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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QYTCW3PBV3jfyWrZpp9JWsc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000100302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240204</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia do Polimorfismo de Inser&#231;&#227;o/Dele&#231;&#227;o do Gene da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina na Adiposidade e na Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7024-0701</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vale</surname>
            <given-names>Marla Darlene Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7017-0599</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;dina Caroline Ternus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Knobloch</surname>
            <given-names>Ingrid da Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados;</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schwartz</surname>
            <given-names>Ida Vanessa Doederlein</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sperb-Ludwig</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3620-4334</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de &#8211; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Gen&#233;tica e Biologia Molecular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Gen&#233;tica e Biologia Molecular &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Gen&#233;tica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Gen&#233;tica &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Gabriela Corr&#234;a Souza &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Avenida Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, 2 andar. CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil Email: <email>gcsouza@hcpa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivett</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240204</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Influ&#234;ncia do Polimorfismo de Inser&#231;&#227;o/Dele&#231;&#227;o do Gene da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina na Adiposidade e na Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Associa&#231;&#245;es do polimorfismo da ECA na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Alelo D: dele&#231;&#227;o. ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; BIA: an&#225;lise de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCQ: raz&#227;o cintura-quadril; RCE: raz&#227;o cintura-estatura.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/QYTCW3PBV3jfyWrZpp9JWsc/d9c01e5a8327b3385758746f237641431583737c.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/QYTCW3PBV3jfyWrZpp9JWsc/037d4381d56bbddad902590687d56fcaaa0a18a6.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/QYTCW3PBV3jfyWrZpp9JWsc/f744d562867f4836b1e69ca9d539a1bb879389ea.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O polimorfismo de Inser&#231;&#227;o/Dele&#231;&#227;o (I/D) da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) (rs4340) est&#225; associado &#224; patog&#234;nese da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Esse polimorfismo pode contribuir para uma maior propens&#227;o &#224; IC grave e ao excesso de peso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a adiposidade, a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o polimorfismo I/D da ECA em pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal com indiv&#237;duos ambulatoriais com idade &#8805;18 anos diagnosticados com IC. A an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica foi realizada por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase seguida de eletroforese em gel de agarose. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi determinada por ecocardiografia. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo &#237;ndice de massa corporal, enquanto a adiposidade foi avaliada pela an&#225;lise de Bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (BIA), circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, raz&#227;o cintura-quadril e raz&#227;o cintura-estatura. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Setenta e um indiv&#237;duos foram inclu&#237;dos, com m&#233;dia de idade de 55,8 &#177; 13,0 anos, predominantemente do sexo masculino (66,2%), com classe funcional I e II (90,9%) e FEVE mediana de 30% (24-40). A preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso foi de 38%, obesidade classe I foi de 23,9% e obesidade classe II e III foi de 12,7%, com 50,7% apresentando excesso de adiposidade conforme avaliado pela BIA. Um total de 88 alelos D e 54 alelos I do gene da ECA foram identificados. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos gen&#243;tipos da ECA, 38,1% eram DD, 47,8% eram ID e 14,1% eram II. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o alelo D (gen&#243;tipos DD+ID versus II) foi associado &#224; FEVE (RP de 0,995; IC de 95% 0,991&#8211;1,000; p = 0,048) e &#224; etiologia da IC (cardiomiopatia dilatada: RP 1,283; IC de 95% 1,039&#8211;1,583; p = 0,021). Nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o independente foi encontrada com a adiposidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A presen&#231;a do alelo D do polimorfismo da ECA est&#225; associada &#224; FEVE e &#224; etiologia da IC. Apesar da preval&#234;ncia do sobrepeso na amostra, n&#227;o foram encontradas associa&#231;&#245;es independentes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica complexa com origens multifatoriais envolvendo fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entre os fatores envolvidos na patog&#234;nese e progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a est&#225; o polimorfismo gen&#233;tico da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia crescente de IC, juntamente com o r&#225;pido aumento da obesidade, representa uma amea&#231;a substancial &#224; sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O ac&#250;mulo de tecido adiposo visceral e peric&#225;rdico eleva o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e a carga de trabalho. Estima-se que 29% a 40% dos indiv&#237;duos com IC estejam acima do peso e 30% a 49% sejam obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> H&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o dose-dependente entre o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) elevado e o risco de IC, sendo a obesidade uma das principais causas de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina-I (ECA 3.4.15.1) regula a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e a homeostase cardiovascular por meio do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O polimorfismo pode estar associado &#224; incid&#234;ncia e progress&#227;o da IC, elevando os n&#237;veis circulantes de ECA e resultando em aumento da PA, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, fibrose e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O polimorfismo de inser&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o (I/D) da ECA (rs4340), localizado no gene da ECA (OMIM 106180) no cromossomo 17, influencia a inser&#231;&#227;o (alelo I) ou dele&#231;&#227;o (alelo D) de uma sequ&#234;ncia alu de 287 pares de bases no &#237;ntron 16.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esse polimorfismo apresenta tr&#234;s gen&#243;tipos (II, DD e ID), com o alelo I associado &#224; atividade enzim&#225;tica reduzida e o alelo D &#224; atividade aumentada, correlacionando-se com a exacerba&#231;&#227;o da IC e o risco de sobrepeso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de influenciar a PA, a ECA inibe a diferencia&#231;&#227;o dos adip&#243;citos, limitando a adipog&#234;nese e o armazenamento do tecido adiposo, e resultando em deposi&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica ect&#243;pica, com consequente comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e contribui&#231;&#227;o para a disfun&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora estudos anteriores associem o polimorfismo da ECA &#224; predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> existe uma escassez de literatura sobre sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a IC. Este estudo visa preencher essa lacuna, explorando a intera&#231;&#227;o entre polimorfismo, fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e adiposidade em pacientes com IC para fornecer mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o manejo da doen&#231;a, compreendendo a influ&#234;ncia do alelo D e do gen&#243;tipo DD sobre a predisposi&#231;&#227;o ao sobrepeso e exacerba&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a adiposidade, a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o polimorfismo da ECA em pacientes com IC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um desenho transversal, envolvendo indiv&#237;duos com idade &#8805; 18 anos de ambos os sexos, com diagn&#243;stico estabelecido de IC, recrutados no per&#237;odo entre novembro de 2022 a outubro de 2023 em um ambulat&#243;rio especializado de um hospital terci&#225;rio no sul do Brasil. O estudo foi composto por pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica das classes funcionais I&#8211;IV da NYHA (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>).</p>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: a) hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; b) insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica e renal, em terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal; c) diabetes tipo 1; e d) incapacidade de realizar an&#225;lise de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (BIA), como no caso de pacientes amputados ou indiv&#237;duos com IMC &gt; 39,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>Dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, comorbidades, tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, classe funcional da NYHA (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>) e etiologia da IC foram extra&#237;dos do prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico e confirmados durante a consulta de pesquisa.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (CAEE: 63243822.2.0000.5327), em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Todos os pacientes deram consentimento por escrito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica incluiu o uso de uma balan&#231;a digital (Toledo&#174;, Ara&#231;atuba, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) para peso corporal e um estadi&#244;metro vertical (Veeder-Root<sup>&#174;</sup> 2,0 m, S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) para medi&#231;&#227;o da a estatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O IMC foi categorizado de acordo com pontos de corte estabelecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A adiposidade foi avaliada por BIA (tetrapolar, modelo 450, 800 mA, 50 kHz, Biodynamics Corporation, Seattle, Washington, EUA) seguindo o protocolo padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O ponto de corte para an&#225;lise do excesso de adiposidade foi estabelecido em 38% para mulheres e 27% para homens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa gorda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia cintura (CC) e a circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril foram medidas com uma fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica. O risco cardiovascular e o excesso de peso foram determinados com base em valores de refer&#234;ncia, incluindo CC &gt; 94 cm para homens e 80 cm para mulheres, raz&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ) &#8805; 1,0 para homens e &gt; 0,85 para mulheres e raz&#227;o cintura-estatura (RCE) &gt; 0,5 para homens e mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Resultados de ecocardiografia bidimensional usando o m&#233;todo de Simpson foram empregados para determinar a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Essa medida categoriza a IC em tr&#234;s grupos: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) quando a FEVE &#233; &lt; 40%, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi) com FEVE entre 40-49% e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp), com FEVE &#233; &#8805; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise gen&#233;tica</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue (4 mL) com EDTA como anticoagulante foram coletadas e armazenadas. A extra&#231;&#227;o de DNA foi realizada usando o kit Easy DNA Purification&#8482; (Invitrogen&#8482;), seguido pela amplifica&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo ECA por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Os produtos de PCR foram genotipados por eletroforese em gel de agarose. Os primers usados foram: 5&#8217;-CTG GAG AGC CAC TCC CAT CCT TTC T-3&#8217; e 5&#8217;-GAC GTG GCC ATC ACA TTC GTC AGA T-3&#8217;. As condi&#231;&#245;es de PCR foram as seguintes: desnatura&#231;&#227;o inicial a 95 &#176;C por 5 minutos; seguido por ciclos a 95&#176;C por 40 segundos, 62 &#176;C por 45 segundos, 72 &#176;C por 45 segundos e uma extens&#227;o final a 72 &#176;C por 5 minutos. Fragmentos de polimorfismo da ECA com dele&#231;&#227;o (alelo D) e sem dele&#231;&#227;o (alelo I) de 190 e 490 pares de bases, respectivamente, foram visualizados em um gel de agarose a 1,5% contendo colora&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido nucleico GelRed (Sigma-Aldrich).