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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qW8yhNbJXMMYqwxJF3RTbtH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000100206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250044</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Busca Continua por Melhores Marcadores que Auxiliem no Diagn&#243;stico e na Preven&#231;&#227;o da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e suas Complica&#231;&#245;es</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5301-7741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral</surname>
            <given-names>Dario Celestino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">PROCAPE Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o Prof. Luiz Tavares</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">PROCAPE Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o Prof. Luiz Tavares, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Dario Celestino Sobral Filho</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade de Pernambuco - Rua Arn&#243;bio Marques,310. CEP <postal-code>50100-130</postal-code>, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE - Brasil E-mail: <email>dsobral@cardiol.br</email>, <email>dario.sobral@upe.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250044</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Assintom&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Rastreamento de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral Emb&#243;lico sem Causa Definida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Embora a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) seja a arritmia card&#237;aca mais estudada com milhares de publica&#231;&#245;es em revistas indexadas na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, v&#225;rias quest&#245;es permanecem carentes de resposta, desde a sua etiopatogenia, o seu diagn&#243;stico e tratamento e principalmente sobre como conduzir os pacientes no sentido de prevenir recidivas dessa arritmia e suas complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Identificar os pacientes de maior suscetibilidade para a FA buscando marcadores de risco confi&#225;veis tem sido o objetivo de diversas pesquisas, a maior dificuldade &#233; consequ&#234;ncia de ser uma arritmia de car&#225;ter multifatorial. Desde muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, processos inflamat&#243;rios, presen&#231;a de fibrose atrial e at&#233; mesmo condi&#231;&#245;es socioambientais podem estar relacionadas a sua etiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Como bem destacado no artigo de Elbarbary et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FAP) tem alta incid&#234;ncia nessa forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica prolongada, sobretudo, usar o monitor <italic>loop</italic> implant&#225;vel pode revelar a presen&#231;a de FAP em cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes atendidos com acidente vascular cerebral emb&#243;lico de causa indeterminada (AVCECI) que estavam em ritmo sinusal na ocasi&#227;o do atendimento.</p>
    <p>O estudo publicado recentemente de autoria de Vinter et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> desenvolvido na Dinamarca revelou que as complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes a longo prazo de pacientes atendidos em hospital com FA foram a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em primeiro lugar, seguida de acidente vascular cerebral e mostrou tamb&#233;m que apesar dos avan&#231;os na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria dessas complica&#231;&#245;es os resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o satisfat&#243;rios como era esperado. Tais evid&#234;ncias destacam a import&#226;ncia da pesquisa conduzida por Elbarbary et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> buscando a identifica&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais capazes de prever o risco de FAP e assim melhorar a efici&#234;ncia de medidas preventivas.</p>
    <p>O objetivo da pesquisa de Elbarbary et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> foi avaliar se a combina&#231;&#227;o de diferentes vari&#225;veis poderia apresentar vantagens na previs&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de FAP em pacientes com AVCECI. Al&#233;m de adotar os par&#226;metros que definem a presen&#231;a de cardiopatia atrial, os autores avaliaram outras medidas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e o registro do Holter por 7 dias durante interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Outro objetivo do trabalho era obter com os resultados, o aumento da sensibilidade decorrente da aplica&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos empregados podendo, em muitos casos, evitar a indica&#231;&#227;o do implante do dispositivo para registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico por longos per&#237;odos (<italic>loop recorder</italic>) que tem custo financeiro elevado, inacess&#237;vel para popula&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses de baixa renda.</p>
    <p>Esses autores constataram nos pacientes com AVCECI a preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia atrial com os fatores hipertens&#227;o arterial e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e- &gt;12 no ecocardiograma como preditores independentes para esta condi&#231;&#227;o e a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada identificou os par&#226;metros Index da Velocidade da For&#231;a Terminal da onda P em V1 no eletrocardiograma (ECG) &gt;5000 Mv.ms, o &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo &gt;34ml/m<sup>2</sup> e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &lt;45% medidos no ecocardiograma como preditores de FA de recente come&#231;o.</p>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Podemos aplicar os resultados de Elbarbary na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica?</title>
