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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DT7MtsRY6hFy8cRq4Bcq7fk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000100311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240487</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracter&#237;sticas Associadas &#224; Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Prevalente e Perfil de Risco para Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Incidente em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Idosa do ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8162-5739</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Boccalon</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa C.C</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6646-1163</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duncan</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Angela Barreto Santos Santiago &#8226; HCPA - Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-903, Bairro Santa Cec&#237;lia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>abssantos@hcpa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240487</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Associadas &#224; Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Prevalente e Perfil de Risco para Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Incidente em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Idosa do ELSA-Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Figura Central &#8211; Vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial prevalente e perfil de risco para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial futura na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa do ELSA-Brasil. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; FFA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; OR: odds ratio.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DT7MtsRY6hFy8cRq4Bcq7fk/a18e8b741bb3e0be28cc6f16627668ee2ea22a8d.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DT7MtsRY6hFy8cRq4Bcq7fk/78a19e4cca4817671ebcad1e5b6ced92b6029745.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DT7MtsRY6hFy8cRq4Bcq7fk/6dc1cd6a541027352b7fa6c832f751cc0c258e0b.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; uma arritmia que causa sintomas significativos e aumenta o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos com fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial (FFA) prevalente e avaliar o perfil de risco para FFA incidente utilizando os escores de predi&#231;&#227;o de FA CHARGE-AF e EHR em uma popula&#231;&#227;o idosa de um pa&#237;s em desenvolvimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Inclu&#237;mos todos os participantes do ELSA-Brasil com 60 anos ou mais cujo diagn&#243;stico de FFA p&#244;de ser definido por autorrelato ou eletrocardiograma e que tiveram ecocardiografia realizada na linha de base do estudo. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram considerados estatisticamente significativos os resultados com valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dos 2.088 participantes (65 &#177; 4,1 anos; 53% mulheres), 88 (4,2%) tinham FFA. Aqueles com FFA eram mais velhos e tinham maiores taxas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE), intervalo QT prolongado, extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares e bradicardia sinusal. Esses pacientes tamb&#233;m apresentavam maiores dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). A an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou que insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, BRE, &#225;trio esquerdo maior e FEVE menor estavam independentemente associados com FFA. O risco de 5 anos para FFA incidente foi baixo (&lt; 2,5%) em 63% e alto (&gt; 5%) em 12% dos indiv&#237;duos de acordo com o escore CHARGE-AF, e baixo em 67% e alto em 13% de acordo com o EHR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A FFA foi encontrada em 4,2% da presente coorte brasileira idosa. A FFA foi associada ao hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, BRE, dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo e FEVE reduzida. Adicionalmente, 12% a 13% dos pacientes em ritmo sinusal estavam em alto risco para FFA. O monitoramento de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pode auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de indiv&#237;duos de alto risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0010.00</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 10 0643.00 RS</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0212.00 BA</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 060300.00 ES</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0278.00 MG</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0115.00 SP</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0071.00 RJ</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o e CNPq.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais comum e pode levar a sintomas limitantes e aumento do risco de acidente vascular cerebral, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de FA varia entre diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, atingindo 1% a 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, e aumenta com a idade, particularmente em indiv&#237;duos com mais de 60 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, a disponibilidade limitada de dados sobre a preval&#234;ncia de FA em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda representa um desafio significativo aos esfor&#231;os globais de produzir conhecimento sobre a FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial (FFA) &#233; um problema crescente no Brasil devido &#224; sua transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica, com o envelhecimento acelerado da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o e o aumento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. No ELSA-Brasil, uma grande coorte multic&#234;ntrica de pacientes entre 35 a 74 anos no Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia de FFA foi de 2,5%, aumentando progressivamente com o envelhecimento (1,2% para pacientes &lt; 45 anos e 5,4% para aqueles &gt; 64 anos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Outro estudo brasileiro que incluiu 1.524 indiv&#237;duos com 65 anos ou mais encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de 2,4% dessa arritmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de fatores de risco ao longo de d&#233;cadas pode justificar o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de FFA com o envelhecimento, tornando os idosos mais suscet&#237;veis ao desenvolvimento de arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ademais, em idosos, a FFA est&#225; associada a um risco significativamente maior de complica&#231;&#245;es, bem como a uma chance maior de evoluir para FFA permanente, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Considerando que aproximadamente 40% dos indiv&#237;duos com FFA s&#227;o clinicamente assintom&#225;ticos, o diagn&#243;stico dessa arritmia pode ocorrer somente ap&#243;s o desenvolvimento de suas consequ&#234;ncias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco associados &#224; FFA, bem como dos indiv&#237;duos que apresentam escores de risco mais altos para desenvolver essa arritmia, pode auxiliar no monitoramento de novos casos ou retardar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, permitindo tratamento precoce e redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es. Assim, visamos avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos com FFA prevalente em adultos com 60 anos ou mais em uma grande coorte brasileira e descrever o perfil de risco de novos casos de FFA nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O ELSA-Brasil &#233; um estudo de coorte prospectivo projetado para investigar doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes em 15.105 homens e mulheres, servidores p&#250;blicos de universidades ou institui&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa em 6 cidades do Brasil. Todos os funcion&#225;rios ativos ou aposentados com idade entre 35 e 74 anos foram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. Inclu&#237;mos todos os participantes com 60 anos ou mais cujo diagn&#243;stico de FFA p&#244;de ser avaliado e que tinham ecocardiografia na linha de base do estudo. Da amostra inicial com participantes &#8805; 60 anos (n = 3.263), 400 participantes foram exclu&#237;dos devido a dados indispon&#237;veis sobre FFA (8 devido a eletrocardiograma inv&#225;lido e 392 devido a informa&#231;&#245;es ausentes em rela&#231;&#227;o a FFA anterior). Dos 2.863 participantes restantes, 2.088 tinham imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dispon&#237;veis para an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240487-40487-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os detalhes do estudo, incluindo o desenho, crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, fontes, m&#233;todos de recrutamento e medidas obtidas foram descritos em outras publica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de Revis&#227;o Institucional de cada centro participante, e o consentimento informado por escrito foi fornecido por todos os participantes. A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o foi um estudo transversal do ELSA-Brasil durante a primeira consulta (agosto de 2008 a dezembro de 2010).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;stico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial</title>
