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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7szkXghSzd99Ck7rQz3gnzK</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000100305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240246</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Registro SBR-AF: Preditores de Recorr&#234;ncia de Taquiarritmia Atrial ap&#243;s Primeira Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8389-2574</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ternes</surname>
            <given-names>Caique M. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forno</surname>
            <given-names>Alexander Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lewandowski</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Helcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2298-9951</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Odozynski</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9190-6331</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferro</surname>
            <given-names>Enrico G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8977-6929</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8803-8115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faganello</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6484-1162</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pasqualotto</surname>
            <given-names>Eric</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damasceno</surname>
            <given-names>Grazyelle</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOS Cardio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca, Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chapec&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca, Hospital Unimed, Chapec&#243;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts </named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">TIMI Study Group</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">TIMI Study Group, Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Andre d&#8217;Avila &#8226; Hospital SOS Cardio - Rodovia, SC-401, 121. CEP 88030-000, Itacorubi, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil Email: <email>adavila@bidmc.harvard.edu</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240246</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Registro SBR-AF: Preditores de Recorr&#234;ncia de Taquiarritmia Atrial ap&#243;s Primeira Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Registro SBR-AF (Southern Brazilian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation), complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento e recorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmia atrial no seguimento em longo prazo.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7szkXghSzd99Ck7rQz3gnzK/68fd1ea7ecfdc800de057e11e6704fd25109da66.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7szkXghSzd99Ck7rQz3gnzK/73d4854a2aa08435c0f23053c8bf7406bdade4c5.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7szkXghSzd99Ck7rQz3gnzK/9effd8b06acc8e67e6df6f7e87d74754c2dfdcf3.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter evoluiu significativamente. No entanto, dados do cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico real em desfechos de longo prazo s&#227;o limitados, particularmente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo prospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico, do tipo coorte de pacientes consecutivos tem como objetivo avaliar a seguran&#231;a da primeira abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter da FA na regi&#227;o sudeste do Brazil entre 2009 e 2024.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a recorr&#234;ncia de qualquer taquiarritmia atrial (TAA). O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox avaliou preditores independentes de recorr&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Entre 1043 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 67,3 &#177; 11,3 anos, 27,9% mulheres), 75,5% apresentaram FA parox&#237;stica. Ap&#243;s um tempo mediano de acompanhamento de 1,4 (1,0 &#8211; 3,4) anos, 21,4% apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de TAA. As taxas de recorr&#234;ncia foram de 18,6% para FA parox&#237;stica e de 29,8% para FA persistente; 67,3% dos eventos ocorreram no primeiro ano ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Preditores de recorr&#234;ncia foram FA persistente no basal [hazard ratio (HR) 1,57, Intervalo de Confian&#231;a (IC) 95% 1,15-2,13; p = 0,004), aumento do di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo (HR 1,03, IC95% 1,00-1,05; p = 0,033), e escore EHRA de sintomas de FA mais alto (HR 1,60, IC95% 1,18-2,18; p = 0,003). As taxas de recorr&#234;ncia diminu&#237;ram ao longo do tempo de acordo com o ano calend&#225;rio do procedimento, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 9% por ano consecutivo (HR 0,91; p &lt; 0,001). Houve uma taxa de 2,1% de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos relacionados ao procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> No maior estudo coorte de abla&#231;&#245;es consecutivas da FA da Am&#233;rica Latina, preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de TAA se associaram com est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da FA. As taxas de complica&#231;&#227;o e de recorr&#234;ncia foram compar&#225;veis &#224;s de pa&#237;ses de alta renda, destacando a aplicabilidade global da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para o manejo da FA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia global estimada de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) foi de 44 milh&#245;es de pessoas em 2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Pacientes com FA t&#234;m um risco maior de desenvolverem eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda progressiva, e pior qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Ensaios cl&#237;nicos contempor&#226;neos apoiam o controle precoce do ritmo card&#237;aco para melhorar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e a qualidade de vida em compara&#231;&#227;o a um controle tardio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter &#233; superior a Drogas Antiarr&#237;tmicas (DAA) em manter o ritmo sinusal e retardar a progress&#227;o da FA parox&#237;stica para FA persistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Assim, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter tem sido cada vez mais realizada como terapia de primeira linha no controle do ritmo card&#237;aco em paciente com diagn&#243;stico recente de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de evid&#234;ncia crescente &#224; favor do controle do ritmo em Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados (ECRs), cen&#225;rios no mundo real podem n&#227;o replicar os mesmos n&#237;veis de efic&#225;cia de estudos em que centros de alto volume com operadores experientes s&#227;o muito representados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a efic&#225;cia promissora da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA precisa alinhar-se com o perfil igualmente atraente de seguran&#231;a, principalmente &#224; medida que esse procedimento &#233; adotado por operadores e hospitais com diferentes experi&#234;ncia e expertise ao redor do mundo. O risco de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento pode diminuir o benef&#237;cio das t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o para controle do ritmo em pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, muitas evid&#234;ncias tem se originado de ECRs e registros desenvolvidos ou em pa&#237;ses de alta renda ou em centros de refer&#234;ncia/acad&#234;micos de Pa&#237;ses de Renda Baixa e M&#233;dia (PRBM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No Brasil, o registro oficial mais recente sobre desfechos de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, financiado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas, &#233; do ano de 2007.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, os primeiros resultados do estudo RECALL (Registro Brasileiro Cardiovascular de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial) mostraram que, no basal, somente 4,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Durante o seguimento, ocorreu 1,8 abla&#231;&#227;o por 100 pacientes-ano. Contudo, a efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter n&#227;o foi avaliada no estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, a fim de esclarecer o distanciamento que existe entre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de diretrizes e dados da via real sobre o manejo da FA em PRBM, h&#225; uma necessidade urgente de se desenvolver registros estruturados para rastrear, sistematicamente, pacientes com FA, e coletar desfechos perioperat&#243;rios e de longo prazo da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. O estudo <italic>Southern Brazilian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation</italic> (SBR-AF) &#233; atualmente o maior estudo prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico do tipo coorte da Am&#233;rica Latina cujo objetivo &#233; avaliar a seguran&#231;a, a efic&#225;cia, e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos de longo prazo de abla&#231;&#245;es consecutivas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo e crit&#233;rios de eligibilidade</title>
        <p>Conduzimos um estudo multic&#234;ntrico do tipo coorte com 1043 pacientes consecutivos com idade &#8805; 18 anos, com FA parox&#237;stica, persistente, ou de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, que se submeteram pela primeira vez &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) entre janeiro de 2009 e janeiro de 2024. O estudo incluiu pacientes com FA sintom&#225;tica e documentada em tr&#234;s centros no Brasil (SOS Cardio, Florianopolis, SC; Hospital Unimed, Chapec&#243;, SC; e Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS).</p>
