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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Pt3qzJmFY7YjkkrWgh7G79C</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240630</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Publica&#231;&#245;es Cient&#237;ficas Relevantes e com Autonomia: O Caminho das Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Metan&#225;lises</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9679-388X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guida</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rhanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Brigham and Women's Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Camila Mota Guida</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Ecocardiografia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code> , Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>camila.mguida@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>Camila Mota Guida e Rhanderson Cardoso - Professor do Meta-Analysis Academy, programa de treinamento em revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240630</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Publica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o e Divulga&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes de Medicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Sucesso Acad&#234;mico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>De acordo com a <italic>Association of American Medical Colleges</italic> (AAMC), em 2023, o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de publica&#231;&#245;es por candidato aprovado para resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica nos EUA foi de seis para medicina interna, oito para neurologia, nove para cirurgia geral e 19 para otorrinolaringologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Igualmente, no Brasil, Reino Unido, Austr&#225;lia e outros pa&#237;ses, os processos seletivos para resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica ou p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o frequentemente consideram as publica&#231;&#245;es como um crit&#233;rio importante de avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Nos Estados Unidos, h&#225; uma cultura estabelecida de participa&#231;&#227;o em projetos de pesquisa entre aspirantes &#224; medicina, ainda antes de ingressarem na faculdade de medicina ( <italic>medical school</italic> ). Al&#233;m disso, &#233; comum que os estudantes norte-americanos de medicina aproveitem as f&#233;rias de ver&#227;o, entre o primeiro e o segundo ano, para trabalhar em laborat&#243;rios de pesquisa b&#225;sica, translacional ou cl&#237;nica, visando melhorar suas chances de serem admitidos em resid&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas de excel&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No Brasil, no entanto, profissionais em in&#237;cio de carreira encontram dificuldades significativas para a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica. Os recursos destinados &#224; pesquisa s&#227;o limitados e o excesso de burocracia representa um grande obst&#225;culo. Relatos indicam que cerca de um ter&#231;o do tempo dos pesquisadores brasileiros &#233; consumido por problemas burocr&#225;ticos, especialmente relacionados &#224; compra de materiais e insumos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esses desafios se refletem no fato de que, embora o Brasil seja o quinto pa&#237;s com maior n&#250;mero de universidades,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> o pa&#237;s ocupou em 2023 apenas a 23&#170; posi&#231;&#227;o em n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de e ci&#234;ncias naturais, ficando atr&#225;s de pa&#237;ses como Alemanha, Fran&#231;a e Coreia do Sul, que possuem menos universidades e popula&#231;&#245;es menores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a pesquisa no Brasil favorece uma hierarquia acad&#234;mica que privilegia pesquisadores com dedica&#231;&#227;o exclusiva &#224; ci&#234;ncia, como mestres, doutores e p&#243;s-doutores, o que torna ainda mais dif&#237;cil para estudantes de medicina e m&#233;dicos em in&#237;cio de carreira obterem publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas relevantes.</p>
    <p>Como, ent&#227;o, atender &#224; crescente demanda de m&#233;dicos e estudantes de medicina por aprendizado em metodologia cient&#237;fica e, principalmente, por resultados de pesquisa? O n&#250;mero cada vez maior de faculdades de medicina agrava um problema j&#225; existente at&#233; mesmo nas institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino e nos programas de resid&#234;ncias mais tradicionais do pa&#237;s:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> a falta de infraestrutura, apoio institucional e <italic>conhecimento</italic> para condu&#231;&#227;o de estudos cient&#237;ficos de qualidade. Corrigir esse problema exige, antes de tudo, uma mudan&#231;a cultural, de valoriza&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa, constru&#231;&#227;o curricular e apoio financeiro &#8211; tanto p&#250;blico quanto privado &#8211; voltados para a promo&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa. Parcerias entre <italic>Academic Research Organizations</italic> (ARO), em franca expans&#227;o no Brasil, e institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino poderiam servir como um canal para expor o estudante de medicina ou residente a oportunidades de pesquisa.</p>
