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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5DxJs69DKMRKCQdjQgkTtVx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200313</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00313</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240430</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da Impress&#227;o em 3D nas Cirurgias de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3988-4304</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3988-4304</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yahiro</surname>
            <given-names>Davi Shunji</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9167-0071</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-7677-6997</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Brenda Ficheira Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-4146-0889</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Meireles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role> Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6373-1644</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda Ribeiro Mendes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5969-8226</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Aurea L&#250;cia Alves de Azevedo Grippa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7935-7966</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Torbey</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Fl&#225;via Malheiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7455-4351</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Serafim da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Davi Shunji Yahiro &#8226; Health, Science &amp; Education Lab &#8211; Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24220-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>daviyahiro@id.uff.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240430</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (CCs) imp&#245;em um desafio importante ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico devido &#224; complexidade da anatomia card&#237;aca. A impress&#227;o em 3D surgiu como uma ferramenta promissora no planejamento perioperat&#243;rio, no direcionamento intraoperat&#243;rio, e na educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica em cirurgia de CC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar sistematicamente a literatura sobre o uso e os benef&#237;cios da tecnologia de impress&#227;o em 3D nas interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas de CCs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Realizou-se uma busca sistem&#225;tica nas bases de dados PubMed e EMBASE por estudos publicados at&#233; fevereiro de 2024. Inclu&#237;mos estudos controlados e n&#227;o controlados investigando o papel da impress&#227;o em 3D em cirurgias em pacientes com CCs. Conduzimos uma metan&#225;lise de bra&#231;o &#250;nico estimando a propor&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;a no planejamento do tratamento devido ao uso de modelos impressos em 3D. Al&#233;m disso, estudos que compararam o uso de impress&#227;o em 3D com tratamento convencional foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 21 estudos preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, incluindo 444 pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de CCs com aux&#237;lio da impress&#227;o em 3D. O planejamento pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio com ajuda de modelos 3D levou a mudan&#231;a de decis&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas em 35 dos 75 casos (51,8%; IC95% 26,6-77,0%, I2=80,68%, p=0,001) e redu&#231;&#227;o no tempo total da cirurgia em 22,25 minutos a favor da impress&#227;o e 3D (IC95% - 49,95; 5,80 min; I2=0%; p=0,817), mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Embora em uma amostra menor, outros desfechos (ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e tempo na unidade de terapia intensiva) demonstraram algum benef&#237;cio da tecnologia mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Ao fornecer modelos anat&#244;micos personalizados, a impress&#227;o em 3D pode facilitar o planejamento e a execu&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar os efeitos da impress&#227;o em 3D na redu&#231;&#227;o nos tempos da interven&#231;&#227;o, de interna&#231;&#227;o e de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Impacto da Impress&#227;o em 3D nas Cirurgias de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Impress&#227;o Tridimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina de Precis&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As anomalias card&#237;acas s&#227;o as malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas mais comuns em nascidos vivos no mundo. No Brasil, estima-se que aproximadamente 25 757 novos casos ocorram por ano, e a regi&#227;o sudeste apresenta a maior preval&#234;ncia, com 10 novos casos/1000 nascidos vivos. No entanto, este n&#250;mero pode ser ainda maior devido &#224; subnotifica&#231;&#227;o dos casos de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em muitas cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (CCs), &#233; necess&#225;ria uma an&#225;lise abrangente para o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento corretos, uma vez que elas podem combinar defeitos, aumentando a complexidade de cada caso. Tal fato requer um tratamento individualizado e multidisciplinar, dependendo da sua complexidade. Para planejar uma interven&#231;&#227;o, &#233; necess&#225;rio examinar meticulosamente a anatomia das estruturas. Uma metan&#225;lise demonstrou que o modelo tridimensional (3D) de uma CC apresentou um desvio padr&#227;o de 0,04 mm, IC (-0,16; 0,23) em compara&#231;&#227;o a imagens m&#233;dicas digitais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Portanto, a modelagem e a impress&#227;o de modelos 3D de imagens m&#233;dicas podem fornecer uma visualiza&#231;&#227;o auxiliar da anomalia espec&#237;fica.</p>
      <p>Modelos 3D de qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica s&#227;o poss&#237;veis por exames de imagens. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) s&#227;o as t&#233;cnicas mais confi&#225;veis para obten&#231;&#227;o de dados para a constru&#231;&#227;o de modelos anat&#244;micos. Antes da impress&#227;o, as imagens precisam ser transformadas em um modelo digital e divididas em camadas finas para serem reconstru&#237;das em uma impressora 3D, formando a pe&#231;a final. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a impress&#227;o 3D surgiu como uma tecnologia proeminente no campo da medicina, oferecendo aplica&#231;&#245;es vers&#225;teis. Sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o varia desde o planejamento cir&#250;rgico, fins educacionais, at&#233; estrat&#233;gias de comunica&#231;&#227;o efetiva. A natureza multifacetada da impress&#227;o 3D promoveu um avan&#231;o significativo nas pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas, permitindo maior precis&#227;o e efici&#234;ncia, e melhores desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar do potencial promissor da tecnologia da impress&#227;o 3D em melhorar o planejamento e a execu&#231;&#227;o de cirurgias card&#237;acas, particularmente em pacientes com CCs, existe uma clara aus&#234;ncia de dados robustos nessa &#225;rea. Essa falta de dados abrangentes e de alta qualidade limita nosso entendimento da real aplicabilidade e do verdadeiro impacto da impress&#227;o 3D nesse contexto. Enquanto estudos preliminares e supostas evid&#234;ncias sugerem que modelos card&#237;acos constru&#237;dos por impress&#227;o 3D poderiam fornecer melhores <italic>insights</italic> no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e possivelmente melhorar os desfechos cir&#250;rgicos, a necessidade de uma pesquisa sistem&#225;tica, em grande escala, &#233; evidente. Esses estudos ajudariam a quantificar os benef&#237;cios, otimizar o uso dessa tecnologia, e validar sua efic&#225;cia e custo-efetividade no &#226;mbito cl&#237;nico. At&#233; l&#225;, o potencial m&#225;ximo da impress&#227;o 3D no planejamento de cirurgias card&#237;acas continua pouco explorado e subutilizado. Dada a emerg&#234;ncia no ambiente m&#233;dico, algumas pesquisas sistem&#225;ticas avaliaram o impacto da impress&#227;o 3D nas condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, nenhuma delas teve como foco a CC ou a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar e analisar as aplica&#231;&#245;es atuais da impress&#227;o 3D nas interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas nas CCs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Fonte de dados e estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
