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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YSpvKQvbQkvCsVW5z63qZXz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000100801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240435</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Redu&#231;&#227;o da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca ap&#243;s Teste de Esfor&#231;o &#233; Maior em Adultos Fisicamente Ativos e sem Fator de Risco Familiar para Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6723-5758</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Magno Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jaciara Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Evandra Maria da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6690-6345</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Senger</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Pr&#243;-Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Pr&#243;-Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Pedro Gabriel Senger Braga: Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524. CEP 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>pedro.senger@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240435</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; investigar a influ&#234;ncia da pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico, em esteira, em adultos assintom&#225;ticos, com e sem fator de risco familiar para doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Duzentos e cinquenta adultos de ambos os sexos com idades entre 18 e 59 anos foram estudados. Nenhum dos participantes tinham hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e n&#227;o utilizavam rem&#233;dios para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. Todos foram submetidos ao teste de esfor&#231;o com o protocolo Ellestad. Os valores de delta foram calculados pela subtra&#231;&#227;o da FC de pico pela FC do primeiro, segundo, quarto e sexto minuto de recupera&#231;&#227;o. O hist&#243;rico familiar cardiovascular e de atividade f&#237;sica foram documentados. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feito o teste de ANOVA seguido pelas compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni ou Kruskall-Wallis seguido das compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Dunn. O delta do primeiro, segundo, quarto e sexto minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o, foi menor nos indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o praticavam atividade f&#237;sica e que n&#227;o tinham fator de risco cardiovascular familiar, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos fisicamente ativos e sem fator de risco familiar. Os valores de delta n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os fisicamente ativos com fatores de risco cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o aos fisicamente inativos com hist&#243;rico familiar nos momentos estudados. A pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, em indiv&#237;duos sem fator de risco familiar, pode promover melhor controle auton&#244;mico, proporcionando maior capacidade de reduzir a FC ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o. Isso n&#227;o foi observado naqueles com fator de risco familiar, pois a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica n&#227;o influenciou a FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o teste ergom&#233;trico (TE), &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular em adultos assintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A capacidade do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico de controlar a FC imediatamente ap&#243;s o TE, reduzindo mais do que 12 batimentos no primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o, est&#225; associada ao melhor progn&#243;stico em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos que reduzem valores inferiores a este.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Este efeito &#233; atribu&#237;do &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica e ao aumento do dom&#237;nio parassimp&#225;tico;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> h&#225;bitos relacionados ao estilo de vida, como a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica (AF), pode diminuir a atividade muscular nervosa simp&#225;tica pelo aumento do t&#244;nus vagal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Ademais, o risco de desenvolver doen&#231;a cardiovascular, est&#225; aumentado em indiv&#237;duos com o risco familiar, que s&#227;o aqueles os quais os pais e/ou irm&#227;o foram diagnosticados com doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou tiveram algum evento, como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), parada card&#237;aca (PC), e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE), antes dos 60 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O desfecho cardiovascular naqueles com RF &#233; influenciado pelas comorbidades, como a obesidade e o tabagismo, assim como pela presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Portanto, entender se a pr&#225;tica de AF pode influenciar a FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos sem comorbidades, &#233; fundamental para absorvemos marcadores na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica que s&#227;o bem estabelecidos na literatura cient&#237;fica e devem ser acompanhados na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica do paciente. Isso se faz importante, pois foi observado em homens obesos com RF que a redu&#231;&#227;o da FC ap&#243;s o TE est&#225; prejudicada, demonstrando mau progn&#243;stico; no entanto, este preju&#237;zo &#233; predominantemente atribu&#237;do ao RF presente nesses indiv&#237;duos e n&#227;o &#224; obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nosso estudo