    <p>Enquanto tais mudan&#231;as estruturais n&#227;o acontecem, quais as op&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis atualmente para o estudante de medicina ou m&#233;dico participar em pesquisa e publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas? Em primeiro lugar, relatos de caso ou s&#233;ries de caso. Esse &#233; o caminho de entrada cl&#225;ssico para alguma apresenta&#231;&#227;o em congresso ou publica&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, h&#225; um problema com essa estrat&#233;gia: o baixo valor acad&#234;mico. Relatos de caso agregam pouco &#224; literatura, na forma&#231;&#227;o, e na competitividade de um curr&#237;culo m&#233;dico. A segunda op&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma vaga de <italic>research fellow</italic> no exterior ou de pesquisa em grandes centros acad&#234;micos do Brasil. Essa estrat&#233;gia &#233; obviamente limitada em escala e fora do alcance da grande maioria de estudantes e m&#233;dicos, pois h&#225; relativamente pouca disponibilidade para estas vagas.</p>
    <p>H&#225; uma terceira op&#231;&#227;o que preenche todos os pr&#233;-requisitos desej&#225;veis para inser&#231;&#227;o do estudante de medicina brasileiro em pesquisa cient&#237;fica: valor acad&#234;mico, disponibilidade e autonomia. Trata-se da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise. Quando conduzida adequadamente e incluindo estudos de alta qualidade, a metan&#225;lise oferece maior poder estat&#237;stico e melhor estima&#231;&#227;o da magnitude dos efeitos analisados. Menos dependente de fatores externos em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras modalidades de publica&#231;&#227;o, a elabora&#231;&#227;o de uma metan&#225;lise exige um conjunto particular de habilidades t&#233;cnicas, como leitura cr&#237;tica de evid&#234;ncias, interpreta&#231;&#227;o de dados, metodologia padronizada de condu&#231;&#227;o de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Al&#233;m de seu alto impacto potencial na literatura, o desenvolvimento e publica&#231;&#227;o de metan&#225;lises constituem uma forma de produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de baixo custo e sem as barreiras burocr&#225;ticas frequentemente enfrentadas por pesquisadores em in&#237;cio de carreira.</p>
    <p>Entre os exemplos, destaca-se o de <italic>Bulh&#245;es et al.: Catheter ablation versus medical therapy for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essa publica&#231;&#227;o feita no Heart Rhythm compara abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com tratamento medicamentoso em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. O primeiro autor, Elisio Bulh&#245;es, &#233; estudante de medicina do 4&#176; ano em Reden&#231;&#227;o, Par&#225;. Os coautores incluem estudantes de medicina na Universidade Estadual do Amazonas, da Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, um residente no Dante Pazzanese e um cardiologista em Goi&#225;s.</p>
    <p>Outro exemplo foi publicado por <italic>Moreira et al.: Direct oral anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy following transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients without prior or concurrent indication for anticoagulation: A meta-analysis of randomized studies.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Essa publica&#231;&#227;o feita no Catheter Cardiovascular Interventions, &#233; de Matheus Moreira, na &#233;poca interno de medicina em Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Os autores avaliaram o uso de anticoagulantes n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K em pacientes p&#243;s-TAVI sem indica&#231;&#227;o concomitante de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Essas publica&#231;&#245;es em revistas bem-conceituadas da eletrofisiologia e cardiologia intervencionista tiveram a participa&#231;&#227;o e lideran&#231;a de estudantes de medicina e m&#233;dicos de diversos lugares do Brasil e da Am&#233;rica Latina, sem experi&#234;ncia pr&#233;via em pesquisa. Isso foi poss&#237;vel porque eles aprenderam a conduzir revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises, uma ferramenta poderosa que permite a publica&#231;&#227;o de artigos relevantes com autonomia.</p>
    <p>Ter autonomia em pesquisa n&#227;o significa fazer sozinho, claro. Esses trabalhos foram conduzidos em bons grupos, com colabora&#231;&#227;o entre todos os coautores. Por&#233;m, os autores tinham autonomia para conduzir cada uma das etapas da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise. A ideia de comparar abla&#231;&#227;o vs. tratamento medicamentoso em pacientes com FA e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada foi do primeiro autor, Elisio Bulh&#245;es, estudante no interior do Par&#225;. Al&#233;m da pr&#243;pria ideia, ele tem dom&#237;nio para fazer todas as demais etapas: especificar os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, criar uma estrat&#233;gia de busca efetiva, triagem dos estudos, extra&#231;&#227;o de dados, estat&#237;stica, an&#225;lise de risco de vieses, e submiss&#227;o para a revista. Ou seja, o trabalho foi feito com um grupo forte de coautores, que colaboraram nas diversas etapas, mas sem depender de nenhuma institui&#231;&#227;o ou de alguma pessoa espec&#237;fica para realizar qualquer etapa. As revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises tamb&#233;m n&#227;o dependem de um comit&#234; de &#233;tica para aprova&#231;&#227;o, termo de consentimento, coletas de dados de prontu&#225;rios ou seguimento individual de pacientes.