<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">y4F58RP4JjC3dwQKKMCCyMp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000100303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240248</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#211;xido N&#237;trico S&#233;rico, Endotelina-1 Correlaciona Eventos Cardiovasculares Adversos Importantes P&#243;s-Procedimento entre Pacientes com IAMCSST Agudo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5969-2586</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guo</surname>
            <given-names>Huihui</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Qu</surname>
            <given-names>Qi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lv</surname>
            <given-names>Jiechao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiovascular Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Shengzhou Hospital </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname"> Shaoxing University</institution>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Medicine &#8211; Shengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital (Shengzhou Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, the Shengzhou Hospital of Shaoxing University), Zhejiang &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Huihui Guo &#8226; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital (Shengzhou Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, the Shengzhou Hospital of Shaoxing University) &#8211; No. 666 Dangui Road, Sanjiang Street, Shengzhou 312400, Zhejiang &#8211; China E-mail: <email>xiangcao423720@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240248</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST) &#233; uma forma comum e grave de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e endotelina-1 (ET-1) com a gravidade do IAMCSST e seu valor preditivo para eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) dentro de um ano ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) em pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O estudo retrospectivo foi conduzido em 269 pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos a ICP. Os pacientes foram categorizados em dois grupos: aqueles que desenvolveram MACE (112 casos) e aqueles que n&#227;o desenvolveram (157 casos) em um ano. Os n&#237;veis de NO e ET-1 foram medidos no soro coletado usando ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico. A curva ROC (<italic>Receive-Operating Characteristics</italic>) foi usada para analisar o potencial progn&#243;stico de NO e ET-1 individualmente e em combina&#231;&#227;o, p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, troponina I card&#237;aca (cTnI), creatina quinase-MB (CK-MB), bem como n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1. O estudo observou que pacientes que desenvolveram MACE tinham n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais baixos de NO e n&#237;veis mais altos de ET-1 na admiss&#227;o. An&#225;lises posteriores revelaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 e a gravidade do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Um modelo de detec&#231;&#227;o combinado, -0,082 * NO + 0,059 * ET-1, demonstrou valor progn&#243;stico promissor para a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE dentro de um ano ap&#243;s a ICP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 servem como marcadores progn&#243;sticos valiosos para MACE em pacientes com STEMI submetidos a ICP, exibindo uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade do IAM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: &#211;xido N&#237;trico S&#233;rico, Endotelina-1 Correlaciona Eventos Cardiovasculares Adversos Importantes P&#243;s-Procedimento entre Pacientes com IAMCSST Agudo</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240248-40248-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca comum em cardiologia, caracterizada pela redu&#231;&#227;o ou interrup&#231;&#227;o repentina do fluxo sangu&#237;neo devido &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> levando &#224; hip&#243;xia mioc&#225;rdica, isquemia, necrose e complica&#231;&#245;es subsequentes, como dor no peito e arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a &#233; agudo, com progress&#227;o r&#225;pida, e pode representar um risco grave para a vida do paciente se n&#227;o for prontamente intervindo. O IAM &#233; categorizado em tipos como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST), onda Q e altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas do segmento ST-T, sendo o IAMCST o mais prevalente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A ampla aplica&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) de emerg&#234;ncia reduziu significativamente a taxa de mortalidade de pacientes com IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, isquemia prolongada e les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o podem causar morte celular mioc&#225;rdica, levando a eventos adversos cardiovasculares maiores (MACE) em curto prazo ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, afetando gravemente o progn&#243;stico do paciente. Portanto, marcadores de progn&#243;stico de IAMCSST s&#227;o cr&#237;ticos na redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, prevenindo a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, reduzindo a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE e, finalmente, melhorando o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
      <p>As estrat&#233;gias atuais de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para MACE abrangem sistemas de escores cl&#237;nicos (por exemplo, escores GRACE, TIMI, PURSUIT),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> modalidades de imagem (ecocardiografia, angiografia coron&#225;ria, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RM), angiotomografia computadorizada [TC]),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e abordagens baseadas em biomarcadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Enquanto biomarcadores card&#237;acos tradicionais, como troponinas card&#237;acas, creatina quinase-MB (CK-MB) e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) s&#227;o incorporados &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, novos biomarcadores, incluindo troponina card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade, pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal (NT-proBNP) e prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) est&#227;o atualmente sob explora&#231;&#227;o. A previs&#227;o de MACE permanece intrincada devido &#224; natureza multifatorial do IAM e &#224; variabilidade da resposta individual do paciente, necessitando de pesquisa cont&#237;nua para modelos preditivos aprimorados.</p>
      <p>O &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e a endotelina-1 (ET-1) s&#227;o os principais mediadores sintetizados pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares e desempenham pap&#233;is antag&#244;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A ET-1 pode induzir constri&#231;&#227;o vascular, aumentar a atividade de ades&#227;o dos mon&#243;citos, levar &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e acelerar o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O NO tem a fun&#231;&#227;o de dilatar os vasos sangu&#237;neos e inibir a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, o que pode resistir &#224; progress&#227;o da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o NO pode inibir a s&#237;ntese e a secre&#231;&#227;o de ET-1 pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A abertura da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria pode aliviar significativamente os sintomas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria, o que est&#225; intimamente relacionado ao papel regulador do NO.</p>
      <p>Aqui, objetivamos realizar um estudo retrospectivo para avaliar o valor preditivo de NO e ET-1 para estratificar riscos para MACE. Realizamos acompanhamentos de um ano de pacientes submetidos a PCI, que foram ent&#227;o categorizados em grupos daqueles que apresentaram MACE e aqueles que n&#227;o apresentaram. As compara&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o feitas entre os par&#226;metros basais (na admiss&#227;o) de ambos os grupos. A an&#225;lise &#233; conduzida sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 em pacientes com IAMCSST na admiss&#227;o, a gravidade do IAMCSST e seu valor preditivo para a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE dentro de um ano ap&#243;s PCI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>O comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Shengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital aprovou nosso estudo. Dados de pacientes admitidos durante 2018-2022 em nosso hospital foram usados com o crit&#233;rio de prote&#231;&#227;o de privacidade. Os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o foram usados.</p>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</p>