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (percentis 25 a 75) de acordo com a normalidade dos dados, que foi avaliada usando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. O teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou ANOVA unidirecional com Tukey post-hoc para amostras independentes foi aplicado para a compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias. Em caso de assimetria, o teste de Mann-Whitney ou Kruskal-Wallis foi usado. No entanto, no teste de Kruskal-Wallis, o teste post hoc de Dunn n&#227;o foi conduzido porque n&#227;o houve valor-p &lt; 0,05. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por frequ&#234;ncia absoluta/relativa e o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher foi usado para avaliar associa&#231;&#245;es. Em caso de signific&#226;ncia, a an&#225;lise residual identificou associa&#231;&#245;es. Frequ&#234;ncias gen&#233;ticas foram testadas para equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg.</p>
        <p>Os grupos foram formados de acordo com os tr&#234;s gen&#243;tipos (II, DD e ID) do polimorfismo da ECA. Para analisar o efeito independente do alelo D, os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: aqueles com a presen&#231;a do alelo D (gen&#243;tipos DD + ID) e aqueles sem o alelo D (somente gen&#243;tipo II).</p>
        <p>A intera&#231;&#227;o dos alelos da ECA e vari&#225;veis de interesse foi analisada por regress&#227;o de Poisson, com um estimador robusto usado para controlar fatores de confus&#227;o. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, vari&#225;veis de interesse com um valor-p &lt; 0,20 na an&#225;lise univariada foram consideradas.</p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05) e as an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o SPSS 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 71 pacientes, sendo 66,2% do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 55,8 &#177; 13 anos. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou classes funcionais NYHA I e II (90,9%) e FEVE mediana de 30% (24-40). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade, 38% dos pacientes estavam acima do peso, 23,9% tinham obesidade classe I e 12,7% tinham obesidade classe II e III. A BIA revelou que 50,7% dos pacientes apresentavam excesso de adiposidade. Par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos incluindo CC, RCQ e RCE indicaram um risco cardiovascular aumentado e excesso de peso, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas e antropom&#233;tricas dos gen&#243;tipos do polimorfismo da ECA e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia do alelo D em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3">Gen&#243;tipo</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Alelo D</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total</th>
                <th>DD</th>
                <th>ID</th>
                <th>II</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>Presen&#231;a</th>
                <th>Aus&#234;ncia</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N.&#186; de pacientes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Sexo (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">24 (33,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (47,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,077<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">22 (36,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,477<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">47 (66,2)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (63,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">55,8 &#177; 13,0</td>
                <td align="center">57,2 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center">56,1 &#177; 12,4</td>
                <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 16,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,404*</td>
                <td align="center">56,6 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 16,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,191<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ano de escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">8 (4,0 &#8211; 11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (4,0 &#8211; 11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (4,0 &#8211; 11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (4,0 &#8211; 9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,940<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8 (4,0 &#8211; 11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (4,0 &#8211; 9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,752<sup>//</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Etnia (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branco</td>
                <td align="center">64 (90,1)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (91,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">55 (90,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o branco</td>
                <td align="center">7 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,0 &#8211; 3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,0 &#8211; 3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,0 &#8211; 2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5 (0,0 &#8211; 3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,321<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,0 &#8211; 2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5 (0,0 &#8211; 3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,198<sup>//</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Comorbidades (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">20 (28,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,693<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">17 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS</td>
                <td align="center">26 (36,6)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (29,6)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (41,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,631<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">22 (36,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRC</td>
                <td align="center">7 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DLP</td>
                <td align="center">5 (7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,688<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Tempo desde o diagn&#243;stico de IC (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 18 meses</td>
                <td align="center">16 (24,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (19,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,067<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">11 (19,6)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5 (55,6)b</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>0,034</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#167;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 18 meses</td>
                <td align="center">49 (75,4)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (80,8)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (80,4)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4)a</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Etiologia da IC (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">7 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20,80)a</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,40)a</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10,0)a</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>0,009</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#167;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6 (11,3)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1 (10,0)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>0,025</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#167;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</td>
                <td align="center">12 (19,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,20)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6 (20,70)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5 (50,0)<sup>a.b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7 (13,2)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5 (50,0)<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outras etiologias</td>
                <td align="center">44 (69,8)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (75,50)a</td>
                <td align="center">22 (75,90)a</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40,0)a</td>
                <td align="center">40 (75,5)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4 (40,0)<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">30 (24,0 &#8211; 40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (25,0 &#8211; 45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (23,0 &#8211; 40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (18,5 &#8211; 33,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,114<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">31 (24,5 &#8211; 41,0)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (18,5 &#8211; 33,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,050</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>//</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da FEVE (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center">51 (71,8)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (63,0)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,682<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">42 (68,9)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,564<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICFEi</td>
                <td align="center">12 (16,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (18,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center">8 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I e II</td>
                <td align="center">60 (90,9)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (96,2)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (90,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,137<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">55 (93,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,118<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III e IV</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,80)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7 (6,0 &#8211; 9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6,0 &#8211; 11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5,7 &#8211; 9,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 (5,7 &#8211; 8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,365<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7 (6,0 &#8211;10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4,0 &#8211; 8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,294<sup>//</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Medicamentos (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA/INRA</td>