      <p>Para responder a essa quest&#227;o, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias algumas considera&#231;&#245;es: Por se tratar de uma doen&#231;a com fisiopatologia complexa com diversos fatores envolvidos no seu surgimento, dificilmente encontraremos biomarcadores que sejam &#250;teis para definir os riscos cardiovasculares de todos os pacientes. Muito embora muitas pesquisas empregando n&#250;mero adequado de pacientes e com metodologia apropriada tenham apresentados resultados promissores para alguns biomarcadores num determinado grupo de pacientes, mas n&#227;o para uma maioria consider&#225;vel de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o marcador mais abrangente &#233; sem d&#250;vida a idade, entretanto, este &#233; um marcador que quase sempre est&#225; associado a comorbidades que &#224;s vezes sobressaem na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco. Al&#233;m disso, a deteriora&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica que acompanha o processo de envelhecimento n&#227;o &#233; uniforme entre os indiv&#237;duos nem mesmo entre os diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um estudo mostrou que a diferen&#231;a na idade verificada no ECG com recursos de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial (ECG-IA) e a idade cronol&#243;gica, esteve relacionada com risco de morte associada com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esses achados destacam o potencial do ECG-AI como novo biomarcador custo-efetivo para o envelhecimento cardiovascular e para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Entretanto, a sua incorpora&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica depende de novos estudos que preencham algumas lacunas apontadas pela pesquisa, como por exemplo, a reprodutibilidade dos achados no mesmo indiv&#237;duo ao longo do tempo e qual &#233; o papel de fatores gen&#233;ticos e socioambientais, al&#233;m dos tradicionais fatores de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m merecem a nossa aten&#231;&#227;o as pesquisas abordando os chamados "fatores de risco n&#227;o-tradicionais" para FA, trazendo novas evid&#234;ncias sobre a import&#226;ncia do estilo de vida e os dist&#250;rbios do sono onde a ativa&#231;&#227;o do nervoso simp&#225;tico parece ser o mecanismo principal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O reconhecimento da FA como causa de AVCECI implica numa cuidadosa abordagem voltada para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria j&#225; que &#233; bem conhecido o alto risco de recorr&#234;ncia de eventos emb&#243;licos cerebrais. Apesar disso, o manuseio desses pacientes no mundo real carece de evid&#234;ncias consistentes. Estudo de S&#225;nchez-S&#225;ez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mostrou que o tratamento inicialmente prescrito ap&#243;s o evento isqu&#234;mico cerebral nem sempre segue as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das Diretrizes. Al&#233;m do mais, a ades&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o do tratamento por parte dos m&#233;dicos e dos pacientes &#233; fundamental para evitar recorr&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos cerebrais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o artigo de Elbarbary et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> com suas limita&#231;&#245;es, reconhecidas pelos pr&#243;prios autores, fornece conhecimentos que despertam a necessidade de pesquisas adicionais na busca de informa&#231;&#245;es consistentes que ajudem a prevenir o AVCECI secund&#225;rio &#224; FA antes da primeira ocorr&#234;ncia. A evolu&#231;&#227;o das pesquisas avan&#231;a indicando que a abordagem dos pacientes deve ser sempre individualizada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos principalmente derivados da gen&#233;tica e da intelig&#234;ncia artificial e que em futuro pr&#243;ximo poder&#227;o ser utilizados em benef&#237;cio dos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250044i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Search Continues for Better Markers That Aid in the Diagnosis and Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation and its Complications</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5301-7741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral</surname>
            <given-names>Dario Celestino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">PROCAPE Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o Prof. Luiz Tavares, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Dario Celestino Sobral Filho</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade de Pernambuco - Rua Arn&#243;bio Marques,310. Postal Code <postal-code>50100-130</postal-code>, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>dsobral@cardiol.br</email>, <email>dario.sobral@upe.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Markers of Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Asymptomatic Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Cause</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Although atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most studied cardiac arrhythmia, with thousands of publications in indexed journals over the last decade, several questions remain unanswered, ranging from its etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, to how best to manage patients in order to prevent recurrences of this arrhythmia and its complications.</p>
