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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7GRtgpnKqyDL3zDCSYCp37s</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000100308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240472</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efic&#225;cia e Seguran&#231;a do Isolamento Adjuvante da Parede Posterior em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Persistente: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6926-0850</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Novaes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vitor Levindo Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brasil</surname>
            <given-names>David de P&#225;dua</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-5895-9668</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia Maria de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Isadora Soares Bicalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8359-4548</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0487-0500</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalia Sernizon</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais - Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Lavras</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lavras</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var Malachias Avenida do Contorno, 3915. CEP 30110-021, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil E-mail: <email>mbmalachias@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240472</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efic&#225;cia e Seguran&#231;a do Isolamento Adjuvante da Parede Posterior em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Persistente: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7GRtgpnKqyDL3zDCSYCp37s/0518231f425ecafa8e071754a04852a9c74e7da9.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7GRtgpnKqyDL3zDCSYCp37s/58a26c356868aea21f3c34d1498d31ed9dc224bb.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) persistente, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do isolamento da parede posterior (IPP) al&#233;m do isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP) &#233; controversa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Comparar IVP mais IPP versus IVP exclusivo em pacientes com FA persistente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trata-se de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica conduzida nas bases de dados PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, LILACS, CENTRAL (Cochrane Library), e Clinicaltrials.gov por ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados comparando IVP + IPP e IVP exclusivo e FA persistente. Os desfechos foram (i) recorr&#234;ncia de FA; (ii) recorr&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais, isto &#233;, FA, taquicardia atrial, ou flutter atrial); (iii) complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes (isto &#233;, derrame ou tamponamento peric&#225;rdico; disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal ou f&#237;stula atrioesof&#225;gica); (iv) tempo m&#233;dio de abla&#231;&#227;o. O risco de vi&#233;s e a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia foram avaliados usando a ferramenta Cochrane de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de vi&#233;s (RoB 2.0) e o GRADE, respectivamente. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em 5%, e an&#225;lises por subgrupos e de sensibilidade foram realizadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos oito estudos e 1119 pacientes, dos quais 561 se submeteram a IVP+IPP. Durante o seguimento (12-24 meses), a recorr&#234;ncia de FA foi significativamente diminu&#237;da com IPP adjuvante (RR 0,66; IC 95%; 0,44-0,98). O composto de arritmias atriais recorrentes n&#227;o difere significativamente (RR 0,83, IC 95% 0,65- 1,06). As complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas maiores (RR 0,81, IC95% 0,42-1,58) foram similares, e o IVP exclusivo foi associado a um tempo m&#233;dio mais curto de procedimento (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia -23,37 minutos, IC 95% -30,23, -16,50).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O IPP adjuvante parece efetivo em melhorar FA recorrente, mas n&#227;o a recorr&#234;ncia de todas as arritmias atriais. O tempo de procedimento foi mais longo com IVP + IPP sem mudan&#231;a significativa na seguran&#231;a global. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar os benef&#237;cios em longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrofisiologia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) est&#225; aumentando na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, o que tem rela&#231;&#227;o com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Tal aumento nas taxas de FA est&#225; associado com riscos consider&#225;veis de mortalidade e morbidade, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter envolvendo o Isolamento das Veias Pulmonares (IVP) tende a ser menos efetivo em pacientes com FA persistente em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, como destacado em estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O in&#237;cio precoce do controle do ritmo est&#225; associado com progress&#227;o mais lenta da FA, e redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de mortalidade global e cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o ao controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. De fato, t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o se sobrep&#245;em &#224; terapia medicamentosa na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal. No entanto, em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados da FA, mudan&#231;as e remodelamento no substrato atrial desloca mecanismos prim&#225;rios das veias pulmonares para outras estruturas dentro do &#225;trio esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Acredita-se que a parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo exer&#231;a um papel importante na fisiopatologia da FA persistente, dada a inclus&#227;o do feixe septo-pulmonar e sua conex&#227;o embriol&#243;gica nas veias pulmonares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Apesar dos procedimentos de IVP, circuitos re-entrantes n&#227;o relacionados &#224;s veias pulmonares podem persistir dentro do &#225;trio esquerdo, diminuindo, assim, a efic&#225;cia do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diante dessas considera&#231;&#245;es, o isolamento da parede posterior (IPP) ganhou for&#231;a como uma t&#233;cnica para o manejo da FA persistente. Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o de metan&#225;lises<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> comparando IPP adjuvante ao IVP em pacientes com FA persistente, ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) subsequentes tamb&#233;m foram relatados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> recente incluindo ensaios controlados randomizados e n&#227;o randomizados, mostrou que o IPP pode melhorar significativamente a arritmia atrial e aumentar o tempo sem FA.</p>
      <p>As diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia de 2020 reconheceu o potencial da abla&#231;&#227;o extensiva, incluindo IPP, apesar de que a confirma&#231;&#227;o de sua efic&#225;cia continua pendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as diretrizes do ACC/AHA de 2023 considera incerta a avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos al&#233;m do IVP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>Dada a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, propusemos realizar uma metan&#225;lise atualizada, considerando exclusivamente ECRs e usando a estrutura GRADE (<italic>Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation</italic>) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da evid&#234;ncia. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter envolvendo o IVP com IPP adjuvante versus IVP isolado em pacientes com FA persistente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes Cochrane para revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas de interven&#231;&#245;es e foi desenvolvida de acordo com o PRISMA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O protocolo da revis&#227;o foi registrado no Open Science Framework (doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/AZ5GU).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
        <p>Para identificar ensaios cl&#237;nicos que avaliaram a efetividade e a seguran&#231;a da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter envolvendo IVP com IPP adjuvante, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao IVP isolado em pacientes com FA persistente, a pesquisa foi conduzida em quatro bases de dados independentes: PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, LILACS, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Cochrane Library). Al&#233;m disso, a estrat&#233;gia de busca incluiu ensaios cl&#237;nicos registrados no Clinicaltrials.gov junto a uma revis&#227;o manual das refer&#234;ncias de todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos, bem como revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises anteriores para identificar quaisquer estudos relevantes adicionais do in&#237;cio at&#233; agosto de 2023.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#227;o quanto ao idioma, data, tipo de documento, status de publica&#231;&#227;o, ou &#224; geografia para a inclus&#227;o dos registros. A &#250;ltima busca foi conduzida em agosto de 2023. Os descritores foram identificados no Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (DECS) e Embase Subject Headings (Emtree). A estrat&#233;gia de busca foi adaptada com base nos descritores em cada banco de dados e est&#225; apresentada no material suplementar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>O estudo avaliou os desfechos de efic&#225;cia, que envolveram a recorr&#234;ncia de FA. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo analisou a recorr&#234;ncia espec&#237;fica de arritmias atriais, definida como a ocorr&#234;ncia composta envolvendo FA, <italic>flutter</italic> atrial ou taquicardia atrial, e avaliou o tempo m&#233;dio dos procedimentos como parte da avalia&#231;&#227;o de efic&#225;cia.</p>