        <p>O presente estudo definiu o diagn&#243;stico de FFA na linha de base se o participante (a) tinha um registro de eletrocardiograma com FFA no ELSA-Brasil na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial (2008 a 2010) (n = 24) ou (b) indicou que tinha um diagn&#243;stico de FA em uma idade mais jovem do que a da inscri&#231;&#227;o no ELSA-Brasil pelo question&#225;rio aplicado 4 anos ap&#243;s a inscri&#231;&#227;o (n = 64). Entre 2012 e 2014, os participantes foram convidados a passar por uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o no local, que incluiu novos question&#225;rios. Nessa reavalia&#231;&#227;o, foi feita a seguinte pergunta: &#8220;Algum m&#233;dico j&#225; disse que o senhor/a senhora tem/teve fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial?&#8221; Os participantes que responderam &#8220;sim&#8221; a essa pergunta foram questionados: &#8220;Quantos anos o senhor/a senhora tinha na primeira vez que um m&#233;dico lhe disse que tem/teve fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial?&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>A escolha das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foi baseada nas vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das nas f&#243;rmulas de estimativa de risco CHARGE-AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e EHR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas foram obtidas na visita inicial de acordo com protocolos padronizados. A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg, aferidas na visita cl&#237;nica do estudo, ou ainda como tratamento com medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva durante as &#250;ltimas 2 semanas. Os participantes foram classificados como portadores de diabetes se relataram diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabetes, estavam tomando medicamentos para diabetes ou apresentaram um dos seguintes resultados nos exames laboratoriais: glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dl, glicemia de 2 horas &#8805; 200 mg/dl ou HbA1C &#8805; 6,5%. A dislipidemia foi definida como uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes ou qualquer um dos seguintes resultados: n&#237;vel de colesterol LDL &#8805; 130 mg/dl, colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dl, HDL-C &lt; 40 mg/dl em homens ou &lt; 50 mg/dl em mulheres, ou triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dl. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) foi estimada usando a f&#243;rmula da Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), e a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica foi definida como TFG &lt; 60 ml/min.</p>
        <p>As condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas pr&#233;vias, incluindo o diagn&#243;stico de IC, IM e acidente vascular cerebral foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas e question&#225;rios padronizados do estudo. Os participantes que declararam ter fumado pelo menos 100 cigarros ao longo da vida e que continuavam fumando foram considerados fumantes ativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A classifica&#231;&#227;o racial foi baseada em relatos autodeclarados usando categorias do Censo Demogr&#225;fico brasileiro conduzido pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, foram calculados 4 escores de risco com o objetivo de estimar o risco de eventos emb&#243;licos (CHADsVASc), risco cardiovascular (Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular Ateroscler&#243;tica [ASCVD]) e a incid&#234;ncia de FFA em 5 anos (EHR e CHARGE-AF) e, subsequentemente, caracterizar nossa popula&#231;&#227;o identificando os pacientes com doen&#231;a mais grave.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas em uma consulta na linha de base. O procedimento para aquisi&#231;&#227;o e leitura de eletrocardiogramas foi detalhado em uma publica&#231;&#227;o anterior<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e inclui procedimentos de garantia de qualidade estabelecidos. Os eletrocardiogramas foram realizados em cada centro de investiga&#231;&#227;o usando o dispositivo Burdick Atria 6100, com calibra&#231;&#227;o de 10 mm/mV e velocidade de 25 mm/segundo. Os exames foram transmitidos para o centro de leitura eletronicamente e armazenados em um banco de dados digital para subsequente leitura automatizada pelo Sistema de Glasgow<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e codifica&#231;&#227;o pelo C&#243;digo de Minnesota.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Todos os eletrocardiogramas com FFA foram verificados manualmente por um m&#233;dico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>Todas as imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas na primeira visita por ecocardiografistas treinados, usando equipamento id&#234;ntico (Aplio XG, Toshiba Corporation, Toshigi, Jap&#227;o), com um transdutor setorial de 2,5 MHz. Sequ&#234;ncias de 3 ciclos card&#237;acos foram selecionadas em cada janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica, registradas em formato digital e transferidas para o centro de leitura ecocardiogr&#225;fica do ELSA-Brasil, juntamente com um formul&#225;rio digital com qualidade de imagem e achados preliminares preenchidos pelo ecocardiografista. Todos os estudos foram analisados cegamente para outros dados dos participantes em uma esta&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de trabalho offline (ComPACS Review Station 10.5, Medimatic Solutions Srl, It&#225;lia). Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas em triplicado seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Society of Echocardiography<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e inclu&#237;ram di&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), espessura da parede do VE, massa do VE, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelos de previs&#227;o de risco de FFA</title>
        <p>Utilizamos 2 modelos de previs&#227;o de risco publicados para FFA: o CHARGE-AF e o registro eletr&#244;nico de sa&#250;de para FA (EHR), que estimam o risco cumulativo de FFA incidente em 5 anos de acordo com as seguintes 3 categorias de risco: baixo (&lt; 2,5%), intermedi&#225;rio (2,5% a 5%) e alto (&gt; 5%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O modelo previsto CHARGE-AF para FFA considerou fatores como idade, ra&#231;a, altura, peso, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, tabagismo atual, uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, diabetes e hist&#243;rico de IM agudo e IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O escore EHR foi desenvolvido pela an&#225;lise de dados de 412.085 indiv&#237;duos. O modelo incorporou vari&#225;veis como sexo, idade, ra&#231;a, tabagismo, altura, peso, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, hipertens&#227;o, hiperlipidemia, IC, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria, doen&#231;a valvar, hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e hipotireoidismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Declara&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi realizado de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Por se tratar de um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, o protocolo de pesquisa do ELSA-Brasil foi aprovado n&#227;o apenas pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica de cada institui&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m pelo Comit&#234; Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa. Foi obtido o consentimento informado de todos os sujeitos envolvidos no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (dados cont&#237;nuos) ou como contagem e propor&#231;&#227;o (dados categ&#243;ricos). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas usando um teste t bilateral com vari&#226;ncia desigual e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas usando testes qui-quadrado. Os dados cont&#237;nuos com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram descritos como mediana e intervalo interquartil e analisados usando o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Foi usado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para avaliar a normalidade dos dados.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis potencialmente associadas &#224; FFA foram analisadas usando regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada. Um modelo log&#237;stico multivari&#225;vel foi usado para identificar vari&#225;veis clinicamente relevantes e n&#227;o concorrentes, usando apenas par&#226;metros com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada. Os modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco para FFA foram calculados e foi utilizado o diagrama de Sankey<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> para comparar a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o dessas duas classifica&#231;&#245;es. Todos os testes foram bilaterais, e foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com STATA 14.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Houve 88 participantes (4,2%) com FFA entre os 2.088 participantes inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo (65 &#177; 4,1 anos, 53% mulheres e 57% autodeclarados brancos). Os participantes exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise, devido &#224; falta de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre FFA ou ecocardiografia, eram mais obesos com maior preval&#234;ncia de diabetes, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e tabagismo ativo, conforme mostrado na Tabela Suplementar 1.</p>
      <p>Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, os participantes com FFA eram mais velhos e tinham um pior perfil de risco cardiovascular. Eles apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de IC e IM anteriores, maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares em 10 anos de acordo com o escore ASCVD e maior risco de eventos emb&#243;licos relacionados &#224; FFA, de acordo com o escore CHADsVASc calculado. N&#227;o foram verificadas diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo, presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o, obesidade e hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral entre os grupos. Anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, como bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE) completo, intervalo QT prolongado, extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares e bradicardia sinusal, foram mais prevalentes em indiv&#237;duos com FFA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em participantes com FFA demonstraram maiores dimens&#245;es do AE (par&#226;metros lineares e volum&#233;tricos) e do VE, menor FEVE e doen&#231;a valvar esquerda moderada a grave mais prevalente em compara&#231;&#227;o com os casos sem FFA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). No material suplementar, mostramos a an&#225;lise restrita aos 24 participantes que tinham FFA no ECG basal (Tabelas Suplementares 2, 3 e 4).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da amostra estudada de participantes com 60 anos ou mais na linha de base do Estudo ELSA-Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Todos os participantes (n=2.088)</th>