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que isso em nada diminui a import&#226;ncia de pesquisa prim&#225;ria, dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos, coortes, estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos etc. Os fatos apresentados demonstram apenas o enorme potencial da pesquisa secund&#225;ria atrav&#233;s de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises como uma porta de entrada acess&#237;vel para pesquisa e publica&#231;&#245;es relevantes pelo estudante de medicina e m&#233;dico brasileiro, independente de &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica, universidade, filia&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica, infraestrutura, apoio local para pesquisa, ou qualquer outro fator limitante.</p>
    <p>Os exemplos citados aqui s&#227;o publica&#231;&#245;es feitas por estudantes, residentes, m&#233;dicos generalistas ou especialistas, alunos do Meta-Analysis Academy. Esse programa de treinamento em revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises foi criado pelo Dr. Rhanderson Cardoso, m&#233;dico formado pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, cardiologista pelo Johns Hopkins Hospital e especialista em imagem card&#237;aca pelo Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Motivado pelo impacto que as metan&#225;lises tiveram em sua pr&#243;pria carreira, abrindo oportunidades excelentes de resid&#234;ncia, <italic>fellowship</italic> , mestrado e doc&#234;ncia nos EUA, ele criou o programa em 2022 para oferecer a mesma possibilidade para m&#233;dicos e estudantes de medicina, inicialmente no Brasil e depois internacionalmente. Atualmente, o Meta-Analysis Academy possui alunos em 80 pa&#237;ses, com mais de 1100 participa&#231;&#245;es dos alunos em publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas indexadas e 1900 presen&#231;as em abstracts apresentados em congressos nacionais ou internacionais.</p>
    <p>Entre as conquistas na cardiologia, alunos do Meta-Analysis Academy j&#225; apresentaram mais de 100 abstracts nos congressos do American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology e European Society of Cardiology. As publica&#231;&#245;es incluem revistas como o JAMA Cardiology, Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC), Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, International Journal of Cardiology, e American Journal of Cardiology, entre outros.</p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar que as oportunidades em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise v&#227;o muito al&#233;m da cardiologia. Lucas Pereira, aluno na Escola Bahiana de Medicina, foi primeiro autor na revista Anaesthesia and Analgesia, avaliando estrat&#233;gias de reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica em transplantados renais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Rafael Morgado, estudante de medicina na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, foi primeiro autor em publica&#231;&#227;o no European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, comparando manejo cir&#250;rgico vs. conservador em pacientes com t&#243;rax inst&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> J&#250;lia Pontes, estudante de medicina no Rio de Janeiro, foi primeira autora na revista Neurosurgery, uma das melhores revistas sobre neurocirurgia, avaliando a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a de clazosentan p&#243;s-hemorragia subaracn&#243;idea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Arthur Petrucci, no 2&#176; ano de medicina em Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba, publicou uma metan&#225;lise comparando cetamina vs. terapia eletroconvulsiva para epis&#243;dio depressivo maior na revista Psychiatry Research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Eduardo Barbosa, interno em An&#225;polis, Goi&#225;s, foi primeiro autor no Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, revista de alto impacto na gastroenterologia, comparando drenagem biliar guiada por ultrassom endosc&#243;pico (EUS) ou colangiopancreatrografia retr&#243;grada endosc&#243;pica (ERCP) em pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o tumoral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O impacto dos resultados em pesquisa na carreira desses alunos &#233; imensur&#225;vel. Al&#233;m do conhecimento adquirido, muitos j&#225; conseguiram um salto na carreira valendo-se de uma aplica&#231;&#227;o robusta do ponto de vista de pesquisa. S&#227;o dezenas que alcan&#231;aram resid&#234;ncia ou <italic>fellowship</italic> nos EUA, inclusive em especialidades competitivas, como cardiologia, ginecologia e obstetr&#237;cia e cirurgia geral. Muitos conseguiram mestrado ou doutorado, inclusive em institui&#231;&#245;es internacionais, como University of British Columbia e Johns Hopkins University, at&#233; mesmo com bolsa integral por m&#233;rito em publica&#231;&#245;es. Outros seguiram pelo caminho de pesquisa atrav&#233;s de um <italic>research fellowship</italic> em centros de excel&#234;ncia, como o Minneapolis Heart Institute, University of Michigan e Harvard Medical School.</p>
