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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">j9CFXY6rzYDMddNRqNKdwXd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000200307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240272</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como o Exame F&#237;sico Cardiovascular Impacta a Tomada de Decis&#227;o Cl&#237;nica em V&#225;rios Cen&#225;rios de Doen&#231;as Valvulares Card&#237;acas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cius Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viola</surname>
            <given-names>Natan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4543-4684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Turin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pazin</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8742-3764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Minna Moreira Dias Romano &#8226; Rua Carlos Rateb Cury, 697, casa 38. CEP 14110-000, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>minna@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240272</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Como o Exame F&#237;sico Cardiovascular Impacta a Tomada de Decis&#227;o Cl&#237;nica em V&#225;rios Cen&#225;rios de Doen&#231;as Valvulares Card&#237;acas</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Harvey &#8211; Simulador cardiopulmonar. (A) Precis&#227;o dos achados do exame f&#237;sico em todos os tipos de doen&#231;as valvulares card&#237;acas; (B) N&#250;mero de op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento valvular ap&#243;s receber um ecocardiograma discordante (C).</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/j9CFXY6rzYDMddNRqNKdwXd/d456fdc4b6edeff660bad645c6ec35658e2dc7c1.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/j9CFXY6rzYDMddNRqNKdwXd/4cd4e0fb26981807eec419b8fcd2ba8a425095dc.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/j9CFXY6rzYDMddNRqNKdwXd/478ac277b4194e3aacf45f676a2d0b6fb6f60039.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os exames complementares de diagn&#243;stico substitu&#237;ram a import&#226;ncia do exame f&#237;sico (EF) na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica (TDC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o impacto do EF cardiovascular em cen&#225;rios de doen&#231;as valvulares card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Estudo intervencionista realizado com participantes volunt&#225;rios que tiveram ou n&#227;o a oportunidade de realizar EF em cen&#225;rios de valvopatias. O EF foi simulado em um simulador cardiopulmonar de alta fidelidade. Os participantes receberam perguntas sobre a TDC antes e depois de receberem um laudo ECO Concordante ou ECO Discordante. O coeficiente kappa de Cohen e as tabelas de conting&#234;ncia quadradas compararam a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. Os testes ANOVA compararam o n&#250;mero de exames solicitados; o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Sessenta participantes realizaram 239 observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em 4 disfun&#231;&#245;es valvulares. A acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular foi boa (kappa = 0,935, p &lt; 0,001). Ap&#243;s receber os laudos do ECO, a precis&#227;o foi pior sem EF (p = 0,0047). O n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico foi 28,18% maior quando o EF foi realizado (p &lt; 0,01). Entretanto, ap&#243;s receber os laudos do ECO, os n&#237;veis de confian&#231;a diagn&#243;stica foram apenas 4% maiores no grupo com EF (p = 0,03). Houve significativamente mais solicita&#231;&#245;es de cateterismo card&#237;aco (CATE) quando o EF n&#227;o foi realizado (p = 0,0326). A indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o valvular n&#227;o foi relacionada &#224; oportunidade ou n&#227;o de realizar EF (79 com EF vs. 78 sem EF, p = 0,0607), mas foi influenciada pelos laudos do ECO Concordante vs. ECO Discordante (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF aumentou a confian&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico em cen&#225;rios de valvopatia e a classifica&#231;&#227;o correta da disfun&#231;&#227;o. As decis&#245;es de tratamento foram mais baseadas nos laudos do ECO do que no EF quando eram discordantes, e as solicita&#231;&#245;es de CATE aumentaram quando os participantes n&#227;o tiveram a oportunidade de realizar EF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="key-points">
        <title>Mensagens-Chave</title>
        <p>1.A pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica perdeu a confian&#231;a no exame f&#237;sico (EF) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos exames complementares (EC) de diagn&#243;stico. Mais import&#226;ncia tem sido dada ao ecocardiograma (ECO) em cen&#225;rios de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular card&#237;aca. Nenhum estudo mediu o impacto do EF card&#237;aco na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica (TDC).</p>
        <p>2.Discrep&#226;ncias entre os resultados do EF e os laudos do ECO s&#227;o comuns e podem impactar a TDC de diferentes formas.</p>
        <p>3.O EF provou ser essencial para aumentar a confian&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico e a classifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#245;es valvulares card&#237;acas. O ECO ainda desempenha um papel significativo na TDC, mesmo quando discordante do EF.</p>
        <p>4.O n&#250;mero de solicita&#231;&#245;es de um exame invasivo, como o cateterismo card&#237;aco (CATE), &#233; influenciado pelo EF. O n&#250;mero de solicita&#231;&#245;es foi maior quando os participantes n&#227;o realizaram EF.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Exame F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomada de Decis&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o para Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2022/04747-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement> O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o para Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo), n&#250;mero do processo 2022/04747-9</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s honrada reputa&#231;&#227;o h&#225; s&#233;culos, nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a import&#226;ncia do EF para a TDC perdeu muito de seu apelo, e uma clara tend&#234;ncia surgiu para sua substitui&#231;&#227;o por v&#225;rios EC de diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Na cardiologia, surgiu uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o genu&#237;na sobre a real import&#226;ncia do EF desde o surgimento de tantos exames de diagn&#243;stico por imagem, entre os quais o mais dispon&#237;vel &#233; o ECO transtor&#225;cico. Entretanto, recorrer a um EC n&#227;o precedido por um EF adequado pode aumentar os custos e o tempo de diagn&#243;stico e potencialmente causar distor&#231;&#245;es graves, incluindo erros de progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Outra consequ&#234;ncia previs&#237;vel dessa tend&#234;ncia &#233; que os profissionais podem ter perdido a capacidade cl&#237;nica de detectar doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, como valvopatias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> impactando severamente a confian&#231;a dos profissionais no EF cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, embora o ensino sobre o EF cardiovascular tenha sido aperfei&#231;oado com o uso de simuladores de alto desempenho, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias claras de que as habilidades educacionais para ensinar EF card&#237;aco foram colocadas em segundo plano no curr&#237;culo de muitos cursos m&#233;dicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; grande conhecimento sobre o valor do EF cardiovascular na detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades cardiovasculares, como doen&#231;as valvulares, bem como eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es card&#237;acas, arritmias, dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A maioria dos estudos publicados comparou a concord&#226;ncia entre os sinais f&#237;sicos card&#237;acos e outros m&#233;todos de diagn&#243;stico, como o ECO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ou CATE, por meio de medi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o intracard&#237;aca e outros &#237;ndices de estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o anormais do cora&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, nenhum estudo anterior havia testado o papel do EF na TDC, particularmente quando se considera o impacto de um EC mais sofisticado, por&#233;m acess&#237;vel, como o ECO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A TDC envolve habilidades t&#233;cnicas e fatores complexos e &#8220;dif&#237;ceis de mensurar&#8221;, como pensamento cognitivo do tipo anal&#237;tico individual ou de &#8220;reconhecimento de padr&#245;es&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores, como os de Sibbald et al., estabeleceram o papel da anamnese como uma ferramenta para melhorar o diagn&#243;stico em valvopatias simuladas, onde o EF foi estruturado e simulado em sistemas cardiopulmonares de alta fidelidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Hampton et al. avaliaram a import&#226;ncia relativa da anamnese combinada ao EF e aos exames laboratoriais na TDC em alguns cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos gerais, mas n&#227;o especificamente em valvopatias. Em um grupo de 80 pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, a anamnese influenciou positivamente a obten&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico em 80% das situa&#231;&#245;es estudadas. Entretanto, apenas em algumas propor&#231;&#245;es de pacientes, o diagn&#243;stico foi melhorado quando o EF foi adicionado &#224; anamnese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Embora o EF tamb&#233;m possa ter tido um papel significativo nas decis&#245;es progn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas, esses aspectos n&#227;o foram avaliados exaustivamente nesses estudos.</p>
