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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zYnFzpjCyW3bznGbZNT7wXQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000100304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240213</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predi&#231;&#227;o da Propens&#227;o &#224; Cardiopatia Atrial e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica em Pacientes com Acidente Vascular Cerebral Emb&#243;lico de Origem Indeterminada (ESUS)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-7841-6408</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kishk</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmed</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdeldayem</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2648-6064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Khalil</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7580-6549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elbarbary</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiovascular Medicine Department</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tanta University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tanta</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="EG">Egito</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta &#8211; Egito</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Neuropsychiatry Department</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tanta University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tanta</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="EG">Egito</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Neuropsychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta &#8211; Egito</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Mohammed Elbarbary &#8226; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 13111, Gharbia Governorate &#8211; Egito. E-mail: <email>mohammed.elbarbary@med.tanta.edu.eg</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240213</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Predi&#231;&#227;o da Propens&#227;o &#224; Cardiopatia Atrial e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica em Pacientescom Acidente Vascular Cerebral Emb&#243;lico de Origem Indeterminada</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ECG: eletrocardiograma; ECHO: ecocardiograma; NT-pro BNP: pept&#237;deo pronatriur&#233;tico N-terminal; +: com; -: sem; NOAF: fibrila&#231;&#227;o de in&#237;cio recente; PTFV1: for&#231;a terminal da onda P em V1; E/e-: raz&#227;o de E para E&#8217; onde a velocidade de pico do fluxo transmitral diast&#243;lico inicial e e- &#233; a velocidade de pico do movimento anular mitral diast&#243;lico inicial conforme determinado pelo Doppler de onda pulsada; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; FE%: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/zYnFzpjCyW3bznGbZNT7wXQ/8de62d57992a48ff7044fb194b8a58d73ad77793.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/zYnFzpjCyW3bznGbZNT7wXQ/b1e1b2abae7df66e11015c6f83f50a6115e11e46.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/zYnFzpjCyW3bznGbZNT7wXQ/721f13a7059263190ee154a77d4c7aff5b4ddb40.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Ainda h&#225; uma popula&#231;&#227;o significativa de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral emb&#243;lico de origem indeterminada (ESUS) cuja causa espec&#237;fica atribu&#237;vel ao acidente vascular cerebral permanece desconhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Nossa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que podem predizer a propens&#227;o &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FAP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Inscrevemos setenta e cinco pacientes ESUS que estavam em ritmo sinusal no momento do diagn&#243;stico de acidente vascular cerebral para serem submetidos a monitoramento Holter de 7 dias no hospital, teste para Pro-BNP e um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico padr&#227;o. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, um valor de P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A idade m&#233;dia dos 75 pacientes ESUS foi de 58 anos. 60% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino, e a condi&#231;&#227;o concomitante mais prevalente foi hipertens&#227;o (53,3%). Quarenta pacientes tinham cardiopatia atrial, e 15 pacientes tiveram epis&#243;dios de FAP. Hipertens&#227;o e E/e- &gt; 12 foram preditores independentes de cardiopatia atrial, com valores de p de 0,001 e 0,02, respectivamente. Em pacientes com cardiopatia atrial, foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivari&#225;vel; velocidade de for&#231;a terminal da onda P na deriva&#231;&#227;o V (PTFV) &gt; 5000 mV.ms, &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 45% foram preditores independentes significativos de FA com valores de p significativos de 0,001, &lt; 0,001 e 0,001, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Em pacientes ESUS, a cardiopatia atrial foi prevalente. Hipertens&#227;o e uma raz&#227;o E/e- maior que 12 foram preditores independentes para ela. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivari&#225;vel identificou PTFV1 &gt; 5000 mV.ms, &#237;ndice de volume de AE &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 45% como preditores independentes para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de in&#237;cio recente.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatia Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; uma doen&#231;a associada a um risco elevado de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, decl&#237;nio cognitivo, dem&#234;ncia, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e morte por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O tromboembolismo pode ocorrer em casos de remodela&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) ou cardiopatia atrial, que &#233; caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais, como fibrose atrial, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inflama&#231;&#227;o. Isso significa que a presen&#231;a de FA em um eletrocardiograma (ECG) nem sempre &#233; necess&#225;ria para que o tromboembolismo se manifeste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; tamb&#233;m evid&#234;ncias de dissocia&#231;&#227;o eletromec&#226;nica atrial em pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca que podem estar em ritmo sinusal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, apesar dos &#225;trios fibrilantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, biomarcadores card&#237;acos indicativos de disfun&#231;&#227;o atrial est&#227;o associados a um risco aumentado de acidente vascular cerebral e sua recorr&#234;ncia, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A cardiopatia atrial pode ser definida por pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal (NT-pro BNP) maior que 250 Pg./ml; velocidade de for&#231;a terminal da onda P na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 (PTFV1) no ECG maior que 5000 &#181;v.ms; ou aumento atrial esquerdo (AAE) grave no ecocardiograma (&#237;ndice de tamanho do AE 3&#8805; cm/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FAP) constitui cerca de 25%&#8211;62% de todos os casos de FA. Cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes que apresentaram um acidente vascular cerebral emb&#243;lico e estavam em ritmo sinusal no momento do diagn&#243;stico provaram ter epis&#243;dios de FAP quando monitorados com um registrador de loop implantado (ILR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Sup&#245;e-se que uma parte de acidente vascular cerebral emb&#243;lico de origem indeterminada em pacientes (ESUS) com FAPs podem ser subdiagnosticados e submetidos a modalidades de tratamento menos eficazes: aspirina em vez de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (ACO).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso trabalho, objetivamos investigar a possibilidade de combinar vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais para prever a probabilidade de desenvolvimento de FA parox&#237;stica, especialmente em pacientes com ESUS. Esses preditores podem ajudar a gerenciar a popula&#231;&#227;o ESUS em vez do caro ILR, especialmente em pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia-baixa (LMICs).</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, avaliamos a preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia atrial em pacientes ESUS, o que pode contribuir para tromboembolismo mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de FA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo prospectivo observacional unic&#234;ntrico foi conduzido de junho de 2021 a janeiro de 2023. Inclu&#237;mos pacientes com 18 anos ou mais que foram diagnosticados com acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e internados na unidade de tratamento de acidente vascular cerebral, Tanta University Hospital, Egypt.</p>
