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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CQqWX6CscLndHsy7rbHzkCP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000100307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240265</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Estimativa de Colesterol de Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade (sdLDL-C) e Risco de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular Ateroscler&#243;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Shutang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Du</surname>
            <given-names>Jinjie</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Peng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lei</surname>
            <given-names>Min</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhong</surname>
            <given-names>Canye</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ou</surname>
            <given-names>Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-9382-0389</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sun</surname>
            <given-names>Zhen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Chongqing University Fuling Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chongqing</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases &#8211; Geriatrics, Chongqing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Zhen Sun &#8226; Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases &#8211; Geriatrics - No.2, Gaosuntang Road, Fuling District Chongqing 408000 - China E-mail: <email>sunzhenflh@outlook.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240265</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Estimativa de Colesterol de Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade (sdLDL-C) e Risco de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular Ateroscler&#243;tica</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/CQqWX6CscLndHsy7rbHzkCP/1dccde7c4c1bb311725f79147652f06f43c5dd72.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Uma nova f&#243;rmula para estimar o colesterol de lipoprote&#237;nas pequenas, densas e de baixa densidade (sdLDL-C) com base nos resultados do painel lip&#237;dico padr&#227;o &#233; proposto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entreestimado sdLDL-C (EsdLDL-C) e o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular arteroscler&#243;tica (DCVA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 12.192 participantes do banco de dados do <italic>Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)</italic> entre 2010 e 2020 foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo transversal. EsdLDL-C foi calculada como EsdLDL-C = LDL-C- [1,43 &#215; LDL-C - (0,14 &#215; (ln (TG) &#215; LDL-C)) - 8,99]. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram utilizadas para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre EsdLDL-C e risco de DCVA. As an&#225;lises de subgrupos foram realizadas com base na idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), hipertens&#227;o, e diabetes. Uma raz&#227;o de possibilidades (OR) com um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC) foi utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o. P&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Entre 12.192 participantes, 1.239 (10,16%) tinham DCVA. A m&#233;dia de sdLDL-C dos participantes foi estimada em 42,43&#177;14,75 mg/dL usando a f&#243;rmula. N&#237;veis elevados de EsdLDL-C (OR=1,33; IC 95%, 1,06-1,66) foram associados a um aumento do risco de DCVA. As an&#225;lises de subgrupos descobriram que pode haver uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre EsdLDL-C (P<sub>intera&#231;&#227;o</sub>=0,001) ou n&#227;o-HDL-C (P<sub>intera&#231;&#227;o</sub>=0,015) e hipertens&#227;o no risco de DCVA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> N&#237;veis elevados estimados de sdLDL-C foram associados ao risco de DCVA, e o sdLDL-C estimado pode ser uma alternativa &#224; medi&#231;&#227;o do sdLDL-C para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCVA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="4"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) &#233; uma doen&#231;a insidiosa e cr&#244;nica que geralmente progride para um est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado quando os sintomas aparecem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As doen&#231;as mais frequentes da DCVA s&#227;o a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria e o acidente vascular cerebral, que s&#227;o a principal causa de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de relatou que a DCVA se tornou a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo, ceifando aproximadamente 17,9 milh&#245;es de vidas a cada ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A identifica&#231;&#227;o e o monitoramento de biomarcadores associados &#224; DCVA desempenham um papel importante na sua preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>O aumento do colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) &#233; um fator causal fundamental no desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o da DCVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores demonstraram que indiv&#237;duos com baixos n&#237;veis de LDL-C t&#234;m menor incid&#234;ncia de DCVA do que aqueles com altos n&#237;veis de LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O LDL &#233; composto por v&#225;rias subclasses de part&#237;culas com diferentes tamanhos e densidades, incluindo LDLs grandes flutuantes (lb) e intermedi&#225;rias e pequenas densas (sd).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, o sdLDL pode ser um biomarcador melhor do que outros subtipos para risco de DCVA em diferentes subtipos de LDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Foi relatado que o sdLDL est&#225; associado a uma variedade de doen&#231;as, incluindo dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos, obesidade e diabetes tipo 2, e &#233; considerado um fator de risco para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Portanto, a medi&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de sdLDL-C &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia no monitoramento do risco de DCVA. Os m&#233;todos tradicionais de medi&#231;&#227;o de sdLDL-C dependiam de ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o complexa ou eletroforese em gel de gradiente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O equipamento especial necess&#225;rio para medi&#231;&#227;o e longo tempo de ensaio limitou a aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da medi&#231;&#227;o de sdLDL. Sampson et al. desenvolveram uma nova equa&#231;&#227;o para estimar sdLDL-C com base nos resultados do painel lip&#237;dico padr&#227;o com um coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o de 0,745.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No entanto, sua f&#243;rmula s&#243; foi estabelecida na popula&#231;&#227;o estadunidense, e a adapta&#231;&#227;o e o efeito estimado em outras popula&#231;&#245;es permanece pouco claro.</p>
      <p>Aqui, levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que a f&#243;rmula de Sampson et al. para estimar sdLDL tamb&#233;m era aplic&#225;vel a outras popula&#231;&#245;es e estava associada ao risco de DCVA. Dados do banco de dados do <italic>Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)</italic> foram usados para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sdLDL e risco de DCVA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados e participantes</title>
        <p>Os dados utilizados no estudo transversal foram extra&#237;dos do banco de dados KNHANES entre 2010 e 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O banco de dados KNHANES &#233; um sistema nacional de vigil&#226;ncia para avaliar a sa&#250;de e o estado nutricional dos coreanos, coletando informa&#231;&#245;es sobre status socioecon&#244;mico, comportamentos relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de, qualidade de vida, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, medidas antropom&#233;tricas e perfis bioqu&#237;micos e cl&#237;nicos de doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> KNHANES &#233; uma pesquisa transversal nacionalmente representativa conduzida anualmente, cada ano de pesquisa incluindo uma nova amostra de aproximadamente 10.000 pessoas com 1 ano ou mais. A pesquisa consiste em tr&#234;s partes: entrevista de sa&#250;de, exame de sa&#250;de e pesquisa nutricional. A entrevista de sa&#250;de e o exame de sa&#250;de s&#227;o conduzidos em um centro de exames m&#243;vel por equipe m&#233;dica treinada e entrevistadores. Uma semana ap&#243;s o exame de sa&#250;de, nutricionistas foram &#224;s casas dos participantes para uma pesquisa nutricional. Participantes com mais de 18 anos e com informa&#231;&#245;es completas sobre colesterol foram inclu&#237;dos. Participantes foram exclu&#237;dos com base nos seguintes crit&#233;rios: (1) com valores anormais de IMC (IMC &gt;40kg/m<sup>2</sup>); (2) com falta de informa&#231;&#227;o sobre hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c); (3) com informa&#231;&#245;es faltantes sobre acidente vascular cerebral ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica. Os protocolos do KNHANES foram aprovados pelos Centros de Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as da Coreia (KCDC). Todos os dados usados neste estudo s&#227;o anonimizados no banco de dados do KNHANES e n&#227;o envolveram interven&#231;&#245;es humanas. Portanto, este estudo n&#227;o exigiu aprova&#231;&#227;o adicional do Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Indicadores demogr&#225;ficos e bioqu&#237;micos dos participantes incluem idade (&#8805;18 anos), g&#234;nero (masculino e feminino), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), n&#237;vel de renda [quartis (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) e desconhecido], n&#237;vel de escolaridade (seodang/hanhak, sem educa&#231;&#227;o, ensino fundamental, ensino m&#233;dio e desconhecido), consumo de &#225;lcool (sim, n&#227;o e desconhecido), tabagismo (sim e n&#227;o), medicamento hipolipemiante (sim, n&#227;o e desconhecido), hipertens&#227;o (sim, n&#227;o e desconhecido), diabetes (sim, n&#227;o e desconhecido), creatinina, nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue (BUN), HbA1c, LDL-C, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), n&#227;o-HDL-C, triglicer&#237;deos (TG), colesterol total</p>