      <p>Buscamos avaliar o impacto do EF cardiovascular na TDC de estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina em alguns cen&#225;rios de doen&#231;as valvulares card&#237;acas graves, simulados com um simulador cardiopulmonar de alta fidelidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O estudo foi desenhado como intervencionista, no qual a vari&#225;vel de interven&#231;&#227;o foi o EF cardiovascular, e as vari&#225;veis dependentes (desfechos) foram as respostas que refletiam a TDC. Foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; Institucional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (processo n&#250;mero HC-FMRP-5.046.039).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, cursando o 4&#186;, 5&#186; ou 6&#186; ano de gradua&#231;&#227;o, foram convidados a participar. O tamanho da amostra de conveni&#234;ncia foi baseado em 200 alunos dispon&#237;veis no momento do estudo. Os alunos receberam convites e instru&#231;&#245;es por e-mail institucional e grupos em redes sociais. Os participantes deveriam ser alunos previamente aprovados na disciplina cardiovascular de seu curso cl&#237;nico (4&#186; ano acad&#234;mico), e a participa&#231;&#227;o era totalmente volunt&#225;ria. Todos os alunos que participaram forneceram consentimento por escrito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Simula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O EF foi realizado em um simulador cardiopulmonar de alta fidelidade (Harvey<sup>@</sup>, <italic>Gordon Center for Research in Medical Education, University of Miami</italic>, FL, EUA), capaz de reproduzir sinais f&#237;sicos normais e anormais de diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Embora todo o grupo de alunos j&#225; tivesse adquirido experi&#234;ncia com o simulador Harvey durante a disciplina cardiovascular, todos eles receberam treinamento padronizado adicional no uso do simulador Harvey com v&#225;rios exemplos de condi&#231;&#245;es simuladas ap&#243;s se voluntariarem para participar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho</title>
        <p>Uma simula&#231;&#227;o de quatro cen&#225;rios de doen&#231;a valvular (estenose mitral (EM), regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM), estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) e regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (RA)) foi elaborada por dois cardiologistas experientes. Cada cen&#225;rio come&#231;ou com uma breve sinopse do caso cl&#237;nico (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl01.pdf">Ap&#234;ndice 1</inline-supplementary-material>), que forneceu informa&#231;&#245;es sobre um paciente fict&#237;cio (idade, sexo, breve caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de sintomas como dispneia, angina, edema, palpita&#231;&#227;o, s&#237;ncope e men&#231;&#227;o de um antecedente individual de um sopro card&#237;aco n&#227;o especificado). Ap&#243;s a leitura da anamnese e sinopse de cada cen&#225;rio, os participantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupos com ou sem a oportunidade de realizar EF cardiovascular no simulador e, em seguida, receberam um laudo de ECO por escrito. Foi um processo simples de randomiza&#231;&#227;o baseado em tabelas geradas por computador dentro do software estat&#237;stico. Todos os cen&#225;rios de doen&#231;a valvular foram planejados como t&#237;picos, com sintomas aparentes e simula&#231;&#227;o de EF cardiovascular, que inclu&#237;a sinais de alta gravidade.</p>
        <p>Um ecocardiografista experiente desenvolveu os laudos do ECO. Para cada um dos cen&#225;rios valvulares foram elaborados dois laudos diferentes: um laudo concordante (ECO Concordante) e um laudo discordante (ECO Discordante) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl02.pdf">Ap&#234;ndice 2</inline-supplementary-material>). O laudo concordante apresentou evid&#234;ncias de valvopatia grave concordante com sintomas e EF. Mostrou medidas como &#225;rea valvular &lt; 1 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> em EA ou mitral, gradientes transvalvulares m&#233;dios elevados e quantifica&#231;&#245;es de RA ou mitral grave. O laudo discordante (ECO Discordante) continha informa&#231;&#245;es inconsistentes (&#225;rea valvular ou gradientes n&#227;o fornecidos, informa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas ausentes ou nenhuma divulga&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o, que foi classificada apenas como uma doen&#231;a valvular leve).</p>
        <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o de cen&#225;rios aos participantes foi conduzida como um exame cl&#237;nico objetivo estruturado formativo (OSCE) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl03.pdf">Ap&#234;ndice 3</inline-supplementary-material>). Cada participante foi exposto aos quatro casos de cen&#225;rios de valvopatia, EM, RM, EA e RA, em ordem de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria (Grupos A e B) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Para randomizar a chance de realizar EF, a vari&#225;vel intervencionista, os participantes foram selecionados aleatoriamente para ter a oportunidade de realizar EF em metade dos cen&#225;rios. Ap&#243;s esta etapa, os participantes receberam o laudo do ECO de forma aleat&#243;ria, sendo ECO Concordante ou ECO Discordante no caso cl&#237;nico simulado.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos cen&#225;rios valvulares nos grupos com e sem possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exame f&#237;sico (EF). ECO: ecocardiograma.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Perguntas sobre a TDC foram aplicadas aos participantes ap&#243;s receberem anamnese e terem ou n&#227;o tido a oportunidade de realizar EF cardiovascular. Em uma etapa subsequente, os participantes receberam laudos de ECO concordante ou discordante. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do OSCE foi de 20 minutos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>A TDC foi avaliada como respostas a quest&#245;es relacionadas ao diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, etiologia das doen&#231;as valvulares card&#237;acas, n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico, tipos de EC para diagn&#243;stico e decis&#245;es de tratamento (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl04.pdf">Ap&#234;ndice 3</inline-supplementary-material>). Perguntas relacionadas ao diagn&#243;stico foram apresentadas ap&#243;s a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF cardiovascular e novamente ap&#243;s a leitura dos laudos ECO Concordante ou ECO Discordante. As quest&#245;es sobre o diagn&#243;stico inclu&#237;ram se a hip&#243;tese de &#8220;patologia valvular&#8221; era prov&#225;vel, sua gravidade, o n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico e a sele&#231;&#227;o dos exames EC. Perguntas relacionadas &#224;s decis&#245;es de tratamento foram apresentadas somente ap&#243;s a leitura dos laudos do ECO. Nesse momento, os participantes foram questionados novamente sobre o tipo de patologia valvular, sua gravidade, seu n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico e a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Por defini&#231;&#227;o, metade dos participantes foi obrigada a responder perguntas sobre a TDC, mesmo em cen&#225;rios nos quais n&#227;o tiveram a oportunidade de realizar EF card&#237;aco, confiando apenas na anamnese e nas informa&#231;&#245;es do laudo do ECO. O n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a na hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica antes e ap&#243;s a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECO foi classificado em uma escala Likert<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> de 6 pontos e codificado como m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade do exame f&#237;sico</title>
        <p>O desempenho de cada participante na detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades durante o EF usando o simulador Harvey foi avaliado por um dos pesquisadores com uma lista de verifica&#231;&#227;o OSCE (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl05.pdf">Ap&#234;ndice 3</inline-supplementary-material>), adaptada de listas de verifica&#231;&#227;o de EF cardiovascular validadas anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A inspe&#231;&#227;o completa da regi&#227;o precordial, palpa&#231;&#227;o do impulso do ventr&#237;culo direito e do &#225;pice card&#237;aco, ausculta dos sons card&#237;acos (S3, S4, sopros diast&#243;licos e sist&#243;licos, cliques e estalos de abertura) e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do desenho dos pulsos arteriais carot&#237;deos (se regulares, <italic>parvus-tardus</italic> ou pulso de Corrigan) foram todos inclu&#237;dos na lista de verifica&#231;&#227;o. Os participantes tiveram dez minutos para completar o EF. Antes de prosseguir para o question&#225;rio e interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECO, eles foram solicitados a indicar ao examinador todos os achados normais ou anormais daquele paciente simulado. Os participantes foram autorizados a reexaminar o simulador em caso de d&#250;vida. A presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de achados foram codificadas como vari&#225;veis bin&#225;rias. Cada participante respondeu ao question&#225;rio de forma digital em seus smartphones pessoais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A qualidade do EF foi expressa em porcentagens de respostas corretas em compara&#231;&#227;o com um modelo dos manuais do simulador Harvey. Respostas corretas foram pontuadas quando participantes indicaram sinais no EF que estavam presentes no modelo do fabricante. As respostas &#224;s perguntas sobre a TDC foram coletadas de todos os participantes em uma &#250;nica planilha (Excel). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como porcentagens e frequ&#234;ncias, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o. O n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico pr&#233; e p&#243;s-interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECO foi comparado usando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, conforme apropriado. A normalidade dos dados cont&#237;nuos foi testada com o teste de Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov. O coeficiente kappa de Cohen e as tabelas de conting&#234;ncia quadradas foram usados para comparar o resultado da precis&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico entre as quatro patologias valvulares antes e ap&#243;s o EF e pr&#233; e p&#243;s laudos do ECO. Testes ANOVA unidirecionais (sem teste <italic>post hoc</italic>) foram utilizados para comparar o n&#250;mero de exames diagn&#243;sticos solicitados por participantes em diferentes cen&#225;rios de valvopatias. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de sinais incorretos e respostas omitidas foram interpretadas como erradas. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando o software Stata 14.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX) e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi definido como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por 60 participantes volunt&#225;rios que participaram de quatro tipos de cen&#225;rios de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular, resultando em 239 observa&#231;&#245;es, representando uma inst&#226;ncia de dados ausentes. Metade dos participantes realizou EF (resultando em 120 casos), e a outra metade n&#227;o teve a oportunidade de realizar EF (119 casos devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de um). Vinte e tr&#234;s participantes estavam no 4&#186; ano, 23 no 5&#186; ano e 14 participantes no 6&#186; ano do curso de medicina (6 anos em nossa Faculdade de Medicina). A qualidade geral do EF card&#237;aco &#233; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Qualidade do exame f&#237;sico considerando todos os casos simulados de quatro disfun&#231;&#245;es valvulares card&#237;acas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os participantes detectaram corretamente o <italic>ictus cordis</italic> em 75% (n = 90) dos casos. O impulso paraesternal do ventr&#237;culo direito foi identificado em 71% dos casos (n = 85). Os sopros card&#237;acos foram identificados corretamente em mais de 76% dos casos (n = 91), principalmente quando havia sopros sist&#243;licos. As caracter&#237;sticas dos sopros sist&#243;licos como irradia&#231;&#227;o foram identificadas corretamente em mais de 77% (n = 92) dos casos, mas a porcentagem de respostas corretas foi inferior a 60% (n = 63) para sopros diast&#243;licos. Sons adicionais, como S3 e S4, foram reconhecidos em 44% (n = 53) dos casos. Quando a qualidade do EF foi comparada entre diferentes valvopatias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>), os sinais de sopros relacionados &#224; s&#237;stole, como EA e RM, foram mais facilmente reconhecidos do que os sopros relacionados &#224; diast&#243;lica, como EM e RA. O pior desempenho no EF card&#237;aco foi relacionado &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do sopro devido &#224; EM.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Qualidade do EF considerando cada disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular: (A) Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Mitral, (B) Estenose A&#243;rtica, (C) Regurgita&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica e (D) Estenose Mitral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A capacidade diagn&#243;stica para identificar o tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular (EA, RA, RM ou EM) foi boa (kappa = 0,935, p &lt; 0,001, intervalo de confian&#231;a [0,798-0,939]), mesmo quando os participantes receberam um laudo discordante do ECO (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Concord&#226;ncia entre o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular antes e depois do recebimento dos laudos do ECO</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">Diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-ECO</th>
                <th colspan="4">Diagn&#243;stico p&#243;s-ECO</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Soma</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>1</th>
                <th>2</th>
                <th>3</th>
                <th>4</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Soma</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">226</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Treze participantes n&#227;o responderam. Cen&#225;rios: 1 = Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Mitral (RM), 2 = Regurgita&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica (RA), 3 = Estenose A&#243;rtica (EA) e 4 = Estenose Mitral (EM).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Volunt&#225;rios que n&#227;o tiveram oportunidade de realizar o EF foram menos propensos a avaliar corretamente o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular (a resposta correta) ap&#243;s receberem laudos do ECO Concordante ou ECO Discordante (a resposta correta sobre a gravidade com EF = 85 vs. sem EF = 64; p = 0,0047), (kappa = 0,2887, p &lt; 0,001, IC [0,797-0,931]) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Concord&#226;ncia entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular antes e depois do recebimento dos laudos do ECO</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">Classifica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-ECO</th>
                <th colspan="3">Classifica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-ECO</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Soma</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>1</th>
                <th>2</th>
                <th>3</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">109</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Soma</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">140</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">239</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>1 = leve; 2 = grave; 3 = sem resposta sobre a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a (escala Likert) no diagn&#243;stico foi 28,18% maior no grupo de participantes que realizaram EF. Quando a confian&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico foi confrontada com os laudos do ECO, que poderiam ser ECO Concordante ou ECO Discordante (a principal discord&#226;ncia foi sobre a classifica&#231;&#227;o da valvopatia), os n&#237;veis de confian&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico aumentaram apenas 4% com a realiza&#231;&#227;o do EF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#237;vel de confian&#231;a na disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Escala de Likert</th>
                <th>Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Com EF</td>
                <td align="center">4,64</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">p &lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem EF</td>
                <td align="center">3,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Com EF ap&#243;s laudos do ECO</td>
                <td align="center">5,24</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">p = 0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem EF ap&#243;s laudos do ECO</td>
                <td align="center">5,03</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os participantes solicitaram uma mediana de tr&#234;s EC de diagn&#243;stico; na maioria das vezes, um ECG, uma radiografia de t&#243;rax ou um ECO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Propor&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares solicitados pelos participantes para diagn&#243;stico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O n&#250;mero total de EC de diagn&#243;stico necess&#225;rios foi de 650, sendo que 328 foram indicados pelo grupo de participantes que realizaram EF, enquanto 322 foram indicados pelo grupo que n&#227;o realizou EF. O n&#250;mero de indica&#231;&#245;es de EC foi semelhante entre os quatro cen&#225;rios de valvopatias (ANOVA p = 0,117 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos quatro grupos).</p>
      <p>Ao considerar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF, houve um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de EC solicitados pelo grupo sem EF para cen&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos de casos de RA (74 com EF vs. 103 sem EF; p = 0,0009). Em contraste, mais EC foram solicitados por participantes que realizaram EF nos cen&#225;rios de casos de EA (93 com EF vs. 69 sem EF; p = 0,0083) e EM (84 com EF vs. 70 sem EF; p = 0,045), e nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada em RM (77 com EF vs. 80 sem EF; p&gt; 0,05). Al&#233;m disso, considerando todos os cen&#225;rios de disfun&#231;&#245;es valvopatol&#243;gicas, houve um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de CATE solicitados por participantes que n&#227;o puderam realizar o EF (13 sem EF vs. 8 com EF, p = 0,0326).</p>
      <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica de interven&#231;&#227;o valvular n&#227;o foi influenciada pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF (79 com EF vs. 78 sem EF, p = 0,0607). Entretanto, os participantes que receberam laudos ECO Concordantes escolheram significativamente mais vezes a op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico das disfun&#231;&#245;es valvulares (p &lt; 0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que receberam laudas ECO Discordantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#250;mero de escolhas para indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es valvulares</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Interven&#231;&#227;o valvular</th>