        <p>Uma busca sistem&#225;tica da literatura foi conduzida nos bancos de dados eletr&#244;nicos incluindo PubMed e Embase. A estrat&#233;gia de busca usou uma combina&#231;&#227;o de palavras e termos relacionados &#224; impress&#227;o 3D, CCs, cirurgia e interven&#231;&#245;es. Operadores booleanos e filtros de busca foram aplicados para assegurar uma cobertura abrangente da literatura relevante. A busca bibliogr&#225;fica foi conduzida em fevereiro de 2024, contendo todas as palavras publicadas at&#233; aquela data. A estrat&#233;gia completa da pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica encontra-se no <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0430_AO_Appendix_Systematic_Review.pdf">Ap&#234;ndice 1</ext-link>. Al&#233;m disso, realizou-se uma busca manual de listas de refer&#234;ncias para identificar outros estudos que possam n&#227;o ter sido identificados nas buscas eletr&#244;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e processo de sele&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dois revisores independentes (DY e MC) rastrearam t&#237;tulos e resumos das cita&#231;&#245;es obtidas para identificar estudos eleg&#237;veis. Artigos completos foram ent&#227;o avaliados quanto &#224; elegibilidade com base nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o pr&#233;-definidos. Os estudos foram inclu&#237;dos se tivessem avaliado a utilidade da impress&#227;o 3D no planejamento, desempenho ou progn&#243;stico de CCs. Estudos de revis&#227;o, metan&#225;lises, carta, estudos experimentais e s&#233;ries de casos com menos de cinco participantes foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Qualquer discrep&#226;ncia entre revisores foi resolvida por discuss&#227;o ou consulta om um terceiro revisor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
        <p>Os dados foram extra&#237;dos de maneira independente por dois revisores (DY e MC), usando um formul&#225;rio padronizado. Os dados extra&#237;dos inclu&#237;ram delineamento do estudo, tamanho amostral, modelo da impressora 3D, custo, m&#233;todo de imagem, <italic>software</italic> de segmenta&#231;&#227;o, material de impress&#227;o, prop&#243;sito do estudo, condi&#231;&#227;o no tratamento, achados principais, como mudan&#231;a no plano cir&#250;rgico ou tempo de cirurgia, e desfechos secund&#225;rios: tempo de <italic>bypass</italic>, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, coletamos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre mudan&#231;a na decis&#227;o ou no tempo cir&#250;rgicos quando dispon&#237;veis. Discord&#226;ncias entre os revisores foram resolvidas por consenso ou consulta com um terceiro revisor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>A qualidade dos artigos inclu&#237;dos foi avaliada por dois autores (MC e LT) usando duas ferramentas diferentes de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de vi&#233;s &#8211; o <italic>JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Series</italic> para estudos retrospectivos sem um grupo para compara&#231;&#227;o e a ferramenta ROBINS-I para estudos prospectivos n&#227;o randomizados, com um grupo comparativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade para avaliar a robustez dos achados, e uma metarregress&#227;o foi conduzida para explorar fontes potenciais de heterogeneidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>An&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias agrupadas do tempo de cirurgia, tempo de <italic>bypass</italic>, suporte respirat&#243;rio, e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi realizada usando o Open Meta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nessa an&#225;lise, n&#243;s inclu&#237;mos todos os estudos que forneceram dados sobre tempo m&#233;dio de interven&#231;&#227;o e seu desvio padr&#227;o em um grupo com impress&#227;o em 3D em compara&#231;&#227;o a um grupo controle sem impress&#227;o em 3D. A an&#225;lise agrupada utilizou a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia e a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padr&#227;o pelo modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios DerSimonian-Laird. Para estudos que apresentaram mediana e intervalo do tempo de interven&#231;&#227;o, n&#243;s estimamos a m&#233;dia e a vari&#226;ncia conforme o proposto por Hozo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Para a propor&#231;&#227;o agrupada de mudan&#231;as na decis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, realizamos uma metan&#225;lise com bra&#231;o &#250;nico para o tamanho do efeito combinado usando o modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de DerSimonian-Laird. Consideramos um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, e um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%. A heterogeneidade foi estimada usando o Q-statistics (teste &#8220;Q de Cochran&#8221;). I2 e T2 foram fornecidos para quantificar inconsist&#234;ncias dos resultados entre os estudos como uma estimativa do desvio padr&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. O vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi avaliado devido ao n&#250;mero limitado dos estudos inclu&#237;dos. A sensibilidade da estimativa agrupada dos estudos individuais foi examinada usando a metan&#225;lise <italic>leave-one-out</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Registro e protocolo</title>
        <p>A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi realizada seguindo-se o <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic> (PRISMA) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0430_AO_Appendix_Systematic_Review.pdf">Ap&#234;ndice 2</ext-link>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o protocolo do estudo foi registrado no PROSPERO sob o n&#250;mero CRD42024543412.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
        <p>A busca na literatura gerou um total de 1156 resultados e 1069 estudos foram exclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s rastreio por t&#237;tulo e resumo, e remo&#231;&#227;o das duplicatas. Os 81 artigos restantes foram avaliados pelo texto completo, resultando em 20 artigos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Cinco artigos foram exclu&#237;dos da metan&#225;lise por n&#227;o haverem descrito o desfecho, e seis n&#227;o eram estudo controlados. Assim, nove estudos foram selecionados para a metan&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) mostrando o fluxo das publica&#231;&#245;es pelo processo de revis&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240430-40430-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos</title>
        <p>Cinco estudos compararam desfechos entre os grupos em que houve uso de impress&#227;o 3D no tratamento <italic>versus</italic> grupos submetidos a tratamentos convencionais, resultando em 219 pacientes. Sessenta e quatro casos foram operados com o aux&#237;lio de modelos impressos em 3D, e 153 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia sem aux&#237;lio da impress&#227;o em 3D. Quatro estudos inclu&#237;ram dados para metan&#225;lise de bra&#231;o &#250;nico para avaliar a mudan&#231;a no planejamento cir&#250;rgico ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o da impress&#227;o 3D, resultando em 75 pacientes.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos. A maioria dos estudos utilizou o <italic>software</italic> Mimics (Materialise) para reconstruir os modelos 3D a partir de imagens da TC e RM. A maioria das impressoras 3D usadas nos estudos eram de tecnologia de resina fotossens&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autores</th>
                  <th>Ano</th>
                  <th>Delineamento do estudo</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th align="left">Condi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>M&#233;todo de imagem</th>
                  <th>Software de segmenta&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Modelo de impressora 3D </th>
                  <th>Materiais de impress&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Custos</th>
                  <th>Objetivo do estudo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bhatla et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td>DSV, DVSVD</td>
                  <td align="center">RM ou TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Garekar et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td>DVSVD</td>
                  <td align="center">RM ou TC</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">3D Systems Projet 660 pro full color</td>