      <p>O ESUS foi diagnosticado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de consenso definidos pelo <italic>Cryptogenic Stroke/ESUS International Working Group</italic> como a presen&#231;a de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico n&#227;o lacunar, a aus&#234;ncia de aterosclerose causando estenose luminal &#8805;50%, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8805;30% e nenhuma fonte cardioemb&#243;lica identific&#225;vel de embolia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes com marcapasso permanente, desfibrilador card&#237;aco implantado, cirurgia card&#237;aca recente nos 30 dias anteriores &#224; inscri&#231;&#227;o e pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de FA em um ECG de repouso feito no momento da inscri&#231;&#227;o ou nas primeiras 24 horas de monitoramento Holter ou com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de FA permanente ou FA persistente foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes passaram por neuroimagem e investiga&#231;&#245;es vasculares ap&#243;s uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica completa e hist&#243;rico detalhado. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para conduzir testes laboratoriais de rotina. O exame cardiol&#243;gico padr&#227;o incluiu ECG em repouso, sete dias de monitoramento card&#237;aco Holter em regime de interna&#231;&#227;o e ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica 2D.</p>
      <p>Cada paciente recebeu um ECG de superf&#237;cie padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, registrado a uma velocidade de 25 mm/s e uma voltagem de 10 mm/mV. Um &#250;nico observador que era cego para o grupo de pacientes analisou os ECGs em zoom digital quatro vezes.</p>
      <p>Os seguintes &#237;ndices da onda P no ECG foram definidos e avaliados da seguinte forma:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>O PTFV1 foi calculado como o produto da amplitude e da dura&#231;&#227;o da deflex&#227;o terminal descendente da onda P na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O PTFV1 foi medido somente se a morfologia da onda P na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 tivesse um componente negativo ou bif&#225;sico e foi exclu&#237;do quando havia uma onda P positiva. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas no ECG de papel de admiss&#227;o usando paqu&#237;metros digitais em mm e foram ent&#227;o convertidas para &#956;V e ms usando a calibra&#231;&#227;o de ECG de 10 mm/mV e 25 mm/s.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>As dura&#231;&#245;es da onda P foram medidas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1 (PWDV1) e II (PWDII). Foi definido como o tempo do in&#237;cio mais precoce da atividade da onda P nas deriva&#231;&#245;es at&#233; a atividade mais recente da onda P nessas deriva&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A dispers&#227;o da onda P &#233; definida como a diferen&#231;a entre as dura&#231;&#245;es m&#225;xima e m&#237;nima da onda P medidas em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es derivadas do ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Um monitoramento Holter hospitalar de 7 dias foi aplicado a todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos para medir a preval&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de in&#237;cio recente (NOAF). NOAF foi definida como evid&#234;ncia de ECG (ou Holter) de ritmo sustentado irregular sem evid&#234;ncia de atividade atrial discreta em pacientes com hist&#243;rico negativo de FA persistente ou permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cada paciente foi submetido a ecocardiografia 2D utilizando uma m&#225;quina GE Vivid S5 com transdutores phased-array (M5S) (General Electric, Horten, Noruega) durante a mesma interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. De acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, medidas padr&#227;o de v&#225;rios par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e Doppler foram tomadas com a determina&#231;&#227;o da FEVE usando o m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson, &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (IVAE) calculado a partir de vistas apicais de quatro e duas c&#226;maras e raz&#227;o E/e<sup>-</sup></p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia atrial: Grupo I, composto por indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia atrial, e Grupo II, composto por aqueles sem cardiopatia atrial.</p>
      <p>A cardiopatia atrial foi definida por pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: NT-pro BNP maior que 250 Pg./ml; PTFV1 no ECG maior que 5000 &#181;v.ms; ou AAE grave no ecocardiograma (&#237;ndice de tamanho do AE 3&#8805; cm/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Posteriormente, os pacientes foram divididos em dois subgrupos com base na ocorr&#234;ncia de FA de in&#237;cio recente: subgrupo A, que teve pelo menos um epis&#243;dio de FA de in&#237;cio recente com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 30 segundos, e subgrupo B, que n&#227;o teve epis&#243;dios de FA.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov), sendo descritas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e testadas pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas e analisadas usando o teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> ou o teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Foi empregado um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel ajustando para idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes mellitus, e os resultados foram apresentados.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita online usando DATAtab: Calculadora de Estat&#237;stica Online,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> onde um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o inicial de 82 pacientes consecutivos com ESUS resultou na exclus&#227;o de 7 pacientes devido a problemas t&#233;cnicos na obten&#231;&#227;o de visualiza&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas suficientes (dois casos), transfer&#234;ncias para outros hospitais antes de completar o estudo Holter por sete dias (tr&#234;s casos) ou mortes hospitalares (dois casos). Assim, a coorte do estudo foi criada pela inclus&#227;o dos 75 pacientes finais.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram ent&#227;o divididos em dois grupos com base na presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de cardiopatia atrial. O Grupo I representou a popula&#231;&#227;o com cardiopatia atrial e incluiu 40 pacientes, e o Grupo II representou a popula&#231;&#227;o sem cardiopatia atrial e incluiu 35 pacientes. Posteriormente, cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos, A e B, com base na presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de FA, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Novos epis&#243;dios de FA hospitalar foram registrados em 15 pacientes (representando 20% do total de 75 ESUS), 7 pacientes no grupo I (17,5%) e 8 pacientes no grupo II (22,8%).</p>
      <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos foi de 58 anos. Pacientes com cardiopatia atrial eram significativamente mais velhos do que aqueles sem cardiopatia atrial. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino. Hipertens&#227;o foi a comorbidade mais comum. Pessoas com diabetes tinham mais probabilidade de estar no grupo II. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos considerando g&#234;nero, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, acidente vascular cerebral/AIT anterior ou m&#250;ltiplos territ&#243;rios vasculares de infarto (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;da nos dois grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Grupo I: Com cardiopatia atrial (n= 40)</th>
                <th>Grupo II: Sem cardiopatia atrial (n= 35)</th>
                <th>Valor p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">60,5&#177;6,39</td>
                <td align="center">55,14&#177;3,57</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero masculino</td>
                <td align="center">25 (62,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,637</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">6 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (18,67%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">17 (22,67%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (17,33%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,637</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">33 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,563</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIT/AVC anterior</td>