        <p>Os desfechos de seguran&#231;a de interesse foram relacionados &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, as quais foram definidas como complica&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas, disfun&#231;&#227;o no n&#243; sinusal, e f&#237;stula atrioesof&#225;gica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de eligibilidade</title>
        <p>Foram estabelecidos os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos eleg&#237;veis: (1) ECRs; (2) estudos comparando abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter envolvendo IVP e IPP versus abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com IVP somente; (3) pacientes que se submeteram ao procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o para FA persistente; e (4) estudos com dura&#231;&#227;o de seguimento de pelo menos 12 meses; (5) publica&#231;&#245;es relatando pelo menos um dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos de interesse.</p>
        <p>A escolha pelo tempo de acompanhamento de 12 meses foi determinada por uma revis&#227;o inicial da literatura relevante, realizada ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de &#8216;blanking&#8217; de tr&#234;s meses. Nossa an&#225;lise excluiu estudos que ca&#237;ssem nas seguintes categorias: (1) estudos que apresentassem m&#233;todos de aloca&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o randomizada; (2) estudos que n&#227;o tivesse um grupo submetido a somente IVP; e (3) estudos envolvendo pacientes diagnosticados com FA parox&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o do estudo e extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Resultados da busca eletr&#244;nica de bancos de dados pr&#233;-definidos foram enviados ao Zotero. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos e a extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados foram realizadas independentemente por dois investigadores. Um terceiro revisor resolveu discord&#226;ncias. Para registros em duplicata, somente o mais recente foi inclu&#237;do. Os autores inicialmente rastrearam t&#237;tulos e resumos, e em seguida avaliaram textos completos para verificar se os estudos preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Foram extra&#237;dos dados sobre: informa&#231;&#245;es do estudo (refer&#234;ncia, pa&#237;s, local do estudo, n&#250;mero de participantes, amostra, per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, vari&#225;veis testadas, e desfechos principais), aspectos sociodemogr&#225;ficos (idade, sexo masculino), comorbidades (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos adicionais (CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo) e m&#233;todos empregados para medir a associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica (risco relativo e diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia).</p>
        <p>Os termos de busca utilizados foram: &#8220;<italic>atrial fibrillation</italic>,&#8221; &#8220;<italic>pulmonary vein isolation</italic>,&#8221; &#8220;<italic>electrical posterior box isolation</italic>,&#8221; &#8220;<italic>posterior left atrial wall isolation</italic>,&#8221; &#8220;<italic>posterior wall isolation</italic>,&#8221; &#8220;<italic>left atrial posterior wall isolation</italic>,&#8221; e &#8220;electrical isolation of the left posterior wall&#8221;. A estrat&#233;gia de busca completa encontra-se no Ap&#234;ndice A suplementar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade</title>
        <p>A qualidade dos ECRs foi avaliada utilizando-se a ferramenta revisada Cochrane para risco de vi&#233;s de ensaios randomizados (RoB2). A ferramenta emprega um sistema de escore que categoriza os estudos como tendo um risco alto, baixo ou incerto de vi&#233;s em cinco dom&#237;nios: vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, desempenho, detec&#231;&#227;o, atrito, e de relato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Dois avaliadores analisaram independentemente o risco de vi&#233;s nos estudos selecionados. Poss&#237;veis fontes de vi&#233;s em estudos randomizados incluem gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria, sigilo na aloca&#231;&#227;o, participantes e colaboradores cegos, avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos &#224;s cegas, dados incompletos do desfecho, relato seletivo, entre outros. Tr&#234;s escores de sim, n&#227;o, e incerto foram atribu&#237;dos a cada item mencionado, para se referir a um risco alto, baixo, e desconhecido, respectivamente. As avalia&#231;&#245;es da RoB 2 foram inseridas em uma planilha do Excel. Os revisores resolveram discrep&#226;ncias por discuss&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A certeza geral do corpo de evid&#234;ncia foi analisada usando a abordagem GRADE, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o risco geral de vi&#233;s, consist&#234;ncia dos efeitos, imprecis&#227;o, evid&#234;ncia indireta e vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Em caso de preocupa&#231;&#245;es s&#233;rias em qualquer um desses dom&#237;nios, a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia foi diminu&#237;da na classifica&#231;&#227;o. O julgamento geral da RoB2 foi incorporado na avalia&#231;&#227;o GRADE.</p>
        <p>Para explorar o potencial de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, construiu-se um gr&#225;fico de funil; essa an&#225;lise incluiu a plotagem de estimativas de acordo com os pesos dos estudos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metan&#225;lise</title>
        <p>Os efeitos do tratamento foram expressos como raz&#227;o de risco (RR), uma vez que todos os desfechos eram bin&#225;rios. As RRs agrupadas foram calculadas usando modelos de efeitos aleat&#243;rios com o estimador DerSimonian e Laird e o m&#233;todo de Mantel-Haenszel, j&#225; que se esperava uma heterogeneidade cl&#237;nica. Diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias foram usadas para analisar desfechos cont&#237;nuos. A heterogeneidade nos efeitos dos estudos foi investigada usando o teste Q de Cochran e a estat&#237;stica I2. Intervalos de predi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram usados devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos em cada metan&#225;lise. A fim de se obter uma an&#225;lise mais detalhada, foram realizadas suban&#225;lises pr&#233;-especificadas. Essas suban&#225;lises inclu&#237;ram: (1) avalia&#231;&#227;o do tipo da abla&#231;&#227;o t&#233;rmica empregada, e (2) uma an&#225;lise focada em dados obtidos exclusivamente de estudos identificados como de risco de vi&#233;s baixo ou incerto.</p>
        <p>A signific&#226;ncia da heterogeneidade foi determinada por valores p abaixo de 0,10 e valores de I<sup>2</sup> acima de 25%. Em casos de heterogeneidade alta e baixa, foi usado um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de DerSimonian e Laird.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o Review Manager 5.4.1. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% foi adotado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do estudo e avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade</title>
        <p>Como detalhado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>, a fase inicial da identifica&#231;&#227;o e de rastreamento gerou um total de 437 resultados. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, a an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria identificou oito estudos envolvendo 1119 pacientes. Entre esses, 561 indiv&#237;duos (50,1%) foram submetidos a IPP adjuvante, e 558 indiv&#237;duos (49,9%) receberam abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter envolvendo IVP exclusivo. Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram randomizados quanto ao delineamento, com per&#237;odos de acompanhamento variando entre 12 e 22,5 meses. A idade m&#233;dia dos participantes variou entre 56 e 71 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA do rastreamento e da sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                  <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes IPP+/IPP-</th>
                  <th>Seguimento<sup>&#8224;</sup> (meses)</th>
                  <th>Homens (%) IPP +/ IPP -</th>
                  <th>Idade<sup>&#8224;</sup> (anos) IPP +/ IPP -</th>
                  <th>HTN (%) IPP +/ IPP -</th>
                  <th>DM (%) IPP+/ IPP -</th>
                  <th>IC (%) IPP+/IPP-</th>
                  <th>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc<sup>&#8224;</sup> IPP+/IPP-</th>
                  <th>FEVE<sup>&#8224;</sup> (%) IPP+/IPP-</th>
                  <th>DAE<sup>&#8224;</sup> (mm) IPP+/IPP-</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ahn 2022<sup>12</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">50/50</td>