                <th>FFA (n=88)</th>
                <th>Sem FFA (n=2.000)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">66,8 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.111 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">1.068 (53,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ra&#231;a branca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.179 (56,9)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (61,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1.125 (56,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso, kg</td>
                <td align="center">72,04 &#177; 14,0</td>
                <td align="center">72,84 &#177; 14,97</td>
                <td align="center">72,01 &#177; 13,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27,09 &#177; 4,49</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 4,44</td>
                <td align="center">27,09 &#177; 4,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">468 (22,4)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (23,86)</td>
                <td align="center">447 (22,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.211 (58,1)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (63,63)</td>
                <td align="center">1155 (57,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">129,1 &#177; 19,02</td>
                <td align="center">127,5 &#177; 15,98</td>
                <td align="center">129,2 &#177; 19,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">76,51 &#177; 10,71</td>
                <td align="center">75,26 &#177; 10,03</td>
                <td align="center">76,57 &#177; 10,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">549 (26,3)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (32,95)</td>
                <td align="center">520 (26,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (3,69)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (16,09)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (3,15)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (14,77)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (3,85)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (2,54)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,55)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (2,45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo ativo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (8,19)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (11,36)</td>
                <td align="center">161 (8,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.805 (86,8)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (88,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1.727 (86,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">157 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">146 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipotireoidismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">219 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">207 (10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore CHARGE-AF</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco baixo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.298 (62,2)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (43,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1.260 (63)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco intermedi&#225;rio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">521 (24,9)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (23,9)</td>
                <td align="center">500 (25)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco alto, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">269 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (32,9)</td>
                <td align="center">240 (12)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore EHR</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco baixo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.384 (66,3)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">1.340 (67)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco intermedi&#225;rio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">419 (20,1)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (21,6)</td>
                <td align="center">400 (20)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Risco alto, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">285 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (28,4)</td>
                <td align="center">260 (13)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CHADsVASc</td>
                <td align="center">2,06 &#177; 1,20</td>
                <td align="center">2,54 &#177; 1,27</td>
                <td align="center">2,04 &#177; 1,20</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASCVD 2013, %</td>
                <td align="center">11,4 (6,2 - 19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 (8,44 - 22,3)</td>
                <td align="center">11,4 (6 - 19,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Os n&#250;meros representam m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e n (%) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. ASCVD: Estimativa de Risco de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular Ateroscler&#243;tica em 10 anos; FFA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos da amostra estudada de participantes com 60 anos ou mais na linha de base do Estudo ELSA-Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Todos os participantes (n=2.064)</th>
                <th>FFA (n=64)</th>
                <th>Sem FFA (n=2,000)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P, ms</td>
                <td align="center">110,05 &#177; 14,7</td>
                <td align="center">110,62 &#177; 16,5<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">110,03 &#177; 14,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo PR longo,<sup>#</sup> n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (2,22)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,45)<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">43 (2,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anormalidades maiores da onda Q, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio completo do ramo direito, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (1,06)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (0,91)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HVE com altera&#231;&#245;es ST-T, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (0,68)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (0,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QT longo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7,95)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (1,96)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desvio do eixo esquerdo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (6,04)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desvio do eixo direito, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,6)<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">23 (1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (0,43)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,15)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (0,40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bradicardia sinusal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (3,27)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (11,36)<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">58 (2,91)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixa voltagem do QRS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (1,93)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,45)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (1,86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Os n&#250;meros representam a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e n (%) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. *Dados de participantes que estavam em ritmo sinusal durante o eletrocardiograma basal, mas foram definidos como tendo FFA por autorrelato. #Considerado acima de 200 ms. FFA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da amostra estudada de participantes com 60 anos ou mais na linha de base do Estudo ELSA-Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Todos os participantes (n=2.088)</th>
                <th>FFA (n=88)</th>
                <th>Sem FFA (n=2.000)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, cm</td>
                <td align="center">3,61 &#177; 0,51</td>
                <td align="center">3,91 &#177; 0,73</td>
                <td align="center">3,60 &#177; 0,49</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 8,44</td>
                <td align="center">33,3 &#177; 14,8</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 7,92</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE, cm</td>
                <td align="center">4,48 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td align="center">4,63 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,47 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE, cm</td>
                <td align="center">2,81 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">3,07 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,79 &#177; 0,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura do septo, cm</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura da parede posterior, cm</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, %</td>
                <td align="center">67,3 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">63,6 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">67,4 &#177; 6,42</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa do VE/ASC, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 21,3</td>
                <td align="center">89,6 &#177; 22,6</td>