        <p>Idade &#8805; 18 anos; in&#237;cio agudo do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio at&#233; o tempo de admiss&#227;o hospitalar &lt;12 h; diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST de acordo com as &#8220;Diretrizes de Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica de S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda de Emerg&#234;ncia Chinesa de 2015&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio antigo; pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica; pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pulmonar ou insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica e renal grave e doen&#231;a craniana devido a v&#225;rias causas; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular, miocardite, hist&#243;rico de pericardite; pacientes com tumor maligno; pacientes com hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; expectativa de vida estimada &lt;1 ano.</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio do MACE durante 1 ano de acompanhamento inclui principalmente readmiss&#227;o devido a angina inst&#225;vel, novo in&#237;cio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, IAM recorrente, choque cardiog&#234;nico, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, arritmia grave (maligna) e morte. Angina inst&#225;vel &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica entre angina est&#225;vel e IAM, com subtipos incluindo angina de esfor&#231;o de in&#237;cio recente, piora da angina de esfor&#231;o, angina de repouso, angina p&#243;s-infarto e angina variante, cada uma caracterizada por sintomas e crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos espec&#237;ficos. O in&#237;cio recente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda &#233; diagnosticado usando avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, de ECG, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais e de biomarcadores, com uma classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip de II-IV. IAM recorrente refere-se a um evento de IAM repetido. O choque cardiog&#234;nico &#233; identificado por hipotens&#227;o persistente e sinais de perfus&#227;o inadequada de &#243;rg&#227;os. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o envolve passar por ICP ou CRM durante o acompanhamento de um ano ap&#243;s ICP. Arritmias graves que causam instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica incluem fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, taquicardia ventricular e outras, frequentemente levando &#224; s&#237;ncope ou morte s&#250;bita. A morte &#233; definida como mortalidade durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de um ano ap&#243;s ICP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de NO s&#233;rico e ET-1</title>
        <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de NO e ET-1 foram quantificadas utilizando kits de ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico (ELISA) dispon&#237;veis comercialmente, de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante (Thermo Fisher).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas usando m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas usando mediana e intervalo interquartil. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%). O teste-t de Student n&#227;o pareado com corre&#231;&#227;o de Welch ou o teste de Mann-Whitney foram usados para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi feita usando o teste Qui-Quadrado ou Exato de Fisher. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para normalidade dos dados antes da an&#225;lise. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi usada para analisar correla&#231;&#245;es entre dois par&#226;metros. A curva ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) foi usada para analisar os valores preditivos para MACE. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi determinada quando os valores de p foram menores que 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de base</title>
        <p>Um total de 269 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento, 112 pacientes apresentaram eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) p&#243;s-procedimento, enquanto 157 pacientes n&#227;o o apresentaram. Compara&#231;&#245;es das caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes na admiss&#227;o entre esses dois grupos foram conduzidas, revelando diferen&#231;as significativas em idade, classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), troponina card&#237;aca I (cTnI), creatina quinase-MB (CK-MB), bem como n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos fatores cl&#237;nicos para eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) p&#243;s-procedimento com in&#237;cio em um ano de acompanhamento entre pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fatores</th>
                  <th>NMACE (n=157)</th>
                  <th>MACE (n=112)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">61 (55,5, 68)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (58, 71,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23 (21, 25,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (21, 25,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.207</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>G&#234;nero (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (48,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (54,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,387</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (51,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (45,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (17,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,399</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (86%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (82,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (21,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (31,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (78,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (68,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hiperlipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (18,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,227</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (81,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (75%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (36,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (43,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,312</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (63,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (56,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Classe Killip na admiss&#227;o (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (45,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (24,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (22,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (22,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (18,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (32,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (13,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (21,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">78 (72,5, 86)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (75, 86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,117</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">127,63 &#177; 19,15</td>
                  <td align="center">130,73 &#177; 20,71</td>
                  <td align="center">0,174</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAD (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">85,34 &#177; 11,27</td>
                  <td align="center">88,66 &#177; 10,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,218</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51,92 (46,78, 56,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,42 (42,21, 50,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>cTnI s&#233;rico (ng/mL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36 &#177; 0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CK-MB s&#233;rico (ng/mL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28,54 &#177; 8,11</td>
                  <td align="center">40,65 &#177; 12,19</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NO s&#233;rico (nmol/mL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">35,45 &#177; 9,51</td>
                  <td align="center">28,77 &#177; 9,15</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ET-1 s&#233;ric (pg/mL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">64,56 &#177; 15,57</td>
                  <td align="center">80,95 &#177; 18,85</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP quando atendiam &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou como mediana (intervalo interquartil) quando n&#227;o atendiam &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n (porcentagem). NMACE: nenhum evento cardiovascular adverso maior; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; cTnI: troponina I card&#237;aca; CK-MB: creatina quinase-m&#250;sculo/c&#233;rebro.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 entre grupos de pacientes</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> compara os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 na admiss&#227;o entre os 112 pacientes que apresentaram MACE e os 157 pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram. Os resultados mostram que os pacientes que apresentaram MACE apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais baixos de NO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>) e mais altos de ET-1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>) na admiss&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que n&#227;o apresentaram (p&lt;0,001). Al&#233;m disso, uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa significativa foi observada entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 entre todos os pacientes com IAMCSST (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#245;es de NO s&#233;rico (A) e ET-1 (B) na admiss&#227;o entre pacientes com (n=112) e sem (n=156) eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) p&#243;s-procedimento em um ano ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST). ***p &lt; 0,001. Teste t n&#227;o pareado com corre&#231;&#227;o de Welch. C, An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson de NO s&#233;rico com ET-1 na admiss&#227;o em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST, n = 269).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240248-40248-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 e a gravidade do IAMCSST</title>