                  <td align="center">15,3 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">78/90</td>
                  <td align="center">65/66</td>
                  <td align="center">76/90</td>
                  <td align="center">46/40</td>
                  <td align="center">42/48</td>
                  <td align="center">3/3</td>
                  <td align="center">58/58</td>
                  <td align="center">48/48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aryana 2021<sup>21</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">55/55</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">64/60</td>
                  <td align="center">68/71</td>
                  <td align="center">64/67</td>
                  <td align="center">25/27</td>
                  <td align="center">24/29</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4/2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">60/61</td>
                  <td align="center">44/44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kim 2014<sup>22</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">60/60</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">77/68</td>
                  <td align="center">56/58</td>
                  <td align="center">42/48</td>
                  <td align="center">13/15</td>
                  <td align="center">15/23</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">64/63</td>
                  <td align="center">42/42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kistler 2023<sup>13</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">170/168</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">77/76</td>
                  <td align="center">66/66</td>
                  <td align="center">50/44</td>
                  <td align="center">10/10</td>
                  <td align="center">26/31</td>
                  <td align="center">2/2</td>
                  <td align="center">56/55</td>
                  <td align="center">46/44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lee 2019<sup>20</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">102/105</td>
                  <td align="center">16,2 &#177; 8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">86/80</td>
                  <td align="center">59/59</td>
                  <td align="center">44/50</td>
                  <td align="center">13/17</td>
                  <td align="center">22/23</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6/1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">59/59</td>
                  <td align="center">45/44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pak 2020<sup>&#8225;24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">57/57</td>
                  <td align="center">22,5&#177;9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wong 2023<sup>&#8225;14</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">39/28</td>
                  <td align="center">12,4 &#177; 3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">79/71</td>
                  <td align="center">68/68</td>
                  <td align="center">69/79</td>
                  <td align="center">15/29</td>
                  <td align="center">28/36</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5/2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">51/53</td>
                  <td align="center">48/46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yamaji 2020<sup>23</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">24/33</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">83/91</td>
                  <td align="center">67/64</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8/1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">60/60</td>
                  <td align="center">42/46</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p><sup>&#8224;</sup>m&#233;dia ou mediana; <sup>&#8225;</sup>resumos de congresso; DM: diabetes mellitus; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HTN: hipertens&#227;o; DAE: di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ND: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel; IPP +: isolamento da parede posterior adjuvante; IVP:isolamento exclusivo das veias pulmonares; todos os estudos adotaram um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Entre os estudos selecionados, seis utilizaram t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e dois usaram crioabla&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Sete estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> relataram medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas incluindo fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo no basal. Seis estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>apresentaram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a porcentagem de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, al&#233;m dos valores m&#233;dios do escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade quanto aos principais desfechos est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A qualidade global da evid&#234;ncia foi moderada.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resumo dos resultados relacionados aos desfechos principais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes</th>
                  <th>RR/DM (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>Certeza da evid&#234;ncia (GRADE*)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Recorr&#234;ncia de FA<sup>12,13,20-22,24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">995</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0,66 (0,44, 0,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Subgrupo: abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia e recorr&#234;ncia de FA<sup>13,20,22,24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">785</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0,81 (0,56, 1,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Subgrupo: crioabla&#231;&#227;o e recorr&#234;ncia de FA <sup>2,21</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">210</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0,42 (0,20, 0,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial<sup>12-14,20-24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1119</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0,83 (0,65, 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Subgrupo: abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia na recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial<sup>13,14,20,22-24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">909</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0,94 (0,73, 1,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Subgrupo: crioabla&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o e recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial<sup>12,21</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">210</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0,63 (0,44, 0,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">Baixa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes<sup>12-14,20,21,23,24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">999</td>
                  <td align="center">RR 0,81 (0,42, 1,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia de tempo do procedimento<sup>12-14,21,22,24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1062</td>
                  <td align="center">MD +23,37min (16,50, 30,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderada</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Dados em n&#250;mero, RR ou DM (IC95%); FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; DM: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia; RR: raz&#227;o de risco; *GRADE: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; certeza moderada: estamos moderadamente certos quanto &#224; estimativa do efeito; o efeito verdadeiro &#233; provavelmente pr&#243;ximo &#224; estimativa do efeito, mas h&#225; a possibilidade de ser substancialmente diferente; baixa certeza: nossa certeza na estimativa do efeito &#233; baixa; o efeito verdadeiro pode ser substancialmente diferente da estimativa do efeito.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise agrupada de todos os estudos</title>
        <p>Entre os indiv&#237;duos que se submeteram ao IVP com IPP adjuvante, observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na recorr&#234;ncia de FA no grupo IVP + IPP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref>), sem diferen&#231;a significativa nas complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas maiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2C</xref>). No entanto, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B</xref>). Como esperando, os tempos m&#233;dios de procedimento foram significativamente mais curtos no grupo submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter e somente a IVP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi mais baixa com isolamento da parede posterior (IPP) enquanto a recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial (2B) e complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes (2C) n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos; IVP: isolamento das veias pulmonares.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; As m&#233;dias de tempos de procedimento foram mais baixas no isolamento exclusivo das veias pulmonares (IVP).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Para certificar a robustez desses achados, uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi realizada usando o m&#233;todo <italic>leave-one-out</italic>. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as substanciais em nenhum dos desfechos considerados na an&#225;lise agrupada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Suban&#225;lises nas popula&#231;&#245;es selecionadas</title>