                  <td align="center">Filamento PLA</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio e educa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Han et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo controlado</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (6/6)</td>
                  <td>Interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico, DSV, DVSVD, hipoplasia do arco a&#243;rtico, atresia da aorta, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Formlabs</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina de fotopol&#237;mero</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Desempenho</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>He et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td>CIA com defeito no seio venoso inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">ZRapid SLA450 RAPID</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina de fotopol&#237;mero</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hoashi et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td>DVSVD, TGA, Interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico, TF</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">SOUP2 600GS e SCS-8100</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina de fotopol&#237;mero</td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo/ 2000&#8211;3000 USD</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kappanayil et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td>DVSVD complexa, dois pacientes com conex&#227;o atrioventricular entrecruzado (crisscross), TGVCC</td>
                  <td align="center">RM ou TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina de fotopol&#237;merou PLA</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Matsubara et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo controlado</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4/7)</td>
                  <td>DAP</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Ziostation2 e OsiriX</td>
                  <td align="center">UP Plus2 3D</td>
                  <td align="center">Filamento de ABE</td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo/ 90 USD</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento e desempenho</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nam et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2021</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo controlado</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td>TF; estenose pulmonar complexa</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">Stratasys Object500 Connex</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina fotossens&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo/ 100 USD</td>
                  <td align="center">Desempenho</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Olivieri et al.<sup>17</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td>CCs m&#250;ltiplas</td>
                  <td align="center">RM ou TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">Stratasys Object500 Connex</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina fotossens&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo/ 200 USD</td>
                  <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o e conhecimento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ryan et al.<sup>18</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo controlado</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (33/113)</td>
                  <td>Atresia pulmonar, TF, DVSVD, tronco arterioso, an&#233;is vasculares, ventr&#237;culo &#250;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">RM ou TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Geomagic e 3-matic</td>
                  <td align="center">zPrinter 650</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina fotossens&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio, desempenho e aceita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Shi et al.<sup>19</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2021</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo controlado</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (10/13)</td>
                  <td>Grupo com ventr&#237;culo equilibrado, grupo sem ventr&#237;culo equilibrado</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">BQ Witbox</td>
                  <td align="center">Filamento PLA</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento e desempenho</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sun et al.<sup>20</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td>Divert&#237;culo de Kommerell</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Medraw</td>
                  <td align="center">Pangu V4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">Filamento PLA</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tiwari et al.<sup>21</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2021</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo crossover</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td>DVSVD com DSV e outras CCs de discord&#226;ncia ventriculoarterial</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">PLA ou filamento PLA</td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo/ 350 USD</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valverde et al.<sup>22</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo crossover</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td>M&#250;ltiplas CCs, predominantemente DVSVD DSV</td>
                  <td align="center">RM ou TC</td>
                  <td align="center">ITK-SNAP Software</td>
                  <td align="center">BQ Witbox</td>
                  <td align="center">Filamento de TPU</td>
                  <td align="center">Modelo/ 300-500 USD</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wang et al.<sup>23</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td>CIA com defeito de bordas</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">ZRapid SLA450 RAPID</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina fotossens&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Xu et al.<sup>24</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td>M&#250;ltiplas CCs</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">ISLA650</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina fotossens&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Xu et al.<sup>25</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td>Drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">ISLA650</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina fotossens&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yan et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td>CIA com defici&#234;ncia do &#243;stio</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Objet350 Connex3</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina fotossens&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">1200&#8211;1300 USD/model</td>
                  <td align="center">Treinamento e desempenho</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yan et al.<sup>27</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#233;rie de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td>CIA com aus&#234;ncia de &#243;stio da veia pulmonar direita</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">Objet350 Connex3</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina fotossens&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento perioperat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Zhao et al.<sup>28</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo controlado</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (8/17)</td>
                  <td>DVSVD</td>
                  <td align="center">TC</td>
                  <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                  <td align="center">ZPrinter 650</td>