        <p>Caracter&#237;sticas basais sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes foram coletadas antes de cada procedimento, juntamente com o escore canadense de gravidade da FA (CCS-SAF, <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of AF</italic>) e o escore de sintomas relacionados &#224; FA da <italic>European Heart Rhythm Association</italic> (EHRA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Todos os dados foram armazenados no programa Syscardio<sup>&#174;</sup>, preservando a identidade do paciente. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local aprovou o estudo, e se obteve consentimento de todos os pacientes, seguindo-se a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de procedimento e seguimento</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de RF sob anestesia geral. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados com diferentes vers&#245;es de um <italic>EnSite Navx - Abbott</italic><sup><italic>&#174;</italic></sup><italic>.</italic> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> ilustra a abordagem de abla&#231;&#227;o para FA parox&#237;stica e n&#227;o parox&#237;stica. Em resumo, foi realizado somente o isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP) em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, enquanto a parede posterior foi inclu&#237;da na maioria dos pacientes com FA n&#227;o parox&#237;stica. Nos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, a parede posterior tamb&#233;m foi isolada tra&#231;ando-se uma linha oposta ao es&#244;fago, quando as temperaturas desse &#243;rg&#227;o eram consideradas arriscadas para se realizar IVP. A parede posterior foi inclu&#237;da em todos os pacientes com &#225;reas de baixa voltagem em ritmo sinusal ou quando o ritmo sinusal n&#227;o foi restaurado ap&#243;s tr&#234;s tentativas de cardiovers&#227;o. Nos pacientes em que as &#225;reas de baixa voltagem n&#227;o estavam presentes, a abla&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo foi realizada a crit&#233;rio do operador. A temperatura esof&#225;gica foi monitorada continuamente em todos os casos usando sensores Circa&#174;, e abla&#231;&#227;o foi imediatamente interrompida se a temperatura esof&#225;gica excedesse 38<sup>o</sup>C. Ap&#243;s junho de 2016, os procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o foram realizados utilizando-se um cateter com sensor de for&#231;a e contato. RF foi aplicada por 8-12 segundos ao longo da parede posterior e por 15-30 segundos nos demais locais, com uma corrente variando entre 650 e 700 <italic>m</italic>Amperes. Quando dispon&#237;vel, essa abordagem tipicamente resultaria em um &#237;ndice de abla&#231;&#227;o de 3,5-4 para a parede posterior e de 4,5 a 5,5 ao longo da parede anterior e topo do &#225;trio esquerdo. Infus&#227;o de isoproterenol (at&#233; 20 mcg/minuto) ou de adenosina foi usada a crit&#233;rio do operador at&#233; 2018. A detec&#231;&#227;o de bloqueio bidirecional da veia pulmonar (VP) e da parede posterior (quando realizada) foi o marco final do procedimento. Ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, os pacientes foram mantidos em drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas por 30 dias. A amiodarona foi prescrita ou mantida para pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) &#8804;40% e/ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Para pacientes com uma FEVE normal, foi prescrito 25 mg de metroprolol uma vez ao dia e 150 mg de profanenona duas vezes ao dia. Medicamentos anticoagulantes foram recomendadas por no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s meses. Ap&#243;s os tr&#234;s meses iniciais, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral foi usada como fun&#231;&#227;o do escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, mas realizada a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico. O acompanhamento foi conduzido por visitas pessoais 30, 160 e 360 dias ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. Subsequentemente, os pacientes foram indicados a visitas anuais. Quando o paciente n&#227;o p&#244;de estar presente nas visitas anuais, outros contatos por telefone foram feitos durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, usando um question&#225;rio pr&#233;-definido para avaliar sintomas de arritmia. Quando casos de arritmia sintom&#225;tica eram identificados em contatos telef&#244;nicos, os pacientes foram solicitados a apresentarem um eletrocardiograma e se submeterem a um exame Holter 24 horas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exemplos ilustrativos da abordagem da abla&#231;&#227;o utilizada durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Somente isolamento da veia pulmonar foi realizada nos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (A). Nos demais pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o parox&#237;stica, a parede posterior foi tamb&#233;m isolada quando &#225;reas de baixa voltagem estavam presentes em ritmo sinusal ou nos casos em que a cardiovers&#227;o n&#227;o p&#244;de ser realizada com sucesso (B). Nos pacientes com um tronco comum esquerdo (C), realizou-se abla&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo de acordo com o tipo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Os pontos vermelhos representam a les&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o. &#193;reas em cinza representam a aus&#234;ncia de atividade el&#233;trica ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, ao passo que &#225;reas em rosa representam voltagem atrial normal em ritmo sinusal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240246-40246-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho prim&#225;rio</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi definido como a recorr&#234;ncia de qualquer Taquiarritmia Atrial (TAA) avaliada por um ECG, exame de Holter ou teste de estresse card&#237;aco mostrando FA ou flutter atrial. Eventos que ocorreram em menos de 60 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento &#237;ndice n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os pacientes foram contabilizados no &#250;ltimo contato dispon&#237;vel, seja por telefone ou por escore, e considerados livres de TAA se nenhum registro de arritmia tiver sido feito ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana e Intervalo Interquartil (IIQ), ou n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada usando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, e as vari&#225;veis foram consideradas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal quando apresentaram um valor de p &gt; 0,05. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos (com e sem recorr&#234;ncia de TAA) foram realizadas pelo teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou os testes de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney e de Kruskal-Wallis para vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia da associa&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis. Preditores univariados de eventos arr&#237;tmicos recorrentes (valor de p &lt;0,10) e caracter&#237;sticas basais foram avaliados com o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. Valores m&#233;dios foram inseridos em caso de valores faltantes de &#205;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG), e di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) para permitir um modelamento estat&#237;stico adequado para an&#225;lise multivariada. Pacientes com FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo de pacientes com FA persistente. An&#225;lises de sobrevida foram realizadas usando curvas de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de log-rank. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando o Stata (vers&#227;o 18). Um p-valor bicaudal de 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>De janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2024, 1043 pacientes foram submetidos pela primeira vez &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter por FA parox&#237;stica (n=788), FA persistente (n=230), e FA persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (n=25). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 67,3 &#177; 11,3 anos, e 27,9% eram mulheres. A maioria dos pacientes (79,0%) relataram sintomas relacionados &#224; FA, com 23,8% classificados com escore EHRA classe III ou IV. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &#8805;2, e 79,1% usavam anticoagulantes. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> descreve caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nica basais dos pacientes, estratificados por recorr&#234;ncia de TAA durante o acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter pela primeira vez</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</th>
                  <th>Todos (n=1043)</th>
                  <th>Sem TAA (n = 820)</th>
                  <th>Recorr&#234;ncia de TAA (n = 223)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">67,3 &#177; 11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">66,8 &#177; 11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">69,0 &#177; 11,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">752 (72,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">598 (72,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (69,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caucasiano, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,027 (98,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">806 (98,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (99,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">27,8 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">27,8 &#177; 4,0</td>
                  <td align="center">27,7 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria e comorbidades, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">578 (55,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">452 (55,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (55,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (15,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (14,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (17,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (12,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (12,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (11,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC ou AIT pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (4,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de FA</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (13,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (13,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (12,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">529 (50,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">404 (48,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (57,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sangramento pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (2,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipo de FA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parox&#237;stica</td>
                  <td align="center">788 (75,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">641 (79,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (65,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Persistente</td>
                  <td align="center">255 (24,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">179 (21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (34,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Escore EHRA de sintomas de FA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe I</td>
                  <td align="center">219 (21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (22,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (15,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe II</td>
                  <td align="center">576 (55,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">451 (55,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (54,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe III-IV</td>
                  <td align="center">248 (23,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">181 (21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (30,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Escore CCS-SAF de sintomas, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe 0</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (12,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (13,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (9,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe 1-2</td>
                  <td align="center">578 (55,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">469 (57,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (48,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe 3-4</td>
                  <td align="center">336 (32,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">241 (29,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (41,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana (Q1, Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1, 3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1, 3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1, 3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0-1</td>