                <td align="center">84,8 &#177; 21,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a valvar esquerda moderada a grave, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos do VE, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">923 (49)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">886 (49,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">655 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">632 (35,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">157 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">145 (8,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">122 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (6,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">8,7 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,7 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Os n&#250;meros representam a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e n (%) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; FFA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As <italic>odds ratios</italic> de cada vari&#225;vel para a presen&#231;a de FFA est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>. Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel, hist&#243;rico de IC, presen&#231;a de BRE, &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo e FEVE foram independentemente associados com FFA prevalente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fatores de risco associados &#224; presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial na linha de base do Estudo ELSA-Brasil na amostra estudada de participantes com 60 anos ou mais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3">Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada</th>
                <th colspan="3">Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Odds ratio</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>Odds ratio</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,05-1,16</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,56-1,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,94-1,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,15 - 11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,56</td>
                <td align="center">1,09-6,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio anterior</td>
                <td align="center">4,32</td>
                <td align="center">2,3- 8,12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,81-1,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,88-2,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">1,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,66-5,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">5,26</td>
                <td align="center">1,74-15,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">4,97</td>
                <td align="center">1,23-20</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QT longo</td>
                <td align="center">4,33</td>
                <td align="center">1,88-9,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,38-12,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bradicardia sinusal</td>
                <td align="center">4,27</td>
                <td align="center">2,1-8,69</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,75</td>
                <td align="center">1,16-2,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,38</td>
                <td align="center">1,65-3,42</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06</td>
                <td align="center">1,04-1,08</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,02-1,07</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa do VE/ASC (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-1,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,90-0,96</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,91-0,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a valvar esquerda moderada a grave</td>
                <td align="center">3,99</td>
                <td align="center">1,63-9,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; FFA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ambos os modelos de risco mostraram que a maioria dos 2.000 pacientes em ritmo sinusal na linha de base do estudo apresentavam baixo risco de desenvolver FFA. De acordo com o CHARGE-AF, 63% dos indiv&#237;duos foram classificados como de baixo risco (&lt; 2,5%) e 12% como de alto risco, com um risco de FFA maior que 5% em de 5 anos. Da mesma forma, de acordo com o EHR, 67% dos participantes foram classificados como de baixo risco e 13% foram considerados de alto risco. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>, demonstramos a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos escores entre indiv&#237;duos em ritmo sinusal e a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o elevada entre os escores, com 71% deles classificados como risco semelhante em ambos os escores. A mudan&#231;a mais significativa na categoria de risco ocorreu entre os pacientes classificados como risco intermedi&#225;rio de acordo com o escore CHARGE-AF, que foram reclassificados como de baixo risco pelo escore EHR.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Interse&#231;&#227;o entre o perfil de previs&#227;o de risco de FFA em 5 anos: CHARGE-AF e EHR. FFA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240487-40487-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, demonstramos que o hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico de IC, BRE, tamanho do AE e FEVE estavam independentemente associados &#224; FFA prevalente em uma popula&#231;&#227;o idosa brasileira. Adicionalmente, verificamos que 12% a 13% daqueles em ritmo sinusal apresentavam alto risco de desenvolver FFA nos 5 anos seguintes, independentemente do escore de risco usado.</p>
      <p>A idade avan&#231;ada tem sido consistentemente identificada como um dos principais fatores de risco para FFA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> apontando para o papel potencial da senesc&#234;ncia celular na fisiopatologia da FA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e mudan&#231;as recentes na expectativa de vida podem potencialmente aumentar a preval&#234;ncia dessa arritmia. Semelhante a um estudo anterior do ELSA-Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> o estudo de Rotterdam (n = 6.808) revelou que a preval&#234;ncia de FFA foi de 9% em indiv&#237;duos entre 75 e 79 anos, aumentando significativamente para 17,8% em indiv&#237;duos com 85 anos ou mais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o verificamos que a idade foi um fator independente para a preval&#234;ncia de FFA, o que pode ser explicado pelo fato de termos restringido nossa amostra a uma faixa limitada de 60 a 74 anos. Al&#233;m disso, as particularidades de nossa amostra, composta principalmente por servidores p&#250;blicos ativos, podem limitar o achado da associa&#231;&#227;o entre FFA e outros fatores estabelecidos para FFA. O acidente vascular cerebral pode ter sido sub-representado devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es impostas por essa condi&#231;&#227;o &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o em atividades de trabalho e, consequentemente, em pesquisas. Ademais, a transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica observada na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, na qual a obesidade historicamente n&#227;o foi um fator de risco prevalente, pode explicar a aus&#234;ncia desse fator de risco em idosos. Por fim, a alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em ambos os grupos pode ter anulado as diferen&#231;as relacionadas a essa situa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
      <p>Verificamos que um hist&#243;rico de IC estava associado &#224; FFA prevalente. Anteriormente, Benjamin e coautores demonstraram que a presen&#231;a de IC aumentou em 6 vezes o risco de desenvolver FA em um longo acompanhamento do Framingham Heart Study (38 anos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Essa liga&#231;&#227;o entre IC e FFA &#233; mediada por v&#225;rios mecanismos, incluindo aumento e sobrecarga da press&#227;o atrial, condu&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica alterada, express&#227;o g&#234;nica mal adaptativa e remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es complicam uma &#224; outra e aplicam um efeito prejudicial significativo &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular, sendo atualmente um alvo importante de pesquisa.</p>
      <p>Um estudo recente mostrou que o aumento atrial (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>: 1,53; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,27 a 1,85) e a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>: 1,80; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,01 a 3,26) se manifestaram com mais frequ&#234;ncia entre pacientes com FA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> refor&#231;ando nossos dados sobre o valor independente do aumento do AE e pior fun&#231;&#227;o do VE na FFA prevalente. H&#225; uma justificativa plaus&#237;vel em que a remodela&#231;&#227;o atrial adversa interfere na atividade el&#233;trica card&#237;aca, manifestando-se como altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas como BRE, que pode ser um precursor da FFA, conforme bem descrito no contexto de IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> o que est&#225; ligado ao nosso achado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico como um fator de risco para FFA prevalente.