                  <td align="center">Resina fotossens&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Planejamento e desempenho</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>CCs: cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; TF: Tetralogia de Fallot; DVSVD: dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito; DSV: defeito do septo ventricular; PLA: &#225;cido polil&#225;ctico; TGVCC: transposi&#231;&#227;o dos grandes vasos congenitamente corrigida: ABE: acrilonitrila butadieno estireno; DAP: ducto arterioso patente; TPU: poliuretano termopl&#225;stico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s nos estudos inclu&#237;dos gerou algumas preocupa&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Todos os estudos foram considerados com um risco moderado de vi&#233;s no dom&#237;nio &#8220;sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes&#8221;. Conduzimos a metan&#225;lise apesar desse risco aumentado de vi&#233;s, uma vez que n&#227;o foi relatado se a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para o tratamento em que se utilizou impress&#227;o em 3D ocorreu antes ou ap&#243;s os exames de imagem. Ainda, nenhuma das s&#233;ries de casos incluiu pacientes consecutivos, aumentando o risco de vi&#233;s em nossos resultados.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos inclu&#237;do.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240430-40430-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mudan&#231;a no plano cir&#250;rgico</title>
        <p>Quatro estudos inclu&#237;ram dados sobre mudan&#231;a nas decis&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> resume a an&#225;lise agrupada indicando uma taxa de 51,8% (IC95% 26,6-77,0%) de mudan&#231;a no procedimento cir&#250;rgico ap&#243;s o uso da impress&#227;o em 3D. Esses resultados indicam que modelos em 3D podem ser &#250;teis no planejamento pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de casos complexos de CCs.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise agrupada da mudan&#231;a na decis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ap&#243;s intera&#231;&#227;o com modelos impressos em 3D; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240430-40430-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tempo total de cirurgia</title>
        <p>A maioria dos estudos controlados apresentavam dados sobre tempo m&#233;dio de cirurgia. O grupo submetido a tratamento com modelos impressos em 3D apresentou uma m&#233;dia de tempo mais curta em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo submetido a tratamento convencional, com uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 22,25 minutos, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica; IC95% = 49,951&#8211;5,797 minutos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise agrupada do tempo total de cirurgia no grupo submetido a tratamento com uso de impress&#227;o em 3D em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo submetido a tratamento convencional. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240430-40430-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos secund&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia padr&#227;o sem impress&#227;o em 3D, a cirurgia guiada pela impress&#227;o em 3D em pacientes com CC apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no tempo de <italic>bypass</italic>, com uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 41,975 minutos; IC95% = 71,754 a -12,197 minutos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>). A heterogeneidade foi baixa (I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 8.64%), sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, o que implica aus&#234;ncia de inconsist&#234;ncia dos resultados entre os estudos. Dois estudos foram inclu&#237;dos no tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. E no tempo na unidade de terapia intensiva (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0430_AO_Appendix_Systematic_Review.pdf">Ap&#234;ndices 4-7</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise agrupada do tempo m&#233;dio de bypass no grupo submetido a tratamento com uso de impress&#227;o em 3D em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo submetido a tratamento convencional. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240430-40430-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> resume os principais achados deste artigo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossa revis&#227;o demonstra alguns efeitos positivos da impress&#227;o em 3D personalizada sobre desfechos da cirurgia para CCs. Na literatura, a impress&#227;o em 3D foi predominantemente utilizada em defeitos card&#237;acos conotruncais e do septo atrial. As anomalias conotruncais est&#227;o geralmente associadas com uma geometria complexa, e os exames de imagem s&#227;o uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica na avalia&#231;&#227;o no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A metan&#225;lise demonstra o impacto positivo potencial da tecnologia da impress&#227;o em 3D no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da CC. Nas cirurgias com modelos de impress&#227;o em 3D, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no tempo do <italic>bypass</italic> e no tempo de interven&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia padr&#227;o. A redu&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica n&#227;o s&#243; aumenta a precis&#227;o e a efici&#234;ncia dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos como tamb&#233;m minimiza os riscos associados com um tempo prolongado do <italic>bypass</italic>. Consequentemente, os pacientes podem se beneficiar de cirurgias com uma dura&#231;&#227;o mais curta e recupera&#231;&#227;o potencialmente mais r&#225;pidas.</p>
      <p>Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas pr&#233;vias relataram que modelos impressos em 3D fornecem aos cirurgi&#245;es uma representa&#231;&#227;o precisa de anatomias card&#237;acas complexas, potencialmente levando a maior precis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e melhores desfechos dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise de v&#225;rias cirurgias card&#237;acas demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o no tempo total de cirurgia com uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia padronizada 0,54 (IC95%: 0,13-0m95; p = 0,001), mas esse resultado apresentou alta heterogeneidade e incluiu outras cirurgias al&#233;m de CCs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os resultados agrupados demonstraram que modelos impressos em 3D apresentam um impacto sobre o planejamento no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Borracci et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>demonstraram evid&#234;ncia similar em adultos com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca n&#227;o cong&#234;nita, e seis dos 14 modelos redefiniram a abordagem cir&#250;rgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Modelos 3D podem ainda servir como ferramentas efetivas para explicar procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos complexos a pacientes e seus familiares. Isso pode melhorar o entendimento da condi&#231;&#227;o e da interven&#231;&#227;o planejada, levando a um melhor consentimento informado e potencialmente reduzir a ansiedade. Um ensaio randomizado controlado demonstrou a utilidade de modelos impressos em 3D para o consentimento cir&#250;rgico em defeitos perimembranosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a impress&#227;o em 3D ocupa um lugar mais bem estabelecido no treinamento e na educa&#231;&#227;o. Modelos impressos em 3D podem ser valiosos para residentes em cirurgia e estudantes de medicina, uma vez que eles promovem uma experi&#234;ncia realista, pr&#225;tica, com CCs complexas, e melhores resultados educacionais e habilidades cir&#250;rgicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O uso da impress&#227;o em 3D nas cirurgias de CCs exemplifica as implica&#231;&#245;es positivas de integrar tecnologias inovadoras nas pr&#225;ticas m&#233;dicas, levando a melhores desfechos dos pacientes, e estabelecendo novos padr&#245;es no tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <p>Os resultados demonstram a utilidade da impress&#227;o em 3D em v&#225;rias &#225;reas. Suas implica&#231;&#245;es incluem o planejamento cir&#250;rgico e a redu&#231;&#227;o no tempo cir&#250;rgico e na taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o. Acredita-se que uma das &#225;reas mais promissoras da impress&#227;o em 3D &#233; o treinamento cir&#250;rgico, em que os cirurgi&#245;es conseguem realizar procedimentos complexos em uma zona sem riscos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Outra expectativa &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos de produ&#231;&#227;o e a maior acessibilidade ao equipamento. Existe, ainda, expectativa acerca da pesquisa sobre o uso de materiais impressos em 3D que mimetizam tecidos biol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Contudo, a efici&#234;ncia da impress&#227;o em 3D depende do desenvolvimento das t&#233;cnicas de segmenta&#231;&#227;o e impress&#227;o, de maneira que elas possam ser incorporadas &#224; pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica posteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Uma alternativa &#233; a modelagem em 3D sem a impress&#227;o em 3D, que tem um custo mais baixo e pode ser usada em realidade virtualmente aumentada.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nossa an&#225;lise agrupada indicou que a impress&#227;o em 3D causa mudan&#231;as em 51,8% (IC95% 26,6-77,0% I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 80,7%) das decis&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas em casos complexos de CCs. Deve-se considerar que a alta heterogeneidade em nossos resultados pode ser explicada por diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es de CCs. Ainda, o poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e de relato pode haver superestimado esse resultado, uma vez que os estudos n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram pacientes consecutivos. Portanto, essa conclus&#227;o deve ser considerada com cuidado e representar melhor casos complexos das CC.</p>
