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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TP3WQhyCr9pd7M5TkgkKwzj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240798</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Papel da Impress&#227;o 3D na Cirurgia Card&#237;aca para Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas Cong&#234;nitas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2891-4827</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Leeds General Infirmary</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Leeds</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust &#8211; Paediatric Cardiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Vitor Ramos</bold> &#8226; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust &#8211; Paediatric Cardiology &#8211; Great George St, Leeds LS1 3EX Leeds LS1 3EX &#8211; Reino Unido E-mail: <email>vglramos@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240798</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Impress&#227;o Tridimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A impress&#227;o 3D est&#225; revolucionando v&#225;rias ind&#250;strias, permitindo a cria&#231;&#227;o de modelos f&#237;sicos intrincados e personalizados por meio de camadas de materiais como silicone ou pol&#237;meros com base em designs digitais. Entre suas diversas aplica&#231;&#245;es, a &#225;rea da sa&#250;de tem visto avan&#231;os significativos com essa tecnologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em cardiologia, a ado&#231;&#227;o da modelagem 3D ficou para tr&#225;s em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros campos, principalmente devido ao desafio de retratar a natureza complexa e din&#226;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Esse padr&#227;o reflete a lenta integra&#231;&#227;o inicial da tomografia computadorizada e da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica no tratamento card&#237;aco &#8212; tecnologias que foram amplamente utilizadas em especialidades n&#227;o card&#237;acas antes de transformar o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, no entanto, a impress&#227;o 3D surgiu como uma ferramenta transformadora na cirurgia card&#237;aca, aprimorando a visualiza&#231;&#227;o, o planejamento pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e os resultados dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ao criar modelos f&#237;sicos precisos do cora&#231;&#227;o de um paciente, a impress&#227;o 3D permite que os cirurgi&#245;es obtenham uma compreens&#227;o precisa das estruturas card&#237;acas individuais, o que a torna especialmente valiosa para o tratamento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas (DCC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O tratamento da DCC tem visto um r&#225;pido progresso, com avan&#231;os em t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e baseadas em cateteres melhorando drasticamente as taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia. Mais de 95% das crian&#231;as nascidas com DCC agora sobrevivem at&#233; a idade adulta. No entanto, apesar desses avan&#231;os, uma cura completa continua rara. Em vez disso, a morbidade e a mortalidade est&#227;o cada vez mais sendo transferidas para a idade adulta, pois os pacientes com DCC geralmente requerem cuidados ao longo da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um desafio significativo nas interven&#231;&#245;es de DCC &#233; a preval&#234;ncia de cirurgias paliativas anteriores, muitas das quais se tornaram obsoletas por t&#233;cnicas modernas. Os cirurgi&#245;es devem, portanto, permanecer proficientes n&#227;o apenas nos &#250;ltimos avan&#231;os, mas tamb&#233;m em procedimentos hist&#243;ricos para navegar neste campo complexo. Pacientes com DCC formam um grupo altamente heterog&#234;neo com ampla variabilidade dentro de pequenas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes. Consequentemente, o gerenciamento individualizado &#233; cr&#237;tico, contando com representa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas precisas, particularmente para interven&#231;&#245;es complexas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora a imagem transversal e a ecocardiografia avan&#231;ada sejam indispens&#225;veis no tratamento de DCC, elas frequentemente n&#227;o conseguem transmitir os detalhes intrincados necess&#225;rios para cirurgias complexas ou procedimentos baseados em cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A utilidade desses m&#233;todos de imagem depende muito de qu&#227;o bem os dados processados, tanto an&#225;lises quantitativas quanto representa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas visuais, s&#227;o comunicados a especialistas n&#227;o especialistas em imagem. &#201; aqui que a impress&#227;o 3D se destaca como uma ferramenta translacional, preenchendo lacunas de entendimento entre equipes multidisciplinares e facilitando a colabora&#231;&#227;o entre especialistas em imagem, cirurgi&#245;es e cardiologistas intervencionistas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Curiosamente, o impacto dos modelos 3D parece menos pronunciado para cirurgi&#245;es experientes do que para cirurgi&#245;es juniores, ajudando os &#250;ltimos a constru&#237;rem confian&#231;a e experi&#234;ncia nesta subespecialidade desafiadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Alguns