</p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de fatores de risco para FFA permitiu a elabora&#231;&#227;o de escores de risco para prever o desenvolvimento dessa arritmia com bom desempenho (CHARGE-AF:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> estat&#237;stica C 0,765 e EHR:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> estat&#237;stica C 0,777). Em nosso estudo, a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos com ritmo sinusal foi categorizada como tendo baixo risco de desenvolver FFA em 5 anos, independentemente do escore usado. A propor&#231;&#227;o de alto risco para FFA em nossa amostra foi semelhante &#224; descrita em um estudo incluindo 88.572 indiv&#237;duos com mais de 65 anos de idade de uma coorte baseada na popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, observamos que o EHR rebaixou com mais frequ&#234;ncia o risco de indiv&#237;duos previamente classificados como risco moderado ou alto pelo CHARGE-AF. Essa tend&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi observada em um estudo envolvendo mais de 4 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos, onde a discrimina&#231;&#227;o de FA do EHR foi ligeiramente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CHARGE-AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Por ser uma an&#225;lise transversal, n&#227;o pudemos estabelecer causalidade e rela&#231;&#245;es temporais. Uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes teve FFA definida por diagn&#243;stico autorrelatado (68%); no entanto, restringir o diagn&#243;stico de FFA ao registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico subestimaria o reconhecimento da FFA parox&#237;stica. Ademais, 36% da popula&#231;&#227;o foi exclu&#237;da devido &#224; falta de dados sobre o ritmo card&#237;aco basal ou ecocardiograma, demonstrando poucas diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas em compara&#231;&#227;o aos participantes estudados, o que torna improv&#225;vel que essa limita&#231;&#227;o tenha afetado os resultados do presente estudo de forma importante. Finalmente, devemos tamb&#233;m reconhecer que os modelos de previs&#227;o para FFA incidente n&#227;o foram validados para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de FFA foi associada ao hist&#243;rico de IC, BRE, dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE e menor fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE neste pa&#237;s de renda m&#233;dia. Al&#233;m disso, 12% a 13% dos pacientes em ritmo sinusal estavam em alto risco de desenvolver FFA. A vigil&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e o monitoramento dos par&#226;metros de eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos podem ajudar na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de FFA, permitindo interven&#231;&#245;es precoces e provavelmente minimizando as complica&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; FFA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer a todos os participantes do ELSA-Brasil por sua valiosa contribui&#231;&#227;o a este estudo. O presente trabalho foi apoiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia), Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos-bolsas 01 06 0010.00, 01 10 0643.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 060300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP, 01 06 0071.00 RJ) e o CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico).</p>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Trinquart</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Philippakis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Bernardo Boccalon pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 976/2006. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, clique aqui. <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240487-40487-suppl01.pdf"/></p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o e CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240487i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Characteristics Associated with Prevalent Atrial Fibrillation and Risk Profile for Incident Atrial Fibrillation an Elderly Population from ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8162-5739</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Boccalon</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa C.C</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6646-1163</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duncan</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Angela Barreto Santos Santiago &#8226; HCPA - Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Bairro Santa Cec&#237;lia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: abssantos@hcpa.edu.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics Associated with Prevalent Atrial Fibrillation and Risk Profile for Incident Atrial Fibrillation an Elderly Population from ELSA-Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Associated variables of prevalent atrial fibrillation and risk profile for future atrial fibrillation in the elderly population of the ELSA-Brasil Study. AFF: atrial fibrillation or flutter; EF: ejection fraction; HF: heart failure; LA: left atrial; LBBB: left bundle branch block; OR: odds ratio.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240487-40487-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia causing significant symptoms and raising the risk of complications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the association of clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters with prevalent atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) and assess the risk profile for incident AFF using the AF prediction scores CHARGE-AF and EHR in an elderly population from a developing country.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We included all participants in ELSA-Brasil aged 60 and over whose diagnosis of AFF could be defined through self-report or electrocardiogram and who had echocardiography performed at the study&#8217;s baseline. For statistical analysis, results with p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Among the 2,088 participants (65 &#177; 4.1 years; 53% women), 88 (4.2%) had AFF. Those with AFF were older and had higher rates of heart failure (HF), previous myocardial infarction, left bundle branch block (LBBB), prolonged QT interval, supraventricular extrasystoles, and sinus bradycardia. They also had larger left atrial and left ventricular dimensions, and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Multivariable analysis showed that HF, LBBB, larger left atrium, and lower LVEF were independently associated with AFF. The 5-year risk for incident AFF was low (&lt; 2.5%) in 63% and high (&gt; 5%) in 12% of individuals according to the CHARGE-AF score, and low in 67% and high in 13% according to the EHR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> AFF was found in 4.2% of this older Brazilian cohort. AFF was linked to HF history, LBBB, left atrial dilation, and reduced LVEF. Additionally, 12% to 13% of patients in sinus rhythm were at high risk for AFF. Monitoring clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters can aid in early identification of high-risk individuals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, and it can lead to limiting symptoms and increased risk of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The prevalence of AF varies among different populations, reaching 1% to 2% of the general population, and increases with age, particularly in individuals over 60 years old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, the limited availability of data on the prevalence of AF in low- and middle-income countries presents a significant challenge to the global efforts of AF knowledge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) is a growing problem in Brazil due to its epidemiological transition, with the accelerated aging of our population and the increase in cardiovascular diseases. In the ELSA-Brasil, a large multicenter cohort aged 35 to 74 in Brazil, the prevalence of AFF was 2.5%, progressively increasing with aging (1.2% for patients &lt; 45 years and 5.4% for those &gt; 64 years).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Another Brazilian study that included 1,524 individuals aged 65 or over found a 2.4% prevalence of this arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The presence of risk factors over decades may justify the increase in AFF incidence with aging, making the elderly more susceptible to the development of arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Furthermore, in the elderly, AFF is associated with a significantly higher risk of complications, as well as a higher chance of progressing to permanent AFF, compared to young people.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Considering that approximately 40% of individuals with AFF are clinically asymptomatic, the diagnosis of this arrhythmia may only occur after the development of its consequences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Identifying risk factors associated with AFF, as well as individuals who have higher risk scores for developing this arrhythmia, can help to monitor new cases or delay disease progression, allowing early treatment and reduction of complications. Thus, we sought to evaluate the association of clinical, electrocardiographic (ECG), and echocardiographic parameters with prevalent AFF in adults aged 60 years or more in a large Brazilian cohort and to describe the risk profile of new cases of AFF in this population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>ELSA-Brasil is a prospective cohort study designed to investigate cardiovascular disease and diabetes in 15,105 men and women, civil servants from universities or research institutions in six cities in Brazil. All active or retired employees aged 35 to 74 years were eligible for the study. We included all participants aged 60 years or older whose AFF diagnosis could be assessed at baseline and who had echocardiography at the study baseline. From the initial sample with participants &#8805; 60 years (n = 3,263), 400 participants were excluded due to unavailable data about AFF (8 due to invalid ECG and 392 due to missing information with respect to previous AFF). Of the remaining 2,863 participants, 2,088 had echocardiographic images available for analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study flowchart.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240487-40487-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The details of the study, including design, eligibility criteria, sources, recruitment methods, and measurements obtained have been described elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Committee of each participating center, and written informed consent was provided by all participants. The present investigation was a cross-sectional study of the ELSA-Brasil during the first visit (August 2008 to December 2010).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter</title>
          <p>The present study defined the diagnosis of AFF at baseline if the participant (a) had an ECG recording with AFF in the ELSA-Brazil at baseline assessment (2008 to 2010) (n = 24) or (b) indicated that they had an AF diagnosis at an age younger than that of ELSA-Brasil enrollment by the questionnaire applied 4 years after enrollment (n = 64). Between 2012 and 2014, participants were invited to undergo onsite reassessment, which included new questionnaires. In this reassessment, they were asked the following question: &#8220;Did a physician ever say that you have/had atrial fibrillation?&#8221; Participants who answered &#8220;yes&#8221; to that question were asked, &#8220;How old were you the first time a physician told you that you have/had atrial fibrillation?&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical variables</title>