                <th>Outra escolha de tratamento</th>
                <th>Soma</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>ECO Concordante</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECO Discordante</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Soma</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Interven&#231;&#227;o valvular: cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados desta investiga&#231;&#227;o mostraram que, em um grupo de estudantes de medicina que j&#225; haviam cursado a disciplina cardiovascular (4&#186; ano acad&#234;mico), o n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#245;es valvulares e na sua gravidade, mesmo ap&#243;s receberem um laudo de ECO, aumentou quando os participantes tiveram a oportunidade de realizar EF. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF n&#227;o demonstrou capacidade incremental de detectar o tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular simulada ap&#243;s considera&#231;&#227;o do laudo do ECO. Entretanto, os participantes que conseguiram realizar EF tiveram maior capacidade de n&#227;o influenciar o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular e questionar os laudos de ECO do que o grupo que precisou tomar uma decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, apenas com base na anamnese e no ECO. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF tamb&#233;m n&#227;o afetou a indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico de nenhuma disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular. Al&#233;m disso, receber um laudo ECO Concordante ou ECO Discordante em rela&#231;&#227;o aos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos influenciou significativamente o tratamento sugerido para a doen&#231;a valvular espec&#237;fica, independentemente da realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF.</p>
      <p>Outro achado relevante do estudo foi que, no geral, o desempenho dos estudantes de medicina no EF foi bom para detectar v&#225;rios sinais de doen&#231;as valvulares. O desempenho foi melhor na detec&#231;&#227;o de sinais valvulares regurgitantes e EA e pior na detec&#231;&#227;o de sinais de EM. Ainda, com exce&#231;&#227;o da solicita&#231;&#227;o de CATE, n&#227;o houve aumento nas indica&#231;&#245;es de EC adicional para fazer o diagn&#243;stico quando o EF n&#227;o foi realizado. Isso reflete que todos os laudos de ECO, at&#233; mesmo o laudo ECO Discordante, mostraram corretamente os sinais da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular simulada, e a discord&#226;ncia apresentada estava relacionada &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores avaliaram a precis&#227;o de sinais isolados de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular no EF para identificar condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas instrumentadas, como o ECO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> &#201; importante enfatizar que, desconsiderando uma ferramenta simples como o EF, que pode ser realizado com boa precis&#227;o para identificar les&#245;es valvulares, as decis&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e at&#233; mesmo terap&#234;uticas &#224;s vezes dependem inteiramente de um EC, como o ECO. Apesar de algumas desvantagens, o ECO &#233; atualmente um m&#233;todo de diagn&#243;stico por imagem n&#227;o invasivo muito valioso para avaliar anormalidades anat&#244;micas e funcionais em todos os tipos de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Entretanto, nenhum estudo anterior foi desenhado para testar o impacto da realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF ap&#243;s a disponibilidade de dados sobre o cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico (anamnese) e um EC como o ECO. Nosso estudo refor&#231;a que o EF, uma ferramenta de baixo custo praticamente acess&#237;vel a todos em condi&#231;&#245;es como doen&#231;as valvulares card&#237;acas, deve ser realizado adequadamente antes do ECO e combinado &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o por ECO como um processo de diagn&#243;stico passo a passo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os achados do nosso estudo s&#227;o um tanto discrepantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos de Hatala et al., que descreveram o impacto cl&#237;nico de diferentes cen&#225;rios simulados na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma e mostraram que o fornecimento de uma anamnese correta melhorou a precis&#227;o em 4% a 12% em compara&#231;&#227;o com a aus&#234;ncia de tais informa&#231;&#245;es, um efeito mais acentuado para os indiv&#237;duos menos treinados (estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em contraste, nossos dados sugerem que os alunos n&#227;o pareciam influenciados por informa&#231;&#245;es da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica para contestar um laudo de ECO. Mesmo entre os alunos que classificaram seu desempenho durante o EF como &#8220;bom&#8221; e se autoavaliaram como &#8220;autoconfiantes&#8221; a respeito do diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, quando confrontados com um laudo cl&#237;nico ECO Discordante, ainda confiaram na conclus&#227;o do laudo do ECO para reclassificar a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular, indicar tratamento e alterar o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico. Essa confian&#231;a excessiva dos alunos em um laudo de ECO pode estar relacionada &#224; imaturidade e &#224; falta de experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica. Khan et al., estudando a TDC para diagn&#243;stico em um cen&#225;rio cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o card&#237;aco, quantificaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre um maior n&#237;vel de treinamento (especializa&#231;&#227;o) e uma menor taxa de erro diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Nosso estudo n&#227;o avaliou diferen&#231;as no n&#237;vel de treinamento de gradua&#231;&#227;o e precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica correspondente, nem fez compara&#231;&#245;es com o desempenho de cardiologistas especialistas. Entretanto, a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica sugere que uma confian&#231;a ilimitada em um EC, mesmo ao apresentar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas conflitantes, &#233; mais comum do que o esperado na avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as valvulares. Conforme j&#225; afirmado nas descobertas de Graber et al. sobre erros de diagn&#243;stico em medicina interna, esse comportamento pode refletir algumas das falhas mais comuns no racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico: fechamento prematuro de hip&#243;teses e gera&#231;&#227;o incorreta de contexto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Graber et al. afirmou que essas armadilhas n&#227;o estavam necessariamente relacionadas ao conhecimento m&#233;dico insuficiente, mas ao racioc&#237;nio cr&#237;tico falho e &#224; interpreta&#231;&#227;o inadequada do contexto. Isso levanta preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre como esse assunto tem sido abordado no curr&#237;culo das faculdades de medicina, diante do fato de que os alunos ainda est&#227;o desenvolvendo habilidades de racioc&#237;nio e podem n&#227;o ser adequadamente encorajados a revisar informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais em cada contexto, aumentando assim as possibilidades diferenciais de diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; reconfortante que at&#233; mesmo estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o treinados apenas com base em um curr&#237;culo prim&#225;rio de cardiologia possam identificar corretamente as disfun&#231;&#245;es valvulares card&#237;acas mais prevalentes como RM, RA e EA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Conforme esperado, identificar e caracterizar os sinais de EM no EF foi a tarefa mais desafiadora. A dificuldade na ausculta<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> da EM pode ser explicada em parte pelas caracter&#237;sticas sonoras complexas do tom inerentemente baixo do sopro diast&#243;lico estrondoso (o ouvido humano &#233; muito mais propenso a detectar sons de frequ&#234;ncia mais alta). No entanto, a dificuldade tamb&#233;m pode ser devido &#224; menor exposi&#231;&#227;o dos alunos aos pacientes com EM durante o curso de medicina. Essa interpreta&#231;&#227;o &#233; consistente com as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas da preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a valvular em v&#225;rias regi&#245;es. EA e RM apresentam preval&#234;ncia crescente, contrastando com a redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de EM nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. Um relato de Patel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> na &#205;ndia descreve maior precis&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o de sopros de EM associada &#224; maior familiaridade dos m&#233;dicos locais com esta doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>O n&#250;mero relativamente alto de ECs solicitados pelos participantes, mesmo quando poderiam realizar um EF, pode ser explicado pela necessidade de maior considera&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio. Entretanto, esse padr&#227;o de uso indiscriminado de EC reflete a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em muitos cen&#225;rios, mesmo entre m&#233;dicos e cardiologistas experientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Isso &#233; lament&#225;vel, pois a preval&#234;ncia de algumas doen&#231;as valvulares, como EA degenerativa e RM, est&#225; aumentando devido ao envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, a detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular card&#237;aca &#233;, portanto, um dos desafios atualmente n&#227;o solucionados no tratamento das doen&#231;as valvulares card&#237;acas em Cardiologia, apesar da aplica&#231;&#227;o extensiva de diretrizes recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como a indica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para interven&#231;&#227;o valvular depende em grande parte do laudo do ECO, uma conclus&#227;o importante do nosso estudo &#233; que a complexidade da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica garante um equil&#237;brio cuidadoso entre os achados do EF e os resultados de estudos complementares, evitando subutiliza&#231;&#227;o ou confian&#231;a excessiva, respectivamente. Para continuar alcan&#231;ando esses bons resultados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o curr&#237;culo de medicina deve persistentemente transmitir habilidades de realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF card&#237;aco com toda a sua complexidade, confiando que os alunos de gradua&#231;&#227;o conseguir&#227;o adquirir esse aprendizado com boa qualidade.