visa determinar se a pr&#225;tica de AF, em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos que alcan&#231;am as recomenda&#231;&#245;es dos 150 minutos semanais de atividade moderada, pode atenuar a influ&#234;ncia do RF na FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo &#233; investigar a influ&#234;ncia do hist&#243;rico da pr&#225;tica de AF na FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o de adultos assintom&#225;tico com e sem RF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram estudados 250 adultos de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 59 anos durante os exames rotineiros da Cl&#237;nica Pr&#243;-Cora&#231;&#227;o, formando, ent&#227;o, uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia. Inicialmente, os pacientes foram avaliados, junto aos seus prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, pelo mesmo m&#233;dico cardiologista. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade, entre 18 e 59 anos, aus&#234;ncia de queixas cardiovasculares, como dor na nuca e palpita&#231;&#245;es, estar apto a realizar um TE no protocolo Ellestad de pelo menos seis minutos, atingindo ao menos 85% da FC predita para a idade (220 &#8211; idade = FC predita). O protocolo Ellestad foi escolhido por ser aplic&#225;vel &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o a ser estudada, adultos jovens e de meia-idade assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular, tornando este o protocolo exclusivo para a participa&#231;&#227;o do estudo e para que n&#227;o haja interfer&#234;ncia de outros protocolos, por gerarem diferentes respostas hemodin&#226;micas. Al&#233;m disso, o protocolo escolhido oferece maior intensidade frente aos outros, gerando o estresse cardiovascular necess&#225;rio para avalia&#231;&#227;o do sistema cardiovascular no tempo adequado, de 6 a 12 minutos. Apesar deste protocolo ser realizado a todo tempo com 10% de inclina&#231;&#227;o, podendo gerar fadiga perif&#233;rica ao inv&#233;s de central, todos os testes inclu&#237;dos foram, ao menos, subm&#225;ximos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: diagn&#243;stico e/ou sintomas de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, eletrocardiograma ileg&#237;vel, arritmias pr&#233;-teste, PAS &#8805; 180 mmHg, PAD &#8805; 110 mmHg em repouso, limita&#231;&#245;es ortop&#233;dicas para execu&#231;&#227;o do teste, ingest&#227;o de cafe&#237;na no dia do teste e uso de f&#225;rmacos para o controle das cr&#244;nicas, como a hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemias, hipotireoidismo e hipertireoidismo. Al&#233;m do uso de f&#225;rmacos, indiv&#237;duos que reportaram estar sobre algum tratamento hormonal n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. Por fim, foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o tinham conhecimento sobre as informa&#231;&#245;es referentes ao RF. Cabe ressaltar que n&#227;o houve controle referente aos h&#225;bitos alimentares e &#224; rotina de sono dos participantes.</p>
      <p>A partir do c&#225;lculo amostral de estudos anteriores, utilizamos &#945;=0,05, 1-&#946;=0,80, m&#233;dias de 16 e 9 e o desvio padr&#227;o de 11,2, sendo necess&#225;rios, ao menos, 41 participantes por grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Este estudo est&#225; registrado nos Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos (NCT05987891). As vari&#225;veis iniciais, como a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e a FC foram coletadas na esteira, com o participante na posi&#231;&#227;o em p&#233; com os eletrodos no t&#243;rax (Inbramed&#174;, Porto Alegre, Brasil). A PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, PAS e PAD respectivamente, foram avaliadas pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio. Todos os aparelhos passam anualmente por manuten&#231;&#245;es preventivas, garantindo a qualidade do dado analisado. A FC, PAS e PAD foram avaliadas no repouso, no final de cada est&#225;gio do teste antes do incremento da esteira, no pico do esfor&#231;o e no primeiro, segundo, quarto e sexto minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o. O pico do exerc&#237;cio foi definido pela incapacidade do participante de continuar realizando esfor&#231;o naquela carga, referindo exaust&#227;o volunt&#225;ria. Para investigar o controle auton&#244;mico, n&#227;o foram feitas an&#225;lises da variabilidade da FC e da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica. Utilizamos um c&#225;lculo que &#233; fact&#237;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, utilizando o delta da FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Os valores de delta foram calculados pela FC m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada no teste subtra&#237;do pela FC do primeiro, segundo, quarto e sexto minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o. Foi cuidadosamente explicado e questionado durante as consultas se os pacientes faziam, ao menos, 150 minutos de AF moderada por semana no &#250;ltimo ano. No que tange ao RF, foi perguntado se algum parente, pais e irm&#227;os, foi diagnosticado ou teve algum evento cardiovascular, como o IAM, PC e o AVE antes dos 60 anos. De acordo com os questionamentos, grupos foram formados pela presen&#231;a (+), ou aus&#234;ncia (-) dos fatores estudados, portanto: n&#227;o atinge a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AF e n&#227;o tem RF (-AF/-RF), atinge a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AF e n&#227;o tem RF (+AF/-RF), n&#227;o atinge a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AF, mas tem RF (-AF/+RF), e aqueles que atingiam a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AF e tinha RF (+AF/+RF), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>. Todos os dados foram coletados pelos mesmos autores, que s&#227;o devidamente treinados e experientes.