          <p>The choice of clinical variables was based on the variables included in the CHARGE-AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and EHR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> risk estimation formula. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained from the baseline visit according to standardized protocols. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg measured at study clinic visit, or treatment with antihypertensive medication during the last 2 weeks. Participants were classified as having diabetes if they reported a previous diagnosis of diabetes, were taking medication for diabetes, or presented one of the following results in the laboratory tests: fasting blood glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dl, 2-hour blood glucose &#8805; 200 mg/dl, or HbA1C &#8805; 6.5%. Dyslipidemia was defined as the use of lipid-lowering medication or any of the following results: LDL cholesterol level &#8805; 130 mg/dl, total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dl, HDL-C &lt; 40 mg/dl in men or &lt; 50 mg/dl in women, or triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dl. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula and defined as chronic kidney disease when GFR &lt;60 ml/min.</p>
          <p>Previous medical conditions, including the diagnosis of HF, MI, and stroke were obtained from study standardized interviews and questionnaires. Participants who declared having smoked at least 100 cigarettes throughout their lives and who continued to smoke were considered active smokers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Race classification was based on self-declared reporting using categories of the Brazilian Demographic Census conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Furthermore, 4 risk scores were calculated aiming to estimate the risk of embolic events (CHADsVASc), cardiovascular risk (Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease [ASCVD]), and the 5-year incidence of AFF (EHR and CHARGE-AF) and, subsequently, to characterize our population by identifying the most seriously ill.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiographic variables</title>
          <p>ECG variables were obtained from a baseline visit. The procedure for acquiring and reading ECGs has been detailed in a previous publication<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and includes established quality assurance procedures. The ECGs were performed at each investigation center using the Burdick Atria 6100 device, at a calibration of 10 mm/mV and 25 mm/second speed. The exams were transmitted to the reading center electronically and were stored in a digital database for subsequent automated reading by the Glasgow System<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and coding by the Minnesota Code.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> All ECGs with AFF were verified manually by a physician.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic analyses</title>
          <p>All echocardiographic images were performed by trained echocardiographers at the first visit, using identical equipment (Aplio XG, Toshiba Corporation, Toshigi, Japan), with a 2.5 MHz sectoral transducer. Sequences of 3 cardiac cycles were selected in each echocardiographic window, recorded in digital format, and transferred to the echocardiographic reading center of ELSA-Brasil, along with a digital form with image quality and preliminary findings filled by the echocardiographer. All studies were analyzed blinded to other participant data on an offline dedicated workstation (ComPACS Review Station 10.5, Medimatic Solutions Srl, Italy). All measurements were made in triplicate following the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and included left ventricular (LV) diameters, LV wall thickness, LV mass, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and left atrial (LA) volume.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>AFF risk prediction models</title>
          <p>We used 2 published risk prediction models for AFF: the CHARGE-AF and the electronic health record-AF (EHR), which estimate the 5-year cumulative risk of incident AFF according to 3 strata as low (&lt; 2.5%), intermediate (2.5% to 5%), and high (&gt; 5%) risk categories.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The predicted model CHARGE-AF for AFF considered factors such as age, race, height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, current smoking status, use of antihypertensive medication, diabetes, and history of acute MI and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The EHR score was developed by analyzing data from 412,085 individuals. This model incorporated variables such as sex, age, race, smoking status, height, weight, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, HF, coronary heart disease, valve disease, history of stroke, peripheral arterial disease, chronic kidney disease, and hypothyroidism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics statement</title>
          <p>This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Because it is a multicenter study, ELSA-Brasil&#8217;s research protocol was approved not only by the ethics committee of each institution, but also by the National Research Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All normally distributed data were displayed as mean and standard deviation (continuous data) or as count and proportion (categorical data). Continuous variables were compared using a 2-sided t test with unequal variance and categorical variables were compared using chi-squared tests. Continuous non-normal distributed data were described as median and interquartile range and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess data normality.</p>
          <p>AFF's potential associated variables were analyzed using univariate logistic regression. A multivariable logistic model was used to identify clinically relevant, non-competing variables, using only parameters with statistical significance in univariate logistic regression. The risk prediction models for AFF were calculated and we used the Sankey diagram<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> to compare the overlapping of these two classifications. All tests were 2-sided and p values of &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The statistical analyses were performed with STATA 14.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>There were 88 participants (4.2%) with AFF among the 2,088 participants included in this study (65 &#177; 4.1 years, 53% female, and 57% self-declared white). The participants excluded from this analysis, due to missing information on AFF or echocardiography, were more obese with a higher prevalence of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and active smoking, as shown in Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics of the studied sample of participants 60 years and over of the ELSA-Brasil Study</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>All participants (n=2,088)</th>
                  <th>AFF (n=88) </th>
                  <th>Non-AFF (n=2,000)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">66.8 &#177; 4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,111 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,068 (53.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White race, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,179 (56.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (61.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,125 (56.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">72.04 &#177; 14.0</td>
                  <td align="center">72.84 &#177; 14.97</td>
                  <td align="center">72.01 &#177; 13.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27.09 &#177; 4.49</td>
                  <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 4.44</td>
                  <td align="center">27.09 &#177; 4.49</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">468 (22.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (23.86)</td>
                  <td align="center">447 (22.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,211 (58.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (63.63)</td>
                  <td align="center">1155 (57.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic blood pressure, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">129.1 &#177; 19.02</td>
                  <td align="center">127.5 &#177; 15.98</td>
                  <td align="center">129.2 &#177; 19.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">76.51 &#177; 10.71</td>
                  <td align="center">75.26 &#177; 10.03</td>
                  <td align="center">76.57 &#177; 10.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">549 (26.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (32.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">520 (26.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (3.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (16.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (3.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute myocardial infarction, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (14.77)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (3.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (2.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4.55)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (2.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (8.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (11.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (8.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,805 (86.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (88.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,727 (86.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypothyroidism, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">219 (10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">207 (10.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHARGE-AF score</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low risk, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,298 (62.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (43.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,260 (63)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intermediate risk, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">521 (24.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (23.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">500 (25)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High risk, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">269 (12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (32.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">240 (12)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EHR score</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low risk, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,384 (66.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,340 (67)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intermediate risk, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">419 (20.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (21.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">400 (20)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High risk, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">285 (13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (28.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">260 (13)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHADsVASc</td>