        <p>Em seguida, analisamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 na admiss&#227;o e a gravidade do IAMCSST em todos os pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). A classe Killip e a FEVE podem refletir a gravidade do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes com IAMCSST. Pode-se observar que quanto mais grave o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes com IAMCSST, menor o NO s&#233;rico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2C</xref>) e maior os n&#237;veis de ET-1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B e 2D</xref>) na admiss&#227;o, com correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e negativas marcantes, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman da classe Killp com NO s&#233;rico (A) e ET-1 (B) na admiss&#227;o em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST, n = 269). An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman da FEVE com NO s&#233;rico (C) e ET-1 (D) na admiss&#227;o em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST, n = 269).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240248-40248-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valor preditivo dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 para MACE</title>
        <p>Para demonstrar o valor preditivo do NO s&#233;rico e ET-1, a an&#225;lise ROC foi realizada para usar NO &#250;nico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>) ou ET-1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3B</xref>) ou seu valor combinado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3C</xref>) para prever a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE dentro de um ano ap&#243;s ICP em pacientes com IAMCSST. Os valores de corte, sensibilidade e especificidade da an&#225;lise ROC foram determinados com base no valor m&#225;ximo do &#237;ndice de Youden, conforme visto nos dados da figura e na &#225;rea sob a curva. O modelo de detec&#231;&#227;o combinado foi representado pela f&#243;rmula: -0,082 * NO + 0,059 * ET-1</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise ROC de NO s&#233;rico (A), ET-1 (B) na admiss&#227;o e seu teste combinado (C) para predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) com in&#237;cio em um ano de acompanhamento entre pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240248-40248-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAMCSST com base no modelo de detec&#231;&#227;o combinado</title>
        <p>Em seguida, dividimos todos os pacientes com IAMCSST em grupos alto (&gt; 1,445, n=131) e baixo (&lt; 1,445, n=138) com base nos valores de corte na an&#225;lise ROC do modelo de detec&#231;&#227;o combinado dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 na admiss&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou valor exatamente neste valor de corte de 1,445. Durante um acompanhamento de um ano ap&#243;s a ICP, houve 1 caso (grupo &lt; 1,445) e 3 casos (grupo &gt; 1,445) de choque cardiog&#234;nico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>), todos fatais. Houve 6 casos e 16 casos com arritmia maligna no grupo &lt; 1,445 e no grupo &gt; 1,455, respectivamente. Uma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada no caso de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (grupo &lt; 1,455: 11 casos; grupo &gt; 1,455: 27 casos). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos casos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente ou angina recorrente que necessitou de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a mortalidade de acompanhamento de um ano foi de 2 casos (grupo &lt; 1,445) e 8 casos (grupo &gt; 1,445), todos os quais foram classificados como mortalidade card&#237;aca, sem outras causas de morte registradas. A compara&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE p&#243;s-procedimento entre os dois grupos revelou diferen&#231;as significativas em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es, ilustrando ainda mais o valor preditivo promissor do modelo de detec&#231;&#227;o combinado.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#245;es de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) p&#243;s-procedimento com in&#237;cio em um ano de acompanhamento entre pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) de acordo com o ponto de corte do teste de combina&#231;&#227;o de NO s&#233;rico e ET-1 (-0,082 * NO + 0,059 * ET-1)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>&lt; 1,445 (n=138)</th>
                  <th>&gt; 1,445 (n=131)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmia maligna</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (12,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,359</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (20,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (9,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,237</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina recorrente que requer revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (5,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,129</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MACE Total</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (24,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (59,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>MACE: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O estudo atual examina as implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 na predi&#231;&#227;o de MACE em pacientes com IAMCSST que foram submetidos a ICP. Consistente com as altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas causadas por MACE, disparidades significativas foram identificadas em par&#226;metros-chave como classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip, FEVE, cTnI, CK-MB e, particularmente, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 entre pacientes que apresentaram MACE e aqueles que n&#227;o apresentaram, ap&#243;s ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A maior m&#233;dia de idade do grupo MACE sugeriu que a idade &#233; um fator importante associado ao alto risco de MACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em conson&#226;ncia com pesquisas anteriores, nosso estudo revelou uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> ou seja, pacientes que apresentaram MACE apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente mais baixos de NO e n&#237;veis mais altos de ET-1 na admiss&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem MACE, enfatizando seus pap&#233;is antag&#244;nicos. Essa descoberta ressalta a rela&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica entre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial prejudicada, manifestada por n&#237;veis mais baixos de NO e mais altos de ET-1, e piores resultados cardiovasculares em pacientes com IAMCSST. O NO, um vasodilatador, inibe a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e resiste &#224; progress&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica, enquanto a ET-1 induz vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o e remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular, acelerando o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose.</p>
      <p>Nossos achados tamb&#233;m indicam uma associa&#231;&#227;o distinta entre a gravidade do IAMCSST, representada pela classe Killip e FEVE, e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1. Quanto mais grave o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, menor o NO s&#233;rico e maior os n&#237;veis de ET-1 na admiss&#227;o, o que se alinha com nossa compreens&#227;o dos processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Al&#233;m disso, nossa an&#225;lise ROC demonstra um valor preditivo convincente dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 na admiss&#227;o para a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE dentro de um ano ap&#243;s a ICP. Notavelmente, o modelo de detec&#231;&#227;o combinado dos n&#237;veis de NO e ET-1 parece aumentar esse poder preditivo, conforme representado por uma diferen&#231;a significativa na incid&#234;ncia de MACE p&#243;s-procedimento entre os grupos alto e baixo com base no valor de corte do modelo de detec&#231;&#227;o combinado. Esses dados apoiam o uso dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 como uma ferramenta de diagn&#243;stico para o tratamento de pacientes com IAMCSST, estratificando seu risco para MACE. Essa abordagem foi testada anteriormente para outras doen&#231;as mioc&#225;rdicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O uso de biomarcadores s&#233;ricos &#233; mais acess&#237;vel e econ&#244;mico do que os exames de imagem e mais objetivo do que os sistemas de pontua&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Embora nosso estudo comprove o valor cl&#237;nico dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 na previs&#227;o de resultados p&#243;s-ICP, ele tamb&#233;m acentua a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e abrangente desses biomarcadores em pacientes com IAMCSST. Essas descobertas estabelecem uma base para potenciais estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas visando a modula&#231;&#227;o das vias de NO e ET-1.</p>