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxo da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes envolvidos no estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240435-40435-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O teste de normalidade e Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi realizado para verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas pelo teste de ANOVA seguido de m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es de Bonferroni, quando o dado era normal, ou Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelas compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Dunn, quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o do dado n&#227;o era normal. Foi feita a an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncias (ANCOVA) seguida de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni para verificar o impacto do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) e a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) sobre o delta da FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o nos grupos estudados. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado. Foi considerado estat&#237;stica se p&lt;0,05. Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Foi utilizado o programa GraphPad Prism, vers&#227;o 5.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o de sexo entre os grupos estudados. No que diz respeito ao tabagismo ativo e aos ex-fumantes, a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi igual entre os grupos estudados: -AF/-RF (n=16), +AF/-RF (n=9), -AF/+RF (n=17) e +AF/+RF (n=8). Na an&#225;lise de todos os testes, n&#227;o foram encontradas arritmias, nem testes sugestivos para isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio em toda a amostra estudada.</p>
      <p>A idade foi igual entre os quatro grupos. O IMC e a CA estavam maiores no -AF/-RF do que no +AF/-RF e +AF/+RF (p&lt;0,05; p&lt;0,01, respectivamente), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. O tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o do TE foi igual entre os grupos. A FC, PAS e PAD de repouso n&#227;o diferiram. Entretanto, a FC m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada durante o teste foi maior no +AF/-RF do que nos -AF/+RF (p&lt;0,05), ainda assim, os valores press&#243;ricos m&#225;ximos e do per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o foram iguais.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e hemodin&#226;micas dos grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros/grupos</th>
                <th>-AF /-RF (n=82)</th>
                <th>+AF/-RF (=79)</th>
                <th>-AF/+RF (n=46)</th>
                <th>+AF/+RF (n=43)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (F/M)</td>
                <td align="center">28/54</td>
                <td align="center">34/45</td>
                <td align="center">22/24</td>
                <td align="center">19/24</td>
                <td align="center">0,4258</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">42 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,2200</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,8 &#177; 3,8 <sup>a, b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">25,6 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,0088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CA (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">99,6 &#177; 11,1 <sup>c, d</sup></td>
                <td align="center">92,2 &#177; 13,0</td>
                <td align="center">96,9 &#177; 13,0</td>
                <td align="center">91,9 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,0007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de exerc&#237;cio (s)</td>
                <td align="center">430 &#177; 102</td>
                <td align="center">491 &#177; 148</td>
                <td align="center">454 &#177; 137</td>
                <td align="center">451 &#177; 117</td>
                <td align="center">0,1328</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">FC (bpm)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Repouso</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">79 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">79 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,1981</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#225;xima</td>
                <td align="center">167 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">171 &#177; 12 <sup>e</sup></td>
                <td align="center">164 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">168 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,0459</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>% Predita para a idade</td>
                <td align="center">93 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">94 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">93 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0,4402</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Repouso</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">118 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">119 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,1894</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#225;xima</td>