        <p>(CT) e sdLDL-C estimado (EsdLDL-C) foram coletados. O n&#227;o-HDL-C foi calculado como n&#227;o-HDL-C = CT - HDL-C. Todos os n&#237;veis de lip&#237;dios foram medidos por coleta direta de sangue por uma enfermeira, no contexto de participantes que jantaram no dia anterior.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o e medi&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>DCVA</title>
        <p>Os eventos de DCVA incluem infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, enxerto de bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, acidente vascular cerebral e ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio. Devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es do banco de dados KNHANES, os eventos de DCVA inclu&#237;ram doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina de peito e acidente vascular cerebral. No banco de dados KNHANES, a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica foi determinada pela pergunta: &#8220;Voc&#234; j&#225; foi diagnosticado com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou angina pelo seu m&#233;dico?&#8221;. Portanto, os eventos de DCVA neste estudo inclu&#237;ram apenas doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica e ACV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>sdLDL-C</title>
        <p>sdLDL-C foi calculado a partir de Sampson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>. As f&#243;rmulas relevantes foram as seguintes:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mtable>
              <mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtd/>
                <mml:mtd>
                  <mml:mtext> lbLDL-C </mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>43</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mtext> LDL-C </mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>14</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mi>ln</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>G</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mtext> LDL-C) </mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                </mml:mtd>
              </mml:mtr>
              <mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtd/>
                <mml:mtd>
                  <mml:mn>8</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>99</mml:mn>
                </mml:mtd>
              </mml:mtr>
            </mml:mtable>
          </mml:math>
          <label>(1)</label>
        </disp-formula>
        <disp-formula id="e2">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mtext> sdLDL-C = LDL-C - IbLDL-C </mml:mtext>
          </mml:math>
          <label>(2)</label>
        </disp-formula>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas quanto &#224; normalidade usando o m&#233;todo de assimetria e curtose, e o teste de Levene foi usado para testar a homogeneidade da vari&#226;ncia. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas distribu&#237;das normalmente foram descritas por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com vari&#226;ncias homog&#234;neas foi realizada usando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com heterocedasticidade foram realizadas usando o teste t de Satterthwaite. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas distribu&#237;das n&#227;o normalmente foram descritas por mediana e quartil [M (Q1, Q3)], e o teste de soma de postos de Wilcoxon foi usado para compara&#231;&#245;es intergrupos. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas por n&#250;meros e a raz&#227;o constituinte [n (%)], e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos foi realizada usando o teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher.</p>
        <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de diferen&#231;a entre as caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes com e sem DCVA. Vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,05 na an&#225;lise de diferen&#231;a foram rastreadas por regress&#227;o bidirecional por etapas, e as vari&#225;veis finais rastreadas foram ajustadas em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univari&#225;vel e multivari&#225;vel foram usadas para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de EsdLDL-C, n&#227;o-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG e CT com o risco de DCVA, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica. As associa&#231;&#245;es foram expressas como raz&#227;o de chances (OR) com intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC) foi usada para avaliar a capacidade de EsdLDL-C, n&#227;o-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG e CT de prever o risco de DCVA, e o teste DeLong foi usado para comparar as diferen&#231;as na AUC entre esses indicadores. A an&#225;lise de subgrupos foi conduzida com base na idade (&lt;65 e &#8805;65), IMC (&lt;24,44 e &#8805;24,44 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), hipertens&#227;o (n&#227;o e sim) e diabetes (n&#227;o e sim). As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas pelo software SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, EUA) e pelo software R 4.0.3 (Institute for Statistics and Mathematics, Viena, &#193;ustria). P&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</title>
        <p>Um total de 80.086 participantes foram extra&#237;dos do banco de dados KNHANES entre 2010 e 2020. Foram exclu&#237;dos 72.268 participantes, incluindo 16.843 participantes com menos de 18 anos, 47.968 participantes com dados ausentes de CT, TG, HDL, LDL, 69 participantes com IMC anormal (IMC &#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), 1.391 participantes com informa&#231;&#245;es ausentes sobre acidente vascular cerebral ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica e 1.623 participantes com dados ausentes de HbA1c (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Um total de 12.192 participantes com dados completos foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, dos quais 1.239 (10,16%) tinham DCVA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas detalhadas dos participantes s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre participantes com e sem DCVA foram observadas em idade, sexo, IMC, n&#237;vel de educa&#231;&#227;o, medicamento hipolipemiante, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, creatinina, HbA1c, n&#227;o-HDL-C, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, CT e EsdLDL-C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de sujeitos inclu&#237;dos. KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deo; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240265-40265-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de todos os participantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Total (N=12192)</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o-DCVA (N=10953)</th>
                  <th>DCVA (N=1239)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos, m&#233;dia (&#177;DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,02 (&#177;15,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,87 (&#177;15,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,39 (&#177;12,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masc.</td>
                  <td align="center">6504 (53,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">5802 (52,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">702 (56,66)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fem.</td>
                  <td align="center">5688 (46,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">5151 (47,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">537 (43,34)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, M&#233;dia (&#177;DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,64 (&#177;3,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,61 (&#177;3,48)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,94 (&#177;3,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Renda, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,485</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q1</td>
                  <td align="center">3043 (24,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">2754 (25,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">289 (23,33)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q2</td>
                  <td align="center">3084 (25h30)</td>
                  <td align="center">2767 (25,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">317 (25,59)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q3</td>
                  <td align="center">3012 (24,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">2705 (24,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">307 (24,78)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q4</td>
                  <td align="center">2971 (24,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">2651 (24.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">320 (25,83)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desconhecido</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (0,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (0,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (0,48)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Educa&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Seodang/Hanhak</td>