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo contou com diversas limita&#231;&#245;es, uma delas foi a aus&#234;ncia de compara&#231;&#227;o entre o desempenho de estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o e especialistas em cardiologia na TDC. Embora tiv&#233;ssemos planejado incluir esse subgrupo, um n&#250;mero insuficiente de especialistas em cardiologia respondeu ao nosso convite para participar. Os alunos da gradua&#231;&#227;o que aceitaram, podem representar um vi&#233;s populacional de maior interesse em Cardiologia. Outro ponto interessante seria comparar os resultados com uma popula&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos generalistas.</p>
        <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi expor os participantes a uma propor&#231;&#227;o arbitr&#225;ria de 50% de laudos discordantes de ECO. Os autores reconhecem que essa propor&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o ser consistente com a realidade da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e que a discord&#226;ncia dos laudos de ECO em v&#225;rios cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos de doen&#231;as valvulares ainda n&#227;o &#233; amplamente conhecida. Al&#233;m disso, o alto n&#250;mero de EC solicitados pelos participantes, mesmo com realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF, pode ter sido influenciado pela possibilidade de escolha de EC sem qualquer limita&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;mero, custos ou disponibilidade no desenho deste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em v&#225;rios cen&#225;rios de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular card&#237;aca, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de EF por estudantes de medicina aumentou significativamente a precis&#227;o e a confian&#231;a do diagn&#243;stico, incluindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular, mesmo quando esse aspecto foi avaliado com ECO. Al&#233;m disso, a qualidade do EF realizado por estudantes de medicina foi boa para reconhecer a presen&#231;a e a classifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da EA e das disfun&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rtica e mitral regurgitantes. Ainda assim, foi documentada uma precis&#227;o reduzida no reconhecimento de sinais de EM.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de trabalho de inicia&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de Minna Moreira Dias Romano pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do CEP-USP-FMRP-HCRP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5.046.039. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01">
        <label>* Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl06.pdf">Ap&#234;ndice 1</inline-supplementary-material>, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0272_AO_Appendix_1__Clinical_scenarios.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl07.pdf">Ap&#234;ndice 2</inline-supplementary-material>, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0272_AO_Appendix_2__Echo_Reports.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl08.pdf">Ap&#234;ndice 3</inline-supplementary-material>, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0272_AO_Appendix_3__Digital_Forms_and_OSCE.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o para Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo), n&#250;mero do processo 2022/04747-9.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240272i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>How Cardiovascular Physical Examination Impacts Clinical Decision-Making in Various Scenarios of Cardiac Valvular Diseases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cius Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viola</surname>
            <given-names>Natan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4543-4684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Turin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pazin</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8742-3764</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Minna Moreira Dias Romano &#8226; Rua Carlos Rateb Cury, 697, casa 38. Postal Code 14110-000, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: minna@fmrp.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: How Cardiovascular Physical Examination Impacts Clinical Decision-Making in Various Scenarios of Cardiac Valvular Diseases</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Harvey &#8211; The cardiopulmonary patient simulator: (A) Accuracy of findings of physical examination in all types of cardiac valvular diseases; (B) Number of choices of valvular treatment after receiving a discordant echocardiography (C).</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Complementary diagnostic examinations have replaced the importance of Physical Examination (PE) in Clinical Decision-making (CDM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the impact of cardiovascular PE in scenarios of cardiac valvular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> An interventional study with volunteers&#8217; patients having or not having the opportunity to perform PE in scenarios of valvopathies. The PE was simulated in a high-fidelity cardiopulmonary simulator. Volunteers received questions about CDM before and after receiving an ECHO Concordant or ECHO Discordant report. Cohen&#180;s kappa coefficient and square contingency tables compared diagnostic accuracy. ANOVA tests compared the number of requested tests; the significance level was set as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Sixty volunteers performed 239 clinical observations in 4 valvular dysfunctions. The diagnostic accuracy of valvular dysfunction was good (kappa = 0.935, p &lt; 0.001). After receiving ECHO reports, the accuracy was worse without PE (p = 0.0047). The confidence level in diagnosis was 28.18% higher when PE was performed (p &lt; 0.01). However, after receiving ECHO reports, diagnostic confidence levels were only 4% higher in the group with PE (p = 0.03). There were significantly more CATE requests when PE was not performed (p = 0.0326). The indication of valvular intervention was not related to having or not having the opportunity to perform PE (79 with PE vs 78 without PE, p = 0.0607), but was influenced by ECHO Concordant vs ECHO Discordant reports (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Performing PE enhanced diagnosis confidence in valvulopathy scenarios and correct dysfunction grading. Treatment decisions were more based on ECHO reports than on PE when they were discordant, and requests for CATE increased when volunteers had no chance to perform PE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="key-points">
        <title>Key Messages</title>
        <p>1. Medical clinical practice has lost confidence in Physical Examination (PE) compared to complementary diagnostic examinations (CE). More importance has been deposited on Echocardiography (ECHO) in cardiac valvular dysfunction scenarios. No studies have measured the impact of cardiac PE in Clinical Decision-making (CDM).</p>
        <p>2. Discrepancies between PE findings and ECHO reports are common and may impact CDM in different forms.</p>
        <p>3. PE has proven essential to enhancing diagnosis confidence and grading of dysfunction in cardiac valvular dysfunctions. ECHO still plays a significant importance in CDM, even when discordant from physical examination.</p>