                <td align="center">7 (9,33%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (10,67%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,563</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infra&#231;&#245;es em m&#250;ltiplos territ&#243;rios vasculares</td>
                <td align="center">7 (9,33%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (7,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>*Foi realizado um teste Chi<sup>2</sup>. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas ao comparar di&#226;metro do AE, &#237;ndice de di&#226;metro do AE, &#237;ndice de volume do AE, volume do AE, &#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final do VE e &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (IMVE), (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Achados laboratoriais, dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e caracter&#237;sticas do ECG em ambos os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" scope="col">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th scope="col">Grupo I: Com Cardiopatia Atrial (N= 40)</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">Grupo II: Sem Cardiopatia Atrial (N= 35)</th>
                <th scope="col">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">Resultados laboratoriais</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TFGe (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">82,43 &#177; 6,69</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">78,94&#177;10,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HBA1C</td>
                <td align="center">6,48&#177;0,66</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">6,91&#177;1,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol LDL</td>
                <td align="center">104,35&#177;24,42</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">100,74&#177;34,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,605</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do AE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">36,59 &#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">35,54&#177;3,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,255</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de di&#226;metro do AE, mm/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">21,45&#177;2,53</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">20,85&#177;1,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume de AE, ml</td>
                <td align="center">53,68&#177;10,38</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">53,66&#177;9,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,994</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVAE, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">31,7&#177;6,36</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">31,41&#177;5,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,827</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVDFVE, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">58,5&#177;2,72</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">59,13&#177;3,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,375</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMVE, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">98,4&#177;2,99</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">98,03&#177;4,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,677</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>&#205;ndices da onda P no ECG</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PTFV1, mV.ms</td>
                <td align="center">36,88&#177;3,8</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">34,7&#177;3,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P, ms</td>
                <td align="center">113,7&#177;0,83</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">113,43&#177;0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,182</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispers&#227;o da onda P</td>
                <td align="center">39,85&#177;0,22</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">39,74&#177;0,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,243</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; HBA1C: hemoglobina glicada; LDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; IVDFVE: &#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final do VE; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; PTFV1: for&#231;a terminal da onda P em V1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>PTFV1 foi estatisticamente significativamente maior no Grupo I do que no Grupo II. No entanto, a diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P e dispers&#227;o da onda P n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa.</p>
      <p>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivari&#225;vel foi realizada para determinar preditores independentes de cardiopatia atrial em pacientes ESUS. Os resultados mostraram que a hipertens&#227;o e a raz&#227;o E/e<sup>-</sup> foram estatisticamente significativas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivari&#225;vel mostrando preditores independentes de cardiopatia atrial em pacientes ESUS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,355</td>
                <td align="center">0,58 - 4,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0,467</td>
                <td align="center">0,28 - 1,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,01 - 17,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HBA1C &gt; 6,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,997</td>
                <td align="center">0 - Infinito</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 - 6,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM Pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">0,398</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 - 8,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/e-</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#8211; 8,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMVE, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
                <td align="center">1 - 1,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE &lt; 45%</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 - 1,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0,944</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 - 1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispers&#227;o da onda P (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0,799</td>
                <td align="center">0,32 - 4,31</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>HBA1C: hemoglobina glicada; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; E/e-: raz&#227;o de E para e-, onde E &#233; a velocidade de pico do fluxo transmitral diast&#243;lico inicial e e- &#233; a velocidade de pico do movimento anular mitral diast&#243;lico inicial; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; PTFV1: for&#231;a terminal da onda P em V1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos epis&#243;dios de FA, NOAF foi registrado usando sete dias de monitoramento Holter em 15 pacientes. O grupo NOAF mostrou um &#237;ndice de volume de AE significativamente maior, um NT-pro BNP aumentado e um PTFV1 maior em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes sem NOAF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Box blot comparando A) &#237;ndice de volume de AE, ml/m2, B) NT-proBNP e C) PTFV1, mV.ms entre pacientes com NOAF (+NOAF) e pacientes sem NOAF (- NOAF).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240213-40213-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos determinantes da cardiopatia atrial (&#237;ndice de volume do AE, NT-proBNP e PTFV1) entre pacientes com NOAF e pacientes sem NOAF</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>NOAF durante 7 dias de monitoramento Holter n= 15</th>
                <th>N&#227;o NOAF durante 7 dias de monitoramento Holter n= 60</th>
                <th>Valor p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de volume do AE, ml/m<sup>2</sup> (M &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">38,8 &#177; 3,74</td>
                <td align="center">29,76 &#177; 4,69</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP pg/ml (M &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">249,27 &#177; 66,52</td>
                <td align="center">326,53 &#177; 46,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PTFV1,mV.ms (M &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">42,53 &#177; 0,55</td>
