological group</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1,885 (44.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (27.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>The table specifies the association of cardiovascular outcomes and synthetic and biological DMARDs used in the REAL study and in our study. DMARDs: disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Source: Prepared by the authors.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The increased risk of cardiovascular events in RA is not fully explained by traditional risk factors alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This retrospective cohort study aimed to identify both traditional and non-traditional risk factors associated with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with RA registered in DATASUS (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl15-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Table S9</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Findings on cardiovascular events</title>
          <p>We identified 198 cardiovascular events within our cohort. Aging was a prevalent factor among patients with cardiovascular events, with hypertension being the most common traditional risk factor associated with these events. Although the proportion of traditional risk factors found in our study was relatively low compared to other studies, our findings align with other primary data collection studies conducted in Brazil. For instance, the reported prevalence of hypertension in patients with RA varies significantly, ranging from 4% to 73%, depending on the study design and population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Simard et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> showed the prevalence of diabetes in RA to be between 7.0% and 35.0%, with few studies indicating a higher prevalence of diabetes in RA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>(<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl16-en.pdf">Web Supplemental Material, Table S10</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Impact of DMARDs on cardiovascular risk</title>
          <p>Vicente et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> conducted a cross-sectional analysis of patients from the REAL study cohort at baseline, finding that cardiovascular risk is high in the population with RA. Their study suggested that the choice of DMARDs, particularly biological DMARDs, could result in better cardiovascular outcomes compared to synthetic DMARDs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Our cohort study corroborated these findings, showing an association between the type of RA treatment and the occurrence of cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Patients who needed to change their medication to control disease activity (switch group) were more likely to develop cardiovascular outcomes. Golmia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> presented a direct comparison of the use of infliximab and tocilizumab, two biological DMARDs, and verified different responses between them concerning RA functionality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical model and key associations</title>
          <p>The logistic regression model in our study verified that age progression and the presence of one or more cardiovascular risk factors were significantly associated with cardiovascular outcomes. The model showed a direct association between the presence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular outcomes, with an odds ratio of 2.39 (1.34 to 4.29; p = 0.003) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). In our paired analysis, we observed a significant difference in cardiovascular outcomes among patients who had to switch their synthetic drugs, suggesting that these patients might have more severe disease (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240313-40313-suppl17-en.pdf">Table S8</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Regression model for different variables and association with cardiovascular outcomes and test result comparing the proportions between types of treatment</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">p value (Wald's Test)</th>
                    <th>Note</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Table 2A Age (reference: &lt; 40 years)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>40 to 60 years</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48 (0.85 - 2.60)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">0.169</td>
                    <td align="center">No significant association</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>60 to 70 years</td>
                    <td align="center">2.56 (1.44 - 4.57)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">Significant association</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>70 to 80 years</td>
                    <td align="center">3.53 (1.84 - 6.78)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">Significant association</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 80 years</td>
                    <td align="center">6.60 (2.65 - 16.43)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">Significant association</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Risk factor (reference: 0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 1 versus 0</td>
                    <td align="center">2.39 (1.34 - 4.29)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">Significant association</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comparison</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p value</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>Note</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Table 2B</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Switch versus constant</td>
                    <td align="center">1.81 (1.23 - 2.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.056</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Close to significance</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Table 2C</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Synthetic switch versus constant synthetic</td>
                    <td align="center">2.31 (1.50 - 3.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Significant association</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Synthetic switch versus add-on</td>
                    <td align="center">1.81 (1.15 - 2.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">Not significant</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Table 2A highlights the increasing odds of cardiovascular outcomes with advancing age. The presence of one or more risk factors significantly increases the likelihood of cardiovascular events. Table 2B and 2C shows a significant association between synthetic switch treatment and cardiovascular outcomes compared to constant synthetic treatment. CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio. Source: Prepared by the authors.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Role of socioeconomic factors</title>
          <p>In addition to corroborating existing literature, our study advances the discussion of disparities and the role of access as a risk factor for cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The socioeconomic index (IFDM) in our study did not show a statistically significant correlation with cardiovascular outcomes in the global RA population (p &gt; 0.05). This contrasts with other studies that indicate 80% of cardiovascular risk in RA arises in countries with low to medium socioeconomic status,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> but less than 20% of clinical studies include socioeconomic status in their models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths and limitation</title>
          <p>This study has several strengths, including a large, nationwide sample size and a comprehensive analysis of both clinical and socioeconomic factors, providing valuable insights into the cardiovascular risks faced by patients with RA in Brazil. The use of the DATASUS database allowed for the inclusion of a diverse patient population across various healthcare settings. However, the study focuses on patients receiving high-complexity medications for severe RA, which may not represent those with early or mild-to-moderate disease. Some limitations include potential variations in data accuracy, unaccounted residual confounding factors (such as diet, physical activity, genetic predispositions, medication adherence), and the absence of detailed clinical data (for example, disease activity scores and laboratory results). Changes in clinical practices and healthcare quality over the study period could also have influenced the results. Despite these limitations, the strengths of this study help to mitigate these concerns. Future research could focus on patients with early-stage RA or those with mild-to-moderate disease severity to further expand these findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implications for future research and policy</title>
          <p>The relevance of this study lies in its exploration of cardiovascular aspects in a large nationwide sample of patients with RA in Brazil. Our findings reinforce the premise that better inflammation control translates into reduced cardiovascular outcomes in patients with RA. As a future perspective, this evidence can guide comparative effectiveness research with the therapeutic options analyzed here, using cardiovascular events as outcome measures. This approach can also include cost-comparative studies, which may be useful for designing public policies both in Brazil and in the context of the global burden of disease.</p>
          <p>Furthermore, our study&#8217;s findings can inform healthcare providers and policymakers about the importance of tailored treatments for patients with RA, considering both clinical and socioeconomic factors to optimize cardiovascular health outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our study demonstrates that traditional cardiovascular risk factors, socioeconomic factors, and inflammation-related factors significantly impact cardiovascular outcomes in patients with severe RA receiving high-complexity biological treatments. The findings highlight the importance of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management and the benefits of inflammation control through appropriate DMARDs, particularly biological DMARDs. While the study&#8217;s large, nationwide sample and detailed analysis provide valuable insights, future research should focus on patients with early-stage or mild-to-moderate RA to further understand cardiovascular risks across different disease stages and consider residual confounding factors and detailed clinical data to enhance the understanding of these relationships.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Roberto Gamarski, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0313_Supplemental.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