                  <td align="center">2180 (17,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">1998 (18.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">182 (14,69)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem educa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1246 (10.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">1124 (10.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (9,85)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escola prim&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">4004 (32,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">3588 (32,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">416 (33,58)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escola secund&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">3965 (32,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">3508 (32,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">457 (36,88)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desconhecido</td>
                  <td align="center">797 (6,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">735 (6,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (5,00)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bebida, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,191</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1199 (9,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">1088 (9,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (8,96)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">10630 (87,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">9531 (87,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">1099 (88,70)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desconhecido</td>
                  <td align="center">363 (2,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">334 (3,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (2,34)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,088</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">8819 (72,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">7945 (72,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">874 (70,54)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2994 (24,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">2661 (24,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">333 (26,88)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desconhecido</td>
                  <td align="center">379 (3.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">347 (3,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (2,58)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medicamentos hipolipemiantes, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">8627 (70,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">7807 (71,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">820 (66,18)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2668 (21,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">2324 (21,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">344 (27,76)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desconhecido</td>
                  <td align="center">897 (7,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">822 (7,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (6,05)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">9267 (76,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">8620 (78,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">647 (52,22)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2381 (19,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">1832 (16,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">549 (44,31)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desconhecido</td>
                  <td align="center">544 (4,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">501 (4,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (3,47)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">10424 (85,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">9408 (85,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">1016 (82,00)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1148 (9,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">979 (8,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (13,64)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desconhecido</td>
                  <td align="center">620 (5,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">566 (5,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (4,36)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina, mg/dL,M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83 (0,70, 0,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83 (0,70, 0,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 (0,72, 0,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BUN, mg/dL,M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">14h00 (12h00, 17h00)</td>
                  <td align="center">14h00 (12h00, 17h00)</td>
                  <td align="center">14h00 (12h00, 17h00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,203</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c, %,M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,60 (5,40, 6,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,60 (5,30, 6,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,70 (5,40, 6,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o-HDL-C, mg/dL, M&#233;dia (&#177;DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">150,83 (&#177;39,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">150,46 (&#177;39,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">154,05 (&#177;41,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Esb-LDL-C, mg/dL, M&#233;dia (&#177;DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,43 (&#177;14,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,27 (&#177;14,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,88 (&#177;15,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C, mg/dL, M&#233;dia (&#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">115,12 (&#177;33,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">114,91 (&#177;33,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">116,97 (&#177;34,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG, mg/dL,M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">205,00 (101,00, 267,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">204,00 (101,00, 267,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">211,00 (110,50, 272,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT, mg/dL, M&#233;dia (&#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">197,93 (&#177;38,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">197,66 (&#177;38,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">200,33 (&#177;41,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C, mg/dL, M&#233;dia (&#177;DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,10 (&#177;12,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,19 (&#177;12,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,29 (&#177;11,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; quartis, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4; BUN: nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deo; CT: colesterol total; Esd-LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade pequena estimada.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre EsdLDL-C e risco de DCVA</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a associa&#231;&#227;o de EsdLDL-C, n&#227;o-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG e CT com o risco de DCVA, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica. N&#237;veis elevados de EsdLDL-C, n&#227;o-HDL-C e TG foram associados a um risco aumentado de DCVA, enquanto n&#237;veis elevados de HDL-C reduziram o risco de DCVA. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis elevados de EsdLDL-C, n&#227;o-HDL-C e TG foram relacionados a um risco maior de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, mas nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o foi observada entre EsdLDL-C, n&#227;o-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG e CT e risco de acidente vascular cerebral. Al&#233;m disso, o teste DeLong indicou que a capacidade do EsdLDL-C de prever o risco de DCVA foi ligeiramente melhor do que a do CT (AUC: 0,527 vs. 0,515; P=0,039), mas nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada quando comparado a outros indicadores. An&#225;lises de subgrupos foram realizadas para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre EsdLDL-C e n&#227;o-HDL-C e risco de DCVA em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es com base na idade, IMC, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). N&#237;veis elevados de EsdLDL-C foram relacionados a um risco aumentado de DCVA em participantes com idade &lt;65, com IMC &lt;24,44 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e sem hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes. Da mesma forma, n&#237;veis elevados de n&#227;o-HDL-C aumentaram o risco de DCVA em participantes com idade &lt;65, com IMC &lt;24,44 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e sem hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes. Pode haver uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre EsdLDL-C ou n&#227;o-HDL-C e hipertens&#227;o no risco de DCVA.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o entre lip&#237;dios e risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Resultados</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Modelo 1</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Modelo 2</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">DCVA</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o-HDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63 (1,23-2,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,46 (1,08-1,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Esb-LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">1,43 (1,16-1,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33 (1,06-1,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 (0,89-1,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,284</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 (0,88-1,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,348</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TG</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (1,05-1,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 (1,01-1,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CT</td>