                  <td align="center">2.06 &#177; 1.20</td>
                  <td align="center">2.54 &#177; 1.27</td>
                  <td align="center">2.04 &#177; 1.20</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASCVD 2013, %</td>
                  <td align="center">11.4 (6.2 - 19.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8 (8.44 - 22.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.4 (6 - 19.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Numbers represent mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. AFF: atrial fibrillation or flutter; ASCVD: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimate in 10 years.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, participants with AFF were older, and they had a worse cardiovascular risk profile. They presented a higher prevalence of previous HF and MI, a higher 10-year risk of cardiovascular events according to the ASCVD score, and a higher risk of embolic events related to AFF according to their calculated CHADsVASc score. We could not find differences related to sex, presence of hypertension, obesity, and history of stroke between groups. ECG abnormalities, such as complete left bundle branch block (LBBB), prolonged QT interval, supraventricular extrasystoles, and sinus bradycardia, were more prevalent in individuals with AFF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Echocardiographic parameters in participants with AFF demonstrated larger LA (linear and volumetric parameters) and LV dimensions, lower LVEF, and more prevalent moderate to severe left valve disease compared to non-AFF cases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). In the supplemental material, we showed the analysis restricted to the 24 participants who had AFF in the baseline ECG (Supplementary Tables 2, 3, and 4).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline electrocardiographic parameters of the studied sample of participants 60 years and over of the ELSA-Brasil Study</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>All participants (n=2,064)</th>
                  <th>AFF (n=64) </th>
                  <th>Non-AFF (n=2,000)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>P wave duration, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">110.05 &#177; 14.7</td>
                  <td align="center">110.62 &#177; 16.5<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">110.03 &#177; 14.71</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Long PR interval,<sup>#</sup> n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (2.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3.45)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">43 (2.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major Q wave abnormalities, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete right bundle branch block, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete left bundle branch block, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (1.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (0.91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVH with ST-T changes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (0.68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (0.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Long QT, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (7.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (1.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left axis deviation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (6.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Right axis deviation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Supraventricular extrasystoles, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4.6)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">23 (1.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventricular extrasystoles, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (0.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinus bradycardia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (3.27)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (11.36)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">58 (2.91)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low QRS voltage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (1.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (1.86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Numbers represent mean &#177; standard deviation and n (%) for categorical variables. *Data from participants who were in sinus rhythm during the baseline electrocardiogram, but were defined as having AFF by self-report. #Considered to be above 200 ms. AFF: atrial fibrillation or flutter; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline echocardiographic parameters of the studied sample of participants 60 years and over of the ELSA-Brasil Study</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>All participants (n=2,088)</th>
                  <th>AFF (n=88) </th>
                  <th>Non-AFF (n=2,000)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left atrial diameter, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">3.61 &#177; 0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">3.91 &#177; 0.73</td>
                  <td align="center">3.60 &#177; 0.49</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left atrial volume index, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 8.44</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3 &#177; 14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 7.92</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV end-diastolic diameter, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">4.48 &#177; 0.50</td>
                  <td align="center">4.63 &#177; 0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">4.47 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV end-systolic diameter, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">2.81 &#177; 0.47</td>
                  <td align="center">3.07 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">2.79 &#177; 0.45</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Septal thickness, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Posterior wall thickness, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95 &#177; 0.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92 &#177; 0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV ejection fraction, %</td>
                  <td align="center">67.3 &#177; 6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">63.6 &#177; 9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">67.4 &#177; 6.42</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV mass/BSA, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">85 &#177; 21.3</td>
                  <td align="center">89.6 &#177; 22.6</td>
                  <td align="center">84.8 &#177; 21.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate to severe left valve disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV geometric patterns, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">923 (49)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (46.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">886 (49.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentric remodeling</td>
                  <td align="center">655 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (30.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">632 (35.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentric hypertrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (8.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eccentric hypertrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (6.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e' ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">8.7 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">8.7 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>Numbers represent mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. AFF: atrial fibrillation or flutter; BSA: body surface area; LV: left ventricular.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The odds ratios of each variable for the presence of AFF were summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>. In the multivariable logistic regression, history of HF, the presence of LBBB, left atrial volume index, and LVEF were independently associated with prevalent AFF.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Risk factors associated with the presence of atrial fibrillation or flutter at baseline of the ELSA-Brasil Study in the studied sample of participants 60 years and over</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Univariable logistic regression</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Multivariable logistic regression</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Odds ratio </th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>Odds ratio </th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05-1.16</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56-1.34</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94-1.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">3.15 - 11</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.56</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09-6.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">4.32</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3- 8.12</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81-1.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88-2.20</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">1.89</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66-5.37</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete left bundle branch block</td>
