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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zhfnKBhr6rr3CFfKDC5mCLN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000100203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240815</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20240815</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Isolamento da Parede Posterior na Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Persistente Muda os Desfechos Cl&#237;nicos?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5333-7174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camanho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Montenegro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Invasiva e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Invasiva e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial &#8211; Centro de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Luiz Eduardo Montenegro Camanho</bold> &#8226; Rua Real Grandeza, 108 sala 124. CEP <postal-code>22281-034</postal-code>, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lecamanho@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240815</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; indiscutivelmente a arritmia mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, caracterizada por uma atividade el&#233;trica atrial ca&#243;tica e r&#225;pida com consequente perda da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial e suas graves consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas j&#225; amplamente conhecidas. O diagn&#243;stico &#233; eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e tem diversas formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, sendo a forma persistente, classicamente, a que dura mais de 7 dias e menos de um ano. A forma persistente precoce &#233; quando a dura&#231;&#227;o &#233; superior a 7 dias, por&#233;m, inferior a 3 meses e, a forma persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, quando j&#225; persiste mais de um ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A mudan&#231;a progressiva da forma parox&#237;stica para forma persistente da arritmia varia de 8 a 36% dependendo do tempo de observa&#231;&#227;o da coorte e sempre associada a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares, independentemente da fonte de energia utilizada, se tornou a estrat&#233;gia invasiva padr&#227;o-ouro para o tratamento da FA em todas as suas formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, com efic&#225;cia e resultados amplamente comprovados e baseados na fisiopatologia da arritmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A medida que a FA evolui para a forma persistente e subsequente remodelamento el&#233;trico e anat&#244;mico, parece bastante razo&#225;vel oferecer uma estrat&#233;gia invasiva adicional na abordagem destes pacientes e, neste cen&#225;rio, o isolamento da parede posterior surgiu como uma proposta coerente. O racional desta estrat&#233;gia seria o entendimento de que a parede posterior apresenta a mesma origem embriol&#243;gica que as veias pulmonares e, portanto, com propriedades arritmog&#234;nicas similares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> al&#233;m de muitos plexos ganglionares encontrados nesta regi&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Desta forma, o questionamento sobre a real aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica desta medida estrat&#233;gica invasiva vem sendo questionada h&#225; muito tempo e os achados da literatura s&#227;o bastante controversos.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da ABC Cardiol, Novaes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> apresentaram uma elegante revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sobre a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do isolamento adjuvante da parede posterior em pacientes com FA persistente. Esta revis&#227;o incluiu oito estudos e selecionou 1119 pacientes, dos quais 561 (50,1%) se submeteram a isolamento de veias pulmonares (IVP) + isolamento de parede posterior (IPP). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos foram: estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados; estudos comparando abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter envolvendo IVP e IPP versus abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com IVP somente; pacientes que se submeteram ao procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o para FA persistente; estudos com dura&#231;&#227;o de seguimento de pelo menos 12 meses; e publica&#231;&#245;es relatando pelo menos um dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos de interesse. Os desfechos observados foram: recorr&#234;ncia de FA; recorr&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais, isto &#233;, FA, taquicardia atrial, ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial); complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes (isto &#233;, derrame ou tamponamento peric&#225;rdico; disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal ou f&#237;stula atrioesof&#225;gica); e tempo m&#233;dio de abla&#231;&#227;o. Os autores, ent&#227;o, conclu&#237;ram que o IPP adjuvante parece efetivo em melhorar a FA recorrente, mas n&#227;o a recorr&#234;ncia de todas as arritmias atriais. O tempo de procedimento foi mais longo com IVP + IPP sem mudan&#231;a significativa na seguran&#231;a global e se enfatizou a necessidade de mais estudos para investigar os benef&#237;cios em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, Kueffer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> descreveram os resultados de uma s&#233;rie de 215 pacientes portadores de FA recorrente submetidos ao isolamento el&#233;trico da parede posterior utilizando cateter <italic>pentaspline</italic> PFA. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 70 anos com 70% dos indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino. O procedimento foi completado com sucesso em 100% dos casos com uma m&#233;dia de 36 aplica&#231;&#245;es de PFA/ paciente. O resultado livre de arritmia em 12 meses foi de 53% (an&#225;lise Kaplan-Meier) e em 26 pacientes (12%) foi necess&#225;rio um segundo procedimento em um tempo m&#233;dio de 6,9 meses. Neste grupo, foi observado IPP consistente em 85% dos casos (22 pacientes). Entre os 4 pacientes com reconex&#227;o da parede posterior, 3 apresentavam taquicardia atrial teto-dependente. Os autores ent&#227;o conclu&#237;ram que o IPP utilizando o cateter <italic>pentaspline</italic> PFA &#233; eficiente e seguro com elevados &#237;ndices de durabilidade da les&#227;o observados nos procedimentos repetidos e subsequentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise publicada neste ano envolveu 16 estudos (7 randomizados, 3 prospectivos e 6 retrospectivos) a respeito do valor do IPP nos resultados cl&#237;nicos em pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA. Foram inclu&#237;dos 3.340 pacientes, a maioria de casos de FA persistente e com um tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 16,56 meses (1550 IVP + IPP x 1.790 IVP apenas). Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o IPP se associou a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de FA e arritmias atriais sem um aumento da taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es, especialmente no grupo de FA persistente, e que a crioabla&#231;&#227;o se mostrou mais adequada que a radiofrequ&#234;ncia para esta estrat&#233;gia, enfatizando a necessidade de novos estudos randomizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo CAPLA foi um ensaio multic&#234;ntrico em que 338 pacientes foram randomizados 1:1 quanto a estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o (168 &#8211; IVP apenas x 170 &#8211; IVP + IPP). O objetivo prim&#225;rio foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de qualquer taquiarritmia documentada com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 30 segundos ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 65,6 anos sendo 76,9% do sexo masculino. Ap&#243;s 12 meses de seguimento, 53,6% do grupo de IVP estavam livres de arritmia e no grupo de IVP + IPP foi observado uma taxa livre de eventos de 52,4%. Os autores ent&#227;o conclu&#237;ram que em pacientes submetidos ao primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA persistente, o IPP n&#227;o aumentou de forma significativa a taxa livre de eventos arr&#237;tmicos em 12 meses quando comparado a estrat&#233;gia de IVP apenas e, sugerem que n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia suficiente para adicionar empiricamente o IPP como parte da abordagem invasiva desta popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De forma similar, Ishimura et al. mostraram uma s&#233;rie de 413 pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA onde foram avaliadas a efic&#225;cia e durabilidade do IPP com a infus&#227;o de etanol na veia de Marshall e conclu&#237;ram que apesar desta estrat&#233;gia reduzir o n&#250;mero de abla&#231;&#245;es extensas da PP, n&#227;o houve uma melhora da durabilidade do IPP e resultados cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As explica&#231;&#245;es para estas disparidades de resultados observados s&#227;o m&#250;ltiplas e basicamente relacionadas a dificuldade em criar les&#245;es transmurais e permanentes al&#233;m da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de pot&#234;ncias mais baixas de aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia pela proximidade com o es&#244;fago.</p>
    <p>A resposta precisa e necess&#225;ria sobre se o IPP muda o desfecho cl&#237;nico em abla&#231;&#227;o de FA persistente ainda permanece incerta e aguardando o resultado de outros ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. No &#250;ltimo consenso 2024 EHRA/HRS/APHRS/LAHRS de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter e cir&#250;rgica de FA &#233; descrito que 31,6% dos pesquisadores envolvidos realizam o IPP no primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA persistente e 65,8% deles realizam em um segundo procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar da falta de consenso sobre o assunto e para tomada de decis&#227;o pessoal do operador, &#233; sempre v&#225;lido escutar a opini&#227;o dos <italic>experts</italic>, que indiscutivelmente servem como um referencial para uma boa pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efic&#225;cia e Seguran&#231;a do Isolamento Adjuvante da Parede Posterior em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Persistente: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240815i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Does Posterior Wall Isolation in Catheter Ablation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Change Clinical Outcomes?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5333-7174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camanho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Montenegro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Invasiva e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial &#8211; Centro de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Luiz Eduardo Montenegro Camanho</bold> &#8226; Rua Real Grandeza, 108 sala 124. Postal Code <postal-code>22281-034</postal-code>, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>lecamanho@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is arguably the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice, characterized by chaotic and rapid atrial electrical activity with consequent loss of atrial contraction and its serious clinical consequences, which are already widely known. The diagnosis is electrocardiographic and has several forms of presentation, with the persistent form, being classically, that which lasts more than 7 days and less than a year. The early persistent form is when the duration is more than 7 days but less than 3 months, and the long-term persistent form is when it has persisted for more than a year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The progressive change from the paroxysmal to the persistent form of the arrhythmia varies from 8 to 36% depending on the observation time of the cohort and is always associated with worse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins, regardless of the energy source used, has become the gold standard invasive strategy for the treatment of AF in all its forms of presentation, with widely proven efficacy and results based on the pathophysiology of the arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As AF evolves into a persistent form and subsequent electrical and anatomical remodeling, it seems quite reasonable to offer an additional invasive strategy in the approach to these patients and, in this scenario, isolation of the posterior wall has emerged as a coherent proposal. The rationale for this strategy would be the understanding that the posterior wall has the same embryological origin as the pulmonary veins and, therefore, similar arrhythmogenic properties,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in addition to many ganglionic plexuses found in this region.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, the question about the real clinical applicability of this invasive strategic measure has been questioned for a long time and the findings in the literature are quite controversial.</p>