                  <td align="center">460 (44,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">376 (45,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (40,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">222 (21,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">168 (20,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (23,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (13,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (13,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (16,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (8,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (4,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (4,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Medicamentos, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amiodarona</td>
                  <td align="center">666 (63,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">511 (62,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (68,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">537 (51,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">413 (50,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (55,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (10,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (15,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (14,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (20,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">825 (79,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">636 (76,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (85,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Varfarina</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (15,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (11,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (24,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DOACs</td>
                  <td align="center">668 (64,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">534 (65,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (60,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Exames, mediana (Q1, Q3)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (57-69)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (57-69)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (56-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do AE, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (36-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (36-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (37-45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,9-1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,9-1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,9-1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFG (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (66-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (65-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (66-89)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; TAA: taquiarritmia atrial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; creatinina (7,6% N/A); escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (8,1% N/A); CCS-SAF &#8211; Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of Atrial Fibrillation; DOACs: anticoagulantes orais diretos; EHRA &#8211; European Heart Rhythm Association; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, (7,6% N/A); Q1 e Q3, quartis (percentis 25 e 75); DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento</title>
        <p>IVP foi realizada em todos os pacientes usando abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de RF, com um tempo m&#233;dio de fluoroscopia de 10,6 &#177; 7,3 minutos e dose de radia&#231;&#227;o de 93 &#177; 121 mSv (dados dispon&#237;veis para 639 e 622 pacientes, respectivamente). A varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da veia pulmonar esquerda (VPE) foi determinada em casos em que duas VPEs se fundiam pelo menos 10 mm antes de sua inser&#231;&#227;o no &#243;stio comum para desembocar no AE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>), com 26,6% (n=277) dos pacientes exibindo essa caracter&#237;stica. O isolamento da parede posterior (IPP) adjunto (199 pacientes, 19,1%) foi realizado em pacientes com FA n&#227;o parox&#237;stica e naqueles pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica que apresentavam temperatura esof&#225;gica que impossibilitava o IVP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento e recorr&#234;ncia de TAA</title>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 2,5 &#177; 2,3 anos (mediana 1,4 [IIQ 1,0 &#8211; 3,4]. No geral, 223 (21,4%) pacientes apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de TAA, 67,3% dos quais (n=150) ocorreram no primeiro ano ap&#243;s o procedimento. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> ilustra a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de TAA 12 meses ap&#243;s uma primeira abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para FA de acordo com o ano do procedimento. Observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o gradual na recorr&#234;ncia de TAA na an&#225;lise temporal [Hazard Ratio [HR] 0,94, intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% de 0,90 a 0,99; p = 0,01), alcan&#231;ando uma taxa reduzida ap&#243;s um ano de 7,5% em 2017. A <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0246_AO_Supplementary_appendix.pdf">Figura Suplementar 1</ext-link> apresenta os n&#250;meros absolutos de abla&#231;&#245;es da FA e as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de TAA de acordo com o ano em que o procedimento foi realizado. Pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica apresentaram uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de 12,8% em um ano e uma taxa global de 18,6%. A taxa de recorr&#234;ncia para paciente com FA persistente foi de 19,2% em um ano e de 29,8% durante o acompanhamento em longo prazo. Uma an&#225;lise de sobrevida comparando FA parox&#237;stica <italic>versus</italic> FA n&#227;o parox&#237;stica revelou uma maior aus&#234;ncia de TAA na FA parox&#237;stica como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> tanto aos 12 meses (A) como no seguimento global. Pacientes com varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da VPE apresentaram uma liberdade de 81,6% de TAA (226/277, p=0,08). Liberdade de TAA nos pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica e n&#227;o parox&#237;stica, que receberam IPP adjunto, foi de 87,2% (82/94, p = 0,11) e 77,1% (81/105, p = 0,04), respectivamente. An&#225;lise de sobrevida comparando t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o com e sem cateteres com sensor de for&#231;a e contato, ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4A</xref>, mostrou uma taxa de liberdade mais alta de TAA durante o seguimento em pacientes que se submeteram &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o usando esses cateteres (log-rank p=0,03).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de Taquiarritmia Atrial (TAA) ap&#243;s primeira abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter segundo o ano do procedimento; IC: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a; HR: Hazard Ratio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240246-40246-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de Kaplan-Meier ilustrando a recorr&#234;ncia de Taquiarritmia Atrial (TAA) em pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) parox&#237;stica e n&#227;o parox&#237;stica em (A) 12 meses e (B) ao final do seguimento em longo prazo; *eventos que ocorreram em menos de 60 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento &#237;ndice n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240246-40246-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para recorr&#234;ncia de Taquiarritmia Atrial (TAA) de acordo com (A) uso de cateteres com sensores de for&#231;a e contato da primeira abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter e (B) presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica de tronco comum esquerdo das veias pulmonares (TCE-VPs).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240246-40246-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada</title>
        <p>An&#225;lise univariada e modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox para avaliar preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de TAA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o da FA est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Preditores independentes de recorr&#234;ncia de TAA ap&#243;s primeira abla&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;ram FA persistente no basal (HR 1,57; IC95% 1,15 &#8211; 2,13; p = 0,004), maior di&#226;metro do AE (em mil&#237;metros) (HR 1,03; IC95% CI 1,00 &#8211; 1,05; p = 0,033), e paciente com um escore EHRA classe III ou IV (HR 1,60, IC95% 1,18 &#8211; 2,18; p = 0,003) (Figura Central). O ano do procedimento foi um fator protetor independente, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de 9% na recorr&#234;ncia para cada novo ano do calend&#225;rio do programa de abla&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Esses achados foram consistentes em uma an&#225;lise restrita a pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, como apresentado na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0246_AO_Supplementary_appendix.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 1</ext-link>. Uma an&#225;lise de subgrupos de recorr&#234;ncia de TAA entre diferentes faixas et&#225;rias, sexo, categorias de IMC, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes tipo 2, TFG, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, e di&#226;metro do AE est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>. Ente os subgrupos, os pacientes com idade superior a 75 anos (HR 1,77, IC95% 1,28 &#8211; 2,45; p = 0,001) e um di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo mais alto (45-49mm, p = 0,020; &gt;50mm, p = 0,003) apresentaram desfechos estatisticamente significativos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; TAA (HR 1,55, IC95% 1,15-2,10, p = 0,004).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise univariada e modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox para recorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmia atrial ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o com cateter por radiofrequ&#234;ncia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="3">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ano consecutivo do procedimento</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 &#8211; 0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 &#8211; 0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente</td>
                  <td align="center">1,72</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30 &#8211; 2,28</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 &#8211; 2,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo alargado (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 &#8211; 1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 &#8211; 1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore EHRA de sintomas de FA Classe III-IV</td>
                  <td align="center">1,94</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26 &#8211; 2,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 &#8211; 2,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 &#8211; 1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,172</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 &#8211; 1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 &#8211; 1,42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,590</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes tipo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88 &#8211; 1,79</td>