        <p>Uma suban&#225;lise que segmentou os dados baseados no tipo do m&#233;todo de abla&#231;&#227;o utilizado, a crioabla&#231;&#227;o em conjunto com IPP adjuvante demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na FA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). Contudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quando a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia foi empregada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). Quanto &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial, a crioabla&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o com IPP adjuvante levou &#224; uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa, o que n&#227;o foi observada com abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter usando isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP) com isolamento da parede posterior (IPP) diminuiu a recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com o uso de crioabla&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o, mas n&#227;o com abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter usando isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP) com isolamento da parede posterior (IPP) diminuiu recorr&#234;ncia arritmia atrial com o uso de crioabla&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o, mas n&#227;o com abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ao refinar a an&#225;lise para incluir somente estudos classificados como de risco de vi&#233;s baixo ou incerto, a suban&#225;lise revelou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em termos de recorr&#234;ncia de FA. O mesmo foi observado quanto &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial quando se considerou o IPP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Suban&#225;lise excluindo estudos com alto risco de vi&#233;s n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em termos de recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (6A) recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial (6B).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de cada ECR encontra-se detalhada na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0472_Supplementary_Material.pdf">Tabela S1</ext-link>. Embora nenhum profissional que realizou a crioabla&#231;&#227;o por cateter era cego durante os estudos, em cinco refer&#234;ncias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> os avaliadores dos desfechos foram mantidos cegos quanto &#224; aloca&#231;&#227;o do tratamento do paciente. Em todos os tr&#234;s estudos classificados como de alto risco de vi&#233;s,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> os avaliadores n&#227;o eram cegos &#224; randomiza&#231;&#227;o, induzindo, assim, a um risco potencial consider&#225;vel de vi&#233;s na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do desfecho.</p>
        <p>Como mostrado na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0472_Supplementary_Material.pdf">Figura S1</ext-link>, houve evid&#234;ncia prospectiva de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, particularmente entre os estudos com menor RR. O gr&#225;fico de funil demonstra uma distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica de estudos de peso similar, principalmente no canto inferior esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise atualizada incluindo oito estudos e 1119 pacientes, comparamos principalmente a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter realizando tanto IVP como IPP. Os principais achados sugerem que o IPP do &#225;trio esquerdo foi associado com menores taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de FA, mas maior m&#233;dia de tempo de procedimento. Entretanto, a inclus&#227;o do IPP pode n&#227;o aumentar significativamente o per&#237;odo de tempo livre de ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial em pacientes com FA persistente, embora seja considerado um procedimento seguro em compara&#231;&#227;o ao IVP sozinho.</p>
      <p>Vale ressaltar que uma an&#225;lise mais detalhada do impacto do m&#233;todo de abla&#231;&#227;o, a crioabla&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o com IPP reduziu significativamente a recorr&#234;ncia tanto de FA como de arritmia atrial, enquanto n&#227;o foi observado nenhum efeito significativo com a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia. Ao remover os estudos considerados de alto risco de vi&#233;s, o IPP adjuvante n&#227;o levou a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na recorr&#234;ncia de nenhuma dessas duas condi&#231;&#245;es. Consequentemente, a abla&#231;&#227;o com IPP poderia ser um procedimento adicional empregado nos pacientes com FA persistente. Resta provar se as novas t&#233;cnicas de mapeamento sofisticadas que visam focos fora das veias pulmonares, juntamente com a abla&#231;&#227;o com IVP, podem melhorar os resultados de efic&#225;cia.</p>
      <p>Enquanto o IPP adjuvante reduziu a recorr&#234;ncia de FA, a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais continuou similar entre o grupo IVP + IPP e o grupo IVP. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o pode ser devido &#224; incid&#234;ncia aumentada de taquicardia atrial ap&#243;s isolamento completo da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A partir dessa perspectiva, as vantagens de diminuir a incid&#234;ncia de FA devem ser cuidadosamente avaliadas diante da possibilidade de os pacientes apresentarem outras arritmias atriais como a taquicardia atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A heterogeneidade e a inconsist&#234;ncia (I<sup>2</sup> alto) foram observadas em certos desfechos de interesse e possivelmente poderiam ser atribu&#237;das a v&#225;rios fatores: (1) t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o: a variabilidade nos tipos de t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o utilizadas, isto &#233;, crioabla&#231;&#227;o ou radiofrequ&#234;ncia. M&#233;todos diferentes podem levar a desfechos vari&#225;veis dadas as diferen&#231;as no fornecimento de energia, caracter&#237;sticas da les&#227;o, e intera&#231;&#245;es teciduais. (2) Varia&#231;&#227;o do operador: diferentes operadores nos diferentes estabelecimentos de sa&#250;de, cada um com n&#237;veis variados de experi&#234;ncia e habilidades nos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, podem contribuir para heterogeneidade. (3) M&#233;todo de monitoramento do ritmo: o uso de monitores de Holter intermitente versus monitoramento di&#225;rio com dispositivo implant&#225;vel pode introduzir heterogeneidade. Esses m&#233;todos distintivos de monitoramento do ritmo card&#237;aco podem influenciar a precis&#227;o da detec&#231;&#227;o de arritmia. (4) Risco de vi&#233;s: a presen&#231;a de um risco alto ou incerto de vi&#233;s em alguns estudos podem contribuir para heterogeneidade. A variabilidade na qualidade do estudo e na metodologia pode impactar na confiabilidade dos resultados e na consist&#234;ncia dos desfechos.</p>
      <p>A natureza complexa da FA persistente, caracterizada por degenera&#231;&#227;o progressiva e uma variedade de fen&#243;tipos, requer que sejam consideradas as caracter&#237;sticas individuais dos pacientes e as estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o, estendendo-se al&#233;m da natureza da doen&#231;a em si.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Particularmente quando se considera um &#225;trio com extenso remodelamento, a influ&#234;ncia de outros vasos al&#233;m da veia pulmonar sobre a manuten&#231;&#227;o da FA &#233; bem conhecida. Nesse contexto, Verma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> conduziram um ECR multic&#234;ntrico que explorou a efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o extrapulmonar, e conclu&#237;ram que a realiza&#231;&#227;o dessa t&#233;cnica empiricamente n&#227;o ofereceu benef&#237;cios. Diretrizes atuais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o recomendam abla&#231;&#227;o extrapulmonar emp&#237;rica em pacientes com FA persistente. Assim, a &#234;nfase passa para a necessidade de se identificar e executar a abla&#231;&#227;o extrapulmonar precisa para melhorar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos em casos espec&#237;ficos. Ainda, as tecnologias de mapeamento existentes t&#234;m limita&#231;&#245;es na detec&#231;&#227;o de gatilhos. Espera-se que avan&#231;os futuros, tais como na t&#233;cnica de crioabla&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> ou na abla&#231;&#227;o por campo pulsado, melhore o tempo sem ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial em longo prazo. Al&#233;m disso, uma abordagem personalizada, como abla&#231;&#227;o guiada por simula&#231;&#227;o, integrada com anatomia baseada em imagens, e a abordagem individualizada de &#225;reas de baixa voltagem, poderia melhorar significativamente desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com FA persistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Metan&#225;lises pr&#233;vias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> j&#225; haviam indicado a superioridade do IPP adjuvante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IVP exclusivo. Este estudo fornece evid&#234;ncia derivada de uma sele&#231;&#227;o de ECRs, refor&#231;ada por uma busca estrat&#233;gica em m&#250;ltiplas bases de dados. Ainda, a pesquisa conduziu uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da evid&#234;ncia aplicando-se a metodologia FRAME. Esses resultados enfatizam a necessidade cr&#237;tica de se aproveitar o potencial da abla&#231;&#227;o com IPP como uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica e destacam a import&#226;ncia de se adotar uma abordagem individualizada, focada no paciente. A perman&#234;ncia sem a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial depende do conhecimento acerca do fen&#243;tipo atrial, da identifica&#231;&#227;o dos gatilhos prim&#225;rios da FA, e da individualiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento quanto a gatilhos extrapulmonares. Enquanto a busca de uma abla&#231;&#227;o mais extensa pare&#231;a atraente a fim de se melhorar os desfechos do procedimento, a abla&#231;&#227;o tecidual incompleta ou um bloqueio bidirecional inadequado pode levar a consequ&#234;ncias pr&#243;-arritmog&#234;nicas, compostas por um alto risco de complica&#231;&#245;es associado com tempos mais longos de procedimento.</p>