        <p>Os estudos inclu&#237;dos variaram significativamente em termos das popula&#231;&#245;es de paciente, tipos de CCs, tecnologias de impress&#227;o em 3D, e interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas. Essa heterogeneidade pode dificultar a realiza&#231;&#227;o da metan&#225;lise ou de se tirar conclus&#245;es generalizadas. Por&#233;m, tal limita&#231;&#227;o somente influenciou os resultados agrupados de propor&#231;&#227;o, e a heterogeneidade nos demais resultados n&#227;o foi significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>N&#227;o foi avaliado vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de estudos em cada metan&#225;lise. Esta revis&#227;o pode ser afetada pelo vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que estudos com resultados negativos ou inconclusivos podem n&#227;o ter sido publicados. Al&#233;m disso, alguns estudos podem n&#227;o haver fornecido informa&#231;&#245;es completas sobre sua metodologia, resultados ou potenciais conflitos de interesse. Esse relato incompleto pode prejudicar a capacidade de se avaliar o risco de vi&#233;s e a validade dos achados do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos modelos 3D e seu impacto sobre o planejamento cir&#250;rgico pode influenciar os desfechos do estudo. Hussein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> relataram que alguns cirurgi&#245;es jovens consideraram a tecnologia mais &#250;til que cirurgi&#245;es experientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica destaca a evid&#234;ncia atual sobre o uso da impress&#227;o em 3D para as interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas de CCs. Esses modelos podem servir como uma ferramenta de planejamento pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e pode reduzir o tempo de cirurgia. Tais resultados devem ser confirmados em estudos com um n&#250;mero grande de casos e randomizados quanto &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o da tecnologia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecimento &#224; bolsa da PIBIC Ebserh CNPq, FAPERJ, FEC e PDPA prefeitura de Niter&#243;i pelo apoio financeiro.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7455-4351</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Serafim da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Davi Shunji Yahiro &#8226; Health, Science &amp; Education Lab &#8211; Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24220-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: daviyahiro@id.uff.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Congenital heart disease (CHD) poses significant challenges in surgical management due to the complexity of cardiac anatomy. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a promising tool in preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, and medical education for CHD surgeries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> We aimed to systematically review the literature on the utilization and benefits of 3D printing technology in CHD surgical interventions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A systematic search was conducted across PubMed and EMBASE for studies published up to February of 2024. We included controlled and uncontrolled studies investigating the surgical role of 3D printing in CHD patients. We conducted a single-arm meta-analysis estimating the proportion of change in treatment planning due to the use of 3D printed-models. Moreover, studies that compared 3D printing to conventional care were included into the meta-analysis. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 444 patients undergoing CHD surgeries with 3D printing assistance. Preoperative planning aided by 3D models led to changing surgical decisions in 35 of 75 cases (51.8%; 95% CI 26.6-77.0%, I2=80.68%, p=0.001) and reduced total operative time in 22.25 minutes in favor of the 3D printing group (95%CI 49.95; 5.80 min, I2=0%, p=0.817) but without statistical significance. Albeit in a smaller sample, other endpoints (mechanical ventilation and ICU time) demonstrated some benefit from the technology but without statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> By providing personalized anatomical models, 3D printing may facilitate surgical planning and execution. More studies are needed to investigate the effects of 3D printing on reducing intervention, hospitalization, and mechanical ventilation times.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Impact of 3D Printing on Cardiac Surgery in Congenital Heart Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240430-40430-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Three-Dimensional Printing</kwd>
        <kwd>Congenital Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Preoperative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Precision Medicine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac anomalies are the most prevalent congenital malformations among live births in the world. In Brazil, it is estimated that nearly 25,757 new cases occur each year, and the southeast region presents the highest prevalence, with 10 new cases/1,000 live births. However, this number may be even higher due to the underreporting of cases of congenital heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In many congenital heart diseases (CHD), a comprehensive analysis is necessary for the correct diagnosis and treatment as it can combine defects, adding complexity to each case. This requires an individualized and multidisciplinary treatment approach depending on their complexity. To plan an intervention, it is necessary to meticulously examine the anatomy of the structures. A meta-analysis demonstrated that the three-dimensional (3D) model of a CHD had a mean deviation of 0.04 mm, 95% CI (&#8722;0.16, 0.23) compared to the digital medical images.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>Therefore, modeling and printing of 3D models from medical images may provide an auxiliary visualization of the specific anomaly.</p>
        <p>3D models of any medical condition are possible by imaging exams. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most reliable techniques to obtain data for constructing anatomical models. Before printing, the images need to be transformed into a digital model and divided into thin layers to be reconstructed by a 3D printer, forming the final piece. In recent years, 3D printing has emerged as a prominent technology within the field of medicine, offering versatile applications. Its use ranges from surgical planning, educational purposes, to effective communication strategies. The multifaceted nature of 3D printing has significantly advanced medical practices, enabling enhanced precision, efficiency, and outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the promising potential of 3D printing technology in improving the planning and execution of cardiac surgeries, particularly in patients with congenital heart diseases, there is a noticeable absence of robust data in this area. This lack of comprehensive and high-quality data limits our understanding of the true applicability and impact of 3D printing in this context. While preliminary studies and anecdotal evidence have suggested that 3D-printed heart models could provide surgeons with better preoperative insights and possibly improve surgical outcomes, the need for large-scale, systematic research is evident. Such studies would help quantify the benefits, optimize the use of this technology, and validate its efficacy and cost-effectiveness in the clinical setting. Until then, the full potential of 3D printing for planning cardiac surgeries remains largely unexplored and underutilized. Given the emergence in the medical environment, some systematic reviews assessed the impact of 3D printing in cardiovascular conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>However, none of them focused on CHD and the surgery intervention. In this regard, this study aims to evaluate and analyze the current applications of 3D printing in surgical interventions in CHDs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Data source and Search Strategy</title>