        <p>4. The number of solicitations of an invasive test such as Cardiac Catheterization (CATE) is influenced by PE. The number of orderings was higher when volunteers did not perform a PE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Physical Examination</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Decision-Making</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Following a centuries-honored reputation within the medical practice, in the last decades, the importance of Physical Examination (PE) for Clinical Decision-making (CDM) lost most of its appeal, and a neat trend for its replacement by various complementary diagnostic examinations (CE) ensued.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Cardiology, a genuine concern has arisen about the actual importance of PE since the development of so many different imaging diagnosis tests, among which the most available was transthoracic echocardiography (ECHO). However, using a CE test not preceded by a proper PE may increase costs and time to diagnose and potentially cause severe distortions, including prognostic mistakes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Another predictable consequence of the trend is that practitioners may have lost the clinical ability to detect cardiac diseases such as valvulopathy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> thus severely impacting professionals&#8217; confidence in cardiovascular PE. Also, although the teaching of cardiovascular PE has been improved with the use of high-performance simulators, there is clear evidence that educative skills to teach cardiac PE have been weakened in the curriculum of many medical courses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is substantial knowledge about the value of cardiovascular PE in detecting abnormalities such as valvular diseases and elevation of cardiac pressures, arrhythmias, chamber dilatation, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Most published studies compared the agreement between cardiac physical signs and other diagnostic methods, such as ECHO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> or cardiac catheterization (CATE), through measurements of intracardiac pressures and other indices of abnormal structure and function of the heart. However, no prior study had tested the role of PE in CDM, particularly when considering the impact of a more sophisticated yet accessible CE such as ECHO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CDM involves technical abilities and complex and &#8220;difficult-to-measure&#8221; factors such as individual analytic or &#8220;pattern-recognition&#8221; types of cognitive thinking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Previous studies, such as those by Sibbald et al., established the role of anamnesis as a tool to enhance diagnosis in simulated valvulopathies, where PE was structured and simulated in high-fidelity cardiopulmonary systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Hampton et al. evaluated the relative importance of anamnesis added to PE and laboratory tests in CDM in some general clinical scenarios but not specifically in valvopathies. In a group of 80 patients with cardiac diseases, anamnesis positively influenced the achievement of diagnosis in 80% of the studied situations, but only in a few proportions of patients; the diagnosis was enhanced when PE was added to anamnesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Although PE may also have had a significant role in prognostic and therapeutic decisions, these aspects were not thoroughly evaluated in those studies.</p>
        <p>We sought to evaluate the cardiovascular PE impact in CDM of undergraduate medical students in some scenarios of severe cardiac valvular diseases, simulated with a high-fidelity cardiopulmonary simulator.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The study was designed as interventional, in which the intervention variable was the cardiovascular PE, and the dependent variables (outcomes) were answers reflecting CDM. It was approved by the institutional Research Ethics Committee (process number HC-FMRP-5.046.039).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>Undergraduate medical students from the University of S&#227;o Paulo Ribeir&#227;o Preto Medical School, running in the 4<sup>th</sup>, 5<sup>th</sup>, or 6<sup>th</sup> graduate year academic course, were invited to participate. The convenience sample size was based on 200 available students at the time of study. Students received written invitations and instructions from institutional email and social media groups. Participants should be students previously approved in the cardiovascular discipline of their clinical course of the 4<sup>th</sup> academic year, and participation was completely voluntary. All the students who participated provided written consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Simulation</title>
          <p>The PE was performed in a high-fidelity cardiopulmonary simulator (Harvey<sup>@</sup>, Gordon Center for Research in Medical Education, University of Miami, FL, USA), capable of reproducing normal and abnormal physical signs of several cardiovascular conditions. Although the entire group of students had previously acquired experience with the Harvey simulator during the cardiovascular course, they all received additional standardized training in using the Harvey simulator with various example simulated conditions after volunteering to participate.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Design</title>
          <p>A simulation of four valvular disease scenarios (Mitral Stenosis (MS), Mitral Regurgitation (MR), Aortic Stenosis (AS), and Aortic Regurgitation (AR)) was designed by two experienced cardiologists. Each scenario started with a brief clinical case synopsis (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl01-en.pdf">Appendix 1</inline-supplementary-material>), which provided information about a fictional patient (age, gender, short characterization symptoms such as dyspnea, angina, edema, palpitation, syncope, and mention of an individual antecedent of a non-specified cardiac murmur). After reading the anamnesis and synopsis of each scenario, volunteers were randomly divided into groups with or without the chance to perform cardiovascular PE in the simulator and then received a written ECHO report. It was a simple randomization process based on computer-generated tables within the statistical software. All the valvular disease scenarios were planned as typical, with apparent symptoms and cardiovascular PE simulation, which included signs of high severity.</p>
          <p>An experienced echocardiographer developed the ECHO reports. Two different reports were elaborated for each of the valvular scenarios: a concordant report (ECHO Concordant) and a discordant report (ECHO Discordant) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl02-en.pdf">Appendix 2</inline-supplementary-material>). The concordant report presented evidence of severe valvulopathy concordant with symptoms and PE. It showed measurements such as valvular area &lt; 1 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in aortic or mitral stenosis, elevated medium transvalvular gradients, and severe aortic or mitral regurgitation quantifications. The discordant report (ECHO Discordant) had inconsistent information (valvular area or gradients not provided, missing anatomic information, or no disclosure of regurgitation severity, which was only classified as a mild valvular disease).</p>
          <p>Applying scenarios to volunteer participants was conducted as a formative objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl03-en.pdf">Appendix 3</inline-supplementary-material>). Each participant was exposed to the four cases of valvulopathy scenarios, MS, MR, AS, and AR, in random sequence order (Groups A and B) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). To randomize the chance to perform PE, the interventional variable, volunteers were randomly sorted to have the opportunity to perform PE in half of the scenarios. After this stage, they received the ECHO report in a randomized chance to be an ECHO Concordant or ECHO Discordant in the simulated clinical case.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of valvular scenarios in groups with and without the possibility of performing physical examination (PE).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Questions reflecting CDM were applied to volunteers after receiving anamnesis and having or not having the chance to perform cardiovascular PE. In a subsequent step, they received ECHO Concordant or ECHO Discordant reports. The mean duration of OSCE was 20 minutes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>A CDM was evaluated as answers to questions related to clinical diagnosis, etiology of cardiac valvular diseases, level of confidence in diagnosis, and types of complementary diagnostic tests and treatment decisions (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl04-en.pdf">Appendix 3</inline-supplementary-material>). Questions related to diagnosis were presented after the opportunity not to perform cardiovascular PE and again after reading the ECHO Concordant or ECHO Discordant reports. The questions on diagnosis included whether the &#8220;valvular pathology&#8221; hypothesis was likely, its severity, the level of confidence in diagnosis, and the selection of CE tests. Questions related to treatment decisions were only presented after reading ECHO reports. At this point, volunteers were asked again about the kind of valvular pathology, its severity, their level of confidence in diagnosis, and the therapeutic decision. By design, half of the volunteers were required to answer CDM questions even for scenarios in which they did not have the opportunity to perform cardiac PE, relying solely on anamnesis and ECHO report information. The confidence level in the diagnosis hypothesis before and after the ECHO interpretation was rated on a 6-point Likert<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> scale and coded as mean +-SD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment of physical examination</title>