                <td align="center">58 (81,7)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (76,5)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,443<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">50 (82,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,881<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">69 (97,2)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (96,3)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (97,1)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">59 (96,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">58 (81,7)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (85,2)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (81,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,584<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">51 (83,6)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,376<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">56 (78,9)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (81,5)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,448<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">48 (77,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,448<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TFG (ml/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">71,0 &#177; 26,3</td>
                <td align="center">69,8 &#177; 27,2</td>
                <td align="center">68,3 &#177; 25,8</td>
                <td align="center">83,2 &#177; 25,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,286*</td>
                <td align="center">69,0 &#177; 26,2</td>
                <td align="center">83,2 &#177; 25,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,115<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Creatinina (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,8 &#8211;1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (0,9 &#8211; 1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,8 &#8211; 1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,7 &#8211; 1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,557*</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (0,9 &#8211; 1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,7 &#8211;1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,305<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso (kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">79,9 &#177; 17,1</td>
                <td align="center">84,1 &#177; 15,5</td>
                <td align="center">76,2 &#177; 17,0</td>
                <td align="center">81,1 &#177; 19,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,189*</td>
                <td align="center">79,7 &#177; 16,8</td>
                <td align="center">81,1 &#177; 19,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,812<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28,8 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">30,0 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,274*</td>
                <td align="center">28,9 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,878<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o BMI (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">18 (25,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,169<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">16 (26,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,224<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">27 (38,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade Classe I</td>
                <td align="center">17 (23,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (18,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (20,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (19,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade Classe II e III</td>
                <td align="center">9 (12,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CC (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">101,4 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center">102,2 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center">102,2 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center">102,2 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,145*</td>
                <td align="center">101,33 &#177; 13,0</td>
                <td align="center">102,4 &#177; 15,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,832<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RCQ (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,218*</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,968<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>RCE (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,241*</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,892<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gordura Corporal (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">29,7 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">30,7 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,528*</td>
                <td align="center">30,2 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,327<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens</td>
                <td align="center">27,7 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">27,7 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,997<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27,7 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,944<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">34,81 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">34,8 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,461<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">35,2 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,298<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="9">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">34 (49,3)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (51,9)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (46,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,929<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">29 (49,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Excesso de adiposidade</td>
                <td align="center">35 (50,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (48,1)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (53,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (50,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gordura Corporal (kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">24,5 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">25,3 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">24,1 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">23,2 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,754*</td>
                <td align="center">24,7 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">23,2 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,613<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e (percentis 25 e 75); *ANOVA unidirecional; <sup>&#8224;</sup>Teste t de Student; <sup>&#8225;</sup>Kruskal-Wallis; <sup>&#167;</sup>Teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher; <sup>//</sup>Mann-Whitney; Presen&#231;a do alelo D: gen&#243;tipos DD + ID; Aus&#234;ncia do alelo D: gen&#243;tipo II; Associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa pelo teste de res&#237;duos ajustados em n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, letras diferentes: diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos p &lt; 0,005; INRA: inibidor da neprilisina/receptor da angiotensina; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DLP: dislipidemia; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: Bloqueadores dos Receptores da Angiotensina; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEi: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TFG: Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCQ: raz&#227;o cintura-quadril; RCE: raz&#227;o cintura-estatura.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Gen&#243;tipo e frequ&#234;ncias de alelo</title>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica foi de 88 alelos D e 54 alelos I. As distribui&#231;&#245;es genot&#237;picas foram 38,1% para DD, 47,8% para ID e 14,1% para II. As frequ&#234;ncias do polimorfismo I/D da ECA estavam em equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas no polimorfismo da ECA</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise univariada foi conduzida para avaliar potenciais vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> do material suplementar). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, ao avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do alelo D com as vari&#225;veis de interesse, verificou-se que a FEVE (p = 0,048) e a etiologia da cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) (p = 0,021) estavam associadas &#224; presen&#231;a do alelo D (DD+ID versus II) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos sem o alelo D. Ao avaliar especificamente a influ&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo DD entre os demais gen&#243;tipos, verificou-se que a CMD (p = 0,020) e a etiologia isqu&#234;mica (p = 0,024) estavam associadas ao gen&#243;tipo DD em compara&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo ID. Al&#233;m disso, essas associa&#231;&#245;es entre FEVE (p = 0,013), etiologia da CMD (p &lt; 0,001) e o gen&#243;tipo DD persistem quando comparadas ao gen&#243;tipo II. Outras vari&#225;veis, como estado nutricional, CC, RCQ, RCE e percentual de gordura corporal, n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#245;es significativas na an&#225;lise multivariada, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Poisson multivariada entre gen&#243;tipos de polimorfismo da ECA e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia do alelo D, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e adiposidade em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>DD + ID vs II</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>DD vs ID</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>DD vs II</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>RP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IC de 95%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>RP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IC de 95%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p<sup>&#8224;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>RP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IC de 95%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p<sup>&#8225;</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,995</td>
                  <td align="center">0,991 - 1,000</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,048</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,996</td>
                  <td align="center">0,990 - 1,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,118</td>
                  <td align="center">0,989</td>
                  <td align="center">0,980 - 0,998</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,013</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da FEVE (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEr</td>
                  <td align="center">1,145</td>
                  <td align="center">1,040 - 1,261</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,006</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,193</td>
                  <td align="center">0,941 0 1,512</td>
                  <td align="center">0,144</td>
                  <td align="center">1,411</td>
                  <td align="center">1,132 - 1,758</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEi</td>
                  <td align="center">1,060</td>
                  <td align="center">0,925 - 1,216</td>
                  <td align="center">0,402</td>
                  <td align="center">1,060</td>
                  <td align="center">0,782 - 1,436</td>
                  <td align="center">0,709</td>
                  <td align="center">1,166</td>
                  <td align="center">0,926 - 1,468</td>
                  <td align="center">0,192</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICFEp</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Etiologia da IC (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,047</td>
                  <td align="center">0,820 - 1,337</td>
                  <td align="center">0,714</td>
                  <td align="center">0,755</td>
                  <td align="center">0,591 - 0,964</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,024</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,969</td>
                  <td align="center">0,747 - 1,257</td>
                  <td align="center">0,813</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,283</td>
                  <td align="center">1,039 - 1,583</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,021</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,216</td>