      <p>Diante desses resultados, ensaios futuros devem considerar sistematicamente a abla&#231;&#227;o al&#233;m das veias pulmonares, utilizando o mapeamento atrial e uma abordagem fenot&#237;pica, com o aux&#237;lio da crioabla&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o ou abla&#231;&#227;o por campo pulsado. Essa abordagem poderia tamb&#233;m categorizar diferentes subgrupos com base nas caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas e de remodelamento atrial comuns, direcionando, assim, pesquisas futuras. Dados cl&#237;nicos e pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos apoiam nossos resultados, indicando que esses t&#234;m import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e n&#227;o passam de mera coincid&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante reconhecer as limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo. Primeiro, a abordagem ao monitoramento do ritmo card&#237;aco ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o variou, sendo que monitores de Holter intermitentes foram utilizados em alguns estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e monitoramento di&#225;rio e cont&#237;nuo facilitado por dispositivos implant&#225;veis em outros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Embora o monitoramento com dispositivos implant&#225;veis seria o ideal, os custos associados seriam proibitivos. Ainda, nem sempre foi poss&#237;vel manter os avaliadores cegos quanto &#224; randomiza&#231;&#227;o, incluindo alguns envolvidos na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos do estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em pacientes diagnosticados com FA persistente, a inclus&#227;o de IPP demonstra benef&#237;cios potenciais para se atingir maior liberdade de ocorr&#234;ncia de FA em compara&#231;&#227;o a somente IVP. Nossos resultados enfatizam a necessidade de abordagens que consideram as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente, a extens&#227;o do remodelamento atrial, e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas efetivas de mapeamento, principalmente de locais extrapulmonares. M&#233;todos abrangentes de IVP, tais como a crioabla&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o ou procedimentos por campo pulsado, podem revelar novas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas no manejo de pacientes com FA persistente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240472i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Posterior Wall Isolation in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6926-0850</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Novaes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vitor Levindo Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brasil</surname>
            <given-names>David de P&#225;dua</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-5895-9668</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia Maria de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Isadora Soares Bicalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8359-4548</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0487-0500</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalia Sernizon</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais - Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var Malachias Avenida do Contorno, 3915. Postal Code 30110-021, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil E-mail: mbmalachias@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Posterior Wall Isolation in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> In patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF), addition of posterior wall isolation (PWI) to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is controversial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> Compare PVI plus PWI versus PVI alone in patients with persistent AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We searched PubMed (by MEDLINE), Embase, LILACS, CENTRAL (by Cochrane Library), and Clinicaltrials.gov databases for randomized trials comparing PVI + PWI and PVI alone in persistent AF. The outcomes were: (i) AF recurrence; (ii) composite of recurrent atrial arrhythmias (i.e., AF, atrial tachycardia, or atrial flutter); (iii) major clinical complications (i.e., pericardial effusion or tamponade, sinus node dysfunction, or atrioesophageal fistula); (iv) mean ablation time. Risk of bias and quality of evidence were evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool and GRADE, respectively. Statistical significance was set at 5%, and subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> We included eight studies and 1119 patients, of which 561 underwent PVI + PWI. During follow-up (12 &#8211; 24 months), recurrence of AF was significantly reduced with adjunctive PWI (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.44-0.98). Composite of recurrent atrial arrhythmias did not differ significantly (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.65-1.06). Major clinical complications (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.42-1.58) were similar, with PVI alone having a shorter mean procedure time (mean difference -23.37 minutes, 95% CI -30.23, -16.50).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Adjunctive PWI appears to be effective in improving recurrent AF, but not recurrence of all atrial arrhythmias. Procedure time was longer with PVI + PWI without significant change in overall safety. Further studies should focus on long-term benefit.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Electrophysiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The prevalence of AF is rising on the aging population, linked with metabolic syndrome. This increase in AF rates is associated with considerable mortality and morbidity risks, including heart failure and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>Catheter ablation involving pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) tends to be less effective in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) compared to those with paroxysmal AF, as highlighted by previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Early initiation of rhythm control is associated with slower AF progression and reduced cardiovascular and overall mortality risks compared to rate control. Notably, ablation techniques surpass drug therapy in maintaining sinus rhythm. However, in advanced AF stages, changes and remodeling in atrial substrate shift primary mechanisms away from the pulmonary veins to other structures within the left atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The posterior wall of the left atrium is believed to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of persistent AF, given the inclusion of the septopulmonary bundle and its embryological connection to the pulmonary veins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Despite PVI procedures, reentrant circuits unrelated to the pulmonary veins may persist within the left atrium, thereby diminishing the efficacy of ablation procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In light of these considerations, posterior wall isolation (PWI) has gained a foothold as a technique to manage persistent AF. Following the publication of earlier meta-analyses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>comparing adjunctive PWI to PVI in patients with persistent AF, subsequent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have also been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A recent meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> including randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, showed that PWI might significantly improve freedom from AF and overall atrial arrhythmia.</p>
        <p>The 2020 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines acknowledged the potential of extensive ablation, including PWI, albeit its efficacy confirmation remains pending.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Similarly, the 2023 ACC/AHA Guidelines consider uncertain the assessment of endpoints beyond PVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Given the clinical relevance, we proposed to carry out an updated meta-analysis, exclusively considering RCTs and using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) framework for evidence quality evaluation. The study aims to assess catheter ablation involving PVI with adjunctive PWI versus PVI alone in patients with persistent AF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and Methods</title>