      <p>O estudo atual tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser reconhecidas. Primeiro, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; relativamente pequena e confinada a um &#250;nico centro, o que pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos achados para popula&#231;&#245;es e cen&#225;rios mais amplos. A natureza retrospectiva da an&#225;lise tamb&#233;m pode introduzir vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, pois a inclus&#227;o de pacientes que j&#225; foram submetidos a ICP pode distorcer os resultados para aqueles com apresenta&#231;&#245;es mais graves de IAMCSST. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo incluiu apenas pacientes que sobreviveram para serem internados no hospital, potencialmente excluindo aqueles com as manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais graves de IAMCSST. O per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de um ano, embora significativo, pode n&#227;o capturar complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-procedimento de in&#237;cio tardio, e o impacto da sobreviv&#234;ncia a longo prazo e da qualidade de vida permanece inexplorado. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo n&#227;o considera varia&#231;&#245;es no tratamento m&#233;dico p&#243;s-ICP, o que pode influenciar os resultados e a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE. Finalmente, embora tenham sido observadas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 com a gravidade do IAMCSST e MACE, a causalidade n&#227;o pode ser estabelecida, e outros fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o medidos podem influenciar esses biomarcadores e resultados cl&#237;nicos. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios com um desenho multic&#234;ntrico, tamanhos de amostra maiores e um acompanhamento mais longo para entender completamente o valor preditivo desses biomarcadores. Mais pesquisas sobre os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos de NO e ET-1 em IAMCSST e estudos longitudinais mais extensos sobre as implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas desses marcadores s&#227;o garantidos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este estudo ressalta o papel fundamental dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 na predi&#231;&#227;o de MACE em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos a ICP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Notavelmente, nossas descobertas elucidam uma clara correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 e a gravidade do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Mais importante, o modelo de detec&#231;&#227;o combinado de NO e ET-1 aumenta significativamente o poder progn&#243;stico para a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE dentro de um ano ap&#243;s a ICP. Essas descobertas sugerem que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO e ET-1 podem servir como biomarcadores valiosos para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos a ICP. No entanto, a aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dessas descobertas requer valida&#231;&#227;o por meio de mais estudos prospectivos e multic&#234;ntricos. Os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes de NO e ET-1 no contexto do IAMCSST tamb&#233;m justificam uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Wu X, Reboll MR, Korf-Klingebiel M, Wollert KC. Angiogenesis after Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(5):1257-73. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa287.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reboll</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korf-Klingebiel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wollert</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiogenesis after Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1257</fpage>
          <lpage>1273</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cvr/cvaa287</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Samsky MD, Morrow DA, Proudfoot AG, Hochman JS, Thiele H, Rao SV. Cardiogenic Shock after Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Review. JAMA. 2021;326(18):1840-50. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.18323.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Samsky</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morrow</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Proudfoot</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hochman</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiele</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rao</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiogenic Shock after Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Review</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>326</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1840</fpage>
          <lpage>1850</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2021.18323</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Reed GW, Rossi JE, Cannon CP. Acute Myocardial Infarction. Lancet. 2017;389(10065):197-210. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30677-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reed</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>389</volume>
          <issue>10065</issue>
          <fpage>197</fpage>
          <lpage>210</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30677-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Meyers HP, Bracey A, Lee D, Lichtenheld A, Li WJ, Singer DD, et al. Comparison of the ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) vs. NSTEMI and Occlusion MI (OMI) vs. NOMI Paradigms of Acute MI. J Emerg Med. 2021;60(3):273-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.026.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meyers</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bracey</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lichtenheld</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singer</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of the ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) vs. NSTEMI and Occlusion MI (OMI) vs. NOMI Paradigms of Acute MI</article-title>
          <source>J Emerg Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>273</fpage>
          <lpage>284</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.026</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Cowper PA, Knight JD, Davidson-Ray L, Peterson ED, Wang TY, Mark DB, et al. Acute and 1-Year Hospitalization Costs for Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results from the TRANSLATE-ACS Registry. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(8):e011322. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.011322.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cowper</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knight</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davidson-Ray</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>TY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mark</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute and 1-Year Hospitalization Costs for Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results from the TRANSLATE-ACS Registry</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e011322</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.118.011322</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Kwok CS, Wong CW, Kontopantelis E, Barac A, Brown SA, Velagapudi P, et al. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Cancer and Readmissions Within 90 Days for Acute Myocardial Infarction and Bleeding in the USA. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(10):1019-34. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1032.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kwok</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kontopantelis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barac</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Velagapudi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Cancer and Readmissions Within 90 Days for Acute Myocardial Infarction and Bleeding in the USA</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1019</fpage>
          <lpage>1034</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1032</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Moady G, Iakobishvili Z, Beigel R, Shlomo N, Matetzky S, Zahger D, et al. The Predictive Value of Low Admission Hemoglobin Over the GRACE Score in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Cardiol. 2019;73(4):271-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.10.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moady</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iakobishvili</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beigel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shlomo</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matetzky</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zahger</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Predictive Value of Low Admission Hemoglobin Over the GRACE Score in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>271</fpage>
          <lpage>275</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.10.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Greenwood JP, Walker S. Stress CMR Imaging for Stable Chest Pain Syndromes: Underused and Undervalued? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(7):1518-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.04.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greenwood</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stress CMR Imaging for Stable Chest Pain Syndromes: Underused and Undervalued?</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1518</fpage>
