<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">K8VzWxDdCP8TyxyXc7vBjfK</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240707</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Mitral ap&#243;s Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio: Uma Condi&#231;&#227;o Multifacetada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5968-4879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Carlos Henrique Miranda</bold> &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Vascular - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Anexo B. CEP <postal-code>14049&#8211;900</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>chmiranda@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240707</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Existem duas causas principais de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). Primeiro, a ruptura parcial ou completa do m&#250;sculo papilar leva &#224; RM; neste caso, o reparo cir&#250;rgico &#233; obrigat&#243;rio. Felizmente, a preval&#234;ncia desta condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; baixa, em torno de 0,05%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Segundo, a v&#225;lvula e o aparelho subvalvar s&#227;o normais, e a RM resulta da amarra&#231;&#227;o do folheto e da dilata&#231;&#227;o regional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O mecanismo prim&#225;rio &#233; a separa&#231;&#227;o e a angula&#231;&#227;o excessiva do m&#250;sculo papilar relacionada ao movimento regional da parede na &#225;rea do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Essa segunda apresenta&#231;&#227;o &#233; chamada de fen&#243;tipo "funcional".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esta RM funcional &#233; um achado ecocardiogr&#225;fico comum ap&#243;s IAM. Uma investiga&#231;&#227;o recente mostrou uma RM leve em 76%, RM moderada em 21% e RM grave em 3% dos pacientes ap&#243;s IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Vyas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia significativa de RM (moderada + grave) de 7,21% ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST). Um aspecto importante a destacar &#233; que a maioria dos estudos anteriores analisou a preval&#234;ncia de RM em todos os tipos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio juntos ou IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST sozinho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia real de RM no IAMSST era desconhecida, e este estudo mostrou uma preval&#234;ncia consider&#225;vel de RM neste cen&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>De acordo com outros estudos anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> esta investiga&#231;&#227;o recente mostrou que a RM significativa piora o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes, aumentando o risco de morte, edema pulmonar, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e choque cardiog&#234;nico. N&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vidas sobre o impacto cl&#237;nico da RM ap&#243;s IAM. O problema mais significativo &#233; que a mortalidade associada a essa complica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o mudou por d&#233;cadas, e ainda h&#225; muitas d&#250;vidas sobre o melhor manejo desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Outra caracter&#237;stica merece ser comentada: as repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da RM grave s&#227;o muito mais documentadas do que as da RM moderada, e essa classifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; cr&#237;tica na tomada de decis&#245;es sobre o tratamento. Nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o recente, os pesquisadores analisaram a RM moderada e grave juntas, chamadas de RM significativa; era compreens&#237;vel devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra de RM grave; no entanto, no cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, essas duas classifica&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m desfechos totalmente diferentes durante o acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>A RM ap&#243;s IAM &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o multifacetada. Diversas vari&#225;veis podem interferir no progn&#243;stico e na decis&#227;o sobre o tratamento, por exemplo, a estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o (interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea [ICP] versus cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio [CRM]), o momento da reperfus&#227;o, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (assintom&#225;tica vs. edema pulmonar vs. choque cardiog&#234;nico), o territ&#243;rio mioc&#225;rdico regional afetado (parede inferior basal versus outro), a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (doen&#231;a triarterial versus doen&#231;a uniarterial), comorbidades (IAM pr&#233;vio, diabetes), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com aumento atrial, dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, a t&#233;cnica diagn&#243;stica empregada e v&#225;rias outras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>. Por isso, a an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel &#233; fundamental para avaliar os resultados desta pesquisa. Quando Vyas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> analisaram a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da RM significativa, eles ajustaram por idade, diabetes, FEVE e doen&#231;a multiarterial. A raz&#227;o de chances diminuiu gradualmente &#224; medida que novas vari&#225;veis foram inclu&#237;das no modelo. No entanto, ainda atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, mostrando que a RM significativa foi um preditor independente de eventos. No entanto, esse modelo pode n&#227;o ter inclu&#237;do v&#225;rios outros fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Ilustra&#231;&#227;o das m&#250;ltiplas caracter&#237;sticas que podem interferir no progn&#243;stico e na decis&#227;o sobre o tratamento em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral (RM) ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240707-40707-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Sobre o tratamento, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria imediata &#233; a pedra angular na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de RM grave. Um estudo anterior mostrou que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pode melhorar a RM em 32% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Vyas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> exibiram