                <td align="center">152 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">150 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">151 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">152 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">0,3373</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Repouso</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">78 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">79 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">78 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,3478</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#225;xima</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">78 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">78 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,3182</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; bpm: batimentos por minuto; <sup>a</sup>- -AF/-RF vs. +AF/-RF: p&lt;0,05; <sup>b</sup>- -AF/-RF vs. +AF/+RF: p&lt;0,05; <sup>c</sup>- -AF/-RF vs. +AF/-RF: p&lt;0,01; <sup>d</sup>- -AF/-RF vs. +AF/+RF: p&lt;0,01; <sup>e</sup>- +AF/-RF vs. -AF/+RF: p&lt;0,05,</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os valores de delta da FC do primeiro, segundo, quarto e sexto minuto foram menores no grupo -AF/-RF em compara&#231;&#227;o ao +AF/-FR (p&lt;0,05), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as no delta da FC do primeiro, segundo, quarto e sexto minuto entre os outros grupos estudados. Os valores do terceiro e do quinto minuto n&#227;o foram documentados pois n&#227;o s&#227;o fornecidos automaticamente pelo software utilizado no teste.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de delta da FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o dos grupos estudados.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240435-40435-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A partir das diferen&#231;as encontradas do IMC e da CA entre grupos &#8211; AF/-RF e +AF/-RF, foi feita a an&#225;lise para verificar se poderiam influenciar no delta da FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o como fatores de confus&#227;o. Entretanto, apesar do IMC e da CA estarem maiores e os valores de delta menores no grupo -AF/-RF em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo +AF/-RF, mesmo ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise, a diferen&#231;a dos valores de delta da FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o se mantiveram nos grupos estudados (p&lt;0,05), conforme demonstrado na Tabela 2 do Material Suplementar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos dados mostram a influ&#234;ncia do hist&#243;rico de AF sobre o sistema auton&#244;mico, reduzindo com maior efetividade a FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos sem FR. O grupo -AF/-FR, que demonstrou menor redu&#231;&#227;o na FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o do que o +AF/-RF, tamb&#233;m tinha maior IMC e CA. No entanto, dados mostram que a FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o &#233; menor nos indiv&#237;duos com RF, independente do IMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Refor&#231;ando os achados do estudo atual em compara&#231;&#227;o ao supracitado, podemos observar uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o do hist&#243;rico de AF em reduzir a FC ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o em quem tem RF, uma vez que j&#225; foi demonstrado que a pr&#225;tica de AF melhora o controle auton&#244;mico em adultos, independente do sexo, idade e IMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O papel da pr&#225;tica de AF na melhora do controle da FC, PAS e PAD est&#225; bem documentado em pacientes hipertensos n&#227;o tratados, promovendo maior controle dessas vari&#225;veis. Por tr&#225;s destes efeitos cl&#237;nicos, &#233; conhecido que o sistema respons&#225;vel por este efeito, est&#225; na redu&#231;&#227;o de disparos da atividade simp&#225;tica muscular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esta, que como uma de nossas limita&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o foi avaliada no presente estudo. A atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica avaliada de maneira direta, est&#225; maior em pacientes sarcop&#234;nicos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o sarcop&#234;nicos. Al&#233;m disso, os valores de delta da FC do primeiro e do segundo minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o TE est&#227;o menores nesses mesmos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Esses dados demonstram como a atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica influencia diretamente a FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Mais adiante, dados similares mostram, em pacientes infartados, que a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ao longo de seis meses diminui a atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica e a FC de repouso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O hist&#243;rico de RF influencia negativamente o sistema cardiovascular. Quando expostos ao estresse, indiv&#237;duos com o RF presente tem a resposta exacerbada e o preju&#237;zo na recupera&#231;&#227;o da FC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Inclusive, a presen&#231;a do RF &#233; mais influente do que a obesidade, no que diz respeito &#224;s respostas hemodin&#226;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Corroborando com estes achados, o presente estudo apresentou que, mesmo ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o pelo IMC e pela CA. os valores de delta da FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o se mantiveram, em todos os tempos estudados, entre os grupos -AF/-RF e +AF/-RF. An&#225;lises como essa s&#227;o importantes, pois a documenta&#231;&#227;o do risco familiar por meio de question&#225;rio, juntamente a uma medida rotineira da cl&#237;nica, enriquecem a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. O monitoramento da FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma medida com uma melhor rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio e bem documentada quanto ao seu papel no risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O valor de delta da FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o &#233; um achado que caracteriza a atividade do sistema auton&#244;mico sobre a circula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Em algumas comorbidades, o