          <p>A systematic literature search was conducted across electronic databases including PubMed and Embase. The search strategy used a combination of words and terms related to 3D printing, CHDs, surgery, and interventions. Boolean operators and search filters were applied to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant literature. The bibliography search was conducted in February of 2024, containing all works published until that date. The full search strategy is on <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0430_AO_Appendix_Systematic_Review.pdf">Appendix 1</ext-link>. Additionally, manual searching of reference lists was employed to identify additional studies that may have been missed through electronic searches.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria and selection process</title>
          <p>Two independent reviewers (DY and MC) screened titles and abstracts of retrieved citations to identify eligible studies. Full-text articles were then assessed for eligibility based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies were included if they evaluated the utility of 3D printing in surgical planning, performance, or prognosis of CHDs. Reviews, meta-analysis, letter, experimental studies, and case series with less than five participants were excluded from analysis. Any discrepancies between reviewers were resolved through discussion or consultation with a third reviewer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction</title>
          <p>Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers (DY, MC) using a standardized form. Extracted data included study design, sample size, 3D printer model, cost, imaging method, segmentation software, printing material, study purpose, condition in treatment, main findings such as change in surgery plan or time of surgery, and secondary outcomes: bypass time, mechanical ventilation, and length of hospitalization. We also collected information on change in surgery decision and &#8216;surgery time when available. Any disagreements between reviewers were resolved through consensus or consultation with a third reviewer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk of bias assessment</title>
          <p>The quality of the included articles was appraised by two authors (MC and LT) using two different risk of bias tools &#8211; a JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Series for the retrospective studies without a comparison group and the ROBINS-I tool for prospective non-randomized studies with a comparison group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of findings, and a meta-regression was conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Analysis of the pooled mean differences of surgical time, bypass time, respiratory support and length of hospital stay was performed using Open Meta Analyst.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this analysis, we included all studies that provided data on mean intervention time and its standard deviation in a group with 3D printing compared to a control group without 3D printing. The pooled analysis utilized the mean difference and standard mean difference by performing the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. For studies that provided median intervention time and its range, we estimated mean and variance according to Hozo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> For the pooled proportion of changes in surgical decision, we performed a single-arm meta-analysis for the combined effect size using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. We considered a 95% confidence interval, and 5% of statistical significance level. Heterogeneity was estimated by Q-statistics (&#8220;Cochran&#8217;s Q&#8221; test). I2 and T2 were provided to quantify inconsistencies of results across studies as an estimate of the standard deviation of the distribution of the results. Publication bias was not assessed because of the limited number of included studies. Sensitivity of pooled estimates of individual studies was examined using leave-one-out meta-analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Registration and protocol</title>
          <p>This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0430_AO_Appendix_Systematic_Review.pdf">Appendix 2</ext-link>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO under the number of CRD42024543412.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection</title>
          <p>The literature search yielded a total of 1,156 results, and 1069 studies were excluded after screening by title and abstract and removing duplicates. The remaining 81 articles were assessed for full text eligibility, obtaining 20 articles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Five articles were excluded from the meta-analysis because they did not report the outcome, and six were no controlled studies. Finally, nine studies were selected for the meta-analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) chart showing the flow of publications via the review process.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240430-40430-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study characteristics</title>
          <p>Five studies compared 3D printing groups to conventional care for outcomes, resulting in 219 patients. Sixty-four cases were operated on with the help of 3D-printed models, and 153 patients underwent surgery without 3D printing assistance. Four studies included data evaluated in the single-arm meta-analysis about changes in surgery planning after 3D printing application, resulting in 75 patients.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes the characteristics of included studies. Most studies used Mimics software (Materialise) to reconstruct the 3D models from CT or MRI scans. The photosensitive resin was the most common 3D printing technology observed in the studies.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the included studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Authors</th>
                    <th>Year</th>
                    <th>Study design</th>
                    <th>N</th>
                    <th align="left">Condition</th>
                    <th>Imaging method</th>
                    <th>Segmentation software</th>
                    <th>3D Printer Model</th>
                    <th>Printing materials</th>
                    <th>Costs</th>
                    <th>Study purpose</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bhatla et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td>VSD, DORV</td>
                    <td align="center">MRI or CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Garekar et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td>DORV</td>
                    <td align="center">MRI or CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">3D Systems Projet 660 pro full color</td>
                    <td align="center">PLA filament</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning and Education</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Han et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2019</td>
                    <td align="center">Control study</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (6/6)</td>
                    <td>interrupted aortic arch, VSD, DORV, hypoplasia of aortic arch, aortic atresia, aortic coarctation</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Formlabs</td>
                    <td align="center">Photopolymer resin</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Performance</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>He et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2019</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td>ASD With an Inferior Sinus Venosus Defect</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">ZRapid SLA450 RAPID</td>
                    <td align="center">Photosensitive Resin</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hoashi et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td>DORV, TGA, interrupted aortic arch, TOF</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">SOUP2 600GS and SCS-8100</td>
