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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LWStRcPvpCPv4gR7WRZ8C6r</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000100204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240602</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pr&#243;tese Cardiaca Valvar Gravidez: Desafios e Estrat&#233;gias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2664-4475</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital da Mulher Jos&#233; Aristodemo Pinotti</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#193;rea de Obstetr&#237;cia &#8211; Hospital da Mulher Jos&#233; Aristodemo Pinotti &#8211; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Marcelo Luis Nomura &#8226; Hospital da Mulher Prof. Dr. Jose Aristod &#8211; Rua Alexander Fleming, 101. CEP 13084-881, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mlnomura@unicamp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240602</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Materna</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A gravidez em mulheres com pr&#243;teses valvares &#233; desafiadora para os cuidadores por v&#225;rios motivos. Apesar dos avan&#231;os na compreens&#227;o da fisiologia cardiovascular, as intensas mudan&#231;as hemodin&#226;micas impostas pela gravidez em si e as intera&#231;&#245;es entre a m&#227;e, a placenta e o feto, juntamente com o ambiente &#250;nico criado pela adapta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, tornam o manejo uma das situa&#231;&#245;es mais complexas para especialistas materno-fetais e cardiologistas. Adicione a isso a necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o eficaz e segura para a m&#227;e e o feto para prevenir a maior amea&#231;a de trombose e disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, um amplo e elegante estudo observacional apresentou dados sobre os resultados perinatais de 128 gesta&#231;&#245;es em mulheres com v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas prot&#233;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Como um estudo de centro &#250;nico, os autores buscaram avaliar os resultados da gravidez e a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-parto de 12 meses e tamb&#233;m comparar esses resultados entre v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas prot&#233;ticas mec&#226;nicas e biol&#243;gicas. Uma gravidez bem-sucedida foi definida por um parto a termo e puerp&#233;rio sem intercorr&#234;ncias para a m&#227;e e o rec&#233;m-nascido e ocorreu em 50% dos casos. &#192; primeira vista, pode-se olhar para isso como uma situa&#231;&#227;o de copo meio cheio ou meio vazio. Em um olhar mais atento, no entanto, cerca de metade dos pacientes apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, e um em cada tr&#234;s teve pelo menos um dos seguintes durante a gravidez: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, tromboembolismo ou endocardite infecciosa. Houve cinco mortes maternas, o que, por qualquer meio de compara&#231;&#227;o, &#233; um n&#250;mero extremamente alto. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados obst&#233;tricos, os principais achados foram uma alta taxa de aborto espont&#226;neo no grupo de v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas prot&#233;ticas mec&#226;nicas e tamb&#233;m uma alta taxa de parto prematuro no grupo de v&#225;lvulas bioprot&#233;ticas. A taxa geral de perdas fetais e neonatais foi de 30% (abortos espont&#226;neos, natimortos e mortes neonatais).</p>
    <p>Os n&#250;meros n&#227;o falam por si. Os autores fizeram uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa dos fatores de risco para resultados adversos. A disfun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca pr&#233;-concepcional, particularmente v&#225;lvulas calcificadas bioprot&#233;ticas, foi fortemente associada &#224; morbidade materna grave, incluindo morte. Pode parecer que as v&#225;lvulas mec&#226;nicas tiveram um desempenho melhor. No entanto, os autores descrevem uma alta taxa de trombose valvar (uma levando &#224; morte materna), que est&#225; associada a incertezas quanto ao regime de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ideal para essas pacientes. O sangramento materno (pr&#233;-parto e p&#243;s-parto) &#233; uma das complica&#231;&#245;es graves, embora n&#227;o intencional.</p>
    <p>A maior revis&#227;o publicada, com 499 gesta&#231;&#245;es, mostrou menor taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es maternas e tamb&#233;m baixa taxa de perdas perinatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Mas talvez os resultados aparentemente melhores n&#227;o possam ser estendidos &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, com alta incid&#234;ncia de gesta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o planejadas e com caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas, como maior incid&#234;ncia de etiologia reum&#225;tica e falta de acesso a cuidados especializados.</p>