                  <td align="center">0,205</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,74</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 &#8211; 2,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de betabloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 &#8211; 1,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,172</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 &#8211; 1,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,052</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de TCE-VPs</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 &#8211; 1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,548</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de catetes com SFC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55 &#8211; 0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 &#8211; 1,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,088</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>SFC: sensor de for&#231;a de contato; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; EHRA: European Heart Rhythm Association; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; TCE-VPs.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox para o risco de recorr&#234;ncia de Taquiarritmia Atrial (TAA) ap&#243;s primeira abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, estratificado por subgrupos; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; DAE: di&#226;metro &#225;trio esquerdo; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HR: hazard ratio; HAS: hipertens&#227;o; DM2: Diabetes mellitus tipo 2; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240246-40246-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou apenas a idade (HR 1,03; IC95% 1,00 &#8211; 1,05, p = 0,01) como um preditor independente de recorr&#234;ncia de TAA quando restrita a pacientes com FA persistente (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0246_AO_Supplementary_appendix.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 2</ext-link>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4B</xref> ilustra a an&#225;lise de sobrevida em pacientes com FA persistente com e sem altera&#231;&#227;o da TCE-VPs (log-rank p=0,30).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguran&#231;a e eventos adversos</title>
        <p>Ao longo de 15 anos, entre as 1043 abla&#231;&#245;es consecutivas realizadas, a taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o durante a admiss&#227;o &#237;ndice foi de 2,1% (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0246_AO_Supplementary_appendix.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 3</ext-link>). Vale notar que os pacientes com idade superior a 75 anos representaram apenas 0,8% das complica&#231;&#245;es totais. Eventos adversos graves inclu&#237;ram dois casos de tamponamento card&#237;aco (um caso tratado com sucesso durante o procedimento e um necessitou de cirurgia card&#237;aca), um acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal durante a admiss&#227;o para o procedimento &#237;ndice, e uma perfura&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica sem f&#237;stula tratada com sucesso de maneira conservadora. N&#227;o foi observada les&#227;o de nervo fr&#234;nico, estenose da veia pulmonar clinicamente relevante, ou mortes relacionadas ao procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico do tipo coorte avaliou mais de mil pacientes consecutivos com FA submetidos pela primeira vez &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o no Brasil, e apresenta dados de longo prazo sobre efici&#234;ncia, seguran&#231;a, e preditores de recorr&#234;ncia de arritmia. Os principais achados da an&#225;lise presente incluem: (i) efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a global foram compar&#225;veis &#224;s descritas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos e registros de pa&#237;ses de alta renda na Europa e na Am&#233;rica do Norte;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (ii) a efic&#225;cia em longo prazo aumentou ao decorrer do tempo, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 9% no risco relativo de recorr&#234;ncia de TAA para cada ano consecutivo em que a abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada; (iii) a ado&#231;&#227;o de cat&#233;teres com sensores de for&#231;a e contato melhorou os desfechos ap&#243;s a primeira abla&#231;&#227;o; (iv) a maioria das recorr&#234;ncias de TAA ocorreu em um ano ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o; e (v) a recorr&#234;ncia de TAA foi mais frequentemente observada em procedimentos realizados em pacientes com doen&#231;a avan&#231;ada (escore de EHRA grave de sintomas de FA, AE maior e FA persistente). Al&#233;m disso, nossos achados destacam a baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es de abla&#231;&#245;es consecutivas em um estudo prospectivo do tipo coorte conduzido na Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
      <p>Registros internacionais exercem um papel crucial em compreender disparidades entre diretrizes e o manejo da FA na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. Um relat&#243;rio inicial da <italic>Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Pilot Registry of the European Society</italic> (EORP-AF) demonstrou taxas de sucesso de um ano ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o variando entre 69% e 74,7% em diferentes pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O EORP-AF tamb&#233;m contribuiu significativamente para o entendimento de dados da vida real relacionados &#224; FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> No EORP-AF Long-Term Registry, os desfechos foram documentados de 9663 pacientes com FA com base no seu tratamento antitromb&#243;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>Enquanto 42% e 33% dos pacientes do EORP-AF usaram Antagonistas de Vitamina-K (AVK) e Anticoagulantes Orais Diretos (DOAC), respectivamente, nossa coorte exibiu um padr&#227;o diferente, com 15% usando AVK e 64% DOACs. Desfechos da abla&#231;&#227;o baseados no g&#234;nero tamb&#233;m foram relatados nessa colabora&#231;&#227;o europeia, com uma representa&#231;&#227;o similar de g&#234;nero &#224; observada em nosso estudo, onde cerca de somente 30% dos pacientes eram do g&#234;nero feminino. No basal, pacientes do sexo feminino eram mais sintom&#225;ticas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero masculino, com escores EHRA m&#233;dios de 2,6 vs. 2,4 na Europa (p&lt;0,001)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e 2,2 vs. 2,0 no Brasil (p&lt;0,001). Um dado importante &#233; que nenhum dos estudos relatou diferen&#231;as baseadas no g&#234;nero estatisticamente significativas nas taxas de recorr&#234;ncia em 12 meses (34,4% vs. 34,2% na Europa; 16,1% vs. 13,7% no Brasil, p=0,3), destacando a necessidade de acesso igualit&#225;rio como uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo representa o maior estudo do tipo coorte at&#233; o momento delineado para avaliar desfechos da abla&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com FA na Am&#233;rica Latina. Dados de pacientes brasileiros com FA foram recentemente descritos no estudo RECALL, embora desfechos de abla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tenham sido avaliados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O &#250;ltimo registro multic&#234;ntrico dedicado a desfechos de abla&#231;&#227;o publicado no Brasil foi conduzido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Arritmias Card&#237;acas entre 2005 e 2006.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Nesse registro, 755 pacientes com FA foram inclu&#237;dos, e uma taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o de 14,3% foi relatada, que incluiu 1,4% de eventos isqu&#234;micos neurol&#243;gicos transientes, 0,4% de estenose na veia pulmonar, 3,8% de hematomas na regi&#227;o inguinal, e 2,3% de outras complica&#231;&#245;es. A taxa de 2,1% de complica&#231;&#245;es observadas na coorte atual destaca a curva de aprendizagem associada com procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o e demonstra como avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos, principalmente cateteres com sensores de for&#231;a e contato, tornaram esses procedimentos mais seguros e mais confi&#225;veis na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Resultados similares foram observados no maior estudo do tipo coorte, o <italic>NCDR AFib Ablation Registry</italic>, com uma taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o de 2,5% nos 76219 pacientes com FA ao longo de cinco anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios abordaram preditores de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. A an&#225;lise presente demonstra que FA persistente e um AE maior foram consistentemente relatados como fatores de risco independentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> V&#225;rios escores foram desenvolvidos para predizer desfechos de ritmo ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. O escore APPLE (um ponto para idade &gt; 65 anos, FA persistente, TFG estimada &lt; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, di&#226;metro do AE &#8805;43mm, FEVE &lt; 50%) mostrou um desempenho sub&#243;timo (AUC = 0,64),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> enquanto a calculadora da web AFA-Recur, que se baseia em um modelo <italic>random forest</italic> de 19 vari&#225;veis alcan&#231;ou um desempenho discriminat&#243;rio aceit&#225;vel (AUC 0,72).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Nosso modelo de Cox tamb&#233;m incorporou o escore EHRA de sintomas de FA classes III-IV como um preditor independente de risco. O escore EHRA AF &#233; comumente usado para avaliar a resposta cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> e pode tamb&#233;m sinalizar a gravidade e a dura&#231;&#227;o mais longa da doen&#231;a. Em compara&#231;&#227;o a registros anteriores, nossa coorte tamb&#233;m mostrou taxas mais altas de TAA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o em pacientes mais velhos, embora n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos desfechos entre as categorias de IMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; razo&#225;vel considerar que pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica expostos a cargas mais longas de arritmia sofram um remodelamento progressivo do &#225;trio. Essa possibilidade leva a uma piora da atriopatia subjacente e progress&#227;o a formas mais graves e persistentes da doen&#231;a. Por fim, essa progress&#227;o esperada da FA leva a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos em procedimentos realizados em est&#225;gios mais tardios da hist&#243;ria natural da arritmia. Essa proposta foi sustentada no ensaio EARLY-AF, em que pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica foram acompanhados por tr&#234;s anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Esse estudo revelou que pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o inicial apresentaram menor progress&#227;o &#224; FA persistente e menos recorr&#234;ncias de TAA em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes tratados somente com drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. Embora pare&#231;a evidente que abla&#231;&#245;es mais precoces poderiam levar a melhores resultados, atingir uma efic&#225;cia elevada em abla&#231;&#245;es de FA persistente continua um desafio. Locais adjuntivos de abla&#231;&#227;o, tais como IPP, foram recentemente sugeridos como uma estrat&#233;gia potencial no manejo dessa condi&#231;&#227;o desafiadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Em nossa coorte, o IPP foi realizado em aproximadamente um quinto dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos segundo crit&#233;rios do operador, mas n&#227;o foi um preditor independente de recorr&#234;ncia de TAA.