                  <td align="center">1,032 - 1,433</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,020</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,584</td>
                  <td align="center">1,260 - 1,992</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outras etiologias</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                  <td align="center">0,986 - 1,013</td>
                  <td align="center">0,879</td>
                  <td align="center">0,988</td>
                  <td align="center">0,972 - 1,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,154</td>
                  <td align="center">0,968</td>
                  <td align="center">0,968 - 1,015</td>
                  <td align="center">0,469</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="10">
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o BMI (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                  <td align="center">0,985</td>
                  <td align="center">0,832 - 1,165</td>
                  <td align="center">0,857</td>
                  <td align="center">0,873</td>
                  <td align="center">0,727- 1,047</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                  <td align="center">0,958</td>
                  <td align="center">0,686 - 1,338</td>
                  <td align="center">0,802</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade Classe I</td>
                  <td align="center">1,169</td>
                  <td align="center">0,952 - 1,437</td>
                  <td align="center">0,136</td>
                  <td align="center">0,893</td>
                  <td align="center">0,733- 1,087</td>
                  <td align="center">0,259</td>
                  <td align="center">1,212</td>
                  <td align="center">0,868- 1,692</td>
                  <td align="center">0,260</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade Classe II e III</td>
                  <td align="center">0,906</td>
                  <td align="center">0,789 - 1,039</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157</td>
                  <td align="center">0,774</td>
                  <td align="center">0,573 - 1,046</td>
                  <td align="center">0,096</td>
                  <td align="center">0,806</td>
                  <td align="center">0,605 - 1,073</td>
                  <td align="center">0,140</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CC (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,994 - 1,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,969</td>
                  <td align="center">0,995</td>
                  <td align="center">0,988 - 1,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,132</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                  <td align="center">0,989 - 1,008</td>
                  <td align="center">0,763</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RCQ</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,815</td>
                  <td align="center">0,269 - 2,473</td>
                  <td align="center">0,718</td>
                  <td align="center">0,729</td>
                  <td align="center">0,216 - 2,456</td>
                  <td align="center">0,610</td>
                  <td align="center">0,658</td>
                  <td align="center">0,137 - 3,168</td>
                  <td align="center">0,602</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RCE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,882</td>
                  <td align="center">0,333 - 2,335</td>
                  <td align="center">0,800</td>
                  <td align="center">0,432</td>
                  <td align="center">0,146 - 1,282</td>
                  <td align="center">0,131</td>
                  <td align="center">0,572</td>
                  <td align="center">0,121 - 2,711</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gordura Corporal (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,989</td>
                  <td align="center">0,973 - 1,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,185</td>
                  <td align="center">0,998</td>
                  <td align="center">0,983 - 1,014</td>
                  <td align="center">0,837</td>
                  <td align="center">0,993</td>
                  <td align="center">0,970 - 1,017</td>
                  <td align="center">0,563</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP) e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEi: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;rio; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCQ: raz&#227;o cintura-quadril; RCE: raz&#227;o cintura-estatura. Modelo multivari&#225;vel - FEVE: ajustada para sexo e betabloqueador*, <sup>&#8225;</sup> ou IECA/BRA/INRA<sup>&#8224;</sup>; Classifica&#231;&#227;o da FEVE, etiologia da IC: ajustada para sexo e betabloqueador*, <sup>&#8225;</sup> ou IECA/BRA/INRA<sup>&#8224;</sup>; Gordura corporal, CC, RCQ, RCE, IMC, Estado nutricional: ajustado para sexo, betabloqueador*, <sup>&#8225;</sup> ou IECA/BRA/INRA&#8224;, e classifica&#231;&#227;o da FEVE*, <sup>&#8225;</sup> ou etiologia da IC<sup>&#8224;</sup>.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados deste estudo s&#227;o a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a do alelo D e o gen&#243;tipo DD do gene da ECA com FEVE e etiologia em pacientes com IC. O excesso de adiposidade foi prevalente na amostra, por&#233;m, n&#227;o foram identificadas associa&#231;&#245;es independentes com polimorfismo.</p>
      <p>Em contraste com estudos anteriores, que indicaram redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE em pacientes com o gen&#243;tipo DD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> nosso estudo apresenta uma perspectiva diferente, indicando que a FEVE mediana &#233; menor em pacientes sem a presen&#231;a do alelo D, possivelmente relacionada ao menor tempo de diagn&#243;stico. Isso ocorre porque os portadores do alelo D t&#234;m um tempo de diagn&#243;stico maior e, como resultado, o bloqueio neuro-humoral (intera&#231;&#227;o farmacogen&#233;tica entre o uso de betabloqueador e inibidores da ECA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> pode ter neutralizado a atividade excessiva do SRAA secund&#225;ria &#224; DD, influenciando essa diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. No entanto, ao analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a do alelo D ou do gen&#243;tipo DD versus II, observou-se que a FEVE aumentou em associa&#231;&#227;o com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia do alelo. Sendo assim, a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica deste achado implica que pacientes com o alelo D e gen&#243;tipo DD, quando comparados ao II, apresentam uma deteriora&#231;&#227;o mais pronunciada da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>O perfil genot&#237;pico da ECA na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada mostra baixa preval&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo II em compara&#231;&#227;o com estudos internacionais, nos quais uma preval&#234;ncia de 23% foi identificada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Ao comparar esses resultados com estudos nacionais, a preval&#234;ncia do II foi ainda menor, representando apenas 3% a 4,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Dado que essa altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica &#233; relativamente recente, a inser&#231;&#227;o dessa sequ&#234;ncia Alu ainda n&#227;o est&#225; completamente estabelecida no genoma humano, apresentando tamb&#233;m varia&#231;&#245;es na distribui&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes grupos &#233;tnicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Portanto, essa baixa preval&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo II pode estar relacionada a essa caracter&#237;stica da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo revelou predom&#237;nio de indiv&#237;duos de descend&#234;ncia europeia (90,1%). Em contrapartida, estudos nacionais realizados em outras regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> mostraram maior percentual de indiv&#237;duos de descend&#234;ncia africana (14,1% a 36%) e de outras etnias (12,6% a 16,2%). Isso evidencia a heterogeneidade epidemiol&#243;gica presente no Brasil; entretanto, a regi&#227;o sul tem uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de indiv&#237;duos de descend&#234;ncia europeia. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros gen&#243;tipos, observamos um alinhamento com dados europeus, mostrando uma preval&#234;ncia maior do gen&#243;tipo ID.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro achado foi a associa&#231;&#227;o da etiologia da CMD com uma preval&#234;ncia aumentada do alelo D e gen&#243;tipo DD em pacientes com IC, corroborando achados anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> que estabeleceram essa rela&#231;&#227;o entre o polimorfismo da ECA e a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral mais intensa do SRAA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O polimorfismo I/D da ECA desempenha um papel significativo, contribuindo com cerca de 50% para a varia&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis circulantes de ECA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O alelo D intensifica a atividade da ECA, aumentando a s&#237;ntese de angiotensina e potencializando a ativa&#231;&#227;o do SRAA, o que resulta em dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a etiologia isqu&#234;mica da IC foi associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o na preval&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo DD em compara&#231;&#227;o ao ID, possivelmente devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de influ&#234;ncia do polimorfismo da ECA em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o gen&#243;tipo DD tenha sido previamente associado ao risco de sobrepeso/obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> devido &#224; sua intera&#231;&#227;o com o crescimento e a fun&#231;&#227;o dos adip&#243;citos, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o polimorfismo e o sobrepeso foi explorada em pacientes hipertensos, apresentando resultados conflitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> No entanto, no presente estudo, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o independente de polimorfismo com adiposidade foi observada, o que pode ser devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso/obesidade na amostra em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras popula&#231;&#245;es. As diferen&#231;as no IMC m&#233;dio dos gen&#243;tipos da ECA entre nosso estudo e o de Sun et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> foram, respectivamente: 30,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> vs 26,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para DD; 27,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> vs 26,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para ID; e 28,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup> vs 25,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para II.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia significativa de excesso de adiposidade entre pacientes com IC &#233; um fator preocupante, dada a consider&#225;vel amea&#231;a &#224; sa&#250;de que a obesidade representa. O ac&#250;mulo de tecido adiposo, especialmente na regi&#227;o visceral e gordura peric&#225;rdica, resulta em aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e da carga de trabalho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Estudos recentes apontam para uma rela&#231;&#227;o dose-dependente entre o aumento do IMC e o risco de IC, sendo a obesidade considerada uma das principais causas de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nesse cen&#225;rio, &#233; crucial implementar interven&#231;&#245;es eficazes, incluindo monitoramento nutricional, visando estimular a redu&#231;&#227;o de peso e mitigar os riscos relacionados &#224; adiposidade.</p>