    <p>Outro benef&#237;cio intang&#237;vel da pesquisa &#233; a conex&#227;o que se forma entre um estudante capacitado e um m&#233;dico especialista que atua como mentor. A habilidade de ter ideias e criar bons projetos para revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise abre a possibilidade para o pr&#243;prio aluno convidar colaboradores e mentores para esses projetos, sejam eles internos ou externos &#224; pr&#243;pria institui&#231;&#227;o do aluno. Estudantes de medicina brasileiros, nos exemplos citados acima e em outros, convidaram m&#233;dicos de centros de excel&#234;ncia nacionais e internacionais para serem seus colaboradores, como Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, San Raffaele Hospital, Cleveland Clinic e Harvard Medical School, entre outros.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise &#233; uma ferramenta poderosa para inser&#231;&#227;o do estudante de medicina e m&#233;dico brasileiro em pesquisa de qualidade, com autonomia, seja nos grandes centros ou no interior do Brasil, em institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas ou privadas. Essa metodologia de pesquisa e os resultados concretos dela, com apresenta&#231;&#245;es em grandes congressos e publica&#231;&#245;es na literatura mundial, elevam o conhecimento do aluno, criam pontes para colabora&#231;&#245;es com grandes m&#233;dicos e pesquisadores e, por fim, abrem grandes portas na carreira para resid&#234;ncias competitivas, p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o, doc&#234;ncia e outros caminhos de excel&#234;ncia, seja no Brasil ou internacionalmente.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Association of American Medical Colleges</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source> Data &amp; Reports [Internet] </source>
          <publisher-loc>Washington</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Association of American Medical Colleges</publisher-name>
          <year>2024</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[cited 2024 Oct 31]</date-in-citation>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240630i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relevant and Independent Scientific Publications: The Path of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9679-388X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guida</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rhanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Camila Mota Guida</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Ecocardiografia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code> , Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>camila.mguida@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>Camila Mota Guida and Rhanderson Cardoso - Professor at Meta-Analysis Academy, a training program in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Publications</kwd>
        <kwd>Scientific Communication and Diffusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical Students</kwd>
        <kwd>Academic Success</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>According to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), in 2023, the average number of publications per candidate accepted into medical residency programs in the United States was six for internal medicine, eight for neurology, nine for general surgery, and 19 for otolaryngology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>Similarly, in countries such as Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Australia, publications are an important criterion in medical residency or postgraduate program evaluations.</p>
      <p>In the United States, there is an established culture of participation in research projects among aspiring physicians even before entering medical school. Additionally, North American medical students commonly use the summer break between their first and second years to work in basic, translational, or clinical research laboratories to strengthen their applications for competitive residencies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In Brazil, however, professionals face significant difficulties in scientific production at the beginning of their careers. Resources allocated to research are limited and excessive bureaucracy represents a major obstacle. Reports indicate that around one-third of Brazilian researchers&#8217; time is spent handling administrative tasks, particularly those related to procuring materials and supplies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>These challenges are evident in Brazil's research output: although Brazil ranks as the fifth largest country by number of universities,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>in 2023 it placed only 23<sup>rd</sup>in scientific publications in health and natural sciences, behind countries like Germany, France, and South Korea, which have fewer universities and smaller populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>Additionally, Brazil's academic system favors researchers focused solely on science, such as those with master's, doctoral, or postdoctoral degrees, making it even harder for early-career medical students and physicians to achieve significant scientific publications.</p>