                  <td align="center">1,62 (1,10-2,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47 (0,98-2,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,060</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 (0,47-0,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 (0,55-0,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o-HDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49 (1,06-2,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 (0,85-1,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,264</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Esb-LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35 (1,05-1,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19 (0,90-1,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,213</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11 (0,82-1,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,492</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 (0,81-1,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,569</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TG</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08 (0,97-1,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,160</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,90-1,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,733</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CT</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41 (0,89-2,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,147</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 (0,74-1,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,459</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59 (0,43-0,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77 (0,56-1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="6">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o-HDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">1,79 (1,15-2,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77 (1,09-2,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Esb-LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56 (1,14-2,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">1,51 (1,08-2,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 (0,81-1,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,333</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16 (0,76-1,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,506</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TG</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26 (1,07-1,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25 (1,05-1,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">CT</td>
                  <td align="center">1,91 (1,04-3,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">1,86 (0,99-3,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 (0,45-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,057</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71 (0,45-1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>OR: raz&#227;o de chances; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; CT: colesterol total; Esd-LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade pequena estimada; Modelo 1, modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univari&#225;vel; Modelo 2, modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel que ajusta para (1) idade, creatinina e HbA1c (an&#225;lise para DCVA); (2) idade, BUN e HbA1c (an&#225;lise para acidente vascular cerebral); (3) idade e IMC (an&#225;lise para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o entre EsdLDL-C e n&#227;o-HDL e risco de DCVA em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Esd-LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade pequena estimada; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240265-40265-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, usamos dados do banco de dados KNHANES para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis estimados de sdLDL-C e o risco de DCVA. Os resultados descobriram que n&#237;veis elevados de EsdLDL-C estavam associados a um risco aumentado de DCVA. An&#225;lises de subgrupos mostraram que pode haver uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre EsdLDL-C ou n&#227;o-HDL-C e hipertens&#227;o no risco de DCVA. V&#225;rios estudos documentaram que o n&#237;vel elevado de sdLDL-C estava associado ao risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A aterosclerose causada por sdLDL est&#225; relacionada a propriedades bioqu&#237;micas e biof&#237;sicas espec&#237;ficas das part&#237;culas de sdLDL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O pequeno tamanho do sdLDL permite sua penetra&#231;&#227;o na parede arterial e serve como fonte de armazenamento de colesterol e lip&#237;dios. O sdLDL circula por mais tempo do que aquelas part&#237;culas grandes de LDL que s&#227;o eliminadas da corrente sangu&#237;nea pela intera&#231;&#227;o com receptores de LDL, o que aumenta o potencial aterog&#234;nico do sdLDL no plasma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Um estudo recente indicou que o n&#237;vel de sdLDL-C foi um biomarcador melhor para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria do que o n&#237;vel de LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A medi&#231;&#227;o do sdLDL-C recebeu aten&#231;&#227;o devido ao seu papel na previs&#227;o de DCVA. Os m&#233;todos tradicionais de medi&#231;&#227;o do sdLDL-C dependem de testes laboratoriais adicionais, como ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o ou eletroforese em gel de gradiente, que s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos do equipamento ou demorados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ito et al. desenvolveram uma nova t&#233;cnica de detec&#231;&#227;o laboratorial para n&#237;veis de sdLDL-C, que usa um analisador autom&#225;tico para detec&#231;&#227;o e economiza tempo de detec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Alguns estudos propuseram usar indicadores bioqu&#237;micos relacionados ao sdLDL-C, como LDL-C e TG, para desenvolver uma f&#243;rmula para estimar o sdLDL-C para reduzir testes laboratoriais adicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Sampson et al. forneceram uma nova f&#243;rmula para estimar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sdLDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Sua f&#243;rmula de estimativa de sdLDL-C usou n&#237;veis de LDL-C e TG para calcular os n&#237;veis de sdLDL-C e n&#227;o exigiu nenhum teste laboratorial adicional al&#233;m do painel lip&#237;dico padr&#227;o. Os dois termos principais na f&#243;rmula s&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>43</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> LDL-C </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> e <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>14</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>ln</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>TG</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>LDL</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>. O termo <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext>(1,43 &#215; LDL-C)</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> ilustra que indiv&#237;duos com altos n&#237;veis de LDL-C podem ter mais lbLDL. O termo <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext>(0,14 &#215; (ln (TG) &#215; LDL-C))</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> &#233; o termo de intera&#231;&#227;o entre LDL-C e TG, que representa uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de colesterol entre sdLDL e lbLDL com o aumento de TG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O estudo atual validou a aplicabilidade de sua f&#243;rmula usando dados de outras popula&#231;&#245;es. Nossos resultados mostraram que os valores de sdLDL-C calculados pela f&#243;rmula foram associados ao risco de DCVA na popula&#231;&#227;o coreana. As an&#225;lises de subgrupos descobriram que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento do n&#237;vel de sdLDL-C e o risco de DCVA foi observada em participantes com idade &lt;65 anos, com IMC &lt;24,44 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e sem hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes. No entanto, apenas uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre EsdLDL-C e hipertens&#227;o no risco de DCVA foi encontrada, sugerindo que os resultados sobre o risco de sdLDL-C e DCVA em subgrupos de idade, IMC e diabetes precisam ser interpretados com cautela. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre Esd-LDL e risco de DCVA em nosso estudo foi consistente com estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m analisamos a associa&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG e CT com o risco de DCVA, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica. Al&#233;m disso, nossos resultados descobriram que a capacidade do EsdLDL-C de prever o risco de DCVA foi ligeiramente melhor do que a do n&#227;o-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG e CT. Estudos anteriores tamb&#233;m sugeriram que o sdLDL-C estava mais fortemente associado ao risco de DCVA do que o LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Esses resultados sugerem que o sdLDL-C estimado est&#225; similarmente associado ao risco de DCVA. Para testes laboratoriais complexos de n&#237;veis de sdLDL-C, o sdLDL-C estimado pode ser uma alternativa aos testes laboratoriais de sdLDL-C para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCVA, o que n&#227;o apenas evita os testes complexos de sdLDL-C, mas tamb&#233;m permite a estimativa r&#225;pida dos n&#237;veis de sdLDL-C com base no painel lip&#237;dico padr&#227;o. Uma nova f&#243;rmula para estimar o sdLDL-C foi validada com base nos dados do banco de dados KNHANES. Analisamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sdLDL-C e LDL-C e risco de DCVA. Em seguida, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre sdLDL-C e LDL-C e risco de DCVA foi analisada posteriormente com base na idade, IMC, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes. No entanto, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo devem ser consideradas. Primeiro, a f&#243;rmula foi baseada em indiv&#237;duos em jejum, e sua precis&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o em jejum tamb&#233;m deve ser verificada. Segundo, n&#227;o podemos comparar a diferen&#231;a entre o valor calculado de sdLDL-C usando a f&#243;rmula e o valor real de sdLDL-C devido &#224; falta de dados de sdLDL-C no banco de dados KNHANES. Terceiro, embora tenhamos considerado a interfer&#234;ncia de muitos fatores de confus&#227;o, ainda havia alguns fatores de confus&#227;o que podem afetar os resultados que n&#227;o foram considerados, como h&#225;bitos alimentares, n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica ou hist&#243;rico familiar de DCV. Quarto, este estudo foi um estudo transversal, e n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel analisar DCVA com base na dura&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o do paciente ao sdLDL-C.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Uma f&#243;rmula proposta recentemente para estimar o sdLDL-C foi validada com base em outras popula&#231;&#245;es. Os resultados indicaram que n&#237;veis elevados de EsdLDL-C estavam associados a um risco aumentado de DCVA. An&#225;lises de subgrupos descobriram que n&#237;veis elevados de sdLDL-C estavam relacionados a um risco aumentado de DCVA em participantes com idade &lt;65 anos, com IMC &lt;24,44 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e sem hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes. O sdLDL-C estimado pode ser uma alternativa &#224; medi&#231;&#227;o do sdLDL-C para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCVA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por Chongqing clinical research center for geriatric diseases.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240265i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Estimated Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Shutang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Du</surname>
            <given-names>Jinjie</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Peng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lei</surname>
            <given-names>Min</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhong</surname>
            <given-names>Canye</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ou</surname>
            <given-names>Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-9382-0389</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sun</surname>
            <given-names>Zhen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases &#8211; Geriatrics, Chongqing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Zhen Sun Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases &#8211; Geriatrics - No.2, Gaosuntang Road, Fuling District Chongqing 408000 - China E-mail: sunzhenflh@outlook.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Association between Estimated Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240265-40265-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> A new formula for estimating small, dense, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) based on the results of the standard lipid panel is proposed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To assess the association between estimated sdLDL-C (EsdLDL-C) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A total of 12,192 participants from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) database between 2010 and 2020 were included in this cross-sectional study. EsdLDL-C was calculated as EsdLDL-C= LDL-C - [1.43 &#215; LDL-C - (0.14 &#215; (ln (TG) &#215; LDL-C)) - 8.99]. Logistic regression analyses were utilized to assess the association between EsdLDL-C and ASCVD risk. Subgroup analyses were performed based on age, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and diabetes. An odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for evaluation. P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Among 12,192 participants, 1,239 (10.16%) had ASCVD. The mean sdLDL-C of participants was estimated to be 42.43&#177;14.75 mg/dL using the formula. Elevated EsdLDL-C levels (OR=1.33; 95%CI, 1.06-1.66) were associated with an increased risk of ASCVD. Subgroup analyses found that there may be an interaction between EsdLDL-C (P<sub>interaction</sub>= 0.001) or non-HDL-C (P<sub>interaction</sub>= 0.015) and hypertension on ASCVD risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Elevated estimated sdLDL-C levels were associated with the risk of ASCVD, and estimated sdLDL-C might be an alternative to sdLDL-C measurement for ASCVD risk assessment.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Lipoproteins</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is an insidious, chronic disease that usually processes to an advanced stage when symptoms appear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The most frequent diseases of ASCVD are coronary heart disease and stroke, which are the leading causes of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The World Health Organization reported that ASCVD has become the leading cause of death globally, claiming approximately 17.9 million lives each year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Identifying and monitoring biomarkers associated with ASCVD plays an important role in its primary and secondary prevention.</p>
        <p>Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a key causal factor in the development and progression of ASCVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals with low LDL-C levels have a lower incidence of ASCVD than those with high LDL-C levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> LDL is composed of several subclasses of particles with different sizes and densities, including large buoyant (lb) and intermediate and small dense (sd) LDLs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, sdLDL may be a better biomarker than other subtypes for ASCVD risk in different LDL subtypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> sdLDL was reported to be associated with a variety of diseases, including metabolic disorders, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, and is considered a risk factor for coronary heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Therefore, the measurement of sdLDL-C levels is of great significance in monitoring ASCVD risk. Traditional methods of measuring sdLDL-C relied on complex ultracentrifugation or gradient gel electrophoresis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The special equipment required for measurement and long assay time limited the clinical application of sdLDL measurement. Sampson et al. developed a new equation for estimating sdLDL-C based on the results of the standard lipid panel with a determination coefficient of 0.745.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, their formula was only established in the American population, and the adaptation and estimated effect in other populations remains unclear.</p>
        <p>Herein, we hypothesized that Sampson et al.&#8217;s formula for estimating sdLDL was also applicable to other populations and was associated with ASCVD risk. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) database were used to assess the association between sdLDL and ASCVD risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Data acquisition and participants</title>
          <p>Data used in the cross-sectional study were extracted from the KNHANES database between 2010 and 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> KNHANES database is a national surveillance system to assess the health and nutritional status of Koreans by collecting information on socioeconomic status, health-related behaviors, quality of life, healthcare utilization, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical and clinical profiles of non-communicable diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> KNHANES is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted annually, each survey year including a new sample of approximately 10,000 people aged 1 year and older. The survey consists of three parts: health interview, health examination, and nutrition survey. The health interview and health examination are conducted in a mobile examination center by trained medical staff and interviewers. One week after the health examination, dietitians went to the participants&#8217; homes for a nutritional survey. Participants aged more than 18 and with complete cholesterol information were included. Participants were excluded based on the following criteria: (1) with abnormal BMI values (BMI &gt;40kg/m<sup>2</sup>); (2) with missing information on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c); (3) with missing information on stroke or ischemic heart disease. Protocols of KNHANES were approved by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). All data used in this study are anonymized in the KNHANES database and did not involve human interventions. Therefore, this study did not require additional Institutional Review Board approval.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Demographic and biochemical indicators of participants include age (&#8805;18 years), gender (male and female), body mass index (BMI), income level [quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4), and unknown], education level (seodang/hanhak, uneducated, elementary school, middle school, and unknown), drinking alcohol (yes, no, and unknown), smoking (yes and no), lipid-lowering drug (yes, no, and unknown), hypertension (yes, no, and unknown), diabetes (yes, no, and unknown), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), HbA1c, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and estimated sdLDL-C (EsdLDL-C) were collected. Non-HDL-C was calculated as non-HDL-C = TC - HDL-C. All lipid levels were measured by direct blood sampling by a nurse in the context of participants having eaten dinner the previous day.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition and measurement</title>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ASCVD</title>