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Nossa coorte &#233; constitu&#237;da de pacientes consecutivos com FA submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o pela primeira vez, o que a torna o maior conjunto de dados da Am&#233;rica Latina destinado a avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. Esses achados s&#227;o particularmente relevantes no contexto das altera&#231;&#245;es do TCE-VPs, fornecendo <italic>insights</italic> valiosos &#224; seguran&#231;a cl&#237;nica no mundo real. Fatores de confus&#227;o residuais s&#227;o uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o potencial, uma vez que faltaram dados para o ajuste quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da FA. N&#227;o analisamos os desfechos de abla&#231;&#245;es repetidas neste estudo. Este estudo multic&#234;ntrico do tipo coorte foi conduzido somente em centros privados e pode n&#227;o refletir a realidade de centros p&#250;blicos no Brasil. A maioria dos pacientes eram brancos e n&#227;o representaram a popula&#231;&#227;o da Am&#233;rica Latina. Ainda, os pacientes foram contabilizados no &#250;ltimo acompanhamento, o que pode ter subestimado a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de TAA.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>No maior estudo coorte da Am&#233;rica Latina de pacientes consecutivos com FA submetidos &#224; primeira abla&#231;&#227;o, a recorr&#234;ncia de TAA foi associada a interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a, destacando a import&#226;ncia da interven&#231;&#227;o precoce para melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento e taxas de recorr&#234;ncia da TAA foram compar&#225;veis &#224;s de pa&#237;ses de alta renda, destacando a aplicabilidade global da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para o manejo da FA. Assim, esses dados refor&#231;am o excelente desempenho da abla&#231;&#227;o no manejo da FA em centros da Am&#233;rica Latina, sugerindo que essa op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica deveria ser expandida ao sistema p&#250;blico no Brasil</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <article-title>Pulmonary Vein Isolation with and Without Posterior Wall Isolation in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: IMPPROVE-PAF Trial</article-title>
          <source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>628</fpage>
          <lpage>637</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2023.01.014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Caique M. P. Ternes pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 6.785.240. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240246i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Southern Brazilian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (SBR-AF Registry): Predictors of Atrial Arrhythmia Recurrence after First-Time Catheter Ablation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8389-2574</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ternes</surname>
            <given-names>Caique M. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forno</surname>
            <given-names>Alexander Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lewandowski</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Helcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2298-9951</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Odozynski</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9190-6331</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferro</surname>
            <given-names>Enrico G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8977-6929</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8803-8115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faganello</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6484-1162</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pasqualotto</surname>
            <given-names>Eric</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damasceno</surname>
            <given-names>Grazyelle</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca, Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca, Hospital Unimed,Chapec&#243;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5 </label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School,Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">TIMI Study Group, Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Andre d&#8217;Avila &#8226; Hospital SOS Cardio - Rodovia, SC-401, 121. Postal Code 88030-000, Itacorubi, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil Email: adavila@bidmc.harvard.edu </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>:The Southern Brazilian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (SBR-AF Registry): Predictors ofAtrial Arrhythmia Recurrence after First-Time Catheter Ablation</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Southern Brazilian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation, periprocedural complications, and atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) recurrence in long-term clinical follow-up.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240246-40246-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) with catheter ablation (CA) has evolved significantly. However, real-world data on long-term outcomes are limited, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This multicenter prospective cohort of consecutive patients aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of first-time CA for AF in Southern Brazil from 2009 to 2024.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The primary outcome was any atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) recurrence. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model assessed independent predictors of recurrence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Among 1,043 patients (mean age 67.3 &#177; 11.3 years, 27.9% female), 75.5% had paroxysmal AF. At a median follow-up of 1.4 (1.0 - 3.4) years, 21.4% had ATA recurrence. Recurrence rates were 18.6% for paroxysmal and 29.8% for persistent AF, and 67.3% of events occurred within the first year after CA. Predictors of recurrence were persistent AF at baseline (hazard ratio [HR] 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-2.13; p = 0.004), enlargement of left atrial diameter (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.05; p = 0.033), and higher EHRA score of AF symptoms (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.18-2.18; p = 0.003). Recurrence rates decreased over time according to the procedure&#8217;s calendar year, with a 9% relative reduction per consecutive year (HR 0.91; p &lt; 0.001). There was a 2.1% rate of procedure-related adverse events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> In the largest cohort study of consecutive AF ablations in Latin America, predictors of ATA recurrence were related to later stages of AF. Complication and recurrence rates were comparable to those in high-income countries, underscoring the global applicability of CA for AF management.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The estimated global prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) was of 44 million people in 2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> AF patients are at increased risk for thromboembolic events, progressive left ventricular dysfunction, and worsening quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Contemporary trials support early rhythm control to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life compared with late control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Catheter ablation (CA) of AF is superior to anti-arrhythmic drugs (AAD) in maintaining sinus rhythm and delaying progression from paroxysmal to persistent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, CA has been increasingly performed as the first-line rhythm control therapy for patients with recently diagnosed AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite increasing evidence favoring rhythm control in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), real-world scenarios may not replicate the same levels of efficacy from studies in which high-volume centers with experienced operators are commonly overrepresented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Furthermore, the promising efficacy of AF ablation needs to be matched by an equally appealing safety profile, especially as this procedure is adopted by operators and hospitals with heterogeneous experience and expertise around the world. The risk of peri-procedural complications might reduce the overall net clinical benefit of ablation techniques for rhythm control in AF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In this regard, much of the evidence has been drawn from RCTs and registries conducted either in high-income countries or in reference/academic centers in low and middle-income countries (LMICs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In Brazil, the most recent official registry on CA outcomes sponsored by <italic>the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias</italic> dates back to 2007.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> More recently, the RECALL Study (<italic>Brazilian Cardiovascular Registry of Atrial Fibrillation</italic>) primary results showed that at baseline, only 4.4% of the population had undergone CA. During follow-up, there were 1.8 ablations per 100 patient-years. However, the effectiveness of CA was not assessed in the study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, to gain a clear understanding of gaps between guideline recommendations and real-world data on AF management in LMICs, there is an urgent need for structured registries to systematically track AF patients and collect peri-operative and long-term outcomes of CA. The current Southern Brazilian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (SBR-AF) study is the largest multicenter prospective cohort in Latin America to date dedicated to assessing the peri-procedural safety, efficacy, and long-term clinical outcomes of consecutive ablations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>We conducted a prospective multicenter cohort study of 1,043 consecutive patients &#8805; 18 years of age, with paroxysmal, persistent, or longstanding persistent AF who underwent a first-time radiofrequency (RF) CA from January 2009 to January 2024. The study included patients with symptomatic and documented AF in 3 centers in Brazil (SOS Cardio, Florianopolis, SC; Hospital Unimed, Chapec&#243;, SC; and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS).</p>
          <p>Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were collected before each procedure, together with the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of AF (CCS-SAF) score and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) score of AF-related symptoms (EHRA score).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> All data were stored in Syscardio<sup>&#174;</sup> software, preserving the patient's identity. Local Ethics Committees approved the study, and patients provided informed consent in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedural protocol and follow-up</title>