uma melhora de 32,65% na RM com ICP, 6% com CRM e 16,98% com CRM + cirurgia de v&#225;lvula mitral no acompanhamento de um ano, e essas interven&#231;&#245;es melhoraram significativamente os resultados em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o recusada e tratamento cl&#237;nico. No entanto, esses tr&#234;s grupos s&#227;o t&#227;o heterog&#234;neos nas caracter&#237;sticas basais que se tornou dif&#237;cil estabelecer que toda essa melhora estava relacionada apenas &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, a maioria dos pacientes &#233; tratada por meio de ICP ap&#243;s IAM. Nesse contexto, a substitui&#231;&#227;o ou o reparo cir&#250;rgico da valva mitral &#233; mais complicado. O reparo transcateter edge-to-edge (TEER) para RM isqu&#234;mica aguda &#233; um procedimento muito promissor. No primeiro estudo com 44 pacientes de alto risco cir&#250;rgico, o sucesso t&#233;cnico foi de 86,6%, e a mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 9,1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Outra investiga&#231;&#227;o avaliou o TEER em pacientes com RM e choque cardiog&#234;nico (53% com choque refrat&#225;rio, dois ter&#231;os sob suporte de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico ou Impella e 12% sob ECMO). O sucesso t&#233;cnico foi alto e n&#227;o diferiu entre pacientes com ou sem choque cardiog&#234;nico, e os eventos combinados (mortalidade/re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o) foram semelhantes entre pacientes com (28%) versus aqueles sem choque cardiog&#234;nico (25,6%), p=0,793.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, a disponibilidade desse procedimento &#233; restrita em todo o mundo, e os dados que o suportam ainda s&#227;o limitados, mas est&#227;o em andamento. Essa op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento n&#227;o foi considerada neste artigo.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, a RM ap&#243;s IAM tem impacto cl&#237;nico negativo mesmo no IAMSST aumentando o risco de morte, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e choque cardiog&#234;nico. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; o primeiro passo no tratamento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o porque pode melhorar a RM em um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes. A substitui&#231;&#227;o ou reparo da valva mitral &#233; indicada em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de CRM e RM grave. No entanto, em pacientes tratados com ICP, a melhor op&#231;&#227;o e o melhor momento para interven&#231;&#227;o na RM grave aguda s&#227;o controversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A RM ap&#243;s IAM &#233; uma doen&#231;a desafiadora, e v&#225;rios aspectos devem ser considerados em conjunto para alcan&#231;ar o melhor resultado para o paciente.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: IAMSST e Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Mitral Isqu&#234;mica: Incid&#234;ncia e Resultados Cl&#237;nicos de Longo Prazo com Rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Estrat&#233;gia de Tratamento</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elbadawi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elgendy</surname>
              <given-names>IY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahmoud</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barakat</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mentias</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohamed</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Temporal Trends and Outcomes of Mechanical Complications in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1825</fpage>
          <lpage>1836</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2019.04.039</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Elbadawi A, Elgendy IY, Mahmoud K, Barakat AF, Mentias A, Mohamed AH, et al. Temporal Trends and Outcomes of Mechanical Complications in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12(18):1825-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2019.04.039.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Est&#233;vez-Loureiro</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorusso</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taramasso</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torregrossa</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of Severe Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: JACC Focus Seminar 2/5</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1799</fpage>
          <lpage>1817</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2023.09.840</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Est&#233;vez-Loureiro R, Lorusso R, Taramasso M, Torregrossa G, Kini A, Moreno PR. Management of Severe Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: JACC Focus Seminar 2/5. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83(18):1799-817. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.09.840.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radhakrishnan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nightingale</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>May</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Connor</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mitral Regurgitation Following Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated by Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Prevalence, Risk factors, and Predictors of Outcome</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>157</volume>
          <fpage>22</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.07.029</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Sharma H, Radhakrishnan A, Nightingale P, Brown S, May J, O&#8217;Connor K, et al. Mitral Regurgitation Following Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated by Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Prevalence, Risk factors, and Predictors of Outcome. Am J Cardiol. 2021;157:22-32. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.07.029.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vyas</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dake</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanabar</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mishra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>NSTEMI and ischemic mitral regurgitation: incidence and long-term clinical outcomes in respect to managment strategy</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20240064</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240064i</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Vyas P, Dake R, Kanabar K, Patel I, Mishra A, Sharma V, et al. NSTEMI and ischemic mitral regurgitation: incidence and long-term clinical outcomes in respect to managment strategy. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024;121(12): e20240064. doi: doi: 10.36660/abc.20240064i.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mentias</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raza</surname>