                    <td align="center">Photopolymer resin</td>
                    <td align="center">2000&#8211;3000 USD/model</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kappanayil et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2017</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td>complex DORV, two patients with criss&#8208;cross atrioventricular connections, CCTGA</td>
                    <td align="center">MRI or CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Photopolymer resin or PLA</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Matsubara et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2019</td>
                    <td align="center">Control study</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (4/7)</td>
                    <td>PDA</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Ziostation2 and OsiriX</td>
                    <td align="center">UP Plus2 3D printer</td>
                    <td align="center">ABS filament</td>
                    <td align="center">90 USD/model</td>
                    <td align="center">Planning and Performance</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nam et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2021</td>
                    <td align="center">Control study</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td>TOF; complex pulmonary stenosis</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">Stratasys Object500 Connex</td>
                    <td align="center">Photosensitive Resin</td>
                    <td align="center">100 USD/model</td>
                    <td align="center">Performance</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Olivieri et al.<sup>17</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td>Multiple CHD</td>
                    <td align="center">MRI or CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">Stratasys Object500 Connex</td>
                    <td align="center">Photosensitive Resin</td>
                    <td align="center">200 USD/model</td>
                    <td align="center">Education and knowledge</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ryan et al.<sup>18</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">Control study</td>
                    <td align="center">146 (33/113)</td>
                    <td>Pulmonary atresia, TOF, DORV, truncus arteriosus, vascular rings, single ventricle</td>
                    <td align="center">MRI or CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Geomagic and 3-matic</td>
                    <td align="center">zPrinter 650</td>
                    <td align="center">Photosensitive Resin</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperatorive planning, performance and acceptance</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Shi et al.<sup>19</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2021</td>
                    <td align="center">Control study</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (10/13)</td>
                    <td>Balanced ventricular and Imbalanced ventricular group</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">BQ Witbox</td>
                    <td align="center">PLA filament</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Planning and performance</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sun et al.<sup>20</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2017</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td>Kommerell&#8217;s diverticulum</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Medraw</td>
                    <td align="center">Pangu V4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">PLA filament</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tiwari et al.<sup>21</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2021</td>
                    <td align="center">Crossover study</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td>DORV with VSD and other CHDs of ventriculoarterial discordance</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">PLA or PVA filament</td>
                    <td align="center">350 USD/model</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Valverde et al.<sup>22</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2017</td>
                    <td align="center">Crossover study</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td>Multiple CHD, predominatly DORV with VSD</td>
                    <td align="center">MRI or CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">ITK-SNAP Software</td>
                    <td align="center">BQ Witbox</td>
                    <td align="center">TPU filament</td>
                    <td align="center">300-500 USD/model</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Wang et al.<sup>23</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td>ASD with rim deficiency</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">ZRapid SLA450 RAPID</td>
                    <td align="center">Photosensitive Resin</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Xu et al.<sup>24</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2019</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td>Multiple CHD</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">ISLA650</td>
                    <td align="center">Photosensitive Resin</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Xu et al.<sup>25</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2019</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td>Abnormal pulmonary venous drainage</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">ISLA650</td>
                    <td align="center">Photosensitive Resin</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yan et al.<sup>26</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td>ASD with rim deficiency</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Objet350 Connex3</td>
                    <td align="center">Photosensitive Resin</td>
                    <td align="center">1200&#8211;1300 USD/model</td>
                    <td align="center">Training and Performance</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yan et al.<sup>27</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">Case series</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td>ASD with no right pulmonary vein rim</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">Objet350 Connex3</td>
                    <td align="center">Photosensitive Resin</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Perioperative planning</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Zhao et al.<sup>28</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">Control study</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (8/17)</td>
                    <td>DORV</td>
                    <td align="center">CT scans</td>
                    <td align="center">Materialise Mimics</td>
                    <td align="center">ZPrinter 650</td>
                    <td align="center">Photosensitive Resin</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Planning and Performance</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>ASD: atrial septal defect; TOF: Tetralogy of Fallot; DORV: double outlet right ventricle; TGA: transposition of great arteries; VSD: ventricular septal defect; CCTGA: congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PLA: Polylactic Acid; ABS: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene; PVA: Polyvinyl Alcohol; TPU: Thermoplastic Polyurethane; CHD: congenital heart disease; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosus.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk of bias</title>
          <p>The risk of bias assessment in the included studies resulted in some concerns (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). All studies were considered moderate risk of bias in the domain of &#8220;selection of participants&#8221;. We conducted the meta-analysis despite this increased risk of bias because it was not reported whether patient selection for 3D printing has occurred before or after the imaging exams. Also, none of the case series included consecutive patients, increasing the risk of bias in our results.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Risk of Bias Assessment of the included studies.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240430-40430-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Change in surgery plan</title>