      <p>Poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo incluem o n&#250;mero restrito de participantes, especialmente no grupo de gen&#243;tipo II, possivelmente relacionado &#224; gravidade da popula&#231;&#227;o predominantemente composta por indiv&#237;duos com gen&#243;tipos DD e ID. O m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para an&#225;lise da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal &#233; a absorciometria de raios X de dupla energia (DEXA). Na sua aus&#234;ncia, a BIA foi usada. No entanto, a BIA apresenta certas limita&#231;&#245;es, como a dificuldade em distinguir com precis&#227;o entre &#225;gua extracelular e intracelular. Isso pode tornar a estimativa da massa corporal suscet&#237;vel a desequil&#237;brios eletrol&#237;ticos ou varia&#231;&#245;es no estado de hidrata&#231;&#227;o, que s&#227;o comuns em pacientes com IC. Em nosso estudo, protocolos espec&#237;ficos foram adotados para minimizar essas limita&#231;&#245;es e, na presen&#231;a de edema, o teste n&#227;o foi realizado. Embora este seja o primeiro estudo a avaliar o polimorfismo da ECA em pacientes brasileiros com IC e v&#225;rios resultados relevantes tenham sido obtidos com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, h&#225; uma necessidade evidente de estudos futuros com uma amostra mais ampla, capaz de explorar essas e outras vari&#225;veis potencialmente relacionadas &#224; gravidade da IC e a altera&#231;&#227;o na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, este estudo demonstrou que a presen&#231;a do alelo D do polimorfismo da ECA est&#225; associada &#224; etiologia da FEVE e da IC. Apesar da preval&#234;ncia do sobrepeso na amostra, n&#227;o foram encontradas associa&#231;&#245;es independentes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Marla Darlene Machado Vale pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimeta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 63243822.2.0000.5327. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0204_AO_SUPPLEMENTARY_MATERIAL.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa (FIPE) do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240204i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene on Adiposity and Cardiac Function in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7024-0701</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vale</surname>
            <given-names>Marla Darlene Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7017-0599</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;dina Caroline Ternus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Knobloch</surname>
            <given-names>Ingrid da Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schwartz</surname>
            <given-names>Ida Vanessa Doederlein</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sperb-Ludwig</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3620-4334</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de &#8211; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Gen&#233;tica e Biologia Molecular &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Gen&#233;tica &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Gabriela Corr&#234;a Souza &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Avenida Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, 2 andar. Postal Code 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil Email: gcsouza@hcpa.edu.br <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> Nat&#225;lia Olivetti </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Influence of Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene on Adiposity and Cardiac Function in Patients with Heart Failure</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Allele D: deletion. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme. HF: heart failure. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. BIA: bioelectrical impedance analysis. WC: waist circumference. WHR: waist-to-hip ratio. WHtR: waist-to-height ratio. DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-01-e20240204-40204-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs4340) is associated with the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). This polymorphism may contribute to a greater propensity for severe HF and excess weight.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate adiposity, cardiac function, and their association with ACE I/D polymorphism in HF patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Cross-sectional study with ambulatory individuals &#8805;18 years diagnosed with HF. Genetic analysis was performed using polymerase chain reaction followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was determined by echocardiography. Nutritional status was assessed using body mass index, while adiposity was analyzed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio. The adopted significance level was 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Seventy-one individuals were included, with a mean age of 55.8 &#177; 13.0 years, predominantly male (66.2%), with functional class I and II (90.9%), and a median LVEF of 30% (24-40). The prevalence of overweight was 38%, class I obesity was 23.9%, and class II and III obesity was 12.7%, with 50.7% exhibiting excess adiposity as assessed by BIA. A total of 88 D alleles and 54 I alleles of the ACE gene were identified. Regarding ACE genotypes, 38.1% were DD, 47.8% were ID, and 14.1% were II. In the multivariate analysis, the D allele (DD + ID genotypes versus II) was associated with LVEF (PR 0.995; 95% CI 0.991&#8211;1.000; p = 0.048) and with the etiology of HF (dilated cardiomyopathy: PR 1.283; 95% CI 1.039&#8211;1.583; p = 0.021). No independent association was found with adiposity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The presence of the D allele of the ACE polymorphism is associated with LVEF and HF etiology. Despite overweight being prevalent in the sample, no independent associations were found.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Genetic Polymorphism</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome with multifactorial origins involving genetic and environmental factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Among the factors involved in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease is the genetic polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The increasing prevalence of HF, along with the rapid rise in obesity, poses a substantial health threat.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The accumulation of visceral and pericardial adipose tissue elevates cardiac output and workload. It is estimated that 29% to 40% of individuals with HF are overweight, and 30% to 49% are obese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> There is a dose-dependent relationship between elevated BMI and the risk of HF, with obesity being one of the main causes of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Angiotensin-converting Enzyme-I (ACE 3.4.15.1) regulates Blood Pressure (BP) and cardiovascular homeostasis through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The polymorphism can be associated with the incidence and progression of HF, elevating circulating levels of ACE and resulting in increased BP, systolic dysfunction, fibrosis, and cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of ACE (rs4340), located in the ACE gene (OMIM 106180) on chromosome 17, influences the insertion (allele I) or deletion (allele D) of a 287 base pair alu sequence in intron 16.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This polymorphism presents three genotypes (II, DD, and ID), with the I allele associated with reduced enzymatic activity and the D allele with increased activity, correlating with HF exacerbation and the risk of overweight.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Besides influencing BP, ACE inhibits adipocyte differentiation, limiting adipogenesis and adipose tissue storage, resulting in ectopic lipid deposition, affecting cardiac function, and contributing to dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although previous studies associate ACE polymorphism with predisposition to systemic arterial hypertension (SAH),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> there is limited literature on its association with HF. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring the interaction between polymorphism, cardiac function, and adiposity in HF patients, to provide insights into disease management, understanding the influence of the D allele and DD genotype on predisposition to overweight and exacerbation of cardiovascular function. The objective of this study is to evaluate adiposity, cardiac function, and their association with ACE polymorphism in HF patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional design involving individuals &#8805; 18 years of both sexes with an established diagnosis of HF, recruited from November 2022 to October 2023 at a specialized outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in southern Brazil. The study consisted of patients with chronic HF of New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes I&#8211;IV.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria: a) prior history of acute myocardial infarction; b) liver and kidney failure, undergoing renal replacement therapy; c) type 1 diabetes; and d) inability to perform Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), such as amputees or individuals with body mass index (BMI) &gt; 39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
          <p>Socio-demographic data, comorbidities, pharmacological treatment, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, and etiology of HF were extracted from the electronic medical record and confirmed during the research consultation.</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (CAEE: 63243822.2.0000.5327), following the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of adiposity and cardiac function</title>
          <p>Anthropometric assessment included the use of a digital scale (Toledo&#174;, Ara&#231;atuba, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) for body weight and a vertical stadiometer (Veeder-Root&#174; 2.0 m, S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) to measure height.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> BMI was categorized according to established cutoff points.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Adiposity was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (tetrapolar, model 450 ,800 mA, 50 kHz, Biodynamics Corporation, Seattle, Washington, USA) following standard protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The cutoff point for excess adiposity analysis was set at 38% for women and 27% for men relative to fat mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference were measured with an inelastic measuring tape. Cardiovascular risk and excess weight were determined based on reference values, including WC &gt; 94 cm for men and 80 cm for women, waist-hip ratio (WHR) &#8805; 1.0 for men and &gt; 0.85 for women, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) &gt; 0.5 for men and women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Two-dimensional echocardiography results using the Simpson method were employed to determine left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). This measure categorizes HF into three groups: reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) when LVEF is &lt; 40%, mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) with LVEF between 40-49%, and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) when LVEF is &#8805; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genetic analysis</title>
          <p>Blood samples (4 mL) with EDTA as an anticoagulant were collected and stored. DNA extraction was performed using the Easy DNA Purification kit&#8482; (Invitrogen&#8482;), followed by ACE polymorphism amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products were genotyped by agarose gel electrophoresis. The primers used were: 5&#8217;-CTG GAG AGC CAC TCC CAT CCT TTC T-3&#8217; and 5&#8217;-GAC GTG GCC ATC ACA TTC GTC AGA T-3&#8217;. PCR conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 95 &#176;C for 5 minutes; followed by cycles at 95 &#176;C for 40 seconds, 62 &#176;C for 45 seconds, 72 &#176;C for 45 seconds, and a final extension at 72 &#176;C for 5 minutes. ACE polymorphism fragments with deletion (D allele) and without deletion (I allele) of 190 and 490 base pairs, respectively, were visualized on a 1.5% agarose gel containing GelRed nucleic acid stain (Sigma-Aldrich).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were described as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range (25th - 75th percentiles) according to data normality, which was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test or One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey for independent samples was applied to compare means. In case of asymmetry, the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis test was used. However, in the Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn&#8217;s post hoc test was not conducted because there was no p-value &lt; 0.05. Categorical variables were described by absolute/relative frequency and Pearson&#8217;s Chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to evaluate associations. If there was significance, the residual analysis identified associations. Genetic frequencies were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.</p>