centros j&#225; est&#227;o usando modelos impressos em 3D para treinamento cir&#250;rgico, o que &#233; particularmente importante, pois muitas institui&#231;&#245;es enfrentam dificuldades para substituir cirurgi&#245;es aposentados com experi&#234;ncia compar&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m das aplica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas, os modelos impressos em 3D podem servir como ferramentas de comunica&#231;&#227;o poderosas, ajudando pacientes e familiares a entenderem melhor condi&#231;&#245;es complexas. Isso promove confian&#231;a e auxilia na tomada de decis&#245;es informadas, embora as evid&#234;ncias desses benef&#237;cios permane&#231;am um tanto inconsistentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar de suas vantagens te&#243;ricas, as evid&#234;ncias que apoiam a impress&#227;o 3D no tratamento card&#237;aco s&#227;o tristemente limitadas, especialmente no campo da DCC, onde faltam revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas. A raridade e a heterogeneidade da DCC, que a tornam uma candidata ideal para impress&#227;o 3D, paradoxalmente complicam os esfor&#231;os para reunir dados robustos sobre sua efic&#225;cia. &#201; bem-vindo que os autores do estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> tenham assumido o desafio de conduzir uma revis&#227;o completa dos benef&#237;cios da tecnologia de impress&#227;o 3D, conduzindo uma metan&#225;lise de 21 estudos (444 pacientes no total) publicados at&#233; o in&#237;cio deste ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Eles descobriram que a impress&#227;o 3D alterou os planos cir&#250;rgicos iniciais em cerca de metade dos casos (51,8% dos casos, IC de 95% 26,6&#8211;77,0%, p=0,001), o que &#233; not&#225;vel e de impacto obviamente importante no tratamento do paciente. Embora tenham sido observadas redu&#231;&#245;es no tempo operat&#243;rio, na dura&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e nas interna&#231;&#245;es na UTI, essas descobertas n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas. No entanto, os autores do estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> destacaram os vieses da an&#225;lise, incluindo os pequenos tamanhos de estudo e o vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que a impress&#227;o 3D &#233; normalmente usada para um pequeno subconjunto de pacientes com DCC. Restri&#231;&#245;es de tempo e custo limitam ainda mais a ado&#231;&#227;o generalizada dessa tecnologia, mesmo em departamentos com bons recursos. Como os autores do estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> conclu&#237;ram corretamente, suas descobertas precisam ser confirmadas em estudos e metan&#225;lises adicionais com n&#250;meros maiores de casos, e estudos randomizados para a aplica&#231;&#227;o da tecnologia s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para reunir evid&#234;ncias robustas.</p>
    <p>Tecnologias emergentes em realidade virtual e aumentada (RV/RA) podem oferecer uma alternativa econ&#244;mica e eficiente &#224; impress&#227;o 3D tradicional de modelos f&#237;sicos. Essas aplica&#231;&#245;es transformam dados DICOM brutos de modalidades de imagem em modelos virtuais, permitindo interven&#231;&#245;es simuladas, como projetar remendos cir&#250;rgicos ou stents. Ao reduzir o tempo e as despesas associadas &#224; cria&#231;&#227;o de modelos f&#237;sicos, a RV/RA tem o potencial de expandir o acesso &#224; modelagem 3D em mais departamentos m&#233;dicos e pacientes em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Impacto da Impress&#227;o em 3D nas Cirurgias de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240798i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Role of 3D Printing in Cardiac Surgery for Congenital Heart Diseases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2891-4827</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Leeds</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust &#8211; Paediatric Cardiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds &#8211; United Kingdom</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Vitor Ramos</bold> &#8226; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust &#8211; Paediatric Cardiology &#8211; Great George St, Leeds LS1 3EX Leeds LS1 3EX &#8211; United Kingdom E-mail: <email>vglramos@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Congenital Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Three-Dimensional Printing</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>3D printing is revolutionizing various industries, enabling the creation of intricate, customized physical models by layering materials such as silicone or polymers based on digital designs. Among its diverse applications, healthcare has seen significant advancements with this technology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In cardiology, the adoption of 3D modeling has lagged compared to other fields, primarily due to the challenge of depicting the heart's complex, dynamic nature. This pattern mirrors the initial slow integration of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging into cardiac care &#8212; technologies that were first widely used in non-cardiac specialties before transforming cardiovascular diagnosis and management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Over