          <p>Four studies included data on change in surgery decisions. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> summarizes the pooled analysis indicating a 51.8% (95% CI 26.6-77.0%) rate in changing the surgery procedure after the 3D printing use. These results indicate that 3D models may be helpful for preoperative planning in complex cases of CHD.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pooled analysis for change in surgery decision after 3D-printed model interaction. CI: confidence interval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240430-40430-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Total surgery time</title>
          <p>Most controlled studies had data on mean total surgery time. The group undergoing treatment with 3D-printed models had shorter mean operating times compared with the conventional group, with a mean difference of 22.25 minutes, but without statistical significance; 95% CI = 49.951&#8211;5.797 minutes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pooled analysis of total surgery time on 3D printing group compared to conventional group. CI: confidence interval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240430-40430-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Secondary outcomes</title>
          <p>Compared to standard therapy without 3D printing, 3D printing-guided surgery in CHD patients had significant reduction on bypass time with a mean difference of 41.975 minutes; 95% CI = 71.754 to -12.197 minutes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>). Heterogenicity was low (I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 8.64%), with no statistical significance, which implies no inconsistencies of results across studies. Two studies were included in mechanical ventilation time, and intensive care unit time (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0430_AO_Appendix_Systematic_Review.pdf">Appendix 4-7</ext-link>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pooled analysis of mean bypass time on 3D printing group compared to conventional group. CI: confidence interval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240430-40430-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> summarizes the main findings of this paper.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our review demonstrates some positive effects of personalized 3D printing on surgical outcomes for CHDs. In the literature, 3D printing was found to be predominantly used in conotruncal pathologies and atrial septal defect. Conotruncal anomalies are often associated with a complex geometry, and imaging exams is an essential diagnostic tool in preoperative and postoperative assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This meta-analysis demonstrates the potential positive impact of 3D printing technology in the surgical treatment CHD. In surgeries with 3D-printed models, there was a significant reduction in bypass and intervention times compared to standard therapy. Reduction of surgical duration not only enhances the precision and efficiency of surgical procedures but also minimizes the risks associated with prolonged bypass time. Consequently, patients may benefit from shorter surgeries and potentially quicker recoveries.</p>
        <p>Previous systematic reviews reported that 3D printed models can provide surgeons with accurate representation of complex cardiac anatomies, potentially leading to improved surgical precision and better patient outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A meta-analysis of various cardiac surgeries demonstrated reduction in total operation time with a standardized mean difference of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.13-0.95, p = 0.001), but this result had high heterogeneity and included other surgeries besides CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Moreover, the pooled results demonstrated that 3D printed models have an impact on preoperative planning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Boracci et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> demonstrated similar evidence in adults with non-congenital heart disease, and six of the 14 models redefined surgical approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>3D models can also serve as effective tools for explaining complex surgical procedures to patients and their families. This can improve their understanding of the condition and the planned intervention, leading to better-informed consent and potentially reducing anxiety. A randomized control trial demonstrated the usefulness of 3D printed models for surgical consent in perimembranous ventricular septal defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Moreover, 3D printing has a more established place in training and education. 3D printed models can be valuable for surgical residents and medical students, as they provide a realistic, hands-on experience with complex CHDs, enhancing educational outcomes and surgical skills.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The use of 3D printing in CHD surgeries exemplifies the positive implications of integrating innovative technologies into medical practices, leading to improved patient outcomes, and setting new standards in surgical treatment.</p>
        <p>The results demonstrated the usefulness of 3D printing in several areas. Its applications include surgical planning and reduction in the surgery time and in the complication rate. It is believed that one of the most promising areas of 3D printing is the surgical training, in which surgeons can perform complex procedures in a free risk zone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Another expectation is the reduction of production costs and higher accessibility of equipment. There also is expectation around the research on the use of 3D-printable materials that mimic biological tissues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, the efficiency of 3D printing depends on development of segmentation and printing techniques, so they can be incorporated into medical practice thereafter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> One option is 3D modeling without 3D printing, which is less costly and can be used in virtual augmented reality.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our pooled analysis indicated that 3D printing changes 51.8% (95%CI 26.6-77.0% I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 80.68%) of the surgical decisions in complex cases of congenital heart diseases. It must be considered that the high heterogeneity in our results may be explained by different conditions of CHD. Also, the possible selection and reporting bias may have overestimated this result, as the studies did not include consecutive patients. Therefore, this conclusion must be taken with caution and be best representative for complex cases of CHDs.</p>
          <p>The included studies varied significantly in terms of patient populations, types of CHDs, 3D printing technologies used, and interventions performed. This heterogeneity can make it difficult to perform a meta-analysis or draw generalized conclusions. However, this limitation only influenced the pooled proportion results, and heterogeneity in other results was not significant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Publication bias was not assessed due to the limited number of studies in each meta-analysis. This review may be affected by publication bias, since studies with negative or inconclusive results may have not been published. Moreover, some studies may have not provided complete information on their methodology, results, or potential conflicts of interest. This incomplete reporting can hinder the ability to assess the risk of bias and the validity of the study findings. Besides, the interpretation of 3D models and their impact on surgical planning can be subjective. Variations in surgeon expertise and experience with 3D printing can influence study outcomes. Hussein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> reported that some young surgeons have considered the technology more helpful than experienced surgeons.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This systematic review underscores the current evidence on the use of 3D printing for surgical interventions for CHD. These models may serve as a preoperative planning tool and may reduce operation time. These findings should be confirmed in studies with large numbers of cases and randomized for the application of technology.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>Acknowledgement to the PIBIC Ebserh CNPq, FAPERJ, FEC and PDPA scholarships and the city of Niter&#243;i for the financial support.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12201/2024-0430_AO_Appendix_Systematic_Review.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