          <p>ASCVD events include myocardial infarction, angina, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, and transient ischemic attack. Due to limitations of the KNHANES database, ASCVD events included ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and stroke. In the KNHANES database, ischemic heart disease was determined by the question, &#8220;Have you ever been diagnosed with myocardial infarction or angina by your doctor?&#8221;. Therefore, ASCVD events in this study included only ischemic heart disease and stroke.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>sdLDL-C</title>
          <p>sdLDL-C was calculated from Sampson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>. The relevant formulas were as follows:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e1001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mtable>
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd/>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mstyle>
                      <mml:mspace/>
                    </mml:mstyle>
                    <mml:mtext> lbLDL-C </mml:mtext>
                    <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>1.43</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mtext> LDL-C </mml:mtext>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>0.14</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mi>ln</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>G</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mtext> LDL-C </mml:mtext>
                    <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd/>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mi/>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>8.99</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
              </mml:mtable>
            </mml:math>
            <label>(1)</label>
          </disp-formula>
          <disp-formula id="e2001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mtext> sdLDL-C </mml:mtext>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mtext> LDL-C </mml:mtext>
              <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mtext> IbLDL-C</mml:mtext>
            </mml:math>
            <label>(2)</label>
          </disp-formula>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were tested for normality using the skewness and kurtosis method, and the Levene test was used to test the homogeneity of variance. Normally distributed continuous variables were described by mean and standard deviation (SD). Comparison between groups of continuous variables with homogeneous variances was performed using unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test, and continuous variables with heteroscedasticity were performed using Satterthwaite t-test. Non-normally distributed continuous variables were described by median and quartile [M (Q1, Q3)], and the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for inter-group comparisons. Categorical variables were presented by numbers and the constituent ratio [n (%)], and the comparison between groups was performed using the Chi-square test or Fisher exact test.</p>
          <p>A difference analysis between the characteristics of participants with and without ASCVD was performed. Variables with p &lt; 0.05 in the difference analysis were screened by bidirectional stepwise regression, and the final screened variables were adjusted in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association of EsdLDL-C, non-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC with the risk of ASCVD, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. The associations were expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the ability of EsdLDL-C, non-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC to predict the risk of ASCVD, and the DeLong test was used to compare the differences in AUC between these indicators. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on age (&lt;65 and &#8805;65), BMI (&lt;24.44 and &#8805;24.44 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), hypertension (no and yes), and diabetes (no and yes). Statistical analyses were performed by SAS 9.4 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and R 4.0.3 software (Institute for Statistics and Mathematics, Vienna, Austria). P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of participants</title>
          <p>A total of 80,086 participants were extracted from the KNHANES database between 2010 and 2020. There were 72,268 participants excluded, including 16,843 participants less than 18 years, 47,968 participants with missing TC, TG, HDL, LDL data, 69 participants with abnormal BMI (BMI &#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), 1,391 participants with missing information on stroke or ischemic heart disease, and 1,623 participants with missing HbA1c data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). A total of 12,192 participants with complete data were included in this study, of whom 1,239 (10.16%) had ASCVD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). The detailed characteristics of participants are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of included subjects. KNHANES, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240265-40265-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of all participants</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Total (N=12192)</th>
                    <th>Non-ASCVD (N=10953)</th>
                    <th>ASCVD (N=1239)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years, Mean (&#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.02 (&#177;15.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.87 (&#177;15.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">51.39 (&#177;12.34)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">6504 (53.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">5802 (52.97)</td>
                    <td align="center">702 (56.66)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">5688 (46.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">5151 (47.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">537 (43.34)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, Mean (&#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.64 (&#177;3.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.61 (&#177;3.48)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.94 (&#177;3.41)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Income, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.485</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q1</td>
                    <td align="center">3043 (24.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">2754 (25.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">289 (23.33)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q2</td>
                    <td align="center">3084 (25.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">2767 (25.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">317 (25.59)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q3</td>
                    <td align="center">3012 (24.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">2705 (24.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">307 (24.78)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q4</td>
                    <td align="center">2971 (24.37)</td>
                    <td align="center">2651 (24.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">320 (25.83)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unknown</td>
                    <td align="center">82 (0.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (0.69)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (0.48)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Education, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Seodang/hanhak</td>
                    <td align="center">2180 (17.88)</td>
                    <td align="center">1998 (18.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">182 (14.69)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Uneducated</td>
                    <td align="center">1246 (10.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">1124 (10.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (9.85)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Elementary school</td>
                    <td align="center">4004 (32.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">3588 (32.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">416 (33.58)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Middle school</td>
                    <td align="center">3965 (32.52)</td>
                    <td align="center">3508 (32.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">457 (36.88)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unknown</td>
