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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3F5DdtRjDnBdZhczgDMCRcv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240836</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Suplementa&#231;&#227;o com Nitrito Atenua a Rigidez Vascular Independentemente do Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7996-1482</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ogura</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Yuiti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9630-3070</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Claudiane Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8895-9456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Movimento</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Movimento (PPGCMov), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Silvio Assis de Oliveira-Junior</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - Av. Costa e Silva, s/n. CEP <postal-code>79070-900</postal-code>, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Campo Grande, MS - Brasil E-mail: <email>oliveirajr.ufms@gmail.com</email>, <email>silvio.oliveira-jr@ufms.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240836</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitritos</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul &#8211; UFMS/MEC &#8211; Brasil, e Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brasil (CAPES)</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; considerada uma das medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas mais eficientes na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e no incremento do estado redox na parede de vasos sangu&#237;neos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> De fato, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular pode causar relaxamento do endot&#233;lio por meio do aumento dos n&#237;veis de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO), associado ou n&#227;o com a redu&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (EROs). Produ&#231;&#227;o e/ou excessivo ac&#250;mulo de EROs podem resultar em desequil&#237;brio redox, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade do NO e consequente disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse aspecto, menor libera&#231;&#227;o de NO configura um dos fatores cr&#237;ticos para desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De fato, o NO &#233; uma mol&#233;cula de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o gasosa diat&#244;mica que &#233; sol&#250;vel em &#225;gua e consegue passar livremente pela membrana celular. Esse pept&#237;deo &#233; fundamental na regula&#231;&#227;o de diversas a&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas no organismo, sendo de suma import&#226;ncia para processos de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, resposta imune, neurotransmiss&#227;o, apoptose e regula&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Quando liberado, o NO se difunde das c&#233;lulas endoteliais para as c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares, promovendo relaxamento e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Por meio desse mecanismo, o NO pode reduzir a resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total e, consequentemente, diminuir a press&#227;o arterial. No contexto end&#243;geno, a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO resulta da oxida&#231;&#227;o e clivagem do grupo guanidina da L-arginina, com libera&#231;&#227;o de NO e de L-citrulina. Em seguida, o NO livre &#233; facilmente transformado em nitrito e nitrato, sendo estes produtos reciclados posteriormente em NO e outras formas de oxida&#231;&#227;o do nitrog&#234;nio, por meio da via nitrato/nitrito/NO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na perspectiva ex&#243;gena, o aporte de NO &#233; resultante da alimenta&#231;&#227;o. Em geral, 75% do nitrato advindo da alimenta&#231;&#227;o &#233; excretado na urina e o residual &#233; absorvido pelas gl&#226;ndulas salivares que transformam nitrato em nitrito; na degluti&#231;&#227;o da saliva, o nitrito &#233; protonado e se converte em &#225;cido nitroso, o qual &#233; tamb&#233;m convertido em NO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Sendo assim, a ingest&#227;o de alimentos ricos nitrato e nitrito (beterraba, alface e espinafre), ou ainda, o consumo de suplemento espec&#237;fico t&#234;m potencial de aumentar a oferta de NO. Com a suplementa&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua, tem-se maior biodisponibilidade de NO, contribuindo para maior aporte de oxig&#234;nio e produ&#231;&#227;o de ATP por meio da biog&#234;nese mitocondrial. Por conseguinte, h&#225; um impacto positivo quando se trata na melhora do desempenho na pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na presente edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, em Souza et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral com nitrito, de forma aguda, repercutiu em benef&#237;cios hemodin&#226;micos, como melhora da rigidez e press&#227;o arterial. De fato, a rigidez arterial tem sido estudada em diferentes modelos experimentais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> sendo considerada um importante preditor de risco cardiovascular. Neste mais novo estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> a interven&#231;&#227;o resultou em maiores n&#237;veis de nitrito no plasma, no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico e no cora&#231;&#227;o, de modo independente do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico. Portanto, o tratamento com nitrito pode ser uma alternativa para aumentar suas concentra&#231;&#245;es e, consequentemente, contribuir com maior biodisponibilidade do NO. Nesse contexto, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica revelou-se reduzida em resposta ao nitrito e ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de forma independente, sendo que a combina&#231;&#227;o das duas interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o resultou em benef&#237;cios adicionais. Al&#233;m disso, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com nitrito demonstrou benef&#237;cios na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e no relaxamento vascular.</p>