the last decade, however, 3D printing has emerged as a transformative tool in cardiac surgery, enhancing visualization, preoperative planning, and patient outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>By creating accurate physical models of a patient's heart, 3D printing allows surgeons to gain a precise understanding of individual cardiac structures, making it especially valuable for managing congenital heart disease (CHD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The management of CHD has seen rapid progress, with advancements in surgical and catheter-based techniques dramatically improving survival rates. Over 95% of children born with CHD now survive into adulthood. However, despite these strides, a complete cure remains rare. Instead, morbidity and mortality are increasingly shifted to adulthood, as CHD patients often require lifelong care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>One significant challenge in CHD interventions is the prevalence of prior palliative surgeries, many of which have been rendered obsolete by modern techniques. Surgeons must, therefore, stay proficient not only in the latest advances but also in historical procedures to navigate this complex field. CHD patients form a highly heterogeneous group with wide variability within small patient populations. Consequently, individualized management is critical, relying on precise diagnostic representations, particularly for complex interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>While cross-sectional imaging and advanced echocardiography are indispensable in CHD care, they often fall short in conveying the intricate details required for complex surgeries or catheter-based procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The utility of these imaging methods heavily depends on how well the processed data, both quantitative analyses and visual anatomical representations, are communicated to non-imaging specialists. This is where 3D printing excels as a translational tool, bridging gaps in understanding among multidisciplinary teams and facilitating collaboration between imaging specialists, surgeons, and interventional cardiologists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Interestingly, the impact of 3D models seems less pronounced for experienced surgeons than for junior surgeons, helping the latter to build confidence and expertise in this challenging subspecialty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Some centers are already using 3D-printed models for surgical training, which is particularly important as many institutions face difficulties replacing retiring surgeons with comparable expertise.</p>
      <p>Beyond surgical applications, 3D-printed models can serve as powerful communication tools, helping patients and families better understand complex conditions. These fosters trust and aid informed decision-making, though evidence for these benefits remains somewhat inconsistent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite its theoretical advantages, the evidence supporting 3D printing in cardiac care is sadly limited, especially in the CHD field, where systematic reviews are lacking. The rarity and heterogeneity of CHD, which make it an ideal candidate for 3D printing, paradoxically complicate efforts to gather robust data on its efficacy. It is welcomed that the study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> took the challenge to conduct a thorough review of the benefits of 3D printing technology by conducting a meta-analysis of 21 studies (444 patients in total) published up to the start of this year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> They found that 3D printing altered initial surgical plans in around half of the cases (51.8% of cases, 95% CI 26.6&#8211;77.0%, p=0.001), which is remarkable and of obvious major impact on the patient's care. While reductions in operative time, mechanical ventilation duration, and ICU stays were observed, these findings were not statistically significant. Nevertheless, the study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> highlighted the analysis biases, including the small study sizes and selection bias, as 3D printing is typically used for a smallish subset of CHD patients. Time and cost constraints further limit the widespread adoption of this technology, even in well-resourced departments. As the study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> authors correctly conclude, their findings need to be confirmed in further studies and meta-analyses with larger numbers of cases, and randomized studies for the application of technology are needed to gather robust evidence.</p>
      <p>Emerging technologies in virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) may offer a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional 3D printing of physical models. These applications transform raw DICOM data from imaging modalities into virtual models, enabling simulated interventions such as designing surgical patches or stents. By reducing the time and expense associated with creating physical models, VR/AR has the potential to expand access to 3D modeling across more medical departments and patients worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Impact of 3D Printing on Cardiac Surgery in Congenital Heart Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