      <p>In this issue of ABC Cardiol, Novaes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> presented an elegant systematic review of the efficacy and safety of adjunctive posterior wall isolation in patients with persistent AF. This review included eight studies and selected 1119 patients, of which 561 (50.1%) underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) + posterior wall isolation (PWI). The inclusion criteria for study selection were randomized clinical trials; studies comparing catheter ablation involving PVI and PWI versus catheter ablation with PVI alone; patients who underwent the ablation procedure for persistent AF; studies with a follow-up duration of at least 12 months; and publications reporting at least one of the clinical outcomes of interest. The outcomes observed were: recurrence of AF; recurrence of atrial arrhythmias, i.e., AF, atrial tachycardia, or atrial flutter); major clinical complications (i.e., pericardial effusion or tamponade; sinus node dysfunction or atrioesophageal fistula); and mean ablation time. The authors, therefore, concluded that adjuvant PWI appears effective in improving recurrent AF but not the recurrence of all atrial arrhythmias. Procedure time was longer with PVI + PWI without significant change in overall safety and emphasized the need for further studies to investigate long-term benefits.</p>
      <p>Recently, Kueffer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> described the results of a series of 215 patients with recurrent AF who underwent electrical isolation of the posterior wall using a pentaspline PFA catheter. The mean age was 70 years, with 70% of the individuals being male. The procedure was successfully completed in 100% of cases, with an average of 36 PFA applications/patient. The arrhythmia-free outcome at 12 months was 53% (Kaplan-Meier analysis), and a second procedure was required in 26 patients (12%) at an average time of 6.9 months. In this group, consistent PWI was observed in 85% of cases (22 patients). Among the 4 patients with posterior wall reconnection, 3 had ceiling-dependent atrial tachycardia. The authors concluded that PWI using the pentaspline PFA catheter is efficient and safe, with high rates of lesion durability observed in repeated and subsequent procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A systematic review and meta-analysis published this year involved 16 studies (7 randomized, 3 prospective, and 6 retrospective) regarding the value of PWI in clinical outcomes in patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF. A total of 3,340 patients were included, most of whom had persistent AF and a mean follow-up time of 16.56 months (1550 PWI + PWI x 1790 PWI only). The authors concluded that PWI was associated with a decrease in the occurrence of AF and atrial arrhythmias without an increase in the rate of complications, especially in the persistent AF group, and that cryoablation was more suitable than radiofrequency for this strategy, emphasizing the need for further randomized studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The CAPLA study was a multicenter trial in which 338 patients were randomized 1:1 to the ablation strategy (168 &#8211; PVI only vs. 170 &#8211; PVI + PWI). The primary endpoint was the occurrence of any documented tachyarrhythmia lasting more than 30 seconds after a single ablation procedure. The mean age was 65.6 years, and 76.9% were male. After 12 months of follow-up, 53.6% of the PVI group were arrhythmia-free, and in the PVI + PWI group, an event-free rate of 52.4% was observed. The authors then concluded that in patients undergoing the first ablation procedure for persistent AF, PWI did not significantly increase the arrhythmic event-free rate at 12 months when compared to the PVI-only strategy, and suggest that there is insufficient evidence to empirically add PWI as part of the invasive approach in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Similarly, Ishimura et al. showed a series of 413 patients undergoing AF ablation where the efficacy and durability of PWI with ethanol infusion into the Marshall vein were evaluated and concluded that although this strategy reduced the number of extensive PW ablations, there was no improvement in PWI durability and clinical results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The explanations for these disparities in observed results are multiple and basically related to the difficulty in creating transmural and permanent lesions in addition to the use of lower powers of radiofrequency application due to the proximity to the esophagus.</p>
      <p>The precise and necessary answer as to whether PWI changes clinical outcomes in persistent AF ablation remains uncertain and awaits the results of other randomized clinical trials. In the latest 2024 EHRA/HRS/APHRS/LAHRS consensus on catheter and surgical ablation of AF, it is reported that 31.6% of the researchers involved perform PWI in the first persistent AF ablation procedure, and 65.8% of them perform it in a second procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite the lack of consensus on the subject and for the operator's decision-making, it is always worth listening to the opinion of experts, who undoubtedly serve as a reference for good medical practice.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Posterior Wall Isolation in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