              <given-names>MQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barakat</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Youssef</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krishnaswamy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Significance of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation on Outcomes in Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Managed by Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>20</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.09.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Mentias A, Raza MQ, Barakat AF, Hill E, Youssef D, Krishnaswamy A, et al. Prognostic Significance of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation on Outcomes in Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Managed by Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(1):20-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.09.007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lamas</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flaker</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Significance of Mitral Regurgitation after Acute Myocardial Infarction. Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Investigators</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>827</fpage>
          <lpage>833</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.96.3.827</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Lamas GA, Mitchell GF, Flaker GC, Smith SC Jr, Gersh BJ, Basta L, et al. Clinical Significance of Mitral Regurgitation after Acute Myocardial Infarction. Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Investigators. Circulation. 1997;96(3):827-33. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.3.827.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Estevez-Loureiro</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arzamendi</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freixa</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nombela-Franco</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Insights from the European Registry of MitraClip in Acute Mitral Regurgitation Following an Acute Myocardial Infarction (EREMMI)</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1248</fpage>
          <lpage>1250</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4244/EIJ-D-19-00653</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Estevez-Loureiro R, Adamo M, Arzamendi D, Denti P, Freixa X, Nombela-Franco L, et al. Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Insights from the European Registry of MitraClip in Acute Mitral Regurgitation Following an Acute Myocardial Infarction (EREMMI). EuroIntervention. 2020;15(14):1248-50. doi: 10.4244/EIJ-D-19-00653.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Est&#233;vez-Loureiro</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shuvy</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taramasso</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benito-Gonzalez</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arzamendi</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of MitraClip for Mitral Valve Repair in Patients with Acute Mitral Regurgitation Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: Effect of Cardiogenic Shock on Outcomes (IREMMI Registry)</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1259</fpage>
          <lpage>1267</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ccd.29552</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Est&#233;vez-Loureiro R, Shuvy M, Taramasso M, Benito-Gonzalez T, Denti P, Arzamendi D, et al. Use of MitraClip for Mitral Valve Repair in Patients with Acute Mitral Regurgitation Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: Effect of Cardiogenic Shock on Outcomes (IREMMI Registry). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;97(6):1259-67. doi: 10.1002/ccd.29552.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>AIO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sampaio</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>VEE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Accorsi</surname>
              <given-names>TAD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Update of the Brazilian Guidelines for Valvular Heart Disease - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>720</fpage>
          <lpage>775</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201047</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Tarasoutchi F, Montera MW, Ramos AIO, Sampaio RO, Rosa VEE, Accorsi TAD, et al. Update of the Brazilian Guidelines for Valvular Heart Disease - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(4):720-75. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201047.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240707i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mitral Regurgitation after Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Multi-Faceted Condition</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5968-4879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Carlos Henrique Miranda</bold> Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Vascular - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Anexo B. Postal Code <postal-code>14049&#8211;900</postal-code>, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>chmiranda@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>There are two leading causes of mitral regurgitation (MR) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). First, the partial or complete papillary muscle rupture leads to MR; in this case, surgical repair is mandatory. Fortunately, the prevalence of this condition is low, around 0.05%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Second, the valve and the subvalvular apparatus are normal, and the MR results from leaflet tethering and regional left ventricular dilatation. The primary mechanism is the separation and excess angulation of the papillary muscle related to the regional wall motion in the myocardial infarction area. This second presentation is called the "functional" phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This functional MR is a common echocardiographic finding after AMI. A recent investigation showed a mild MR in 76%, moderate MR in 21%, and severe MR in 3% of the patients after AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Vyas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> found a significant MR (moderate + severe) prevalence of 7.21% after non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). An important aspect to highlight is that most previous studies analyzed MR prevalence in all types of myocardial infarction together or ST-elevation AMI alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The actual prevalence of MR in NSTEMI was unknown, and this study showed a considerable MR prevalence in this setting.</p>