                <td align="center">34,02 &#177; 2,29</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>NOAF: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de in&#237;cio recente; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-atrial N-terminal; PTFV1: for&#231;a terminal da onda P em V1. * Foi utilizado o teste-T. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Para identificar os determinantes independentes da FA em pacientes ESUS com cardiopatia atrial, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivari&#225;vel. Descobrimos que PTFV1 &gt; 5000 mV.ms, &#237;ndice de volume do AE &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 45% foram preditores independentes significativos para FA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivari&#225;vel mostrando preditores independentes de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes ESUS com cardiopatia atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &gt; 65</td>
                <td align="center">0,175</td>
                <td align="center">0,54 - 25,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,07 - 3,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,186</td>
                <td align="center">0,45 - 4,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HBA1C &gt; 6,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,877</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 - 8,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,173</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 - 41,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">0,137</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 - 40,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-pro BNP &gt;250 pg/ml</td>
                <td align="center">0,087</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 - 59,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/e- &gt;12</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
                <td align="center">0 - Infinito</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de tamanho de AE 3 &#8805; cm/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
                <td align="center">0 - Infinito</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVAE &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0 - Infinito</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE &lt; 45%</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 - 0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PTFV1 &gt; 5000 &#924;v.ms</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1 - 1,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 - 0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispers&#227;o da onda P (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0,433</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 - 121,32</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>HBA1C: Hemoglobina glicada; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-atrial N-terminal: E/e-: raz&#227;o de E para E&#8217; onde Velocidade de pico do fluxo transmitral diast&#243;lico inicial e e- &#233; Velocidade de pico do movimento anular mitral diast&#243;lico inicial conforme determinado pelo Doppler de onda pulsada; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo: IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; PTFV1: For&#231;a terminal da onda P em V1.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em 2014, o conceito de acidente vascular cerebral emb&#243;lico de fonte indeterminada (ESUS) foi desenvolvido e publicado. Aproximadamente 20% de todos os acidentes vasculares cerebrais isqu&#234;micos s&#227;o causados por acidente vascular cerebral emb&#243;lico de fonte indeterminada (ESUS), um subtipo de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico criptog&#234;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A FA est&#225; significativamente correlacionada com acidentes vasculares cerebrais isqu&#234;micos, contribuindo para a morbidade e mortalidade globais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O objetivo deste estudo foi encontrar os potenciais preditores de FA parox&#237;stica em pacientes que estavam em ritmo sinusal no momento do diagn&#243;stico de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Isso ajudar&#225; na formula&#231;&#227;o de uma estrat&#233;gia preventiva visando mitigar a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC emb&#243;licos.</p>
      <p>Epis&#243;dios de FA de novo in&#237;cio (NOAF) foram registrados em 20% do total de 75 pacientes ESUS. Essa taxa de identifica&#231;&#227;o de NOAF &#233; semelhante &#224; encontrada por Vera et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> que detectaram FA em 24% dos pacientes submetidos a 15 dias de monitoramento Holter-ECG vest&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, essa ocorr&#234;ncia tem semelhan&#231;a com o estudo conduzido por Carrazco et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> que descobriram que 31% de 101 pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral criptog&#234;nico apresentaram FA enquanto eram monitorados por ILR.</p>
      <p>Em outros estudos, a taxa de identifica&#231;&#227;o de NOAF usando monitoramento Holter hospitalar por 24 horas, 48 horas e 7 dias &#233; de 4,6%, 6,4% e 12,5%, respectivamente, enquanto a taxa de detec&#231;&#227;o usando um gravador de loop implant&#225;vel por 6 meses &#233; de 9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, 53,3% dos pacientes ESUS tinham cardiopatia atrial. Essa propor&#231;&#227;o &#233; comparativamente maior do que os achados relatados por Ning et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> e Jalini et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> que relataram taxas de preval&#234;ncia de 42,8% e 26,6%, respectivamente. No entanto, os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para cardiopatia atrial propostos por Shirin Jalini et al. foram limitados &#224; presen&#231;a de uma for&#231;a terminal da onda p em V1 maior que 5.000 &#181;V.ms ou AAE grave. Notavelmente, esses crit&#233;rios n&#227;o incorporaram a inclus&#227;o de altos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP acima de 250 pg/ml como um crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PTFV1, nosso resultado corresponde ao de Hancock et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>que descobriram que o PTFV1 anormalmente aumentado &#233; um biomarcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda e est&#225; associado a altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas, como hipertrofia e press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas. Evid&#234;ncias de coortes observacionais sugerem que o PTFV1 elevado est&#225; relacionado ao risco de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMVE grande &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, a associa&#231;&#227;o pode ser explicada pelo fato de que o aumento do AE carrega um potencial trombog&#234;nico provavelmente promovendo estase, les&#227;o endotelial e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. Isso est&#225; de acordo com Jordan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> que revelaram que o VAE indexado &#224; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal do sujeito est&#225; independentemente associado ao desenvolvimento de FA em pacientes ESUS. Al&#233;m disso, nossos resultados concordam com Yaghi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> que explicou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento do AE e subtipo de acidente vascular cerebral emb&#243;lico recorrente.</p>
      <p>O NT-proBNP elevado &#233; uma medida de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, estiramento card&#237;aco e sobrecarga de volume e &#233; um preditor de FA incidente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, NT-pro BNP elevado &gt; 250 pg/mL foi encontrado em 35 pacientes; deles, apenas 7 pacientes tiveram epis&#243;dios de FA durante seu monitoramento. Esses resultados correspondem aos de Chen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> que encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre NT-proBNP elevado e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, particularmente do subtipo emb&#243;lico.</p>
      <p>Em contraste com Handke et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> que mostraram que a FA &#233; provavelmente mais prevalente entre pacientes mais velhos (&gt;60 anos) com ESUS, n&#227;o identificamos a idade como um preditor para FA. Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do ao nosso pequeno tamanho de amostra, o que limitou nossos resultados.</p>