          <p>All patients underwent RFCA under general anesthesia. All procedures were performed with different versions of an <italic>EnSite Navx - Abbott&#174;.</italic><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the ablation approach for paroxysmal a non-paroxysmal AF. Briefly, only pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) was performed in patients with paroxysmal AF, whereas the posterior wall was included in most patients with non-paroxysmal AF. In patients with paroxysmal AF, the posterior wall was also isolated using a posterior wall line in opposite to the esophagus when high esophageal temperatures were deemed too risky and prevented PVI. The posterior wall was included in all patients with areas of low voltage identified in sinus rhythm or when sinus rhythm was not restored after three cardioversion attempts did not restore. In those patients in whom areas of low voltage were not present, ablation of the posterior wall of the left atrium was performed according to the operator&#8217;s discretion. Esophageal temperature was continuously monitored in all cases using Circa<sup>&#174;</sup> sensors and ablation was immediately stopped if the esophageal temperature exceeded 38&#176;C. After June 2016, ablation procedures were performed with contact-force sensing (CFS) catheters. RF applications were delivered for 8-12 seconds along the posterior wall and 15-30 seconds everywhere else, with a current ranging between 650-700 <italic>m</italic>Amperes. When available, this approach would typically result in an ablation index of 3.5-4 for the posterior wall and 4.5 to 5.5 along the anterior wall and roof of the left atrium. Isoproterenol (up to 20 mcg/min) or adenosine infusion was used at the operators' discretion until 2018 but not after that. Detection of pulmonary vein (PV) (all patients) and posterior wall (when performed) bidirectional block was the endpoint of the procedure. After CA, patients were kept on antiarrhythmic drugs for 30 days. Amiodarone was prescribed or continued for patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 40% and/or coronary artery disease. Patients with a normal LVEF were prescribed 25 mg of metroprolol one a day and 150 mg of profanenone twice a day. Anticoagulation medications were recommended for at least three months. Beyond the initial three months, oral anticoagulation was utilized as a function of the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score but ultimately left at the physician&#8217;s discretion. Follow-up was conducted with in-person visits at 30, 180, and 360 days after ablation. Subsequently, patients were recommended for yearly visits. Upon failure to return for a yearly visit, additional contact was made by phone contacts throughout the study period, using a pre-specified query to assess arrhythmia symptoms. In cases of symptomatic arrhythmia identified in phone contacts, patients were asked to present an electrocardiogram (ECG) and to undergo Holter monitoring.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Illustrative examples of the ablation approach utilized during the study period. Only pulmonary vein isolation was performed in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (A). In all other non-paroxysmal patients, the posterior wall was also isolated when areas of low voltage were present in sinus rhythm or when patients could not be successfully cardioverted (B). In patients with a left common trunk (C), the posterior wall of the left atrium was ablated according to the type of atrial fibrillation. The red dots represent the ablation lesion. Areas in gray represent the absence of electrical activity after ablation whereas areas in pink represent normal atrial voltage in sinus rhythm.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240246-40246-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary outcome</title>
          <p>The primary outcome was defined as the recurrence of any documented atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) assessed by either an ECG, Holter monitor, or a cardiac stress test showing AF or atrial flutter. We allowed a blanking period of 60 days, <italic>i.e</italic>., events occurring less than 60 days from the index procedure were not included in the current analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Patients were censored at the last available contact, either by phone or in-person visit, and they were considered free of ATA if no records of arrhythmia were made after CA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, median and interquartile range (IQR), or absolute numbers and percentages. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and variables were considered normally distributed when their significance p-value was &gt; 0.05. Comparisons between groups (with and without ATA recurrence) were performed using the Student&#8217;s t-test test for normally distributed variables or the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test for variables with non-normal distribution. The chi-square test was used to assess the significance of the association between frequencies of variables. Univariate predictors of recurrent arrhythmic events (p-value &lt; 0.10) and baseline characteristics were evaluated with the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Mean values were interpolated for missing values in body mass index (BMI), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and left atrial (LA) diameter to allow adequate statistical modeling for multivariable analysis. Longstanding persistent AF patients were included in the persistent AF group. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test. All statistical analyses were made using Stata (version 18). A two-tailed p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          <p>From January 2009 through January 2024, a total of 1,043 patients underwent first-time CA for paroxysmal (n = 788), persistent (n = 230), and longstanding persistent AF (n=25) patients. Mean age was 67.3 &#177; 11.3 years, and 27.9% were female. Most patients (79.0%) reported AF-related symptoms, with 23.8% classified with EHRA Score class III or IV. Most patients had CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scores &#8805; 2, and 79.1% were on anticoagulants. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> describes baseline clinical characteristics of patients, stratified by ATA recurrence during follow-up.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing first-time catheter ablation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Clinical Characteristic</th>
                    <th>All (n=1,043)</th>
                    <th>ATA-Free (n = 820)</th>
                    <th>ATA recurrence (n = 223)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years), mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">67.3 &#177; 11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">66.8 &#177; 11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">69.0 &#177; 11.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">752 (72.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">598 (72.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">154 (69.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.027 (98.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">806 (98.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">221 (99.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">27.8 &#177; 4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">27.8 &#177; 4.0</td>
                    <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 4.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>History and Comorbidities, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">578 (55.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">452(55.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">126 (55.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">162 (15.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (14.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (17.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                    <td align="center">126 (12.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">99 (12.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (11.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke or TIA</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (4.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (4.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (7.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of AF</td>
                    <td align="center">137 (13.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">110 (13.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (12.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior direct cardioversion</td>
                    <td align="center">529 (50.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">404 (48.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">125 (57.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior bleeding</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (2.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Type of AF, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Paroxysmal</td>
                    <td align="center">788 (75.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">641 (79.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">147 (65.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Persistent</td>
                    <td align="center">255 (24.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">179 (21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (34.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>EHRA Score of AF Symptoms, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Class I</td>
                    <td align="center">219 (21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">188 (22.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (15.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Class II</td>
                    <td align="center">576 (55.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">451 (55.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">125 (54.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Class III-IV</td>
                    <td align="center">248 (23.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">181 (21.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (30.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>CCS-SAF Symptom Score, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Class 0</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (12.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">110 (13.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (9.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Class 1-2</td>
                    <td align="center">578 (55.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">469 (57.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">109 (48.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Class 3-4</td>
                    <td align="center">336 (32.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">241 (29.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (41.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median (Q1, Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1, 3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1, 3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1, 3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0-1</td>
                    <td align="center">460 (44.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">376 (45.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">84 (40.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2</td>