                  <td align="center">5.26</td>
                  <td align="center">1.74-15.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td align="center">4.97</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23-20</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Long QT</td>
                  <td align="center">4.33</td>
                  <td align="center">1.88-9.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Supraventricular extrasystoles</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.38-12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinus bradycardia</td>
                  <td align="center">4.27</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1-8.69</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV end-diastolic diameter (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.75</td>
                  <td align="center">1.16-2.65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV end-systolic diameter (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.38</td>
                  <td align="center">1.65-3.42</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left atrial volume index (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04-1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02-1.07</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV mass/BSA (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99-1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90-0.96</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91-0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate to severe left-sided valve disease</td>
                  <td align="center">3.99</td>
                  <td align="center">1.63-9.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>AFF: atrial fibrillation or flutter; BSA: body surface area; CI: confidence interval; LV: left ventricular.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Both risk models showed that most of the 2,000 patients in sinus rhythm at the study baseline were at low risk for developing AFF. According to the CHARGE-AF, 63% of individuals were classified as low risk (&lt; 2.5%), and 12% as high risk, with a risk of 5-year AFF greater than 5%. Similarly, according to the EHR, 67% of participants were classified as low risk, and 13% were considered high risk. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>, we demonstrate the distribution of scores among individuals in sinus rhythm and the elevated overlap between the scores with 71% of them classified as similar risk in both scores. The most significant shift in the risk category occurred among those classified as intermediate risk according to the CHARGE-AF score, who were reclassified as low risk by the EHR score.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Intersection between the AFF risk prediction profile in five years: CHARGE-AF and HER. AFF: atrial fibrillation or flutter.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240487-40487-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we demonstrated that medical history of HF, LBBB, LA size, and LVEF were independently associated with prevalent AFF in an elderly Brazilian population. Additionally, we found that 12% to 13% of those in sinus rhythm were at high risk of developing AFF in the following 5 years, regardless of the risk score used.</p>
        <p>Advanced age has consistently been identified as one of the main risk factors for AFF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> pointing to the potential role of cellular senescence in AF pathophysiology,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and recent changes in life expectancy can potentially increase the prevalence of this arrhythmia. Similar to a previous study in ELSA-Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the Rotterdam study (n = 6,808) revealed that the prevalence of AFF was 9% in individuals between 75 and 79 years old, increasing significantly to 17.8% in individuals aged 85 years and over.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In our study, we could not find that age was an independent factor for AFF prevalence, which may be explained by the fact that we restricted our sample to a limited range from 60 to 74 years. Moreover, the particularities of our sample, composed mainly of active public servants, can limit finding the association between AFF and other established factors for AFF. Stroke may have been underrepresented, due to the limitations imposed by this condition on participation in work activities and, consequently, in research. Furthermore, the epidemiological transition observed in the studied population, in which obesity was historically not a prevalent risk factor, may explain the absence of this risk factor in the elderly. Finally, the high prevalence of hypertension in both groups may have canceled the differences related to this specific situation.</p>
        <p>We found that a history of HF was associated with prevalent AFF. Previously, Benjamin and co-authors demonstrated that the presence of HF increased by 6-fold the risk of developing AF in a long follow-up of the Framingham Heart Study (38 years).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> This link between HF and AFF is mediated by various mechanisms, including atrial pressure overload and enlargement, altered myocardial conduction, maladaptive gene expression, and structural remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Both conditions complicate one another and apply a significant detrimental effect on cardiovascular health, being currently an important research target.</p>
        <p>A recent study showed that atrial enlargement (hazard ratio 1.53; 95% confidence interval 1.27 to 1.85) and systolic dysfunction (hazard ratio 1.80; 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 3.26) manifested more frequently among patients with AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> reinforcing our data about the independent value of LA enlargement and worse LV function in prevalent AFF. There is a plausible rationale where adverse atrial remodeling interferes with cardiac electrical activity, manifesting as ECG changes such as LBBB, which may be a precursor to AFF, which has been well described in the scenario of HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> which is linked to our ECG finding as a risk factor for prevalent AFF.</p>
        <p>The previous identification of AFF risk factors allowed the elaboration of risk scores to predict the development of this arrhythmia with good performance (CHARGE-AF:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> C statistic 0.765 and EHR:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> C statistic 0.777). In our study, most individuals with sinus rhythm were categorized as having a low risk of developing AFF within 5 years, regardless of the score used. The proportion of high risk for AFF in our sample was similar to that described in a study including 88,572 individuals over 65 years of age from a population-based cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Furthermore, we observed that the EHR more frequently downgraded the risk of individuals previously classified as moderate or high risk by CHARGE-AF. This trend was also observed in a study involving over 4 million individuals, where the AF discrimination of EHR was slightly greater compared to CHARGE-AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has some limitations. As this is a cross-sectional analysis, we cannot establish causality and temporal relationships. A large proportion of participants had AFF defined by self-reported diagnosis (68%); however, restricting AFF diagnosis to ECG recording would underestimate the recognition of paroxysmal AFF. Moreover, 36% of the population was excluded due to a lack of information on baseline heart rhythm or echocardiogram, demonstrating few differences in clinical characteristics compared to studied participants, thus making it unlikely that this limitation has affected important study results. Finally, we should also acknowledge that the prediction models for incident AFF were not validated for the Brazilian population.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The presence of AFF was associated with HF history, LBBB, LA dilation, and lower LV systolic function in this middle-income country. Moreover, 12% to 13% of those in sinus rhythm were at high risk of developing AFF. Clinical surveillance and monitoring of ECG and echocardiography parameters may help the early identification of individuals with a higher risk of AFF, allowing early interventions and likely minimizing the complications associated with AFF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank all ELSA-Brasil participants for their valuable contribution to this study. This work was supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Science and Technology Department), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos-grants 01 06 0010.00, 01 10 0643.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 060300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP, 01 06 0071.00 RJ), and the CNPq (the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Bernardo Boccalon, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa under the protocol number 976/2006. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>For additional information, please click here. <supplementary-material id="suppl01-en" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240487-40487-suppl01-en.pdf"/></p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o and CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