          <p>The groups were separated according to the three genotypes (II, DD, and ID) of the ACE polymorphism. To analyze the independent effect of the D allele, participants were divided into two groups: those with the presence of the D allele (DD + ID genotypes) and those without the D allele (II genotype only).</p>
          <p>The interaction of ACE alleles and variables of interest was analyzed by Poisson regression, with a robust estimator used to control confounding factors. In the multivariate analysis, variables of interest with a p-value &lt; 0.20 in the univariate analysis were considered.</p>
          <p>The adopted significance level was 5% (p &lt; 0.05) and analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 71 patients were included, with 66.2% being male, with a mean age of 55.8 &#177; 13 years. The majority of patients presented with NYHA functional classes I and II (90.9%) and a median LVEF of 30% (24-40). Regarding the prevalence of overweight and obesity, 38% of patients were overweight, 23.9% had class I obesity, and 12.7% had class II and III obesity. BIA analysis revealed that 50.7% of patients had excess adiposity. Anthropometric parameters including WC, WHR, and WHtR indicated an increased cardiovascular risk and excess weight, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical, demographic, and anthropometric characteristics of ACE polymorphism genotypes and presence or absence of the D allele in individuals with heart failure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Genotype</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">D Allele</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>DD</th>
                  <th>ID</th>
                  <th>II</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Presence</th>
                  <th>Absence</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Number of Patients</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Gender (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (33.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (47.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.077<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">22 (36.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.477<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (66.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (77.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (52.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (63.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">55.8 &#177; 13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">57.2 &#177; 12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">56.1 &#177; 12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">50.8 &#177; 16.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.404*</td>
                  <td align="center">56.6 &#177; 12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">50.8 &#177; 16.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.191<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Year of Education</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4.0 &#8211; 11.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4.0 &#8211; 11.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4.0 &#8211; 11.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4.0 &#8211; 9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.940<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4.0 &#8211; 11.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4.0 &#8211; 9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.752<sup>//</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Ethnicity (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (90.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (91.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">55 (90.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-White</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (9.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Number of Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.0 &#8211; 3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.0 &#8211; 3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.0 &#8211; 2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5 (0.0 &#8211; 3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.321<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.0 &#8211; 2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5 (0.0 &#8211; 3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.198<sup>//</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Comorbidities (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (28.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (23.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.693<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">17 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (36.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (29.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (41.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.631<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">22 (36.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (9.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DLP</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.688<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Time Since Diagnosis of HF (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 18 months</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (24.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (19.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (55.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.067<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">11 (19.6)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5 (55.6)b</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>0.034</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#167;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 18 months</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (75.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (80.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (80.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (80.4)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44.4)a</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>HF Etiology (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (20.80)a</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.40)a</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10.0)a</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">
                    <bold>0.009</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#167;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6 (11.3)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10.0)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">
                    <bold>0.025</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#167;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dilated Cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (19.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.20)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6 (20.70)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50.0)<sup>a.b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7 (13.2)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50.0)<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other Etiologies</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (69.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (75.50)a</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (75.90)a</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40.0)a</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (75.5)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40.0)<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30 (24.0 &#8211; 40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (25.0 &#8211; 45.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (23.0 &#8211; 40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (18.5 &#8211; 33.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.114<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">31 (24.5 &#8211; 41.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (18.5 &#8211; 33.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.050</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>//</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>LVEF Classification (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HRrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (71.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (63.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (73.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.682<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">42 (68.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.564<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (16.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (14.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (18.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (11.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (13.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>NYHA Classification (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I and II</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (90.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (96.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (90.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.137<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">55 (93.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.118<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III and IV</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Number of Medications</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7 (6.0 &#8211; 9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (6.0 &#8211; 11.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5.7 &#8211; 9.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5 (5.7 &#8211; 8.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.365<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7 (6.0 &#8211;10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (4.0 &#8211; 8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.294<sup>//</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Medications (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi/ARB/ARNI</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (81.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (76.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.443<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">50 (82.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.881<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-Blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (97.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (96.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (97.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">59 (96.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (100.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (81.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (85.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (81.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.584<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">51 (83.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.376<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (78.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (81.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (73.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.448<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">48 (77.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.448<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>eGFR (ml/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">71.0 &#177; 26.3</td>