      <p>Um grupo de pacientes ESUS pode se beneficiar de OAC, como demonstrado por Diener et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> particularmente aqueles com cardiopatia atrial. Al&#233;m disso, Merkler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> descobriram que a rivaroxabana foi superior &#224; aspirina na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de acidente vascular cerebral recorrente ou embolia sist&#234;mica entre os participantes do NAVIGATE ESUS com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE. As diretrizes canadenses recomendam que pacientes mais velhos com ESUS n&#227;o lacunar e suspeita de FA sejam submetidos a uma triagem extensiva de FA para identificar pacientes que se beneficiariam de ACO se um diagn&#243;stico claro for encontrado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Enquanto os estudos RE-SPECT ESUS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> e NAVIGATE ESUS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> levantaram preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre a seguran&#231;a da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com ESUS, lembramos da import&#226;ncia de avaliar o risco individual de sangramento usando a pontua&#231;&#227;o HAS-BLED.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A fun&#231;&#227;o renal e o hemograma completo devem ser medidos antes de iniciar o ACO e em intervalos regulares depois disso, enquanto o ACO prescrito for dosado adequadamente.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>O estudo conduzido foi uma investiga&#231;&#227;o de centro &#250;nico.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O estudo envolveu um n&#250;mero relativamente limitado de casos.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Um &#250;nico observador conduziu a an&#225;lise do ECG.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em pacientes ESUS, a cardiopatia atrial foi prevalente. Hipertens&#227;o e uma raz&#227;o E/e<sup>-</sup> maior que 12 foram preditores independentes para isso. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivari&#225;vel identificou PTFV1 &gt; 5000 mV.ms, &#237;ndice de volume do AE &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 45% como preditores independentes para NOAF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculty of medicine, Tanta University sob o n&#250;mero de protocol 36264PR220/6/2. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240213i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predicting the Propensity of Atrial Cardiopathy and Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7580-6549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elbarbary</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-7841-6408</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kishk</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmed</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdeldayem</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2648-6064</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Khalil</surname>
            <given-names>Mohamed A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="EG">Egypt</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta &#8211; Egypt</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="EG">Egypt</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Neuropsychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta &#8211; Egypt</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Mohammed Elbarbary &#8226; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 13111, Gharbia Governorate &#8211; Egypt E-mail: mohammed.elbarbary@med.tanta.edu.eg. </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Predicting the Propensity of Atrial Cardiopathy and Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS)</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ECG: eletrocardiogram; ECHO: echocardiography; NT-pro BNP: N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide; +: with; -: without; NOAF: new onset atrial fibrilation; PTFV1: P-wave terminal force in V1; E/e-: ratio of E to E&#8217; where peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow and e- is peak velocity of early diastolic mitral annular motion as determined by pulsed wave Doppler; LAVI: left atrial volume index; EF%: ejection fraction.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240213-40213-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> There is still a significant population of patients with embolic stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS) whose specific attributable cause of the stroke remains unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> Our research aimed to assess clinical, electrocardiogram, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters that may predict the propensity of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We enrolled seventy-five ESUS patients who were in sinus rhythm at the time of stroke diagnosis to undergo in-hospital 7-day Holter monitoring, testing for Pro-BNP, and a standard echocardiographic examination. For statistical analysis, a P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The average age of the 75 ESUS patients was 58 years old. 60% of the patients were male, and the most prevalent concomitant condition was hypertension (53.3%). Forty patients had atrial cardiopathy, and 15 patients had PAF episodes. Hypertension and the E/e<sup>-</sup> &gt; 12 were independent predictors of atrial cardiopathy, with p-values of 0.001 and 0.02, respectively. In patients with atrial cardiopathy, multivariable regression analysis was performed; PTFV &gt; 5000 Mv.ms, LA volume index &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, and ejection fraction &lt; 45% were significant independent predictors of AF with significant p values of 0.001, &lt; 0.001, and 0.001 respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> In ESUS patients, atrial cardiopathy was prevalent. Hypertension and an E/e<sup>-</sup> ratio greater than 12 were independent predictors for it. Multivariable regression analysis identified PTFV1 &gt; 5000 mV.ms, LA volume index &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, and ejection fraction &lt; 45% as independent predictors for new-onset atrial fibrillation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Cardiopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a disease linked to an elevated risk of ischemic stroke, heart failure, cognitive decline, dementia, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death (SCD), and all-cause death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thromboembolism can occur in cases of left atrial (LA) remodeling or atrial cardiopathy, which is characterized by structural and functional changes such as atrial fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation. This means that the presence of AF in an electrocardiogram (ECG) is not always necessary for thromboembolism to manifest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is also evidence of atrial electromechanical dissociation in patients with cardiac amyloidosis who may be in electrocardiographic sinus rhythm despite fibrillating atria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Furthermore, cardiac biomarkers indicative of atrial dysfunction are linked to an increased risk of stroke and its recurrence, even in the absence of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Atrial cardiopathy could be defined by at least one of the following criteria: serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) level greater than 250 Pg./ml; P-wave terminal force velocity in lead V1 (PTFV1) on ECG greater than 5000 &#181;v.ms; or severe left atrial enlargement (LAE) on echocardiogram (LA size index 3&#8805; cm/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) constitutes about 25%&#8211;62% of the whole AF cases. About one-third of patients who presented with an embolic stroke and were in sinus rhythm at the time of diagnosis proved to have PAF episodes when monitored with an implanted loop recorder (ILR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>It is hypothesized that a portion of embolic stroke of Undetermined Source patients (ESUS) with PAFs may be underdiagnosed and subjected to less effective treatment modalities: aspirin instead of oral anticoagulation (OAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our work, we aimed to investigate the possibility of combining Electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory variables to predict the likelihood of paroxysmal AF development, especially in patients with ESUS. These predictors may help manage the ESUS population rather than the expensive ILR, especially in low-middle-income countries (LMICs).</p>