                    <td align="center">797 (6.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">735 (6.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (5.00)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Drinking, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.191</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1199 (9.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">1088 (9.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">111 (8.96)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">10630 (87.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">9531 (87.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">1099 (88.70)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unknown</td>
                    <td align="center">363 (2.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">334 (3.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (2.34)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.088</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">8819 (72.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">7945 (72.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">874 (70.54)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">2994 (24.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">2661 (24.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">333 (26.88)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unknown</td>
                    <td align="center">379 (3.11)</td>
                    <td align="center">347 (3.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (2.58)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">8627 (70.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">7807 (71.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">820 (66.18)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">2668 (21.88)</td>
                    <td align="center">2324 (21.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">344 (27.76)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unknown</td>
                    <td align="center">897 (7.36)</td>
                    <td align="center">822 (7.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (6.05)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">9267 (76.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">8620 (78.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">647 (52.22)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">2381 (19.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">1832 (16.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">549 (44.31)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unknown</td>
                    <td align="center">544 (4.46)</td>
                    <td align="center">501 (4.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (3.47)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">10424 (85.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">9408 (85.89)</td>
                    <td align="center">1016 (82.00)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1148 (9.42)</td>
                    <td align="center">979 (8.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">169 (13.64)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unknown</td>
                    <td align="center">620 (5.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">566 (5.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (4.36)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83 (0.70, 0.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83 (0.70, 0.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85 (0.72, 0.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BUN, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.00 (12.00, 17.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.00 (12.00, 17.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.00 (12.00, 17.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.203</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HbA1c, %, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.60 (5.40, 6.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.60 (5.30, 6.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.70 (5.40, 6.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-HDL-C, mg/dL, Mean (&#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">150.83 (&#177;39.38)</td>
                    <td align="center">150.46 (&#177;39.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">154.05 (&#177;41.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Esb-LDL-C, mg/dL, Mean (&#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.43 (&#177;14.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.27 (&#177;14.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.88 (&#177;15.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C, mg/dL, Mean (&#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">115.12 (&#177;33.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">114.91 (&#177;33.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">116.97 (&#177;34.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">205.00 (101.00, 267.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">204.00 (101.00, 267.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">211.00 (110.50, 272.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC, mg/dL, Mean (&#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">197.93 (&#177;38.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">197.66 (&#177;38.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">200.33 (&#177;41.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C, mg/dL, Mean (&#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">47.10 (&#177;12.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">47.19 (&#177;12.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.29 (&#177;11.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; quartiles, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; Esd-LDL-C: estimated small dense low-density lipoprotein.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Statistical differences between participants with and without ASCVD were observed in age, sex, BMI, education level, lipid-lowering drug, hypertension, diabetes, creatinine, HbA1c, non-HDL-C, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, TC, and EsdLDL-C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relationship between EsdLDL-C and ASCVD risk</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the association of EsdLDL-C, non-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC with the risk of ASCVD, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. Elevated EsdLDL-C, non-HDL-C, and TG levels were associated with an increased ASCVD risk, whereas elevated HDL-C levels reduced the risk of ASCVD. In addition, elevated EsdLDL-C, non-HDL-C, and TG levels were related to a higher risk of ischemic heart disease, but no relationship was observed between EsdLDL-C, non-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC and stroke risk. In addition, the DeLong test indicated that the ability of EsdLDL-C to predict ASCVD risk was slightly better than that of TC (AUC: 0.527 vs. 0.515; p=0.039), but no significant differences were found when compared to other indicators.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Relationship between lipids and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Outcomes</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Model 1</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Model 2</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="6">ASCVD</td>
                    <td align="center">Non-HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">1.63 (1.23-2.18)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.46 (1.08-1.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Esb-LDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">1.43 (1.16-1.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.33 (1.06-1.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15 (0.89-1.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.284</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13 (0.88-1.46)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.348</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">TG</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17 (1.05-1.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14 (1.01-1.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.030</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">TC</td>
                    <td align="center">1.62 (1.10-2.39)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                    <td align="center">1.47 (0.98-2.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.060</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62 (0.47-0.81)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72 (0.55-0.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="6">Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">Non-HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">1.49 (1.06-2.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23 (0.85-1.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.264</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Esb-LDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">1.35 (1.05-1.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19 (0.90-1.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.213</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11 (0.82-1.51)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.492</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09 (0.81-1.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.569</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">TG</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08 (0.97-1.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.160</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (0.90-1.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.733</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">TC</td>