                    <td align="center">222 (21.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">168 (20.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (23.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3</td>
                    <td align="center">145 (13.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (13.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (16.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>4</td>
                    <td align="center">83 (8.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (7.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (8.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 5</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (4.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (4.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (4.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Drugs, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Amiodarone</td>
                    <td align="center">666 (63.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">511 (62.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">155 (68.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#223; blockers</td>
                    <td align="center">537 (51.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">413 (50.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (55.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspirin</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (10.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (8.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (15.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diuretics</td>
                    <td align="center">152 (14.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">106 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (20.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Anticoagulation, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">825 (79.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">636 (76.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">189 (85.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Warfarin</td>
                    <td align="center">157 (15.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">102 (11.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (24.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DOACs</td>
                    <td align="center">668 (64.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">534 (65.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">134 (60.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Exams, median(Q1, Q3)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF, %</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (57-69)</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (57-69)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (56-70)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA diameter, mm</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (36-43)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (36-43)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (37-45)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 (0.9-1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 (0.9-1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 (0.9-1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GFR, ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">78 (66-88)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (65-88)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (66-89)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; ATA: atrial tachyarrhythmia; BMI: body mass index; creatinine (7.6% N/A); CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc Score (8.1% N/A); CCS-SAF: Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of atrial fibrillation; DOAC: direct oral anticoagulant; EHRA: European Heart Rhythm Association; GFR: glomerular filtration rate (7.6% N/A); Q1 and Q3, quartiles (25th and 75th percentiles); SD: standard deviation; TIA: transient ischemic attack; LA: left atrial; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedural characteristics</title>
          <p>PVI was performed in all patients using RFCA, with a mean fluoroscopy time of 10.6 &#177; 7.3 minutes and radiation dose of 93 &#177; 121 mSv (data available for 639 and 622 patients, respectively). The anatomical variation of the left common pulmonary vein (LCPV) was determined in cases where the two left pulmonary veins (PVs) fused at least 10 mm before their common ostium insertion into the left atrium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>), with 26.6% (n=277) exhibiting this characteristic. Adjunctive posterior wall isolation (PWI - 199 patients [19.1%]) was performed in patients with non-paroxysmal AF patients and in those paroxysmal AF patients in whom high esophageal temperatures prevented PVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up and atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence</title>
          <p>The mean follow-up time was 2.5 &#177; 2.3 years (median 1.4 [IQR 1.0 &#8211; 3.4] years). Overall, 223 (21.4%) patients had ATA recurrence, 67.3% of which (n=150) occurred in the first year after the procedure. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> illustrates the rate of ATA recurrence at 12 months after a first-time CA for AF by year of procedure. We observed a significant stepwise decrease in ATA recurrence in the temporal analysis (hazard ratio [HR] 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90 to 0.99; p = 0.01), reaching 1-year recurrence rates as low as 7.5% in 2017. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0246_AO_Supplementary_appendix.pdf">Supplementary Figure 1</ext-link> depicts the absolute numbers of AF ablations and ATA recurrences according to the year the procedure was performed. Patients with paroxysmal AF had a 12.8% ATA recurrence rate at one year and an overall rate of 18.6%. The ATA recurrence rate for patients with persistent AF was 19.2% at 1 year and 29.8% during long-term follow-up. A survival analysis comparing paroxysmal <italic>versus</italic> non-paroxysmal AF found significantly higher freedom from ATA in paroxysmal AF, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> for both (A) 12 months and (B) overall follow-up. Patients with LCPV anatomy had an overall 81.6% freedom from ATA (226/277, p=0.08). Freedom from ATA in paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal AF patients who received adjunctive PWI was 87.2% (82/94, p = 0.11) and 77.1% (81/105, p = 0.04), respectively. Survival analysis comparing ablation techniques with and without CFS catheters shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4A</xref> found a higher rate of freedom from ATA during follow-up in patients who underwent ablation using CFS catheters (log-rank p = 0.03).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; One-year atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) recurrence rate following first-time catheter ablation according to the year of procedure; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240246-40246-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier curve illustrating atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) recurrence in patients with paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) at (A) 12 months and (B) the end of long-term follow-up.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240246-40246-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier curves for atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) recurrence according to (A) contact force-sensing catheter use in first-time catheter ablation and (B) presence of left common pulmonary vein (LCPV) anatomy in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240246-40246-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Univariable and multivariable analysis</title>
          <p>Univariable analysis and Cox proportional hazards model to assess predictors of ATA recurrence following CA for AF are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Independent predictors of ATA recurrence after a first-time ablation included persistent AF at baseline (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.13; p = 0.004), larger LA diameter (in millimeters) (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05; p = 0.033), and patients with an EHRA score class III or IV (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.18; p = 0.003) as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>. The procedure year was an independent protective factor, with a 9% relative reduction in recurrence for each new calendar year of the ablation program (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). These findings were consistent in an analysis restricted to patients with paroxysmal AF, as shown in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0246_AO_Supplementary_appendix.pdf">Supplementary Table 1</ext-link>. A subgroup analysis of ATA recurrence across different age ranges, sex, BMI categories, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, GFR, left ventricular ejection fraction, and LA diameter is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>. Among the subgroups, patients older than 75 years (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.28-2.45; p = 0.001) and with a larger LA diameter (45-49mm, p = 0.020; &gt;50mm, p = 0.003) had statistically significant worse outcomes regarding ATA. Overall, LA diameter &#8805; 45mm (n=211) was associated with more ATA events (HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.15-2.10, p = 0.004).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariable analysis and Cox proportional hazards model for risk of atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">Univariable analysis</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Multivariable analysis</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procedure consecutive year</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90 &#8211; 0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 &#8211; 0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Persistent atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">1.72</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30 &#8211; 2.28</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.57</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15 &#8211; 2.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrial diameter enlargement (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 &#8211; 1.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 &#8211; 1.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EHRA Score of AF Symptoms Class III-IV</td>
                    <td align="center">1.94</td>
                    <td align="center">1.26 &#8211; 2.97</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">1.60</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18 &#8211; 2.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62 &#8211; 1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.172</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 &#8211; 1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.027</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82 &#8211; 1.42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.590</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Type 2 diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">1.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88 &#8211; 1.79</td>
                    <td align="center">0.205</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">1.74</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04 &#8211; 2.90</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blockers use</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92 &#8211; 1.57</td>