    <p>Uma poss&#237;vel fundamenta&#231;&#227;o para esses achados &#233; o aumento do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular, diminui&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de EROs, aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o e concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO, redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de Ang II e menor atividade simp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Outros estudos mostraram que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito protege o endot&#233;lio vascular da atividade antioxidante, inibindo e ou reduzindo a atividade da NADPH oxidase e da xantina oxidoredutase em modelos animais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Portanto, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral de nitrito, por se, promove m&#250;ltiplos benef&#237;cios hemodin&#226;micos, como melhora da rigidez vascular, mostrando que, assim como a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, pode ser uma alternativa para preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Administra&#231;&#227;o Oral de Nitrito a Curto Prazo Diminui a Rigidez Arterial em Ratos Wistar Treinados e Sedent&#225;rios</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul &#8211; UFMS/MEC &#8211; Brasil, e Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brasil (CAPES) &#8211; C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240836i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nitrite Supplementation Attenuates Vascular Stiffness Independently of Physical Exercise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7996-1482</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ogura</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Yuiti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9630-3070</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Claudiane Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8895-9456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Oliveira-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Graduate Program in Movement Sciences (PPGCMov), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Silvio Assis de Oliveira-Junior</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - Av. Costa e Silva, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>79070-900</postal-code>, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Campo Grande, MS - Brazil E-mail: <email>oliveirajr.ufms@gmail.com</email>, <email>silvio.oliveira-jr@ufms.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Vascular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitrites</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul &#8211; UFMS/MEC &#8211; Brazil, and Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brasil (CAPES)</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
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    <body>
      <p>Exercise training is considered one of the most efficient non-pharmacological measures for reducing blood pressure and increasing the redox state in blood vessel walls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Indeed, regular exercise training can cause endothelial relaxation by increasing nitric oxide (NO) levels, with or without a reduction in the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive production and/or accumulation of ROS can result in redox imbalance, with decreased NO bioavailability and consequent endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this regard, reduced NO release is one of the critical factors for the development of systemic arterial hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Importantly, NO is a diatomic gaseous signaling molecule that is water-soluble and can freely pass through the cell membrane. This peptide is essential in the regulation of several physiological actions in the body, being of utmost importance for vasodilation, immune response, neurotransmission, apoptosis, and genetic regulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> When released, NO diffuses from endothelial cells to vascular smooth muscle cells, promoting relaxation and vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Through this mechanism, NO can reduce vascular peripheral resistance and, consequently, decrease blood pressure. In the endogenous context, NO production results from the oxidation and cleavage of the guanidine group of L-arginine, with the release of NO and L-citrulline. Then, free NO is easily transformed into nitrite and nitrate, the current products are later recycled into NO and other forms of nitrogen oxidation, through the nitrate/nitrite/NO pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>From an exogenous perspective, the NO supplying could be result from food comsumption. Despite this, 75% of the nitrate from food is excreted in the urine, and the residual is absorbed by the salivary glands, which transform nitrate into nitrite; when swallowing saliva, nitrite is protonated and converted into nitrous acid, which is also converted into NO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Therefore, the ingestion of foods rich in nitrate and nitrite (beets, lettuce, and spinach), or even the consumption of specific supplements, have the potential to increase the NO supplying. With continuous supplementation, there is greater bioavailability of NO, contributing to greater oxygen supply and ATP production through mitochondrial biogenesis. Consequently, there is a positive impact when it comes to improving performance in physical exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the current issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, in Souza et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> acute oral supplementation with nitrite resulted in hemodynamic benefits, such as improved stiffness and blood pressure. Indeed, arterial stiffness has been studied in different experimental models<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and is considered an important predictor of cardiovascular risk. In this most recent study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> the intervention resulted in higher levels of nitrite in plasma, skeletal muscle, and heart, independently of aerobic exercise. Therefore, treatment with nitrite may be an alternative to increase its concentrations and, consequently, contribute to greater bioavailability of NO. In this context, systolic blood pressure was shown to be reduced in response to nitrite and exercise training independently, and the combination of the two interventions did not result in additional benefits. Furthermore, nitrite supplementation demonstrated benefits in cardiac remodeling and vascular relaxation.</p>
      <p>A possible explanation for these findings is the increase in vascular endothelial growth factor, decrease in ROS concentration, increase in NO production and concentration, reduction in Ang II production, and lower sympathetic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Other studies have shown that oral nitrite supplementation protects the vascular endothelium from antioxidant activity, inhibiting and/or reducing the activity of NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductase in animal models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Therefore, oral nitrite supplementation, by itself, promotes multiple hemodynamic benefits, such as improved vascular stiffness, showing that, like physical exercise, it may be an alternative for the prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Short-term Oral Nitrite Administration Decreases Arterial Stiffness in Both Trained and Sedentary Wistar Rats</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul &#8211; UFMS/MEC &#8211; Brazil, and Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brasil (CAPES) &#8211; Financial code 001.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