          <p>The performance of each volunteer in detecting abnormalities during the PE using the Harvey simulator was evaluated by one of the investigators with an OSCE checklist (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl05-en.pdf">Appendix 3</inline-supplementary-material>), adapted from previous validated cardiovascular PE checklists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The complete inspection of the precordial region, palpation of right ventricle impulse and cardiac apex, auscultation of heart sounds (S3, S4, diastolic and systolic murmurs, clicks, and opening snaps), and characterization of the design of carotid arterial pulses (if regular, <italic>parvus-tardus</italic> or if a Corrigan&#180; pulse) were all included in the checklist. The volunteers had ten minutes to complete the PE. Before heading to the questionnaire and ECHO interpretation, they were requested to nominate all the normal or abnormal findings for that simulated patient to the examiner. Volunteers were allowed to re-examine the simulator when in doubt. The presence or absence of findings were coded as binary variables. Each volunteer answered the questionnaire in a digital form on each personal smartphone.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data description and statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The quality of PE was expressed in percentages of correct answers compared to a template of the Harvey simulator manuals. Correct answers were valued when volunteers nominated signs of PE that were present on the manufacturer&#180;s template. Answers to CDM questions were gathered from all volunteers in a single spreadsheet (Excel). Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and frequencies, and continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations. The confidence level in diagnosis pre- and post-ECHO interpretation was compared using the unpaired Student&#180;s T-test as appropriate. The normality of continuous data was tested with the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test. Cohen&#180;s kappa coefficient and square contingency tables were used to compare the outcome of diagnosis accuracy between the four valvular pathologies before and after PE and before and after ECHO reports. One-way ANOVA tests (with no post hoc test) were used to compare the number of diagnostic tests requested by volunteers in different valvular pathological scenarios. The identification of incorrect signs and omitted answers were interpreted as wrong. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata 14.0 software (StataCorp, College Station, TX), and the significance level was set as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study population comprised 60 volunteers who participated in four types of valvular dysfunction scenarios, leading to 239 observations, accounting for one instance of missing data. Half of the volunteers performed PE (resulting in 120 cases), and the other did not have the opportunity to perform PE (119 cases due to a missing one). Twenty-three volunteers were running through the 4<sup>th</sup> year, 23 in the 5<sup>th</sup> year, and 14 volunteers in the 6<sup>th</sup> year of the medical academic curriculum (6 years in our Medical School). The overall quality of cardiac PE is demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Quality of physical examination considering all simulated cases of four cardiac valvular dysfunctions.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Volunteers correctly detected <italic>ictus cordis</italic> in 75% (n = 90) of cases. Right ventricular parasternal impulse was identified in 71% of cases (n = 85). Heart murmurs were correctly identified in more than 76% of cases (n = 91), mainly when there were systolic murmurs. Characteristics of systolic murmurs as irradiation were correctly identified in more than 77% (n = 92) of cases, but the percentage of correct answers was less than 60% (n = 63) for diastolic murmurs. Additional sounds, such as S3 and S4, were recognized in 44 % (n = 53) of cases. When the quality of PE was compared between different valvulopathies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>), signs of systolic-related murmurs such as AS and MR were more easily recognized than diastolic-related murmurs such as MS and AR. The worse performance of cardiac PE was related to MS murmur identification and characterization.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Quality of PE considering each valvular dysfunction: (A) Mitral Regurgitation, (B) Aortic Stenosis, (C) Aortic Regurgitation, and (D) Mitral Stenosis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Diagnostic ability to identify the kind of valvular dysfunction (if AS, AR, MR, or MS) was good (kappa = 0.935, p &lt; 0.001, confidence interval [0.798-0.939]) even when volunteers received an ECHO-discordant report (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Agreement between valvular dysfunction diagnosis before and after receiving ECHO reports</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">Diagnosis pre-ECHO</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Diagn&#243;stico p&#243;s-ECO</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Sum</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>1</th>
                  <th>2</th>
                  <th>3</th>
                  <th>4</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sum</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">226</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Thirteen volunteers did not answer. Scenarios: 1 = Mitral Regurgitation (MR), 2 = Aortic Regurgitation (AR), 3 = Aortic Stenosis (AS), and 4 = Mitral Stenosis (MS).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Volunteers who had no chance to perform PE were less apt to correctly evaluate the valvular dysfunction grade (the correct answer) after receiving ECHO Concordant or ECHO Discordant reports (the correct answer about severity with PE = 85 vs without PE = 64; p = 0.0047), (kappa = 0.2887, p&lt; 0.001, CI [0.797-0.931]) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Agreement between valvular dysfunction grading before and after receiving ECHO reports</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">Pre ECHO grading</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Post ECHO grading</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Sum</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>1</th>
                  <th>2</th>
                  <th>3</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">109</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">149</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sum</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">91</td>
                  <td align="center">140</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">239</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The confidence level (Likert scale) in the diagnosis was 28.18% higher in the group of volunteers who performed PE. When confidence in diagnosis was confronted with ECHO reports, which could be ECHO Concordant or ECHO Discordant (the main discordance was about the grading of valvulopathy), diagnosis confidence levels were enhanced by only 4% with PE performance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Level of confidence in valvular dysfunction</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Likert Scale</th>
                  <th>Statistical significance</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>With PE</td>
                  <td align="center">4.64</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">p &lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without PE</td>
                  <td align="center">3.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>With PE after ECHO reports</td>
                  <td align="center">5.24</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">p = 0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without PE after ECHO reports</td>
                  <td align="center">5.03</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Volunteers asked for a median of three complementary diagnostic tests; most of the time, it was an EKG, chest X-ray, or ECHO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Proportion of complementary exams required by the volunteers for diagnosis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The total number of required CE diagnostic tests was 650, and 328 were indicated by the group of volunteers who performed PE, while 322 were indicated by the group that did not perform PE. The number of indications of CE tests was similar among the four scenarios of valvopathies (ANOVA p = 0.117 compared to the four groups).</p>
        <p>When considering the performance of PE, there was a significantly higher number of CE required by the group without PE for specific scenarios of AR cases (74 with PE vs 103 without PE; p = 0.0009). In contrast, more CE was required by volunteers who performed PE in the scenarios of AS cases (93 with PE vs 69 without PE; p = 0.0083) and ME (84 with PE vs 70 without PE; p = 0.045), and no significant difference observed in MR (77 with PE vs. 80 without PE; p &gt; 0.05). Also, considering all scenarios of valvulopathy dysfunctions, there was a significantly higher number of CATE requested by volunteers who could not perform PE (13 without PE vs 8 with PE, p = 0.0326).</p>
        <p>Therapeutic indication of valvular intervention was not influenced by the performance of PE (79 with PE vs 78 without PE, p = 0.0607). However, volunteers who received ECHO Concordant reports chose significantly more times the option of valvular dysfunctions surgical treatment (p &lt; 0.001) as compared to those who received ECHO Discordant reports (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Number of choices for indication of valvular interventions</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Valvular intervention</th>
                  <th>Other choice of treatment</th>
                  <th>Sum</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECHO Concordant</td>
                  <td align="center">103</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECHO Discordant</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sum</td>
                  <td align="center">157</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Valvular intervention: surgical or percutaneous.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The results of this investigation showed that, in a group of medical undergraduate students who already had passed through the cardiovascular discipline (4<sup>th</sup> year of the academic curriculum), the level of confidence in diagnosing valvular dysfunctions and their severity, even after receiving an ECHO report, was enhanced when volunteers had the opportunity to perform PE. Performing PE showed no incremental ability to detect what kind of valvular dysfunction was simulated once the ECHO report was considered. However, volunteers who could perform PE had a better ability not to influence valvular dysfunction grade and to question ECHO reports than the group who had to achieve CDM only with anamnesis and ECHO. Performing PE also did not affect the indication of surgical treatment of any valvular dysfunction. Moreover, receiving an ECHO Concordant or ECHO Discordant report regarding the clinical scenarios significantly influenced the suggested treatment for the specific valvular disease, regardless of whether PE was performed.</p>