        <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis followed recommendations of the Cochrane Guidelines for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and was developed according to PRISMA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The review protocol was registered at Open Science Framework (doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/AZ5GU).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy</title>
          <p>To identify clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness and safety of catheter ablation involving PVI with adjunctive PWI, as opposed to PVI alone in patients with persistent AF we searched four independent databases: PubMed (by MEDLINE), Embase, LILACS, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (by Cochrane Library). Additionally, we searched for registered clinical trials at the Clinicaltrials.gov and manually reviewed the references of all included studies, as well as prior systematic reviews and meta-analyses, to identify any additional relevant studies &#8212; from inception until August 2023.</p>
          <p>There was no language, date, document type, publication status or geographic restriction for inclusion of records. The last search was conducted in August 2023. Descriptors were identified in Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (DECS) and Embase Subject Headings (Emtree). The search strategy was adapted based on descriptors in each database and is presented in the Supplementary material.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>The study assessed efficacy outcomes, which encompassed the recurrence of AF. Additionally, the study analyzed the specific recurrence of atrial arrhythmias, defined as a composite occurrence involving AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia. and evaluated mean procedural times as part of the efficacy assessment.</p>
          <p>The safety outcomes of interest revolved around major complications, which were defined as pericardial complications, sinus node dysfunction, or atrioesophageal fistula.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>We established the following inclusion criteria for selection of eligible studies: (1) RCTs; (2) studies with comparison of catheter ablation involving PVI plus PWI <italic>versus</italic> catheter ablation with PVI alone; (3) patients who underwent ablation procedure for persistent AF; and (4) studies with a follow-up duration of at least 12 months; (5) publications reporting at least one of the clinical outcomes of interest.</p>
          <p>The choice for a 12-month follow-up duration was determined by an initial review of relevant literature, conducted following a three-month blanking period. Our analysis excluded studies falling into the following categories: (1) those featuring non-randomized allocation methods; (2) those lacking a PVI alone group; and (3) those involving patients diagnosed with paroxysmal AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection and data extraction</title>
          <p>Electronic search results from predefined databases were uploaded to Zotero. Study selection and data extraction was independently performed by two investigators. A third reviewer resolved any disagreements. For duplicate registrations, only the most recent one was included. Authors initially screened titles and abstracts, and subsequently assessed the full texts of the studies to determine whether they met inclusion criteria.</p>
          <p>We extracted data on: study information (reference, country, study location, number of participants, sample, follow-up period, tested variables and main outcomes), sociodemographic aspects (age, male sex), comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, and heart failure), additional clinical parameters (CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score, left ventricular ejection fraction, left atrial diameter) and methods employed to measure statistical association (relative risk, and mean difference).</p>
          <p>The search terms employed were: &#8220;atrial fibrillation,&#8221; &#8220;pulmonary vein isolation,&#8221; &#8220;electrical posterior box isolation,&#8221; &#8220;posterior left atrial wall isolation,&#8221; &#8220;posterior wall isolation,&#8221; &#8220;left atrial posterior wall isolation,&#8221; and &#8220;electrical isolation of the left posterior wall&#8221;. The complete search strategy can be found in Supplemental Appendix A.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment</title>
          <p>The quality evaluation of RCTs was conducted using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for RCTs (RoB 2). The tool employs a scoring system that categorizes studies as having high, low, or unclear risk of bias across five domains: selection, performance, detection, attrition, and reporting biases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Two investigators independently assessed the risk of bias in the selected studies. Possible sources of bias in randomized trials include random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, among others. Three scores of yes, no, and unclear were given to each before mentioned item, referring to high risk, low risk, and unknown risk, respectively. We entered and organized our RoB 2 assessments on an Excel spreadsheet. Reviewers resolved discrepancies by discussion.</p>
          <p>The overall certainty of the body of evidence was rated by using the GRADE approach, considering overall risk of bias, consistency of effect, imprecision, indirectness and publication bias. If there were serious concerns in any of these domains, we rated down the quality of evidence. We incorporated the overall RoB2 judgment into our GRADE assessment.</p>
          <p>To explore the potential for publication bias, a funnel-plot was constructed; this analysis involved plotting point estimates in accordance with study weights.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta-analysis</title>
          <p>Treatment effects were expressed as risk ratios (RRs) as all outcomes were binary. Pooled RRs were calculated using random effect models with the DerSrlfi0monian and Laird estimator and the Mantel-Haenszel method, as clinical heterogeneity was expected. Mean differences were employed to analyze continuous outcomes. Statistical heterogeneity among studies&#8217; effects was investigated by using Cochran Q test and I<sup>2</sup> statistic. Prediction intervals were not used due to the small number of studies in each meta-analysis. In order to provide a more detailed analysis, pre-specified subanalyses were carried out. These subanalyses included: (1) an examination of the type of thermal ablation employed, and (2) a focused analysis of data solely from studies identified as having low or uncertain risk of bias.</p>
          <p>Significance for heterogeneity was determined by <italic>p</italic>-values below 0.10 and I<sup>2</sup> values surpassing 25%. In cases of both high and low heterogeneity, a DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was employed.</p>
          <p>The statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4.1. A level of significance of 5% was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study characteristics and quality assessment</title>
          <p>As detailed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>, the initial phase of identification and screening yielded a total of 437 results. Following the application of eligibility criteria, the primary analysis identified eight studies involving 1119 patients. Among these, 561 individuals (50.1%) underwent adjunctive PWI, while 558 subjects (49.9%) received catheter ablation involving PVI alone. All the included studies were randomized in design, with follow-up periods ranging from 12 to 22.5 months. The mean age of participants ranged from 56 to 71 years. Baseline characteristics of included studies are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; PRISMA flow diagram of study screening and selection.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of included studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study</th>
                    <th>No. of Patients PWI+/PWI-</th>
                    <th>Follow-Up<sup>&#8224;</sup> (months)</th>
                    <th>Men (%) PWI+/PWI-</th>
                    <th>Age<sup>&#8224;</sup> (years) PWI+/PWI-</th>
                    <th>HTN (%) PWI+/PWI-</th>
                    <th>DM (%) PWI+/PWI-</th>
                    <th>HF (%) PWI+/PWI-</th>
                    <th>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc<sup>&#8224;</sup> PWI+/PWI-</th>
                    <th>LVEF<sup>&#8224;</sup> (%) PWI+/PWI-</th>
                    <th>LAD<sup>&#8224;</sup> (mm) PWI+/PWI-</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ahn 2022<sup>12</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">50/50</td>
                    <td align="center">15.3 &#177; 2</td>
                    <td align="center">78/90</td>
                    <td align="center">65/66</td>
                    <td align="center">76/90</td>
                    <td align="center">46/40</td>
                    <td align="center">42/48</td>