          <lpage>1520</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.04.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Lange T, Backhaus SJ, Schulz A, Evertz R, Kowallick JT, Bigalke B, et al. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance-derived Left Atrioventricular Coupling Index and Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients Following Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2023;25(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s12968-023-00929-w.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lange</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Backhaus</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schulz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evertz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kowallick</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bigalke</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance-derived Left Atrioventricular Coupling Index and Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients Following Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">24</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12968-023-00929-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Kristono GA, Holley AS, Hally KE, Brunton-O'Sullivan MM, Shi B, Harding SA, et al. An IL-6-IL-8 Score Derived from Principal Component Analysis is Predictive of Adverse Outcome in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cytokine X. 2020;2(4):100037. doi: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100037.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kristono</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holley</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hally</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brunton-O'Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harding</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An IL-6-IL-8 Score Derived from Principal Component Analysis is Predictive of Adverse Outcome in Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Cytokine X</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <size units="pages">100037</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100037</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Mengozzi A, Pugliese NR, Chiriac&#242; M, Masi S, Virdis A, Taddei S. Microvascular Ageing Links Metabolic Disease to Age-related Disorders: The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Promoting Microvascular Dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2021;78(Suppl 6):78-87. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000001109.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mengozzi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pugliese</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiriac&#242;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Virdis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taddei</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Microvascular Ageing Links Metabolic Disease to Age-related Disorders: The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Promoting Microvascular Dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 6</supplement>
          <fpage>78</fpage>
          <lpage>87</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/FJC.0000000000001109</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Qin L, Liu X, Li Y. Correlation of Serum BNP and ET-1 Levels with Cardiac Pump Function and Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with Heart Failure. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2020;66(3):125-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Qin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Correlation of Serum BNP and ET-1 Levels with Cardiac Pump Function and Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>125</fpage>
          <lpage>131</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Song Q, Guo Y, Pei F, Wang X. The Relationship between the Carotid Atherosclerosis Ultrasound Parameters and the Cardiac and Endothelial Functions of Coronary Heart Disease Patients. Am J Transl Res. 2021;13(5):5498-504.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pei</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Relationship between the Carotid Atherosclerosis Ultrasound Parameters and the Cardiac and Endothelial Functions of Coronary Heart Disease Patients</article-title>
          <source>Am J Transl Res</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>5498</fpage>
          <lpage>5504</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Roth L, Van der Donckt C, Veseli BE, Van Dam D, De Deyn PP, Martinet W, et al. Nitric Oxide Donor Molsidomine Favors Features of Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability and Reduces Myocardial Infarction in Mice. Vascul Pharmacol. 2019;118-9:106561. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.05.001.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roth</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van der Donckt</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veseli</surname>
              <given-names>BE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Dam</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Deyn</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinet</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nitric Oxide Donor Molsidomine Favors Features of Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability and Reduces Myocardial Infarction in Mice</article-title>
          <source>Vascul Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <size units="pages">106561</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.vph.2019.05.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Genovesi S, Giussani M, Orlando A, Lieti G, Viazzi F, Parati G. Relationship between Endothelin and Nitric Oxide Pathways in the Onset and Maintenance of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol. 2022;37(3):537-45. doi: 10.1007/s00467-021-05144-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Genovesi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giussani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orlando</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lieti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viazzi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parati</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between Endothelin and Nitric Oxide Pathways in the Onset and Maintenance of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Nephrol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>537</fpage>
          <lpage>545</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00467-021-05144-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. China Society of Cardiology of Chinese Medical Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Cardiology; China Society of Cardiology of Chinese Medical Association Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Cardiology. Guideline on the Diagnosis and Therapy of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2015;43(5):380-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>China Society of Cardiology of Chinese Medical Association</collab>
            <collab>Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Cardiology</collab>
            <collab>China Society of Cardiology of Chinese Medical Association Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Cardiology</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guideline on the Diagnosis and Therapy of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>380</fpage>
          <lpage>393</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Chai Q, Zhang W, Gao L, Yang Y, Xin S. Serum Irisin Correlates to the Severity of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Predicts the Postoperative Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events. Biomol Biomed. 2023;23(5):785-91. doi: 10.17305/bb.2023.8888.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chai</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum Irisin Correlates to the Severity of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Predicts the Postoperative Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events</article-title>
          <source>Biomol Biomed</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>785</fpage>
          <lpage>791</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17305/bb.2023.8888</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Palm J, Holdenrieder S, Hoffmann G, H&#246;rer J, Shi R, Klawonn F, et al. Predicting Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Children with Age-adjusted NT-proBNP. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(19):1890-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.056.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palm</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holdenrieder</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>H&#246;rer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klawonn</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predicting Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Children with Age-adjusted NT-proBNP</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>1890</fpage>
          <lpage>1900</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.056</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Maeda S, Miyauchi T, Kakiyama T, Sugawara J, Iemitsu M, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, et al. Effects of Exercise Training of 8 Weeks and Detraining on Plasma Levels of Endothelium-derived Factors, Endothelin-1 and Nitric Oxide, in Healthy Young Humans. Life Sci. 2001;69(9):1005-16. doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(01)01192-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maeda</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyauchi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kakiyama</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sugawara</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iemitsu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Irukayama-Tomobe</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Exercise Training of 8 Weeks and Detraining on Plasma Levels of Endothelium-derived Factors, Endothelin-1 and Nitric Oxide, in Healthy Young Humans</article-title>
          <source>Life Sci</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1005</fpage>
          <lpage>1016</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0024-3205(01)01192-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Gao R, Wang J, Zhang S, Yang G, Gao Z, Chen X. The Value of Combining Plasma D-dimer and Endothelin-1 Levels to Predict No-reflow after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of ST-segment Elevation in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients with a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus History. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:3549-56. doi: 10.12659/MSM.908980.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Value of Combining Plasma D-dimer and Endothelin-1 Levels to Predict No-reflow after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of ST-segment Elevation in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients with a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus History</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Monit</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <fpage>3549</fpage>