        <p>Another relevant finding of the study was that, overall, the performance of medical students in PE was good for detecting several signs of valvular diseases. Performance was better in detecting regurgitant valvular signs and AS and worse in detecting signs of MS. Also, except for the request for CATE, there was no increase in the indications of additional CE to make the diagnosis when the PE was not performed. This reflects that all ECHO reports, even the ECHO Discordant report, correctly showed signs of the simulated valvular dysfunction, and the presented discordance was related to the severity of the disease.</p>
        <p>Previous studies evaluated the accuracy of single PE signs of valvular dysfunction to identify pathological conditions compared to other instrumented diagnostic tools, such as ECHO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> It is relevant to emphasize that disregarding a simple tool such as PE, which can be performed with good accuracy to identify valvular lesions diagnostic and even therapeutic decisions are sometimes entirely dependent on CE such as ECHO. Despite some pitfalls, ECHO is now a most valuable non-invasive imaging diagnostic method to assess anatomy and functional abnormalities in every kind of heart diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, no previous study was designed to test the impact of performing PE after data regarding the clinical scenario (anamnesis) and a CE such as ECHO were available. Our study supports that PE, a low-cost tool virtually accessible to everyone in conditions such as cardiac valvular diseases, should be appropriately performed before and added to the ECHO evaluation as a step-by-step diagnosis process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The findings of our study are somewhat discrepant regarding those of Hatala et al., who described the clinical impact of different simulated scenarios on the electrocardiogram interpretation and showed that the provision of a correct anamnesis improved accuracy by 4% to 12% compared with no such information, an effect more marked for the less trained individuals (undergraduate students).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In contrast, our data suggest that students did not seem influenced by clinical history information to contest an ECHO report. Even among students who rated their performance during PE as &#8220;good&#8221; and self-evaluated themselves as &#8220;self-confident&#8221; with the clinical diagnosis, when confronted with a clinical ECHO Discordant report, they still relied on the ECHO report&#180;s conclusion to re-classify valvular dysfunction severity, indicate treatment and change the clinical diagnosis. This excessive confidence in an ECHO report by students may be related to students&#8217; immaturity and lack of clinical experience. Khan et al., studying CDM to diagnosis in a non-cardiac surgical scenario, quantified an association between a higher level of training (expertise) and a lower diagnostic error rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Our study did not assess differences in the undergraduate level of training and correspondent diagnostic accuracy, nor did it compare it to cardiologist specialists&#8217; performance. However, clinical practice suggests that an unlimited trust in a CE, even when presented with conflicting clinical features, is more common than expected in evaluating valvular diseases. As already stated by Graber&#180;s findings on diagnostic errors in intern medicine, this behavior may reflect some of the most common failures in clinical reasoning: premature closure of hypothesis and faulty context generation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Graber et al. asserted that these pitfalls were not necessarily related to insufficient medical knowledge but to flawed critical reasoning and inappropriate context interpretation. That raises concern about how this subject has been approached in the curriculum of medical schools, to face the fact that students are still developing reasoning skills and may not be adequately encouraged to review additional information under each context, thus raising differential possibilities for a diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is reassuring that even undergraduate students trained with only a primary cardiology curriculum can correctly identify the most prevalent cardiac valvular dysfunctions as MR, AR, and AS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As expected, identifying and characterizing the PE signs of MS was the more challenging task. Difficulty in the auscultation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> of MS can be partly explained by the complex sound features of the inherently low pitch of the rumbling diastolic murmur (the human ear is far more prone to detect higher-frequency sounds). However, the difficulty may also be due to students&#8217; less exposure to MS patients through the medical course. This interpretation is consistent with the epidemiological features of valvular disease prevalence in various regions. AS and MR show increasing prevalence, contrasting with the reduced prevalence of MS in the last decades. A report by Patel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> in India describes greater accuracy in identifying MS murmurs associated with higher local physicians&#8217; familiarity with this disease.</p>
        <p>The relatively high number of CE required by volunteers, even when they could perform PE, can be explained by the need for more consideration of cost-effectiveness. However, this pattern of indiscriminate use of CE reflects clinical practice in many scenarios, even among experienced physicians and cardiologists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This is unfortunate since the prevalence of some valvular diseases, such as degenerative aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation, is now increasing due to the aging of the population. On the other hand, the still detection of cardiac valvular dysfunction is, therefore, one of the challenges currently unmet in dealing with valvular heart diseases in Cardiology, despite the extensive use of recent guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since the therapeutic indication for valvular intervention largely depends on the ECHO report, a key takeaway of our study is that the complexity of clinical practice warrants a careful balance between PE findings and results from complementary studies, avoiding underuse or overreliance, respectively. To keep achieving these good clinical practice outcomes, the medical teaching curriculum must insist on teaching the abilities of cardiac PE with all of its complexity, trusting undergraduate students can respond to this learning with good quality.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our study had several limitations, one of them being the absence of a comparison between the performance of undergraduate students and cardiology specialists in CDM. Although we had planned to include this subgroup, an insufficient number of cardiology specialists responded to our invitation to participate. Undergraduate volunteers who accepted participation may impose a population bias of better interest in Cardiology. Another interesting point would be comparing results with a generalist doctor&#8217;s population.</p>
          <p>Another limitation of the study was to expose volunteers to an arbitrary proportion of 50% ECHO discordant reports. The authors acknowledge that this proportion may not be consistent with the reality of clinical practice and that the discordance of ECHO reports in various clinical scenarios of valvular diseases has yet to be generally known. Also, the high number of CE tests requested by volunteers, even with PE performance, could have been influenced by the possibility of choosing CE without any limitation of number, costs, or availability in the design of this study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In various scenarios of cardiac valvular dysfunction, performing PE by undergraduate medical students significantly enhanced diagnostic accuracy and confidence, including assessing the severity of valvular dysfunction, even when this aspect had been evaluated with ECHO. In addition, the quality of PE performed by medical students was good for recognizing the presence and severity grading in aortic stenosis and regurgitant aortic and mitral dysfunctions. Still, a reduced accuracy was documented in recognizing signs of mitral stenosis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the scientific initiation submitted by Minna Moreira Dias Romano, from Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the CEP-USP-FMRP-HCRP under the protocol number 5.046.039. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01-en">
          <label>* Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl06-en.pdf">Appendix 1</inline-supplementary-material>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0272_AO_Appendix_1__Clinical_scenarios.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl07-en.pdf">Appendix 2</inline-supplementary-material>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0272_AO_Appendix_2__Echo_Reports.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-02-e20240272-40272-suppl08-en.pdf">Appendix 3</inline-supplementary-material>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12202/2024-0272_AO_Appendix_3__Digital_Forms_and_OSCE.pdf">please click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by FAPESP (Funda&#231;&#227;o para Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo), process number 2022/04747-9.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