                    <td align="center">3/3</td>
                    <td align="center">58/58</td>
                    <td align="center">48/48</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aryana 2021<sup>21</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">55/55</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">64/60</td>
                    <td align="center">68/71</td>
                    <td align="center">64/67</td>
                    <td align="center">25/27</td>
                    <td align="center">24/29</td>
                    <td align="center">2.4/2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">60/61</td>
                    <td align="center">44/44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kim 2014<sup>22</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">60/60</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">77/68</td>
                    <td align="center">56/58</td>
                    <td align="center">42/48</td>
                    <td align="center">13/15</td>
                    <td align="center">15/23</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">64/63</td>
                    <td align="center">42/42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kistler 2023<sup>13</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">170/168</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">77/76</td>
                    <td align="center">66/66</td>
                    <td align="center">50/44</td>
                    <td align="center">10/10</td>
                    <td align="center">26/31</td>
                    <td align="center">2/2</td>
                    <td align="center">56/55</td>
                    <td align="center">46/44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lee 2019<sup>20</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">102/105</td>
                    <td align="center">16.2 &#177; 8.8</td>
                    <td align="center">86/80</td>
                    <td align="center">59/59</td>
                    <td align="center">44/50</td>
                    <td align="center">13/17</td>
                    <td align="center">22/23</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6/1.9</td>
                    <td align="center">59/59</td>
                    <td align="center">45/44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pak 2020<sup>&#8225;24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">57/57</td>
                    <td align="center">22.5&#177;9.4</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Wong 2023<sup>&#8225;14</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">39/28</td>
                    <td align="center">12.4 &#177; 3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">79/71</td>
                    <td align="center">68/68</td>
                    <td align="center">69/79</td>
                    <td align="center">15/29</td>
                    <td align="center">28/36</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5/2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">51/53</td>
                    <td align="center">48/46</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yamaji 2020<sup>23</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">24/33</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">83/91</td>
                    <td align="center">67/64</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8/1.5</td>
                    <td align="center">60/60</td>
                    <td align="center">42/46</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p><sup>&#8224;</sup>mean or median; <sup>&#8225;</sup>conference abstracts; DM: diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure; HTN: hypertension; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVEF: left ventricular eject fraction; NA: not available; PWI+: adjunctive posterior wall isolation; PWI-: pulmonary vein isolation alone. All studies adopted a level of significance of 5%.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Among the selected studies, six used radiofrequency ablation techniques<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and two employed cryoballoon catheter ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Seven studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> reported echocardiographic measurements including left ventricular ejection fraction and left atrium diameter at baseline. Six studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>provided information on the percentage of patients with hypertension, diabetes, and heart failure, along with the mean CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score.</p>
          <p>Quality assessed at the outcome level using GRADE methodology is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. The overall quality of the evidence was moderate.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Summary of findings for the main outcomes</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Number of patients</th>
                    <th>RR/MD (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>Certainty of evidence (GRADE*)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AF recurrence<sup>12,13,20-22,24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">995</td>
                    <td align="center">RR 0.66 (0.44, 0.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Subgroup: radiofrequency ablation in AF recurrence<sup>13,20,22,24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">785</td>
                    <td align="center">RR 0.81 (0.56, 1.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Subgroup: cryoballoon ablation in AF recurrence<sup>2,21</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">210</td>
                    <td align="center">RR 0.42 (0.20, 0.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">Low</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial arrhythmia recurrence<sup>12-14,20-24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1119</td>
                    <td align="center">RR 0.83 (0.65, 1.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Subgroup: radiofrequency ablation in atrial arrhythmia recurrence<sup>13,14,20,22-24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">909</td>
                    <td align="center">RR 0.94 (0.73, 1.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Subgroup: cryoballoon ablation in atrial arrhythmia recurrence<sup>12,21</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">210</td>
                    <td align="center">RR 0.63 (0.44, 0.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">Low</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Major clinical complications<sup>12-14,20,21,23,24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">999</td>
                    <td align="center">RR 0.81 (0.42, 1.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean procedure time<sup>12-14,21,22,24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1062</td>
                    <td align="center">MD +23.37min (16.50, 30.23)</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Data are n, RR or MD (95% CI). AF: atrial fibrillation; MD: mean difference; RR: risk ratio. *GRADE: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is low; the true effect might be substantially different from the estimate of the effect.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pooled analysis of all studies</title>
          <p>Among individuals who underwent PVI with adjunctive PWI, there was a trend indicating reduction in AF recurrence in the PVI + PWI group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref>), without significant difference in major clinical complications (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2C</xref>). However, no statistically significant difference was observed between groups concerning atrial arrhythmia recurrence (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B</xref>). As expected, mean procedural times were significantly shorter in the group undergoing catheter ablation with PVI alone (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Atrial fibrillation recurrence (2A) was lower with adjunctive posterior wall isolation (PWI), while atrial arrhythmia recurrence (2B), and major clinical complications (2C) were not significantly different between groups.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Mean procedural times were lower when performing pulmonary vein isolation alone.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>To ascertain the robustness of these findings, a sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out method. Notably, no substantial differences emerged in the overall pooled analysis for any of the endpoints under consideration.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subanalyses in selected populations</title>