      <p>How, then, can the increasing demand from physicians and medical students for training in scientific methodology and research outcomes be met? The growing number of medical schools intensifies an existing issue in even the most established institutions:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>a lack of infrastructure, institutional support, and resources for high-quality scientific research. Addressing this issue requires a cultural shift that values research, curriculum development, and financial backing from both the public and private sectors to promote research initiatives. Partnerships between Academic Research Organizations (ARO), which are rapidly expanding in Brazil, and educational institutions could provide students and residents with access to research opportunities.</p>
      <p>While waiting for these structural changes, what current opportunities exist for medical students and physicians to engage in research and publications? First, case reports or case series. This is the classic entry route for a presentation at a conference or publication. However, there is a problem with this strategy: low academic value. Case reports add little to the literature, to qualification, and to the competitiveness of a medical curriculum. The second option is a research fellowship abroad or a research position in a major academic center in Brazil. This approach is limited in scale and accessible to only a minority of students and physicians due to the scarcity of available positions.</p>
      <p>There is a third option that meets all the Brazilian medical students&#8217; demands to participate in scientific research, namely academic value, availability and autonomy. This is the systematic review and meta-analysis. When done correctly and based on quality studies, meta-analyses offer greater statistical power and provide more accurate estimates of effect sizes. Compared to other publications, meta-analyses require fewer external resources, though they do demand technical expertise, including skills in evidence-based analysis, data interpretation, systematic review methodology, and statistical analysis. Besides their high potential impact on literature, meta-analyses are a low-cost scientific production method, avoiding many bureaucratic barriers often faced by early-career researchers.</p>
      <p>Among the examples, the work by <italic>Bulh&#245;es et al</italic> stands out <italic>.: Catheter ablation versus medical therapy for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>This Heart Rhythm publication compares atrial fibrillation ablation with drug treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The first author, Elisio Bulh&#245;es, is a 4th year medical student in Reden&#231;&#227;o, Par&#225;. The co-authors include medical students from the State University of Amazonas, the Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, a resident at Dante Pazzanese and a cardiologist in Goi&#225;s.</p>
      <p>Another example is the work by <italic>Moreira et al.: Direct oral anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy following transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients without prior or concurrent indication for anticoagulation:</italic> A meta-analysis of randomized studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>This is another publication by Matheus Moreira in Catheter Cardiovascular Interventions, who was a medical intern in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. The authors assessed the use of non-vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants in post-TAVI patients without concomitant indication for anticoagulation.</p>
      <p>These publications in well-regarded journals of electrophysiology and interventional cardiology included contributions and leadership from medical students and physicians across Brazil and Latin America, many without prior research experience. They achieved this by learning to conduct systematic reviews and meta-analyses, a powerful approach enabling independent publication of impactful articles.</p>
      <p>Having autonomy in research does not mean conducting it by oneself, of course. These studies were conducted in good groups, with collaboration between all co-authors. However, the authors had the autonomy to conduct each of the stages of the systematic review and meta-analysis. The idea to compare ablation versus drug treatment in patients with AF and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction originated with first author Elisio Bulh&#245;es, a student from rural Par&#225;. Beyond the initial idea, he also handled each step of the process: defining eligibility criteria, developing a search strategy, screening studies, extracting data, performing statistical analyses, assessing bias risk, and submitting to a journal. The project involved a strong team of co-authors who supported various stages yet relied on no single institution or individual to complete any specific step. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses also avoid the need for ethics committee approval, consent forms, data collection from patient records, or individual patient follow-up.</p>
      <p>This does not diminish the importance of primary research, clinical trials, cohort studies, and epidemiological research. Rather, it highlights the significant potential of secondary research through systematic reviews and meta-analyses as a practical entry point for Brazilian medical students and physicians to produce relevant research and publications, regardless of their geographic location, university, institutional support, or other constraints.</p>