          <lpage>3556</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12659/MSM.908980</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Dai M, Wang Y, Peng L, Liu X, Lu J, He L, et al. Relationship between Quantitative Parameters of Echocardiography and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Its Predictive Value for Short-term MACE Risk. J Healthc Eng. 2021;2021:1985962. doi: 10.1155/2021/1985962.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dai</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peng</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between Quantitative Parameters of Echocardiography and Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Its Predictive Value for Short-term MACE Risk</article-title>
          <source>J Healthc Eng</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>2021</volume>
          <size units="pages">1985962</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2021/1985962</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Declara&#231;&#227;o de disponibilidade de dados:</label>
        <p> Os dados n&#227;o puderam ser compartilhados abertamente, conforme exigido por nosso departamento. Os dados brutos puderam ser obtidos mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel ao autor correspondente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Shengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo SPH-507-211-ZQTYS. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240248i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Serum Nitric Oxide, Endothelin-1 Correlates Post-Procedural Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events among Patients with Acute STEMI</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5969-2586</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guo</surname>
            <given-names>Huihui</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Qu</surname>
            <given-names>Qi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lv</surname>
            <given-names>Jiechao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Medicine - Shengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital (Shengzhou Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, the Shengzhou Hospital of Shaoxing University), Zhejiang &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Huihui Guo &#8226; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital (Shengzhou Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, the Shengzhou Hospital of Shaoxing University) &#8211; No. 666 Dangui Road, Sanjiang Street, Shengzhou 312400, Zhejiang &#8211; China E-mail: xiangcao423720@163.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a common and severe form of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> The study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels with the severity of STEMI and their predictive value for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) within one year after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in STEMI patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The retrospective study was conducted on 269 STEMI patients who underwent PCI. The patients were categorized into two groups: those who developed MACE (112 cases) and those who did not (157 cases) within one year. NO and ET1 levels were measured in collected serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Receive-operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to analyze the prognostic potential of NO and ET1 individually and in combination, p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Significant differences were noted between the two groups concerning age, Killip classification, left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), as well as serum NO and ET-1 levels. The study observed that patients who developed MACE had lower serum NO and higher ET-1 levels upon admission. Further analysis revealed a significant inverse relationship between serum NO and ET-1 levels and the severity of myocardial infarction. A combined detection model, -0.082 * NO + 0.059 * ET-1, demonstrated promising prognostic value for the occurrence of MACE within one year post-PCI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Serum NO and ET-1 levels serve as valuable prognostic markers for MACE in STEMI patients undergoing PCI, exhibiting a strong correlation with AMI severity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Serum Nitric Oxide, Endothelin-1 Correlates Post-Procedural Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events among Patients with Acute STEMI</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240248-40248-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common cardiac disease in cardiology, characterized by the sudden reduction or interruption of blood flow due to coronary artery obstruction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> leading to myocardial hypoxia, ischemia, necrosis, and subsequent complications such as chest pain and arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The disease onset is acute, with rapid progression, and can pose a severe risk to the patient&#8217;s life if not promptly intervened. AMI is categorized into types such as ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), Q-wave, and dynamic ST-T changes, with STEMI being the most prevalent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The wide application of emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has significantly reduced the mortality rate of STEMI patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, prolonged ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion injury can cause myocardial cell death, leading to major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE) in the short term after myocardial infarction, severely affecting patient prognosis. Therefore, markers of STEMI prognosis are critical in reducing the area of myocardial infarction, preventing left ventricular remodeling, reducing the occurrence of MACE, and ultimately improving the prognosis of STEMI patients.</p>
        <p>Current risk stratification strategies for MACE encompass clinical scoring systems (e.g., GRACE, TIMI, PURSUIT scores),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> imaging modalities (echocardiography, coronary angiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) angiography),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and biomarker-based approaches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> While traditional cardiac biomarkers such as cardiac troponins, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are incorporated into risk stratification, novel biomarkers including high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) are currently under exploration. Predicting MACE remains intricate due to the multifactorial nature of AMI and individual patient response variability, necessitating ongoing research for improved predictive models.</p>
        <p>Nitric oxide (NO) and Endothelin-1 (ET-1) are the main mediators synthesized by vascular endothelial cells and play antagonistic roles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> ET-1 can induce vascular constriction, enhance the adhesion activity of monocytes, lead to vascular remodeling, and accelerate the development of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> NO has the function of dilating blood vessels and inhibiting platelet aggregation, which can resist the progression of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Furthermore, NO can inhibit the synthesis and secretion of ET-1 by vascular endothelial cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The opening of the coronary collateral circulation can significantly alleviate the symptoms of myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary heart disease, which is closely related to the regulatory role of NO.</p>
        <p>Herein, we aimed to perform a retrospective study to evaluate the predictive value of NO and ET-1 for stratifying risks for MACE. We conducted one-year follow-ups of patients who underwent PCI, who were then categorized into groups of those who experienced MACE and those who did not. Comparisons are made between the baseline parameters (at admission) of both groups. The analysis is conducted on the relationship between the serum levels of NO and ET-1 in STEMI patients at admission, the severity of STEMI, and their predictive value for the occurrence of MACE within one year after PCI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>The ethical committee of Shengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital approved our study. Data of patients admitted during 2018-2022 to our hospital were used with the discretion of privacy protection. The following inclusion and exclusion criteria were used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Age &#8805; 18 years; acute onset of myocardial infarction to hospital admission time &lt;12 h; diagnosis of STEMI according to the &#8220;2015 Chinese Emergency Acute Coronary Syndrome Clinical Practice Guidelines Diagnosis Standards&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Patients with a history of old myocardial infarction; patients with chronic heart failure; patients with pulmonary artery hypertension, pulmonic heart disease or severe liver and kidney function insufficiency and cranial disease due to various causes; congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, pericarditis history; malignant tumor patients; patients with a previous history of myocardial infarction or heart failure; estimated life expectancy &lt;1 year were excluded.</p>