                    <td align="center">0.172</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diuretics use</td>
                    <td align="center">1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 &#8211; 1.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.052</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left common pulmonary vein</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66 &#8211; 1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.548</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Use of CFS catheter</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55 &#8211; 0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">0.030</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior direct cardioversion</td>
                    <td align="center">1.28</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96 &#8211; 1.70</td>
                    <td align="center">0.088</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; CFS: contact force sensing; EHRA: European Heart Rhythm Association.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cox proportional hazards model for the risk of atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) recurrence after first-time catheter ablation (CA) stratified by subgroups; AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; CA: catheter ablation; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; HTN: hypertension; T2DM: type 2 diabetes; GFR: glomerular filtration rat; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LAD: left atrial diameter.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240246-40246-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The multivariable analysis only identified age (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00 &#8211; 1.05, p = 0.01) as an independent predictor of ATA recurrence when restricted to patients with persistent AF (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0246_AO_Supplementary_appendix.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</ext-link>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4B</xref> illustrates survival analysis in persistent AF patients with and without LCPV (log-rank p = 0.30).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Safety and adverse events</title>
          <p>Over 15 years, among the 1,043 consecutive ablations performed, the complication rate during the index admission was 2.1% (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0246_AO_Supplementary_appendix.pdf">Supplementary Table 3</ext-link>). Notably, patients older than 75 years represented only 0.8% of the overall complications. Severe adverse events included two cases of cardiac tamponade (one successfully managed during the procedure and one requiring cardiac surgery), one non-fatal stroke during admission for index procedure, and one esophageal perforation without fistula successfully treated conservatively. There were no phrenic nerve injuries, clinically relevant pulmonary vein stenosis, or procedure-related deaths (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This multicenter prospective cohort study evaluated over one thousand consecutive AF patients undergoing first-time CA in Brazil and provides long-term data about efficacy, safety, and predictors of arrhythmia recurrence. The key findings of the current analysis include: (i) overall efficacy and safety were comparable to clinical trials and high-income countries registries in Europe and North America;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (ii) long-term efficacy increased over time, with a 9% relative risk reduction of ATA recurrence for each consecutive year that CA was performed; (iii) adopting CFS catheters improved the outcomes after first-time ablation; (iv) most ATA recurrences occurred within one year following ablation; and (v) ATA recurrence was more frequently observed in procedures performed on patients with advanced disease (severe EHRA score of AF symptoms, larger left atrium and persistent AF). Additionally, our findings highlight the low rate of complications of consecutive CAs in a prospective cohort study in Latin America.</p>
        <p>International registries play a crucial role in understanding disparities between guidelines and AF management in daily clinical practice. An initial report of the <italic>Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Pilot Registry of the European Society</italic> (EORP-AF) demonstrated 1-year success rates after ablation ranging from 69% to 74.7% in different countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The EORP-AF has also contributed significantly to the understanding of real-world data related to AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Within the EORP-AF Long-Term Registry, outcomes were documented for 9,663 AF patients based on their antithrombotic therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> While 42% and 33% of EORP-AF patients used vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), respectively, our cohort exhibited a different pattern, with 15% on VKA and 64% on DOACs. Gender-based ablation outcomes have also been reported in this European collaboration, with a similar gender representation to that observed in our study, where only about 30% of patients were female. At baseline, female patients were more symptomatic than male patients, with mean EHRA scores of 2.6 vs. 2.4 in Europe (p&lt;0.001)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and 2.2 vs. 2.0 in Brazil (p&lt;0.001). Importantly, neither study found statistically significant gender-based differences in 12-month recurrence rates (34.4% vs. 34.2% in Europe; 16.1% vs. 13.7% in Brazil, p=0.3), highlighting the need for equitable access to ablation as a treatment option for women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study represents the largest cohort study to this date designed to assess ablation outcomes in AF patients in Latin America. Data on Brazilian patients with AF have been recently described in the RECALL Study, although ablation outcomes were not assessed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The last multicenter registry dedicated to ablation outcomes published in Brazil was conducted by <italic>the Brazilian Society of Cardiac Arrhythmias</italic> between 2005 and 2006.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In this registry, 755 AF patients were included, and a complication rate of 14.3% was reported, which included 1.4% of transient neurologic ischemic events, 0.4% of pulmonary vein stenosis, 3.8% of groin hematomas, and 2.3% other complications. The 2.1% complication rate observed in the current cohort highlights the learning curve associated with ablation procedures and demonstrates how technological advances, especially CFS catheters, have made these procedures safer and more reliable in clinical practice. Similar findings were observed in the largest global cohort study, the <italic>NCDR AFib Ablation Registry</italic>, with a 2.5% complication rate among 76,219 AF patients over five years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous studies have addressed predictors of recurrence after CA for AF. The current analysis demonstrates that persistent AF and larger LA have been consistently reported as independent risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Several scores have been developed to predict rhythm outcomes after AF ablation. The APPLE score (one point for age &gt;65 years, persistent AF, estimated GFR &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, LA diameter &#8805; 43 mm, LVEF &lt; 50%) had suboptimal performance (AUC = 0.64),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> while the AFA-Recur web calculator based on a random forest model of 19 variables achieved an acceptable discriminative performance (AUC 0.72).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Our Cox model also incorporated the EHRA score of AF symptoms class III-IV as an independent predictor of risk. The EHRA AF score is commonly used to assess clinical response following CA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> and might also signal the severity and longer duration of the disease. Compared to previous registries, our cohort also showed higher ATA rates following CA in older patients, although there was no significant difference in outcomes across BMI categories.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is reasonable to propose that paroxysmal AF patients exposed to longer arrhythmia burdens experience progressive remodeling of the atrium. This possibly leads to worsening of underlying atriopathy and progression to the persistent or more severe forms of the disease. Ultimately, this expected progression of AF leads to worse clinical outcomes in procedures performed later in the natural history of the arrhythmia. This proposition was substantiated in the EARLY-AF trial, where paroxysmal AF patients were followed for three years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> This study revealed that patients who underwent initial CA had a lower progression to persistent AF and fewer ATA recurrences when compared with those treated solely with antiarrhythmic drugs. While it seems evident that earlier ablations could yield better results, achieving high efficacy in persistent AF ablations remains a challenge. Adjunctive ablation sites, such as PWI, have been suggested recently as a potential strategy for managing this challenging condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In the current cohort, PWI was performed in approximately one-fifth of enrolled patients at the operator's discretion but was not an independent predictor of ATA recurrence.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths and limitations</title>
          <p>Our cohort comprises consecutive AF patients undergoing their first-time ablation, making it Latin America&#8217;s largest dataset dedicated to evaluating the safety and efficacy of CA for AF. These findings are particularly relevant in the context of LMICs, providing valuable insights into real-world clinical safety. Residual confounding is a potential concern, as we lacked data to adjust for AF duration. We did not analyze the outcomes of redo ablations in this study. This multicenter cohort was conducted only in private centers and might not reflect the reality of public centers in Brazil. Most patients were white and did not represent the population in Latin America. Additionally, patients were censored at the last follow-up, which could have underestimated the ATA recurrence rate.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In the largest cohort study in Latin America of consecutive first-time ablations for AF, ATA recurrence was associated with interventions conducted at later stages of the disease, highlighting the significance of early intervention for improved clinical outcomes. Peri-procedural complications and ATA recurrence rates were comparable to those in high-income countries, underscoring the global applicability of CA for AF management. Overall, these data highlight the outstanding performance of CA in AF management in Latin American centers, suggesting that this treatment option should be expanded to the public health system in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the doctoral thesis submitted by Caique M. P. Ternes, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina under the protocol number 6.785.240. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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