      <p>According to other previous studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> this recent investigation showed that significant MR worst the patients&#8217; prognosis, increasing the risk of death, pulmonary edema, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock. There are no doubts about the clinical impact of the MR after AMI. The more significant problem is that the mortality associated with this complication has not changed for decades, and there are still many doubts about the better management of these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Another feature deserves to be commented on: the clinical repercussions of severe MR are much more documented than those of moderate MR, and this classification is critical in making decisions about the treatment. In this recent investigation, the researchers analyzed the moderate and severe MR together, called significant MR; it was understandable because of the small sample size of severe MR; however, in the clinical setting, these two classifications have entirely different outcomes during the follow-up.</p>
      <p>The MR after AMI is a multi-faceted condition. Several variables can interfere with the prognosis and in the decision about the treatment, for example, the reperfusion strategy (percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] versus coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]), the timing of the reperfusion, clinical presentation (asymptomatic vs. pulmonary edema vs. cardiogenic shock), regional myocardial territory affected (inferior basal wall versus other), severity of coronary artery disease (triple vessels disease versus single-vessel disease), comorbidities (prior AMI, diabetes), atrial fibrillation with atrial enlargement, left ventricle (LV) dilatation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), myocardial viability, the diagnostic technique employed and several other.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> Because of this, multivariable analysis is fundamental to evaluating the results of this research. When Vyas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> analyzed the prognostic importance of the significant MR, they adjusted by age, diabetes, LVEF, and multivessel disease. The odds ratio decreased gradually as new variables were included in the model. However, it still achieved statistical significance, showing that significant MR was an independent predictor of outcomes. Nevertheless, this model could not have included several other cofounders.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Illustration of the multiple features that can interfere with the prognosis and the decision about the treatment in patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). CAD: coronary artery disease; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240707-40707-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>About the treatment, immediate coronary revascularization is the cornerstone in preventing and treating severe MR. A previous study showed that myocardial revascularization can improve MR in 32% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Vyas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> exhibited a 32.65% MR improvement with PCI, 6% with CABG, and 16.98% with CABG + mitral valve surgery at one-year follow-up, and these interventions significantly improved outcomes compared to refused revascularization and medical management group. However, these three groups are so heterogeneous at the baseline characteristics that it became difficult to establish that all this improvement was related to revascularization alone.</p>
      <p>Nowadays, most patients are treated through PCI after AMI. In this context, surgical mitral valve replacement or repair is more complicated. The transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) for acute ischemic MR is a very promising procedure. In the first study with 44 high surgical-risk patients, the technical success was 86.6%, and the mortality at 30 days was 9.1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Another investigation evaluated the TEER in patients with MR and cardiogenic shock (53% with refractory shock, two-thirds under support with an intra-aortic balloon pump or Impella, and 12% under ECMO). Technical success was high and did not differ between patients with or without cardiogenic shock, and the combined events (mortality /rehospitalization) were similar between patients with (28%) versus those without cardiogenic shock (25.6%), p=0.793.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, this procedure's availability is restricted worldwide, and data supporting it is still limited but in progress. This treatment option was not considered in this paper.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, MR after AMI has a negative clinical impact even in NSTEMI, increasing the risk of death, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock. Revascularization is the first step in the treatment of this condition because it can improve MR in a large number of patients. Mitral valve replacement or repair is indicated in patients with CABG indication and severe MR. However, in patients treated with PCI, the best option and time for intervention in acute severe MR is controversial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The MR after AMI management is a challenging illness, and several aspects should be considered together to accomplish the best outcome for the patient.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: NSTEMI and Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: Incidence and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes with Respect to Management Strategy</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