desequil&#237;brio desse sistema &#233; observado, caracterizando a alta atividade simp&#225;tica e a redu&#231;&#227;o, ou at&#233; a inibi&#231;&#227;o, do componente vagal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Inclusive, a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica retarda a reativa&#231;&#227;o vagal, prejudicando a FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, e at&#233; o segundo minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o, ocorre o predom&#237;nio da reativa&#231;&#227;o vagal e a redu&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> que pode estar prejudicada na popula&#231;&#227;o com RF. &#201; importante ressaltar que a FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o &#233; influenciada pelas concentra&#231;&#245;es de norepinefrina, que diminui ap&#243;s o segundo minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> pela disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> al&#233;m de ser dependente de diferentes mecanismos como o comando central, mecanoreflexo, metaborreflexo e a termorregula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Esses fatores n&#227;o foram avaliados no presente estudo.</p>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade nervosa, tal como da variabilidade da FC e registros da AF e do RF mais detalhados s&#227;o as principais limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo, que, por outro lado, garante futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre a tem&#225;tica dos fatores de risco familiares. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o envolve a aus&#234;ncia da documenta&#231;&#227;o sobre o sono e alimenta&#231;&#227;o, que podem interferir na FC; entretanto, vale ressaltar que nenhum dos volunt&#225;rios faziam uso de f&#225;rmacos de maneira cont&#237;nua.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Indiv&#237;duos sem RF e que estejam engajados na pr&#225;tica de AF regularmente, t&#234;m a maior capacidade de reduzir a FC na fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s um TE, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o praticantes. Efeitos esses, observados ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o pelo IMC e CA. Por outro lado, naqueles com RF, a pr&#225;tica de AF n&#227;o demonstrou influenciar a FC de recupera&#231;&#227;o. A aus&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#245;es diretas da atividade auton&#244;mica &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, assim como uma possibilidade para futuros trabalhos na popula&#231;&#227;o com RF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - HCFM/USP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 6.258.413. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240435i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Rate Reduction after Effort Test Is Higher in Physically Active Adults without Familial Cardiovascular Risk Factor</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6723-5758</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Magno Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jaciara Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Evandra Maria da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6690-6345</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Senger</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research;</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Pr&#243;-Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Pedro Gabriel Senger Braga Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524. Postal Code 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: pedro.senger@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of physical activity on heart rate (HR) recovery, after treadmill exercise testing, in asymptomatic adults, with and without familial risk factors (FR) for cardiovascular disease. Two hundred and fifty (250) adults of both sexes aged 18 to 59 years were included in the study. None of the participants had a history of cardiovascular disease or used medications for chronic diseases. All individuals underwent exercise testing using the Ellestad protocol. Delta values were calculated by subtracting peak HR from HR in the first, second, fourth, and sixth minutes of recovery. The family history of cardiovascular disease and physical activity were documented. For statistical analysis, ANOVA was performed, followed by Bonferroni or Kruskall-Wallis multiple comparisons, followed by Dunn&#8217;s multiple comparisons. The delta values at the first, second, fourth, and sixth minutes of recovery were lower in individuals who did not engage in physical activity and had no family cardiovascular risk factor, compared to those who were physically active and had no family risk factor. No differences in delta values were observed between physically active individuals with cardiovascular risk factors and physically inactive individuals with a family history at the time points studied. In individuals without a family risk factor, physical activity appears to enhance autonomic control, increasing the capacity to reduce HR after exercise. However, this effect was not evident in those with a family risk factor, as physical activity did not impact recovery HR.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>autonomic nervous system</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Recovery heart rate (HR) after exercise testing (ET) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in asymptomatic adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A reduction in HR of more than 12 beats in the first minute of recovery after an ET indicates better autonomic nervous system control. It is associated with a more favorable prognosis, compared to reductions below this threshold.