      <p>Identifying patients at higher risk for AF by searching for reliable risk markers has been the goal of several studies, with the greatest difficulty arising from the multifactorial nature of the arrhythmia. Genetic mutations, inflammatory processes, the presence of atrial fibrosis, and even socioenvironmental conditions may be related to its etiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As highlighted in the article by Elbarbary et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in this edition of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) has a high incidence in this form of presentation, and prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring, particularly using implantable loop monitors, can reveal the presence of PAF in about one-third of patients with an embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) who were in sinus rhythm at the time of presentation.</p>
      <p>A recent study by Vinter et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> conducted in Denmark, revealed that the most common long-term complications for patients hospitalized with AF were heart failure, followed by ischemic stroke. The study also showed that, despite advances in the primary prevention of these complications, the results have not been as satisfactory as expected. Such evidence highlights the importance of the research conducted by Elbarbary et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> which aims to identify clinical and laboratory parameters capable of predicting the risk of PAF and thus improving the effectiveness of preventive measures.</p>
      <p>The goal of Elbarbary et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> research was to assess whether combining different variables could provide advantages in predicting the occurrence of PAF in patients with ESUS. In addition to using parameters that define the presence of atrial heart disease, the authors evaluated other electrocardiographic measures and 7-day Holter monitoring during hospitalization. Another goal was to increase sensitivity through the application of these methods, potentially avoiding the need for the implantation of an electrocardiographic recording device (loop recorder), which is costly and inaccessible for low-income populations.</p>
      <p>The authors found that, in patients with ESUS, the prevalence of atrial cardiopathy, characterized by hypertension and E/e- &gt;12 on echocardiogram, were independent predictors for this condition. Multivariate regression analysis identified the P-wave terminal force velocity in lead V1 on electrocardiogram (ECG) greater than 500 &#181;v.ms, left atrial volume index &gt;34 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt;45% as predictors of recent onset AF.</p>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Can the results from Elbarbary be applied in clinical practice?</title>
        <p>To answer this question, several considerations are necessary: since AF is a disease with a complex pathophysiology involving multiple factors, it is unlikely that we will find any biomarkers useful for defining cardiovascular risks in all patients. Although many studies using an adequate number of patients and proper methodology have shown promising results for certain biomarkers in specific patient groups, these findings may not be applicable to a large number of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this context, the most comprehensive marker is undoubtedly age; however, age is almost always associated with comorbidities that sometimes predominate in risk assessments. Furthermore, the biological deterioration that accompanies the aging process is not uniform across individuals or even among different organs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One study showed that the difference in age as determined by ECG using Artificial Intelligence (AI-ECG) versus chronological age was associated with a risk of mortality related to acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> These findings highlight the potential of AI-ECG as a new cost-effective biomarker for cardiovascular aging and risk stratification. However, its incorporation into present clinical practice depends on further studies that address gaps identified in the research, such as the reproducibility of findings in the same individual over time and the role of genetic and socioenvironmental factors, in addition to traditional risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Research focusing on so-called "non-traditional risk factors" for AF also deserves attention, providing new evidence on the importance of lifestyle and sleep disorders, in which sympathetic nervous system activation appears to be the main mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recognizing AF as the cause of ESUS requires careful management aimed at secondary prevention, given the well-known high risk of recurrent embolic brain events. However, real-world management of these patients shows a dearth of consistent evidence. A study by S&#225;nchez-S&#225;ez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> revealed that the initial treatment prescribed after an ischemic stroke does not always follow guideline recommendations. Furthermore, adherence to and maintenance of treatment by both doctors and patients is crucial to prevent the recurrence of thromboembolic brain events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In conclusion, the article by Elbarbary et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> with its limitations acknowledged by the authors themselves, provides insights that highlight the need for further research in the search for consistent information to help prevent ESUS due to AF before its first occurrence. The evolution of research is progressing, indicating that the approach to patients should always be individualized, utilizing resources primarily derived from genetics and artificial intelligence, which may soon be used for the benefit of patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
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