    <p>&#192; luz das descobertas do estudo, como podemos ajudar mulheres com v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas prot&#233;ticas a terem melhores resultados para si mesmas e para seus filhos? &#201; poss&#237;vel?</p>
    <p>O aconselhamento pr&#233;-concepcional &#233; uma das formas mais eficazes de melhorar os resultados da gravidez. A maternidade planejada pode potencialmente salvar vidas. Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o em particular, deve-se enfatizar que a gravidez n&#227;o &#233; aconselhada (na verdade, contraindicada) para mulheres com classifica&#231;&#227;o classe IV da OMS ou com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (classe funcional IV da NYHA) porque o risco de morte materna &#233; muito alto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Para essas mulheres, a contracep&#231;&#227;o eficaz (e at&#233; mesmo a esteriliza&#231;&#227;o) deve ser discutida e fornecida de acordo com as prefer&#234;ncias e seguran&#231;a maternas. A contracep&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o deve ser negligenciada. Tamb&#233;m deve ser abordada com qualquer mulher com v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas prot&#233;ticas, uma vez que gesta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o planejadas representam riscos significativos para a m&#227;e e o feto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Quem deve fazer isso? Cardiologistas e qualquer profissional de sa&#250;de com experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea n&#227;o devem perder a oportunidade de levantar esta quest&#227;o em qualquer consulta m&#233;dica. Os ginecologistas devem estar preparados para fornecer op&#231;&#245;es seguras e eficazes.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que uma mulher &#233; aconselhada e decide engravidar, ela deve ser acompanhada de perto durante o processo de concep&#231;&#227;o, particularmente aquelas em uso de varfarina, sabidamente associada a abortos espont&#226;neos e malforma&#231;&#245;es fetais graves.</p>
    <p>Cuidados especializados e multidisciplinares s&#227;o de suma import&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Uma equipe experiente pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es confi&#225;veis e seguras e muitos recursos n&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em outros n&#237;veis de cuidado. O acesso imediato a cuidados intensivos, cardiologia cl&#237;nica e cir&#250;rgica e assist&#234;ncia obst&#233;trica e neonatal deve estar dispon&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>Em condi&#231;&#245;es ideais, que incluem cuidados pr&#233;-concepcionais cuidadosos e recursos humanos e materiais altamente qualificados dispon&#237;veis, a gravidez em mulheres com v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas prot&#233;ticas n&#227;o deve ser desencorajada (exceto nas situa&#231;&#245;es citadas acima). No entanto, uma abordagem individualizada, fornecendo &#224;s mulheres informa&#231;&#245;es confi&#225;veis (como as que agora descrevemos neste estudo) sobre os riscos de morte materna e perda perinatal, &#233; o m&#237;nimo, mas tamb&#233;m o melhor que podemos fazer por elas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Escolha da Pr&#243;tese Valvar para o Sucesso da Gravidez. A &#8220;Ponta do Iceberg&#8221; para uma Doen&#231;a Complexa e Multifacetada</p>
      </fn>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240602i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Valve Prosthesis and Pregnancy: Challenges and Strategies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2664-4475</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#193;rea de Obstetr&#237;cia &#8211; Hospital da Mulher Jos&#233; Aristodemo Pinotti &#8211; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Marcelo Luis Nomura &#8226; Hospital da Mulher Prof. Dr. Jose Aristod &#8211; Rua Alexander Fleming, 101. Postal Code 13084-881, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mlnomura@unicamp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnancy</kwd>
        <kwd>Maternal Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Pregnancy in women with valvular prostheses is challenging for caregivers for several reasons. Despite advances in understanding cardiovascular physiology, the intense hemodynamic changes posed by pregnancy itself and the interactions between the mother, placenta, and fetus, along with the unique environment created by the cardiac adaptation, make management one of the most complex situations for maternal-fetal specialists and cardiologists. Add to it the need for effective and safe anticoagulation for both mother and fetus to prevent the greatest threat of valve thrombosis and dysfunction.</p>