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This benefit is attributed to decreased sympathetic nervous activity and increased parasympathetic dominance;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> lifestyle factors, such as physical activity (PA), can reduce sympathetic nervous activity in muscles by increasing vagal tone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Additionally, individuals with a familial risk (FR) of cardiovascular disease &#8211; those with parents or siblings diagnosed with cardiovascular disease or who experienced events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cardiac arrest (CA), or stroke (CVA) before age 60 &#8211; are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The cardiovascular outcome in those with FR is influenced by comorbidities, such as obesity and smoking, as well as by the presence of cardiometabolic diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Therefore, understanding whether PA can influence recovery HR in individuals without comorbidities is essential for incorporating well-established markers into clinical practice, which should be routinely monitored in patients&#8217; clinical histories. This is particularly relevant, since in obese men with FR, the reduction in HR following ET was impaired, indicating a poorer prognosis; however, this impairment is primarily attributed to the presence of FR rather than to obesity itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Our study aims to determine whether meeting the recommended 150 minutes of moderate PA per week can mitigate the impact of FR on recovery HR in asymptomatic individuals. Thus, the objective of the present study is to examine the influence of PA history, on the recovery HR, of asymptomatic adults with and without FR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Two hundred and fifty (250) adults of both sexes, aged between 18 and 59 years, were assessed during routine examinations at Cl&#237;nica Pr&#243;-Cora&#231;&#227;o, thus forming a convenience sample. Initially, the patients were evaluated, along with their medical records, by the same cardiologist. Inclusion criteria were: age between 18 and 59 years, absence of cardiovascular symptoms (e.g., neck pain, palpitations), ability to complete an ET using the Ellestad protocol for at least six minutes and achieving at least 85% of age-predicted HR (220 - age = predicted HR). The Ellestad protocol was chosen due to its suitability for the young and middle-aged asymptomatic adult population being studied, ensuring a standardized protocol without interference from variations in hemodynamic responses seen in other protocols. Additionally, the chosen protocol provides greater intensity in comparison to the others, thus generating the cardiovascular stress necessary to assess the cardiovascular system within the appropriate timeframe (6 to 12 minutes). While this protocol maintains a 10% incline throughout, which can induce peripheral fatigue rather than central fatigue, all tests were at least submaximal. Exclusion criteria included diagnosed cardiovascular disease or symptoms, unreadable electrocardiogram, pre-test arrhythmias, resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805; 180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 110 mmHg, orthopedic limitations, caffeine intake on the test day, or the use of medications for chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism. In addition to the use of drugs, individuals who reported being on any hormonal treatment were not included. Finally, those not aware of the information regarding the FR were excluded. It is worth noting that there was no control regarding the participants&#8217; eating habits and sleep routines.</p>
        <p>Based on the sample size calculation from previous studies, we used &#945;=0.05, 1-&#946;=0.80, means 16 and 9, and a standard deviation of 11.2, requiring at least 41 participants per group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The ethics committee approved the study, and all participants signed the informed consent form. This study is registered in Clinical Trials (NCT05987891). Initial variables, such as blood pressure (BP) and HR, were collected on a treadmill, with the participant standing with the electrodes on the chest (Inbramed&#174;, Porto Alegre, Brazil). Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP respectively) were assessed by the auscultatory method. All devices undergo annual preventive maintenance, ensuring the quality of the data analyzed. HR, SBP, and DBP were assessed at rest, at the end of each stage of the test before increasing the treadmill, at peak effort, and in the first, second, fourth, and sixth minutes of recovery. The peak of exercise was defined by the participant&#8217;s inability to continue exerting effort at that load, referring to voluntary exhaustion. To investigate autonomic control, analyses of HR variability and sympathetic nervous activity were not performed. A clinically practical calculation was used, based on the delta of recovery HR. Delta values were obtained by subtracting the HR at the first, second, fourth, and sixth minutes of recovery from the maximum HR achieved during the test. During consultations, patients were asked whether they had engaged in at least 150 minutes of moderate PA per week over the past year. For FR assessment, they were asked if any relatives (parents or siblings) had been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease or experienced events like AMI, CA, or stroke before the age of 60. Based on these responses, groups were classified by the presence (+) or absence (-) of PA and FR: those who did not meet the PA recommendation and had no FR (-PA/-FR), those who met the PA recommendation without FR (+PA/-FR), those who did not meet the PA recommendation but had FR (-PA/+FR), and those who met the PA recommendation and had FR (+PA/+FR), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>. All data were collected by the same authors, who are properly trained and experienced.