                  <td align="center">69.8 &#177; 27.2</td>
                  <td align="center">68.3 &#177; 25.8</td>
                  <td align="center">83.2 &#177; 25.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.286*</td>
                  <td align="center">69.0 &#177; 26.2</td>
                  <td align="center">83.2 &#177; 25.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.115<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinine (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.8 &#8211;1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2 (0.9 &#8211; 1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (0.8 &#8211; 1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.7 &#8211; 1.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.557*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2 (0.9 &#8211; 1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.7 &#8211;1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.305<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Weight (kg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79.9 &#177; 17.1</td>
                  <td align="center">84.1 &#177; 15.5</td>
                  <td align="center">76.2 &#177; 17.0</td>
                  <td align="center">81.1 &#177; 19.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.189*</td>
                  <td align="center">79.7 &#177; 16.8</td>
                  <td align="center">81.1 &#177; 19.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.812<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28.8 &#177; 4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">30.0 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.274*</td>
                  <td align="center">28.9 &#177; 5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.878<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>BMI Classification (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (25.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (35.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.169<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16 (26.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.224<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (38.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (35.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (39.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity Class I</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (23.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (18.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (20.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (19.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity Class II and III</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (12.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (14.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>WC (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">101.4 &#177; 13.3</td>
                  <td align="center">102.2 &#177; 13.3</td>
                  <td align="center">102.2 &#177; 13.3</td>
                  <td align="center">102.2 &#177; 13.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.145*</td>
                  <td align="center">101.33 &#177; 13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">102.4 &#177; 15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.832<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>WHR (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.218*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.968<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>WHtR (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.241*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.892<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body Fat (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">29.7 &#177; 5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">30.7 &#177; 6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.528*</td>
                  <td align="center">30.2 &#177; 6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.327<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Men</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.997<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.944<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women</td>
                  <td align="center">34.81 &#177; 6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">34.8 &#177; 6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">30.3 &#177; 11.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.461<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">35.2 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">30.3 &#177; 11.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.298<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Adiposity Classification (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (49.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (51.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (46.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.929<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">29 (49.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Excess Adiposity</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (50.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (48.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (53.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (50.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body Fat (kg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">24.5 &#177; 8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">25.3 &#177; 7.8</td>
                  <td align="center">24.1 &#177; 8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">23.2 &#177; 8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.754*</td>
                  <td align="center">24.7 &#177; 8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">23.2 &#177; 8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.613<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and (25th and 75th percentiles). *One-way ANOVA; <sup>&#8224;</sup>Student&#8217;s t-test; <sup>&#8225;</sup>Kruskal-Wallis; <sup>&#167;</sup>Chi-square Test or Fisher&#8217;s Exact Test; <sup>//</sup>Mann-Whitney; Presence of D allele: DD + ID genotypes; Absence of D allele: II genotype; Statistically significant association by adjusted residuals test at 5% significance level; different letters = statistically significant difference between groups p &lt; 0.005; ARNI: angiotensin receptor&#8211;neprilysin inhibitor; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DLP: dyslipidemia; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; NYHA: new york heart association; eGFR: glomerular filtration rate; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Genotype and allele frequencies</title>
          <p>The allelic frequency was 88 D alleles and 54 I alleles. The genotypic distributions were 38.1% for DD, 47.8% for ID, and 14.1% for II. The frequencies of the ACE I/D polymorphism were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and anthropometric characteristics in the ace polymorphism</title>
          <p>Univariate analysis was conducted to evaluate potential confounding variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> of supplementary material). In the multivariate analysis, when evaluating the association of the D allele with the variables of interest, it was found that LVEF (p = 0.048) and the etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (p = 0.021) were associated with the presence of the D allele (DD+ID versus II) compared to individuals without the D allele. When specifically evaluating the influence of the DD genotype among the other genotypes, it was found that DCM (p = 0.020) and ischemic etiology (p = 0.024) were associated with the DD genotype compared to the ID genotype. Additionally, these associations between LVEF (p = 0.013), DCM etiology (p &lt; 0.001), and the DD genotype persist when compared to the II genotype. Other variables, such as nutritional status, WC, WHR, WHtR, and percentage of body fat, did not present significant associations in multivariate analysis, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate Poisson regression analysis between ACE polymorphism genotypes and the presence or absence of the D allele, clinical characteristics, and adiposity in individuals with heart failure</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>DD + ID vs II</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>DD vs ID</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>DD vs II</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>PR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>CI 95%</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p*</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>PR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>CI 95%</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p<sup>&#8224;</sup></bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>PR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>CI 95%</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>p<sup>&#8225;</sup></bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.995</td>
                    <td align="center">0.991 - 1.000</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.048</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.996</td>
                    <td align="center">0.990 - 1.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.118</td>
                    <td align="center">0.989</td>
                    <td align="center">0.980 - 0.998</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.013</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="10">
                      <bold>LVEF Classification (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFrEF</td>
                    <td align="center">1.145</td>
                    <td align="center">1.040 - 1.261</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.006</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.193</td>
                    <td align="center">0.941 0 1.512</td>
                    <td align="center">0.144</td>
                    <td align="center">1.411</td>
                    <td align="center">1.132 - 1.758</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.002</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFmrEF</td>
                    <td align="center">1.060</td>
                    <td align="center">0.925 - 1.216</td>
                    <td align="center">0.402</td>
                    <td align="center">1.060</td>
                    <td align="center">0.782 - 1.436</td>
                    <td align="center">0.709</td>
                    <td align="center">1.166</td>
                    <td align="center">0.926 - 1.468</td>
                    <td align="center">0.192</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFpEF</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="10">
                      <bold>HF Etiology (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic</td>
                    <td align="center">1.047</td>
                    <td align="center">0.820 - 1.337</td>
                    <td align="center">0.714</td>
                    <td align="center">0.755</td>
                    <td align="center">0.591 - 0.964</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.024</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.969</td>
                    <td align="center">0.747 - 1.257</td>
                    <td align="center">0.813</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dilated Cardiomyopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">1.283</td>
                    <td align="center">1.039 - 1.583</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.021</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.216</td>
                    <td align="center">1.032 - 1.433</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.020</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.584</td>
                    <td align="center">1.260 - 1.992</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other etiologies</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.999</td>
                    <td align="center">0.986 - 1.013</td>