      <p>In this issue, a large observational and elegant study presented data on the perinatal outcomes of 128 pregnancies in women with cardiac prosthetic valves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As a single-center study, the authors sought to evaluate pregnancy outcomes and 12-month postpartum complications rate and also to compare these results between mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves. A successful pregnancy was defined by an uneventful term birth and puerperium for both mother and newborn and occurred in 50% of the cases. At first glance, one might look at it as a half-full or half-empty glass situation. At a closer look, however, roughly half of the patients experienced cardiac complications, and one in three had at least one of the following during pregnancy: heart failure, atrial fibrillation, thromboembolism, or infective endocarditis. There were five maternal deaths, which, by any means of comparison, is an extremely high figure. Regarding obstetrical outcomes, the main findings were a high rate of spontaneous miscarriage in the mechanical prosthetic heart valves group and also a high rate of preterm birth in the bioprosthetic valve group. The overall fetal and neonatal loss rate was 30% (miscarriages, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths).</p>
      <p>Numbers do not speak for themselves. The authors did a careful evaluation of risk factors for adverse outcomes. Preconceptional heart valve dysfunction, particularly bioprosthetic calcified valves, was strongly associated with severe maternal morbidity, including death. It might seem that mechanical valves had a better performance. However, the authors describe a high rate of valve thrombosis (one leading to maternal death), which is associated with uncertainties regarding the optimal anticoagulation regimen for these patients. Maternal bleeding (antepartum and postpartum) is one of the severe, although unintended, complications.</p>
      <p>The largest review published, with 499 pregnancies, showed a lower rate of maternal complications and also a low rate of perinatal losses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> But maybe the apparently better outcomes can not be extended to the Brazilian population, with a high incidence of unplanned pregnancies and with specific features, such as a higher incidence of rheumatic etiology and lack of access to specialized care.</p>
      <p>In light of the study&#8217;s findings, how can we help women with prosthetic heart valves have better outcomes for themselves and their children? Is it possible?</p>
      <p>Preconception counseling is one of the most effective ways to improve pregnancy outcomes. Planned motherhood could potentially save lives. In this particular population, it must be emphasized that pregnancy is not advised (in fact, contraindicated) for women with class IV WHO classification or with severe left ventricular dysfunction or pulmonary hypertension (NYHA functional class IV) because the risk of maternal death is too high.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> For these women, effective contraception (and even sterilization) must be discussed and provided according to maternal preferences and safety. Contraception must not be neglected. It should also be addressed with any women with prosthetic heart valves since unplanned pregnancies pose significant risks for the mother and fetus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Who should do this? Cardiologists and any care provider with expertise in the field must not lose the opportunity to bring up this issue at any office visit. Gynecologists must be prepared to provide safe and effective options.</p>
      <p>Once a woman is counseled and decides to get pregnant, she must be closely followed during the process of conception, particularly those in use of warfarin, knowingly associated with miscarriage and severe fetal malformations.</p>
      <p>Specialized and multidisciplinary care is of the utmost importance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> An experienced team can provide reliable and safe information and many resources not available at other levels of care. Immediate access to intensive care, clinical and surgical cardiology, and obstetric and neonatal assistance must be available.</p>
      <p>Within ideal conditions, which include careful preconception care and highly skilled human and material resources available, pregnancy in women with prosthetic heart valves should not be discouraged (except for the situations cited above). However, an individualized approach, providing women with reliable information (such as we have now depicted in this study) about risks of maternal death and perinatal loss, is the minimum but also the best we can do for them.</p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Choosing a Valve Prosthesis for a Successful Pregnancy. The &#8220;Tip of the Iceberg&#8221; for a Disease of Complex Evolution</p>
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