        <p>Additionally, we assessed the prevalence of atrial cardiopathy in ESUS patients, which may contribute to thromboembolism even in the absence of AF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This prospective observational single-center study was conducted from June 2021 to January 2023. We included patients aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with ischemic stroke and admitted to the stroke care unit, neuropsychiatry department, Tanta University Hospital, Egypt.</p>
        <p>ESUS was diagnosed according to the consensus criteria defined by the Cryptogenic Stroke/ESUS International Working Group as the presence of non-lacunar ischaemic stroke, the absence of atherosclerosis causing &#8805;50% luminal stenosis, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8805;30%, and no identifiable cardioembolic source of embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients with a permanent pacemaker, an implanted cardiac defibrillator, recent cardiac surgery within 30 days of enrollment, and patients diagnosed with AF on a resting ECG done at enrollment or with a previous diagnosis of permanent AF or persistent AF were excluded.</p>
        <p>All patients had neuroimaging and vascular investigations following a thorough clinical assessment and detailed history. Blood samples were collected to conduct routine laboratory tests. The cardiologic standard workup included resting ECG, seven days of inpatient cardiac Holter monitoring, and 2D transthoracic echocardiography.</p>
        <p>Every patient received a standard 12-lead surface ECG, recorded at a speed of 25 mm/s and a 10 mm/mV voltage. A single observer who was blind to the patient group analyzed the ECGs at four times digital zoom.</p>
        <p>The following P wave indices in ECG were defined and assessed as follows:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>PTFV1 was calculated as the product of the amplitude and the duration of the terminal downward deflection of the P-wave in lead V1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> PTFV1 was only measured if the P-wave morphology in lead V1 had a negative or biphasic component and was excluded when there was a positive P-wave. Measurements were made on the admission paper ECG using digital calipers in mm and were then converted to &#956;V and ms using the ECG calibration of 10 mm/mV and 25 mm/s.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The P-wave durations were measured in lead V1 (PWDV1) and II (PWDII). It was defined as the time from the earliest commencement of P-wave activity in the leads to the latest P-wave activity in these leads. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>P-wave dispersion is defined as the difference between maximum and minimum P-wave durations measured at all ECG-derived leads.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>A 7-day in-hospital Holter monitoring was applied to all included patients to measure the prevalence of new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF). NOAF was defined as ECG (or Holter) evidence of irregular sustained rhythm with no evidence of discrete atrial activity in patients with a negative history of persistent or permanent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Each patient had 2D echocardiography utilizing a GE Vivid S5 machine with phased-array transducers (M5S) (General Electric, Horten, Norway) during the same hospital stay. According to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography, standard measurements of several echocardiographic and Doppler parameters were taken with the determination of LVEF using Simpson&#8217;s biplane method, left atrial volume index (LAVI) calculated from apical four- and two-chamber views, and E/e<sup>-</sup> ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of atrial cardiopathy: Group I, consisting of individuals diagnosed with atrial cardiopathy, and Group II, comprising those without atrial cardiopathy.</p>
        <p>Atrial cardiopathy was defined by at least one of the following criteria: serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) level greater than 250 Pg./ml; P-wave terminal force velocity in lead V1 (PTFV1) on ECG greater than 5000 &#181;v.ms; or severe LAE on echocardiogram (LA size index 3&#8805; cm/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Subsequently, patients were divided into two subgroups based on the occurrence of NOAF: subgroup A, which had at least one episode of NOAF lasting longer than 30 seconds, and subgroup B, which had no episodes of AF.</p>
        <p>Statistical analysis</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Continuous variables presented normal distribution (verified through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), being described by mean &#177; standard deviation and tested with the unpaired Student t-test.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative frequencies and analyzed using the &#967;<sup>2</sup> test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test as appropriate.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus was employed, and results were presented.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Statistical analysis was done online using DATAtab: Online Statistics Calculator,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> where a p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The initial identification of 82 consecutive patients with ESUS resulted in the exclusion of 7 patients because of technical issues in obtaining sufficient echocardiographic views (two cases), transfers to other hospitals before completing the Holter study for seven days (three cases), or in-hospital deaths (two cases). Thus, the study cohort was created by including the final 75 patients.</p>
        <p>The included patients were then split into two groups based on whether or not they had atrial cardiopathy. Group I represented the population with atrial cardiopathy and included 40 patients, and Group II represented the population without atrial cardiopathy and included 35 patients. Subsequently, each group was subdivided into two subgroups, A and B, based on whether or not AF was present, respectively.</p>
        <p>In-hospital NOAF episodes were recorded in 15 patients (representing 20% out of the total 75 ESUS), 7 patients in group I (17.5%), and 8 patients in group II (22.8%).</p>
        <p>The average age of the included patients was 58 years old. Patients with atrial cardiopathy were significantly older than those with no atrial cardiopathy. The majority of patients were male. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity. People with diabetes were more likely to be in group II. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups considering gender, hypertension, coronary artery disease, previous stroke/TIA, or Multiple vascular territories of infarction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical characteristics of the included population in the two groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Group I: With atrial cardiopathy (n= 40)</th>
                  <th>Group II: Without atrial cardiopathy (n= 35)</th>
                  <th>p Value*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5&#177;6.39</td>
                  <td align="center">55.14&#177;3.57</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (62.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (57.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.637</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (17.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (23.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (18.67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (22.67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (17.33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.637</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischaemic heart disease</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.563</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (14.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous TIA/Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (9.33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (10.67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.563</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Multiple vascular territories infractions</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (9.33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (7.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>*A Chi<sup>2</sup> test was performed. P value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. BMI: body mass index.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding echocardiographic information, there were no statistically significant differences when comparing LA diameter, LA diameter index, LA volume index, LA volume, LVEDVi, and LVMi, (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Laboratory findings, echocardiographic data, and ECG characteristics in both groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Variable</th>