          <p>The primary endpoint of MACE during 1 year of follow-up mainly includes readmission due to unstable angina, new onset of acute heart failure, recurrent AMI, cardiogenic shock, revascularization, severe (malignant) arrhythmia, and death. Unstable angina is a clinical condition between stable angina and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), with subtypes including new-onset exertional angina, worsening exertional angina, rest angina, post-infarction angina, and variant angina, each characterized by specific symptoms and diagnostic criteria. New onset of acute heart failure is diagnosed using clinical, ECG, echocardiography, laboratory, and biomarker evaluations, with a Killip classification of II-IV. Recurrent AMI refers to a repeat AMI event. Cardiogenic shock is identified by persistent hypotension and inadequate organ perfusion signs. Revascularization involves undergoing PCI or CABG during the one-year follow-up after PCI. Severe arrhythmias causing hemodynamic instability include ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and others, often leading to syncope or sudden death. Death is defined as mortality during the one-year follow-up period post-PCI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of serum NO and ET-1</title>
          <p>Serum NO and ET-1 concentrations were quantified utilizing commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits in accordance with the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions (Thermo Fisher).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution were described using mean &#177; standard deviation, and those without normal distribution were described using median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies. The unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test with Welch&#8217;s correction or the Mann-Whitney test were used for continuous variables according to data normality. The comparison between categorical variables was made using the Chi-Square or Fisher&#8217;s Exact test. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used normality of the data before analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze correlations between two parameters. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive values for MACE. Statistical significance was determined when p-values were less than 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 269 patients were included in the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). After one year of follow-up, 112 patients experienced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) post-procedurally, while 157 patients did not. Comparisons of the baseline characteristics of patients upon admission between these two groups were conducted, revealing significant differences in age, Killip classification, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), as well as serum levels of NO and ET-1.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of clinical factors for post-procedural major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) onset at one-year following-up among patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Factors</th>
                    <th>NMACE (n=157)</th>
                    <th>MACE (n=112)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">61 (55.5, 68)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (58, 71.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">23 (21, 25.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (21, 25.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.207</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Gender (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (48.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (54.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.387</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">81 (51.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (45.5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (14%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (17.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.399</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">135 (86%)</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (82.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (21.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (31.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.089</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (78.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">77 (68.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Hyperlipidemia</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (18.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (25%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.227</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">128 (81.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">84 (75%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Smoking</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (36.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (43.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.312</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">99 (63.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (56.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Killip class on admission (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (45.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (24.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (22.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (22.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (18.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (32.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>4</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (13.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (21.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Heart rate (b.p.m.)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">78 (72.5. 86)</td>
                    <td align="center">81 (75. 86)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.117</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">127.63 &#177; 19.15</td>
                    <td align="center">130.73 &#177; 20.71</td>
                    <td align="center">0.174</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>DBP (mmHg)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">85.34 &#177; 11.27</td>
                    <td align="center">88.66 &#177; 10.92</td>
                    <td align="center">0.218</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">51.92 (46.78, 56.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.42 (42.21, 50.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Serum cTnI (ng/mL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.21</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36 &#177; 0.45</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Serum CK-MB (ng/mL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">28.54 &#177; 8.11</td>
                    <td align="center">40.65 &#177; 12.19</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Serum NO (nmol/mL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">35.45 &#177; 9.51</td>
                    <td align="center">28.77 &#177; 9.15</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Serum ET-1 (pg/mL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">64.56 &#177; 15.57</td>
                    <td align="center">80.95 &#177; 18.85</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>The continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; SD when they met normal distribution or as median (interquartile range) when they did not meet normal distribution. The categorical variables were presented as n (percentage). NMACE: no major adverse cardiovascular events; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; cTnI: cardiac troponin I; CK-MB: creatine kinase-muscle/brain.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison of Serum NO and ET-1 levels between patient groups</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> compares the serum levels of NO and ET-1 upon admission between the 112 patients who experienced MACE and the 157 patients who did not. The results show that patients who experienced MACE had lower serum NO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1A</xref>) and higher ET-1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1B</xref>) levels upon admission compared to those who did not (p&lt;0.001). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was observed between serum NO and ET-1 levels among all STEMI patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparisons of serum NO (A) and ET-1 (B) at admission between patients with (n=112) and without (n=156) post-procedural major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) onset at one-year following up acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). ***p &lt; 0.001. Unpaired t-test with Welch&#8217;s correction. (C) Pearson correlation analysis of serum NO with ET-1 at admission in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, n = 269).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240248-40248-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relationship between Serum NO and ET-1 levels and stemi severity</title>
          <p>We next analyzed the relationship between serum levels of NO and ET-1 upon admission and the severity of STEMI in all patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). The Killip class and LVEF can reflect the severity of myocardial infarction in STEMI patients. It can be seen that the more severe the myocardial infarction in STEMI patients, the lower the serum NO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A and 2C</xref>) and the higher the ET-1 levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B and 2D</xref>) upon admission, with marked positive and negative correlations, respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Spearman correlation analysis of Killp class with serum NO (A) and ET-1 (B) at admission in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, n = 269). Spearman correlation analysis of LVEF with serum NO (C) and ET-1 (D) at admission in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, n = 269).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240248-40248-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictive value of Serum NO and ET-1 levels for MACE</title>