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flow chart of the distribution of study participants.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240435-40435-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The normality and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were performed to verify the distribution of the data. Statistical analyses were performed using the ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons when the data were normal, or Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn&#8217;s multiple comparisons when the data distribution was not normal. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons was performed to verify the impact of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) on the delta recovery HR in the studied groups. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test. Statistics were considered if p&lt;0.05. Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. GraphPad Prism, version 5.0, was used.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>There was no difference in sex distribution between the studied groups. Regarding active smoking and ex-smokers, the distribution was equal between the studied groups: -PA/-FR (n=16), +PA/-FR (n=9), -PA/+FR (n=17) and +PA/+FR (n=8). In the analysis of all tests, no arrhythmias or tests suggestive of myocardial ischemia were found in the entire sample studied.</p>
        <p>Age was the same between the groups. The BMI and WC were higher in the -PA/-FR than in the +PA/-FR and +PA/+FR (p&lt;0.05; p&lt;0.01, respectively), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The duration of the ET was the same between the groups. HR, SBP, and DBP at rest did not differ. However, the maximum HR reached during the test was higher in the +PA/-FR than in the -PA/+FR group (p&lt;0.05), with the maximum blood pressure values and recovery period being the same.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Anthropometric and hemodynamic variables of the groups studied</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters/groups</th>
                  <th>-PA /-FR (n=82)</th>
                  <th>+PA/-FR (=79)</th>
                  <th>-PA/+FR (n=46)</th>
                  <th>+PA/+FR (n=43)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (F/M)</td>
                  <td align="center">28/54</td>
                  <td align="center">34/45</td>
                  <td align="center">22/24</td>
                  <td align="center">19/24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4258</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2200</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8 &#177; 3.8 <sup>a, b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26.1 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">25.6 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0088</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">99.6 &#177; 11.1 <sup>c, d</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">92.2 &#177; 13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">96.9 &#177; 13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">91.9 &#177; 12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Exercise time (sec)</td>
                  <td align="center">430 &#177; 102</td>
                  <td align="center">491 &#177; 148</td>
                  <td align="center">454 &#177; 137</td>
                  <td align="center">451 &#177; 117</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1328</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">HR (bpm)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resting state</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">79 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">79 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1981</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Maximum</td>
                  <td align="center">167 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">171 &#177; 12 <sup>e</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">164 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">168 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0459</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% Predicted for age</td>
                  <td align="center">93 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">94 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">93 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4402</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resting state</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">118 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">119 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1894</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Maximum</td>
                  <td align="center">152 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">150 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">151 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">152 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3373</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resting state</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">78 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">79 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">78 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3478</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Maximum</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">78 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">78 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3182</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; bpm: beats per minute; a- -PA/-FR vs. +PA/-FR: p&lt;0.05; b- -PA/-FR vs. +PA/+FR: p&lt;0.05; c- -PA/-FR vs. +PA/-FR: p&lt;0.01; d- -PA/-FR vs. +PA/+FR: p&lt;0.01; e- +PA/-FR vs. -PA/+FR: p&lt;0.05,</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The delta HR values of the first, second, fourth and sixth minutes were lower in the -PA/-FR group compared to the +PA/-FR (p&lt;0.05), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>. No differences were found in the delta HR of the first, second, fourth and sixth minutes between the other groups studied. The values of the third and fifth minutes were not documented since the software does not automatically provide them.