                  <th scope="col">Group I: With Atrial Cardiopathy (N= 40)</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">Group II: Without Atrial Cardiopathy (N= 35)</th>
                  <th scope="col">p Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="5">Laboratory findings</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">eGFR (mean &#177; Sd.)</td>
                  <td align="center">82.43 &#177; 6.69</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">78.94&#177;10.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.093</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HBA1C</td>
                  <td align="center">6.48&#177;0.66</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">6.91&#177;1.26</td>
                  <td align="center">0.081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">104.35&#177;24.42</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">100.74&#177;34.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.605</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="5">Echocardiographic findings</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LA diameter, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">36.59 &#177;4.4</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">35.54&#177;3.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.255</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LA diameter index, mm/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">21.45&#177;2.53</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">20.85&#177;1.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.265</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LA volume, ml</td>
                  <td align="center">53.68&#177;10.38</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">53.66&#177;9.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.994</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAVI, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">31.7&#177;6.36</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">31.41&#177;5.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.827</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDVi, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">58.5&#177;2.72</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">59.13&#177;3.42</td>
                  <td align="center">0.375</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVMi, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">98.4&#177;2.99</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">98.03&#177;4.53</td>
                  <td align="center">0.677</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>P wave indices in ECG</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PTFV1, mV.ms</td>
                  <td align="center">36.88&#177;3.8</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">34.7&#177;3.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P wave duration, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">113.7&#177;0.83</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">113.43&#177;0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.182</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P wave Dispersion</td>
                  <td align="center">39.85&#177;0.22</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">39.74&#177;0.49</td>
                  <td align="center">0.243</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HBA1C: Glycated hemoglobin; LDL: low density lipoproteins; LA: left atrium; LVEDVi: LV end-diastolic volume index; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMi: left ventricular mass index; PTFV: P-wave terminal force in V1.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>PTFV1 was statistically significantly higher in Group I than in Group II. However, the difference between the two groups as regards P wave duration and P-wave dispersion was not statistically significant.</p>
        <p>Multivariable regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of atrial cardiopathy in ESUS patients. The results showed that hypertension and the E/e<sup>-</sup> ratio were statistically significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariable regression analysis showing independent predictors of atrial cardiopathy in ESUS patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.355</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58 - 4.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">0.467</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28 - 1.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.01 - 17.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HBA1C &gt; 6.5 %</td>
                  <td align="center">0.997</td>
                  <td align="center">0 - Infinity</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidaemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0.068</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 - 6.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior MI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.398</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43 - 8.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2 &#8211; 8.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAVI, ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.049</td>
                  <td align="center">1 - 1.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF &lt; 45%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.998</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57 - 1.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P wave duration ( ms )</td>
                  <td align="center">0.944</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61 - 1.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P wave Dispersion (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.799</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32 - 4.31</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>HBA1C: Glycated hemoglobin; MI: myocardial infarction; LA: left atrium; LAVI: left atrial volume index; E/e-: Ratio of E to e- where E is Peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow and e- is Peak velocity of early diastolic mitral annular motion; EF: ejection fraction; PTFV1: P-wave terminal force in V1.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding AF episodes, NOAF was recorded using seven days of Holter monitoring in 15 patients. The NOAF group showed a significantly higher LA volume index, an increased NT-pro BNP, and a higher PTFV1 compared to the patients without NOAF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Box blot comparing A) LA volume index, ml/m2, B) NT-proBNP and C) PTFV1, mV.ms among patients with NOAF (+ NOAF) and patients without NOAF (- NOAF).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240213-40213-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparing determinants of atrial cardiopathy (LA volume index, NT-proBNP, and PTFV1) between patients with NOAF and patients without NOAF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>NOAF during 7 days of Holter monitoring n= 15</th>
                  <th>No NOAF during 7 days of Holter monitoring n= 60</th>
                  <th>p value*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA volume index, ml/m<sup>2</sup> (M &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.8 &#177; 3.74</td>
                  <td align="center">29.76 &#177; 4.69</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP pg/ml (M &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">249.27 &#177; 66.52</td>
                  <td align="center">326.53 &#177; 46.05</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PTFV1,mV.ms (M &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.53 &#177; 0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">34.02 &#177; 2.29</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>NOAF: New-onset atrial fibrillation; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide; PTFV1: P-wave terminal force in V1. * T-test was used. P value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In order to identify the independent determinants of AF in ESUS patients with atrial cardiopathy, a multivariable regression analysis was performed. We found that PTFV1 &gt; 5000 mV.ms, LA volume index &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, and ejection fraction &lt;45% were significant independent predictors for AF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariable regression analysis showing independent predictors of atrial fibrillation in ESUS patients with atrial cardiopathy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &gt; 65</td>