          <p>To demonstrate the predictive value of serum NO and ET-1, ROC analysis was performed to use single NO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>) or ET-1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3B</xref>) or their combined value (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3C</xref>) to predict the occurrence of MACE within one year after PCI in STEMI patients. The cut-off values, sensitivity, and specificity of the ROC analysis were determined based on the maximum value of the Youden index, as seen in the figure data and area under the curve. The combined detection model was represented by the formula: -0.082 * NO + 0.059 * ET-1.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; ROC analysis of serum NO (A), ET-1 (B) at admission and their combined test (C) for prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) onset at one-year following up among patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240248-40248-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Classification of STEMI patients based on the combined detection model</title>
          <p>We next divided all STEMI patients into high (&gt; 1.445, n=131) and low (&lt; 1.445, n=138) groups based on the cut-off values in the ROC analysis of the combined detection model of serum NO and ET-1 levels upon admission (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). None of the patients had value exactly at this cut-off value of 1.445. During a one-year follow-up after PCI, there were 1 case (&lt; 1.445 group) and 3 cases (&gt; 1.445 group) of cardiogenic shock (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>), all of which were fatal. There were 6 cases and 16 cases with malignant arrhythmia in the &lt; 1.445 group and &gt; 1.455 group, respectively. A significant difference was observed in the case of heart failure (&lt; 1.455 group: 11 cases; &gt; 1.455 group: 27 cases). There was no significant difference in the cases of recurrent myocardial infarction or recurrent angina requiring revascularization. Additionally, the one-year follow-up mortality was 2 cases (&lt; 1.445 group) and 8 cases (&gt; 1.445 group), all of which were classified as cardiac mortality, with no other causes of death recorded. The comparison of the occurrence of MACE post-procedurally between the two groups revealed significant differences in all comparisons, further illustrating the promising predictive value of the combined detection model.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211;Comparisons of post-procedural major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) onset at one-year following up among patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) according to the cut-off of serum NO and ET-1 combination test (-0.082 * NO + 0.059 * ET-1)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>&lt; 1,445 (n=138)</th>
                    <th>&gt; 1,445 (n=131)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Malignant arrhythmia</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (4.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (12.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.025</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiogenic shock</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.359</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (8.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (20.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Recurrent myocardial infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (5.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (9.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.237</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Recurrent angina requiring revascularization</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (5.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (11.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.129</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (6.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.055</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total MACE</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (24.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (59.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The current study scrutinizes the prognostic implications of serum NO and ET-1 levels in predicting MACE in patients with STEMI who have undergone PCI. Consistent with cardiological changes caused by MACE, significant disparities were identified in key parameters such as Killip classification, LVEF, cTnI, CK-MB, and particularly the serum levels of NO and ET-1 between patients who experienced MACE and those who did not, post-PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The greater mean age of the MACE group suggested that age is an important factor associated with high MACE risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In line with previous research, our study revealed an inverse correlation between serum NO and ET-1 levels,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> i.e., patients who experienced MACE had significantly lower NO levels and higher ET-1 levels upon admission compared to those without MACE, emphasizing their antagonistic roles. This finding underscores the pathophysiological relationship between impaired endothelial function, manifested by lower NO and higher ET-1 levels, and worse cardiovascular outcomes in STEMI patients. NO, a vasodilator, inhibits platelet aggregation and resists atherosclerotic progression, while ET-1 induces vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling, accelerating atherosclerosis development.</p>
        <p>Our findings also indicate a distinct association between the severity of STEMI, represented by Killip class and LVEF, and the serum NO and ET-1 levels. The more severe the myocardial infarction, the lower the serum NO and the higher the ET-1 levels upon admission, which aligns with our understanding of the pathophysiological processes of myocardial infarction. Furthermore, our ROC analysis demonstrates a compelling predictive value of serum NO and ET-1 levels upon admission for the occurrence of MACE within one year post-PCI. Remarkably, the combined detection model of NO and ET-1 levels appears to enhance this predictive power, as depicted by a significant difference in the incidence of post-procedural MACE between the high and low groups based on the cut-off value of the combined detection model. These data support the use of serum NO and ET-1 levels as a diagnostic tool for managing patients with STEMI by stratifying their risk for MACE. This approach has been previously tested for other myocardial diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The use of the serum biomarkers is more accessible and cost-effective than imaging and more objective than clinical scoring systems.</p>
        <p>While our study substantiates the clinical value of serum NO and ET-1 levels in prognosticating post-PCI outcomes, it also accentuates the importance of prompt and comprehensive assessment of these biomarkers in STEMI patients. These findings lay a foundation for potential therapeutic strategies targeting the modulation of NO and ET-1 pathways.</p>
        <p>The current study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, the study population is relatively small and confined to a single center, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to broader populations and settings. The retrospective nature of the analysis might also introduce selection bias, as the inclusion of patients who have already undergone PCI could skew the results towards those with more severe STEMI presentations. Furthermore, the study only included patients who survived to be admitted to the hospital, potentially excluding those with the most severe manifestations of STEMI. The follow-up period of one year, while significant, may not capture late-onset post-procedural complications, and the impact of long-term survival and quality of life remains unexplored. Additionally, the study does not account for variations in medical treatment post-PCI, which could influence outcomes and the occurrence of MACE. Finally, while significant correlations between serum NO and ET-1 levels with STEMI severity and MACE were observed, causation cannot be established, and other unmeasured confounding factors could influence these biomarkers and clinical outcomes. Further studies are needed with a multicenter design, larger sample sizes, and a longer follow-up to understand the predictive value of these biomarkers fully. Further research into the pathophysiological mechanisms of NO and ET-1 in STEMI, and more extensive longitudinal studies on the clinical implications of these markers are warranted.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, this study underscores the pivotal role of serum NO and ET-1 levels in predicting MACE in patients with STEMI who undergo PCI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref>). Notably, our findings elucidate a clear inverse correlation between serum NO and ET-1 levels and the severity of myocardial infarction. More importantly, the combined detection model of NO and ET-1 significantly enhances the prognostic power for the occurrence of MACE within one year post-PCI. These findings suggest that serum NO and ET-1 levels could serve as valuable biomarkers for risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making in STEMI patients undergoing PCI. However, the clinical application of these findings requires validation through further prospective, multicenter trials. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of NO and ET-1 in the context of STEMI also warrant further investigation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data availability statement:</label>
          <p> The data could not be shared openly, as required by our department. The raw data could be obtained upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Shengzhou People&#8217;s Hospital under the protocol number SPH-507-211-ZQTYS. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