          <p>A subanalysis that segmented data based on the type of ablation method utilized, cryoballoon ablation in conjunction with adjunctive PWI demonstrated a significant reduction in AF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). However, no significant difference between groups was found when radiofrequency ablation was employed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). Regarding atrial arrhythmia recurrence, cryoballon ablation with adjunctive PWI yielded a significant reduction, which was not observed with radiofrequency ablation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Catheter ablation using pulmonary vein isolation with posterior wall isolation reduced atrial fibrillation recurrence when using cryoballoon, but not with radiofrequency ablation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Catheter ablation using pulmonary vein isolation with posterior wall isolation reduced atrial arrhythmia recurrence when using cryoballoon, but not with radiofrequency ablation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Upon refining the analysis to include only studies evaluated as having low or uncertain risk of bias, the subanalysis revealed no substantial difference between groups in terms of AF recurrence (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6A</xref>). Similarly, the impact on atrial arrhythmia recurrence remained statistically neutral when adjunctive PWI was considered (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Subanalysis excluding high risk of bias studies showed no significant difference between groups in terms of atrial fibrillation recurrence (6A) and atrial arrhythmia recurrence (6B).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240472-40472-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment</title>
          <p>Quality assessment of each RCT is detailed in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0472_Supplementary_Material.pdf">Table S1</ext-link>. Although no catheter ablation operators were blinded during the studies, in five references<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> outcome adjudicators were kept blinded to patient treatment allocation. In all three studies labeled as high overall risk of bias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> the operators were not blinded to randomization, thereby introducing a considerable potential risk of bias in outcome interpretation.</p>
          <p>As depicted in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0472_Supplementary_Material.pdf">Figure S1</ext-link>, there has been prospective evidence of publication bias, particularly among lower-weighted studies associated with lower RRs. The funnel plot demonstrates an asymmetric distribution of similarly weighted studies, primarily in the lower left corner.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this systematic review and updated meta-analysis including eight studies and 1,119 patients, we compared catheter ablation using PVI alone to catheter ablation performing PVI with PWI. Primary findings suggest that isolation of the posterior wall of the left atrium was associated with lower AF recurrence rates but longer mean procedural times. However, inclusion of PWI may not significantly increase freedom from atrial arrhythmia in patients with persistent AF, despite being considered a safe procedure when compared to PVI alone.</p>
        <p>Notably, when scrutinizing the impact of the ablation method, cryoballoon ablation with PWI significantly reduced both AF and atrial arrhythmia recurrence, whereas no significant effect was observed with radiofrequency ablation. Remarkably, when removing studies assessed as having a high risk of bias, adjunctive PWI did not lead to a decrease in either AF or atrial arrhythmia recurrence. Consequently, PWI ablation could be an additional procedure employed in patients with persistent AF. Whether new sophisticated mapping techniques targeting non-pulmonary vein foci combined with PVI ablation can improve efficacy results remains to be proved.</p>
        <p>While adjunctive PWI reduced the recurrence of AF, the overall occurrence of atrial arrhythmias remained similar between the PVI+PWI and PVI only groups. This observation could be due to an increased incidence of atrial tachycardia following the complete isolation of the posterior wall of the left atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> From this perspective, the advantages of decreasing AF incidence must be carefully balanced against the likelihood of patients experiencing other atrial arrhythmias, such as atrial tachycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Heterogeneity and inconsistency (high I<sup>2</sup>) were observed in certain endpoints of interest and could likely be attributed to several key factors: (1) ablation techniques: the variability in the types of ablation techniques used, <italic>i.e.</italic> cryoballoon or radiofrequency. Different methods may yield varying outcomes due to differences in energy delivery, injury characteristics, and tissue interactions. (2) Operator variation: different operators across various health care settings, each with varying levels of experience and skills in catheter ablation procedures, may contribute to heterogeneity. (3) Rhythm monitoring manner: the use of intermittent Holter monitors <italic>versus</italic> daily implantable device monitoring may introduce heterogeneity. These distinctive methods of rhythm monitoring may influence the precision of arrhythmia detection. (4) Risk of bias: the presence of high or uncertain risk of bias in some studies could contribute to heterogeneity. Variability in study quality and methodology can impact the reliability of results and the consistency of outcomes.</p>
        <p>The complex nature of persistent AF, characterized by progressive degeneration and a variety of phenotypes, requires consideration of individual patient characteristics and ablation strategies, extending beyond the disease&#8217;s nature itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Particularly when confronting extensively remodeled atria, influence of extra-pulmonary vein triggers on AF maintenance is well-acknowledged. In this context, Verma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> conducted a multicenter RCT that explored the efficacy of extra-PV ablation, concluding that empirical extra-PV ablation did not offer benefits. Current guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>also do not recommend routine empirical extra-PV ablation in patients with persistent AF. Hence, the emphasis shifts towards the need to identify and precisely ablate extra-PV foci to enhance clinical outcomes in specific cases. Yet, the existing mapping technologies have limitations when it comes to trigger mapping. Future advancements, such as in cryoballoon<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>or pulsed field ablation, are expected to yield better long-term freedom from atrial arrhythmia outcomes. Moreover, a personalized approach, such as simulation-guided ablation integrated with image-based anatomy and individualized low-voltage area targeting, could significantly enhance clinical outcomes in persistent AF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous meta-analyses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> had already indicated the superiority of adjunctive PWI over PVI alone. This study provides evidence derived from a selection of RCTs, reinforced by a search strategy across multiple databases. In addition, the research conducted a quality of evidence assessment with the GRADE framework. Altogether, the results emphasize the critical need to grasp the potential of PWI ablation as a therapeutic option and underscores the significance of adopting a patient-specific, targeted approach. Long-term freedom from atrial arrhythmia hinges on understanding the atrial phenotype, identifying primary AF triggers, and tailoring treatment for individual extra-PV triggers. While the pursuit of more extensive ablation might seem appealing to enhance procedural outcomes, incomplete tissue ablation or inadequate bidirectional block can yield proarrhythmogenic consequences, further compounded by high risk of complications associated with longer procedural times.</p>
        <p>In light of our findings, we propose that forthcoming trials should systematically evaluate guided extra-PV ablation using atrial mapping and a phenotypical approach, with the aid of cryoballoon or pulsed-field ablation. This approach could also categorize different subgroups based on phenotypical and common atrial remodeling characteristics, thus guiding further research efforts. Both clinical and preclinical data offer support, indicating that our results are clinically meaningful and not a mere coincidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study. First, the approach to rhythm monitoring post-ablation varied, with intermittent Holter monitors used in some studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and daily or continuous monitoring facilitated by implantable devices in others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> While daily implantable device-based monitoring would be optimal, the associated costs can be prohibitive. Additionally, the blinding of operators to randomization was not always feasible, and in some instances, those interpreting study endpoints were also not blinded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In patients diagnosed with persistent AF, the inclusion of PWI demonstrates potential benefits for achieving greater freedom from AF when compared to the conventional PVI alone. Our findings emphasize the need for approaches that consider the patient&#8217;s characteristics, the extent of atrial remodeling, and the utilization of effective mapping techniques, especially to non-pulmonary vein sites. Comprehensive PVI ablation methods, such as cryoballoon or pulsed-field-based procedures, may unveil new therapeutic options to manage patients with persistent AF.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0472_Supplementary_Material.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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