                    <td align="center">1.41 (0.89-2.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.147</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20 (0.74-1.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.459</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59 (0.43-0.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77 (0.56-1.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.120</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="6">Ischemic heart disease</td>
                    <td align="center">Non-HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">1.79 (1.15-2.81)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.011</td>
                    <td align="center">1.77 (1.09-2.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Esb-LDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">1.56 (1.14-2.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">1.51 (1.08-2.11)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23 (0.81-1.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.333</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16 (0.76-1.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.506</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">TG</td>
                    <td align="center">1.26 (1.07-1.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25 (1.05-1.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">TC</td>
                    <td align="center">1.91 (1.04-3.51)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                    <td align="center">1.86 (0.99-3.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.054</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67 (0.45-1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.057</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71 (0.45-1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.143</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; Esd-LDL-C: estimated small dense low-density lipoprotein; Model 1, univariable logistic regression model; Model 2, multivariable logistic regression model that adjusts for (1) age, creatinine, and HbA1c (analysis for ASCVD); (2) age, BUN, and HbA1c (analysis for stroke); (3) age and BMI (analysis for ischemic heart disease).</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the relationship between EsdLDL-C and non-HDL-C and ASCVD risk in different populations based on age, BMI, hypertension, and diabetes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). Elevated EsdLDL-C levels were related to an increased risk of ASCVD in participants aged &lt;65, with a BMI &lt;24.44 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and without hypertension or diabetes. Similarly, elevated non-HDL-C levels increased the risk of ASCVD in participants aged &lt;65, with a BMI &lt;24.44 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and without hypertension or diabetes. There may be an interaction between EsdLDL-C or non-HDL-C and hypertension on ASCVD risk.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Relationship between EsdLDL-C and non-HDL and ASCVD risk in different populations. Esd-LDL-C: estimated small dense low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240265-40265-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we used data from the KNHANES database to assess the relationship between estimated sdLDL-C levels and the risk of ASCVD. The results found that elevated EsdLDL-C levels were associated with an increased ASCVD risk. Subgroup analyses showed that there may be an interaction between EsdLDL-C or non-HDL-C and hypertension on ASCVD risk.</p>
        <p>Several studies have documented that elevated sdLDL-C level was associated with cardiovascular disease risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Atherosclerosis caused by sdLDL is related to specific biochemical and biophysical properties of sdLDL particles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The small size of sdLDL allows their penetration into the arterial wall and serves as a source of cholesterol and lipid storage. sdLDL circulates longer than those large LDL particles that are cleared from the bloodstream by interacting with LDL receptors, which increases the atherogenic potential of sdLDL in plasma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A recent study indicated that sdLDL-C level was a better biomarker for the assessment of coronary heart disease than LDL-C level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The measurement of sdLDL-C has received attention due to its role in predicting ASCVD. Traditional methods of measuring sdLDL-C rely on additional laboratory testing, such as ultracentrifugation or gradient gel electrophoresis, which are equipment-specific or time-consuming.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ito et al. developed a new laboratory detection technique for sdLDL-C levels, which uses an automatic analyzer for detection and saves detection time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Some studies proposed to use sdLDL-C-related biochemical indicators such as LDL-C and TG to develop a formula to estimate sdLDL-C to reduce additional laboratory testing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sampson et al. provided a new formula to estimate serum sdLDL-C levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Their sdLDL-C estimating formula used LDL-C and TG levels to calculate sdLDL-C levels and did not require any additional laboratory testing beyond the standard lipid panel. The two main terms in the formula are <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.43</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> LDL-C </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.14</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>ln</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> LDL-C </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>. The term <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.43</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> LDL-C </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> illustrates that individuals with high LDL-C levels may have more lbLDL. The term <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.14</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>ln</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>TG</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> LDL-C) </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> is the interaction term between LDL-C and TG, which represents a higher cholesterol ratio between sdLDL and lbLDL with the increase of TG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The current study validated the applicability of their formula by using data from other populations. Our results showed that sdLDL-C values calculated by the formula were associated with the ASCVD risk in the Korean population. Subgroup analyses found that the relationship between increased sdLDL-C level and ASCVD risk was observed in participants aged &lt;65 years, with a BMI &lt;24.44 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and without hypertension or diabetes. However, only an interaction between EsdLDL-C and hypertension on ASCVD risk was found, suggesting that the results regarding sdLDL-C and ASCVD risk in age, BMI, and diabetes subgroups need to be interpreted with caution. The association between Esd-LDL and ASCVD risk in our study was consistent with previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> We also analyzed the association of non-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC with the risk of ASCVD, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. In addition, our results found that the ability of EsdLDL-C to predict ASCVD risk was slightly better than that of non-HDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and TC. Previous studies also suggested that sdLDL-C was more strongly associated with ASCVD risk than LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> These results suggest that estimated sdLDL-C is similarly associated with ASCVD risk. For complex laboratory testing of sdLDL-C levels, estimated sdLDL-C may be an alternative to laboratory testing of sdLDL-C for ASCVD risk assessment, which not only avoids the complex tests of sdLDL-C but also allows for the rapid estimation of sdLDL-C levels based on the standard lipid panel.</p>
        <p>A new formula for estimating sdLDL-C was validated based on the KNHANES database data. We analyzed the association between sdLDL-C and LDL-C and ASCVD risk. Then, the relationship between sdLDL-C and LDL-C and ASCVD risk was further analyzed based on age, BMI, hypertension, and diabetes. However, some limitations of this study should be considered. First, the formula was based on fasted individuals, and its accuracy in non-fasted individuals should also be verified. Second, we cannot compare the difference between the calculated sdLDL-C value using the formula and the true sdLDL-C value due to the lack of sdLDL-C data in the KNHANES database. Third, although we considered the interference of many confounders, there were still some confounders that may affect the results that were not regarded, such as dietary habits, physical activity levels, or family history of CVD. Fourth, this study was a cross-sectional study, and it was not possible to analyze ASCVD based on the duration of patient exposure to sdLDL-C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>A recently proposed formula for estimating sdLDL-C was validated based on other populations. The results indicated that elevated EsdLDL-C levels were associated with an increased ASCVD risk. Subgroup analyses found that elevated sdLDL-C levels were related to an increased risk of ASCVD in participants aged &lt;65 years, with a BMI &lt;24.44 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and without hypertension or diabetes. Estimated sdLDL-C might be an alternative to sdLDL-C measurement for ASCVD risk assessment.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Chongqing clinical research center for geriatric diseases.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