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Recovery HR delta values of groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240435-40435-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Based on the differences found in BMI and WC between the -PA/-FR and +PA/-FR groups, an analysis was performed to verify whether they could influence the delta HR of recovery as confounding factors. Although BMI and WC were higher and delta values were lower in the -PA/-FR group compared to the +PA/-FR group, a significant difference in delta HR values during recovery remained between the groups (p&lt;0.05), as shown in Table 2 of the Supplementary Material.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our data demonstrate that the history of PA positively influences the autonomic system, reducing recovery HR more effectively in individuals without FR. The -PA/-FR group, which showed a smaller reduction in recovery HR than the +PA/-FR group, also had higher BMI and WC. However, the data indicate that recovery HR is lower in individuals with FR, regardless of BMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Supporting our findings, a comparison with previous studies suggests a possible limitation in PA&#8217;s effectiveness at reducing HR post-exercise in those with FR, despite evidence that PA improves autonomic control in adults across sex, age, and BMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The role of PA in improving HR, SBP and DBP control is well documented in untreated hypertensive patients, promoting greater control of these variables. It is known that the system responsible for these clinical effects is the reduction of muscular nervous sympathetic activity triggers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This was not evaluated in the present study, comprising one of our limitations. The sympathetic nerve activity assessed directly is greater in sarcopenic patients with heart failure compared to non-sarcopenic patients. Additionally, the delta HR values of the first and second minutes of recovery after ET are lower in these same patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> These data demonstrate how sympathetic nerve activity directly influences recovery HR. Additionally, other studies in post-infarction patients have shown that six months of physical exercise lowers both sympathetic activity and resting HR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The history of FR negatively influences the cardiovascular system. When exposed to stress, individuals with FR have an exacerbated response and impaired HR recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In fact, FR is more influential than obesity in terms of hemodynamic responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In line with these findings, our study found that even after adjusting for BMI and WC, delta values of recovery HR were consistent at all time points between the -PA/-FR and +PA/-FR groups. Analyses like this are valuable, as documenting family risk via a questionnaire along with routine clinical measurements enhances risk stratification. Monitoring recovery HR is a cost-effective measure whose role in cardiovascular risk is well documented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The delta value of the recovery HR is a finding that characterizes the activity of the autonomic system on the circulation after exercise. In some comorbidities, an imbalance in this system is observed, characterized by high sympathetic activity and a reduced or inhibited vagal response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In fact, sympathetic hyperactivity delays vagal reactivation, impairing the recovery HR. Following exercise, during the initial two minutes of recovery, vagal reactivation becomes predominant while sympathetic activation decreases;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> this process may be compromised in individuals with FR. Recovery HR is influenced by norepinephrine levels, which drop after the second minute of recovery,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> endothelial dysfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and multiple mechanisms, including central command, mechanoreflex, metaboreflex, and thermoregulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These factors were not evaluated in this study.</p>
        <p>A limitation of this study is the lack of assessment of nervous activity markers, such as HR variability, and more detailed records of PA and FR, all of which open avenues for future research on family risk factors. Another limitation is the absence of documentation on sleep and diet, which may affect HR; however, it is worth noting that none of the participants were continuous drug users.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Individuals without FR who regularly engage in PA demonstrate a greater capacity for HR reduction in the recovery phase after an ET compared to non-practitioners, even after adjustments for BMI and WC. On the other hand, in those with FR, PA did not show any influence on recovery HR. The lack of direct autonomic activity assessments remains a limitation, as well as a potential area for future research in populations with FR.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - HCFM/USP under the protocol number 6.258.413. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