                  <td align="center">0.175</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54 - 25.93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07 - 3.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">0.186</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45 - 4.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HBA1C &gt; 6.5 %</td>
                  <td align="center">0.877</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08 - 8.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidaemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0.173</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43 - 41.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior Myocardial Infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">0.137</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65 - 40.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-pro BNP&gt;250 pg/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">0.087</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61 - 59.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e- &gt; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  <td align="center">0 - Infinity</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA size index 3 &#8805; cm/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.062</td>
                  <td align="center">0 - Infinity</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAVI &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0 - Infinity</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF &lt; 45%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43 - 0.99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PTFV1 &gt; 5000 mV.ms</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1 - 1.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P wave duration ( ms )</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11 - 0.83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P wave Dispersion (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.433</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11 - 121.32</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>HBA1C: Glycated hemoglobin; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide; E/e-: Ratio of E to E&#8217; where Peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow and e- is Peak velocity of early diastolic mitral annular motion as determined by pulsed wave Doppler; LA: left atrium; LAVI: left atrial volume index; EF: ejection fraction; PTFV1: P-wave terminal force in V1.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In 2014, the concept of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) was developed and published. Approximately 20% of all ischaemic strokes are caused by embolic stroke of an undetermined source (ESUS), a subtype of cryptogenic ischaemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>AF is significantly correlated with ischemic strokes, contributing to global morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The purpose of this study was to find the potential predictors of paroxysmal AF in patients who were in sinus rhythm at the time of stroke diagnosis. This will aid in the formulation of a preventive strategy aiming at mitigating the occurrence of embolic strokes.</p>
        <p>NOAF episodes were recorded in 20% of the total 75 ESUS patients. This rate of NOAF identification is similar to that found by Vera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> who detected AF in 24% of patients who underwent 15 days of wearable Holter-ECG monitoring. Moreover, this occurrence has a resemblance to the study conducted by Carrazco et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>, who found that 31% of 101 patients with cryptogenic stroke had AF while being monitored by ILR.</p>
        <p>In other studies, the rate of identification of NOAF using inpatient Holter monitoring for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days is 4.6%, 6.4%, and 12.5%, respectively, whereas the rate of detection using an implantable loop recorder for 6 months is 9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, 53.3% of ESUS patients had atrial cardiopathy. This proportion is comparatively higher than the findings reported by Ning et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and Jalini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>, who reported prevalence rates of 42.8% and 26.6%, respectively. Nevertheless, the diagnostic criteria for atrial cardiopathy proposed by Shirin Jalini et al. were limited to the presence of a p-wave terminal force in V1 greater than 5,000 &#181;V.ms or severe LAE. Notably, these criteria did not incorporate the inclusion of high NT-proBNP levels over 250 pg/ml as a diagnostic criterion.</p>
        <p>Regarding PTFV1, our result matches that of Hancock et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>, who found that abnormally increased PTFV1 is a biomarker of left atrial dysfunction and is associated with pathophysiological changes such as hypertrophy and elevated filling pressures. Evidence from observational cohorts suggests that elevated PTFV1 is related to the risk of ischemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As regards large LAVI &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, the association could be explained by the fact that LAE carries a thrombogenic potential likely by promoting stasis, endothelial injury, and thrombus formation. This is in accordance with Jordan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>, who revealed that the LAVI to the subject&#8217;s body surface area is independently associated with the development of AF in ESUS patients. Additionally, our results agree with Yaghi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>, who explained the association between LAE and recurrent embolic stroke subtype.</p>
        <p>Elevated NT-proBNP is a measure of cardiac dysfunction, cardiac stretch, and volume overload and is a predictor of incident AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In our study, elevated NT-pro BNP &gt; 250 pg/mL was found in 35 patients; of them, only 7 patients had AF episodes during their monitoring. These results match those of Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> who found an association between elevated NT-proBNP and ischemic stroke, particularly of the embolic subtype.</p>
        <p>In contrast to Handke et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> who showed that AF is likely to be more prevalent among older (&gt;60 years) patients with ESUS, we did not identify age as a predictor for AF. This could be attributed to our small sample size, which limited our results.</p>
        <p>A group of ESUS patients may benefit from OAC, as demonstrated by Diener et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> particularly those with atrial cardiopathy. Additionally, Merkler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> found that rivaroxaban was superior to aspirin in reducing the risk of recurrent stroke or systemic embolism among NAVIGATE ESUS participants with LV dysfunction. The Canadian guidelines recommend that older patients with non-lacunar ESUS and suspected AF undergo extensive AF screening to identify patients who would benefit from OAC if a clear diagnosis is found.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As long as the RE-SPECT ESUS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> and NAVIGATE ESUS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> studies have raised concerns about the safety of anticoagulation in patients with ESUS, we recall the importance of assessing individual bleeding risk using the HAS-BLED score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Renal function and complete blood count should be measured before starting OAC and at regular intervals after that while the prescribed OAC is dosed appropriately.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitation</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>The conducted study was a single-center investigation.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The study involved a relatively limited number of cases.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A single observer conducted the ECG analysis.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In ESUS patients, atrial cardiopathy was prevalent. Hypertension and an E/e<sup>-</sup> ratio greater than 12 were independent predictors for it. Multivariable regression analysis identified PTFV1 &gt; 5000 mV.ms, LA volume index &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, and ejection fraction &lt; 45% as independent predictors for NOAF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of medicine, Tanta University under the protocol number 36264PR220/6/2. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