      <p>The examples here include publications by students, residents, general practitioners, specialists, and students of the Meta-Analysis Academy. This training program in systematic reviews and meta-analyses was founded by Dr. Rhanderson Cardoso, a physician trained at the Federal University of Goi&#225;s, a cardiologist from Johns Hopkins Hospital, and a cardiac imaging specialist from Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Inspired by the career-advancing opportunities that meta-analyses provided him in residency, fellowship, and teaching roles in the U.S., he created the program in 2022 to offer similar opportunities to medical students and physicians, first in Brazil and now internationally. Currently, the Meta-Analysis Academy has students in 80 countries, with over 1,100 student contributions to indexed publications and 1,900 abstracts presented at national and international conferences.</p>
      <p>In cardiology alone, students have presented more than 100 abstracts at the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and European Society of Cardiology conferences. Publications include prestigious journals such as JAMA Cardiology, Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC), Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, International Journal of Cardiology, and American Journal of Cardiology, among others.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that opportunities in systematic review and meta-analysis go far beyond cardiology. Lucas Pereira, a student at Escola Bahiana de Medicina, was the first author of a publication in Anaesthesia and Analgesia, which assessed volume replacement strategies in kidney transplant patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>Rafael Morgado, a medical student at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, led a study in the European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, comparing surgical and conservative management for patients with flail chest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>J&#250;lia Pontes, a medical student from Rio de Janeiro, was the first author of an article in Neurosurgery, a top journal in the field, evaluating the efficacy and safety of clazosentan following subarachnoid hemorrhage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Arthur Petrucci, a second-year medical student in Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba, published a meta-analysis in Psychiatry Research comparing ketamine to electroconvulsive therapy for major depressive episodes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>Eduardo Barbosa, an intern from An&#225;polis, Goi&#225;s, served as the first author on a study in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, a high-impact gastroenterology journal, comparing endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biliary drainage with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with tumor obstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The impact of the research results on the careers of these students is immeasurable. In addition to the acquired knowledge, many have already achieved a career leap by taking advantage of a robust application from a research point of view. Dozens have achieved residency or fellowship in the USA, including competitive specialties, such as cardiology, obstetrics and gynecology, and general surgery. Many students have earned master's or doctorate degrees, including from prestigious international institutions like the University of British Columbia and Johns Hopkins University, often through merit-based full scholarships tied to their publication records. Others have pursued research opportunities via fellowships at esteemed centers such as the Minneapolis Heart Institute, the University of Michigan, and Harvard Medical School.</p>
      <p>An important benefit of research is the relationship that develops between a dedicated student and a medical specialist who serves as their mentor. The ability to generate ideas and develop robust projects for systematic reviews and meta-analyses allows students to invite collaborators and mentors to join their initiatives, whether from within their own institution or beyond. Brazilian medical students, as seen in the aforementioned examples, have successfully invited physicians from national and international centers of excellence to collaborate with them, including from the University of S&#227;o Paulo. A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, San Raffaele Hospital, Cleveland Clinic and Harvard Medical School, among others.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, systematic reviews and meta-analyses serve as powerful tools for integrating Brazilian medical students and physicians into high-quality research, offering autonomy, whether in large urban centers or in rural areas of Brazil, in both public and private institutions. This research methodology, along with its tangible outcomes, such as presentations at major conferences and publications in global literature, enhances students&#8217; knowledge, fosters collaborations with prominent physicians and researchers, and ultimately opens doors to competitive residencies, postgraduate studies, teaching opportunities, and other pathways to excellence, both in Brazil and internationally.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
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