                    <td align="center">0.879</td>
                    <td align="center">0.988</td>
                    <td align="center">0.972 - 1.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.154</td>
                    <td align="center">0.968</td>
                    <td align="center">0.968 - 1.015</td>
                    <td align="center">0.469</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="10">
                      <bold>BMI Classification (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Overweight</td>
                    <td align="center">0.985</td>
                    <td align="center">0.832 - 1.165</td>
                    <td align="center">0.857</td>
                    <td align="center">0.873</td>
                    <td align="center">0.727- 1.047</td>
                    <td align="center">0.143</td>
                    <td align="center">0.958</td>
                    <td align="center">0.686 - 1.338</td>
                    <td align="center">0.802</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity Class I</td>
                    <td align="center">1.169</td>
                    <td align="center">0.952 - 1.437</td>
                    <td align="center">0.136</td>
                    <td align="center">0.893</td>
                    <td align="center">0.733- 1.087</td>
                    <td align="center">0.259</td>
                    <td align="center">1.212</td>
                    <td align="center">0.868- 1.692</td>
                    <td align="center">0.260</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity Class II and III</td>
                    <td align="center">0.906</td>
                    <td align="center">0.789 - 1.039</td>
                    <td align="center">0.157</td>
                    <td align="center">0.774</td>
                    <td align="center">0.573 - 1.046</td>
                    <td align="center">0.096</td>
                    <td align="center">0.806</td>
                    <td align="center">0.605 - 1.073</td>
                    <td align="center">0.140</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>WC (cm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.994 - 1.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.969</td>
                    <td align="center">0.995</td>
                    <td align="center">0.988 - 1.002</td>
                    <td align="center">0.132</td>
                    <td align="center">0.999</td>
                    <td align="center">0.989 - 1.008</td>
                    <td align="center">0.763</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>WHR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.815</td>
                    <td align="center">0.269 - 2.473</td>
                    <td align="center">0.718</td>
                    <td align="center">0.729</td>
                    <td align="center">0.216 - 2.456</td>
                    <td align="center">0.610</td>
                    <td align="center">0.658</td>
                    <td align="center">0.137 - 3.168</td>
                    <td align="center">0.602</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>WHtR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.882</td>
                    <td align="center">0.333 - 2.335</td>
                    <td align="center">0.800</td>
                    <td align="center">0.432</td>
                    <td align="center">0.146 - 1.282</td>
                    <td align="center">0.131</td>
                    <td align="center">0.572</td>
                    <td align="center">0.121 - 2.711</td>
                    <td align="center">0.482</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Body Fat (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.989</td>
                    <td align="center">0.973 - 1.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.185</td>
                    <td align="center">0.998</td>
                    <td align="center">0.983 - 1.014</td>
                    <td align="center">0.837</td>
                    <td align="center">0.993</td>
                    <td align="center">0.970 - 1.017</td>
                    <td align="center">0.563</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Prevalence Ratio (PR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI); HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; WER: waist-to-height ratio. Multivariable model - LVEF: adjusted for sex and beta-blocker*, <sup>&#8225;</sup> or ACEi/ARB/ARNI<sup>&#8224;</sup>; LVEF classification, HF etiology: adjusted for sex and beta-blocker*, <sup>&#8225;</sup> or ACEi/ARB/ ARNI<sup>&#8224;</sup>; Body fat, WC, WHR, WER, BMI, Nutritional status: adjusted for sex, beta-blocker*, <sup>&#8225;</sup> or ACEi/ARB/ ARNI<sup>&#8224;</sup>, and LVEF classification*, <sup>&#8225;</sup> or HF etiology<sup>&#8224;</sup>.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The study&#8217;s main findings are the association between the presence of the D allele and the DD genotype of the ACE gene with LVEF and etiology in patients with HF. Adiposity excess was prevalent in the sample, however, no independent associations with polymorphism were identified.</p>
        <p>In contrast to previous studies that indicated a reduction in LVEF in patients with the DD genotype,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> our study presents a different perspective, indicating that the median LVEF is lower in patients without the presence of the D allele, possibly related to shorter diagnosis time. This is because D allele carriers have a longer diagnosis time, and as a result, neuro-humoral blockade (pharmacogenetic interaction between beta-blocker and ACE inhibitors use)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> may have neutralized the excessive activity of the RAAS secondary to DD, influencing this difference between the groups. However, when analyzing the association between the presence of the D allele or the DD genotype versus II, LVEF was observed to increase in association with a decrease in the prevalence of the allele. Therefore, the clinical relevance of this finding implies that patients with the D allele and DD genotype, when compared to II, show a more pronounced deterioration in cardiac function.</p>
        <p>The genotypic profile of ACE in the studied population shows a low prevalence of the II genotype compared to international studies, where a prevalence of 23%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> was identified. When comparing these results with national studies, the prevalence of II was even lower, representing only 3 to 4.5% of the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Given that this genomic alteration is relatively recent, the insertion of this Alu sequence is not yet fully established in the human genome, also exhibiting variations in distribution among different ethnic groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Therefore, this low prevalence of the II genotype may be related to this population characteristic.</p>
        <p>Our study revealed a predominance of individuals of European descent (90.1%). In contrast, national studies conducted in other regions of the country<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> showed a higher percentage of individuals of African descent (14.1% to 36%) and other ethnicities (12.6% to 16.2%). This highlights the epidemiological heterogeneity present in Brazil; however, the southern region has a higher proportion of individuals of European descent. Regarding the other genotypes, there was alignment with European data, showing a higher prevalence of ID genotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another finding was the association of DCM etiology with an increased prevalence of the D allele and DD genotype in HF patients, corroborating previous<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> findings that established this relationship between the ACE polymorphism and systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle. This can be attributed to more intense neuro-humoral activation of the RAAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The ACE I/D polymorphism plays a significant role, contributing about 50% to the variation in circulating ACE levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The D allele intensifies ACE activity, increasing angiotensin synthesis and potentiating RAAS activation, resulting in cardiac dilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Additionally, the ischemic etiology of HF was associated with a reduction in the prevalence of the DD genotype compared to ID, possibly due to the absence of ACE polymorphism influence in ischemic heart diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the DD genotype has been previously associated with overweight/obesity risk in the general population <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>, due to its interaction with adipocyte growth and function, the relationship between polymorphism and overweight was explored in hypertensive patients, presenting conflicting results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> However, in the present study, no independent association of polymorphism with adiposity was observed, which may be due to the high prevalence of overweight/obesity in the sample compared to other populations. The differences in the average BMI of the ACE genotypes between our study and that of Sun et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>were, respectively: 30.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> vs 26.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for DD; 27.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> vs 26.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for ID; and 28.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup> vs 25.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for II.</p>
        <p>The significant prevalence of adiposity excess among HF patients is a concerning factor, given the considerable health threat that obesity represents. The accumulation of adipose tissue, especially in the visceral region and pericardial fat, results in increased cardiac output and workload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Recent studies point to a dose-dependent relationship between BMI increase and HF risk, with obesity considered one of the main causes of HfpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this scenario, it is crucial to implement effective interventions, including nutritional monitoring, aiming to stimulate weight reduction and mitigate risks related to adiposity.</p>
        <p>Possible limitations of this study include the restricted number of participants, especially in the II genotype group, possibly related to the severity of the population predominantly composed of individuals with DD and ID genotypes. The gold standard method for body composition analysis is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). In its absence, BIA was used. However, BIA has some limitations, such as difficulty in accurately distinguishing between extracellular and intracellular water. This can make body mass estimation susceptible to electrolyte imbalances or variations in hydration status, which are common in patients with HF. In our study, specific protocols were adopted to minimize these limitations, and in the presence of edema, the test was not performed. Although this is the first study to evaluate the ACE polymorphism in Brazilian HF patients and several relevant results were obtained with statistical significance, there is an evident need for future studies with a broader sample, capable of exploring these and other variables potentially related to HF severity and alteration in body composition.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, this study demonstrated that the presence of the D allele of the ACE polymorphism is associated with LVEF and HF etiology. Despite overweight being prevalent in the sample, no independent associations were found.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Marla Darlene Machado Vale, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimeta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 63243822.2.0000.5327. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0204_AO_SUPPLEMENTARY_MATERIAL.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa (FIPE) do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre and the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
