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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4WCWY9w8rPsnz3wmxTfrJDP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240294</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Papel do Treinamento F&#237;sico na Melhoria da Qualidade de Vida para Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita Adulta: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6004-1734</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siyah</surname>
            <given-names>Tugba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0218-140X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yagli</surname>
            <given-names>Naciye Vardar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6607-0568</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ertugrul</surname>
            <given-names>Ilker</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5136-3977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aykan</surname>
            <given-names>Hayrettin Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5323-1943</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saglam</surname>
            <given-names>Melda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa,</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hacettepe University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hacettepe University, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hacettepe University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pediatric Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Tugba Siyah &#8226; Hacettepe University - Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation - Ankara/Turkey Ankara 06800 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>tubasanli96@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240294</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: O Papel do Treinamento F&#237;sico na Melhoria da Qualidade de Vida para Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita Adulta: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</title>
            </caption>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As diretrizes atuais orientam a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios para a maioria dos pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CPC). No entanto, a atividade f&#237;sica continua baixa em indiv&#237;duos com CPC, com pesquisas limitadas sobre os efeitos dos exerc&#237;cios em adultos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia do treinamento f&#237;sico sobre a capacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e a qualidade de vida para pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita adulta (CPCA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pesquisamos as bases de dado da PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science e Scopus at&#233; dezembro de 2022 em busca de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados que avaliassem os efeitos do treinamento aer&#243;bico e de resist&#234;ncia sobre a capacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios e a qualidade de vida na CPCA. Das 3.517 cita&#231;&#245;es obtidas, dez artigos eleg&#237;veis foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A metan&#225;lise dos estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados inclu&#237;dos (286 participantes) n&#227;o revelou mudan&#231;as significativas no consumo de m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio ou na qualidade de vida na CPCA com treinamento com exerc&#237;cios (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia combinada = 0,33 ml/kg/min [IC de 95%, -0,88 a 1,54 ml/kg/min]; p = 0,60; I<sup>2</sup> = 3%). No entanto, o aumento na carga de trabalho m&#225;xima foi significativo (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia combinada = 8,86 watts [IC de 95%, 0,78 a 16,93], p = 0,03, I<sup>2</sup> = 0%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Nossa revis&#227;o confirma que o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aumenta a carga de trabalho m&#225;xima em pacientes com CPCA. No entanto, a falta de um protocolo padronizado entre as interven&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios nessa popula&#231;&#227;o pode ter contribu&#237;do para a aus&#234;ncia de uma mudan&#231;a significativa no pico de VO<sub>2</sub> e na qualidade de vida observada nos estudos conduzidos. Al&#233;m disso, a heterogeneidade dos programas de exerc&#237;cios pode ser um fator contribuinte para a inconsist&#234;ncia dos resultados. Neste contexto, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de protocolos de exerc&#237;cios padronizados em pesquisas futuras, particularmente com tamanhos de amostra maiores, &#233; fundamental para melhorar a comparabilidade dos resultados. Estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados bem projetados, que avaliem o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios estruturados em pacientes com CPCA, fornecer&#227;o dados mais claros.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Treino Aer&#243;bico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora as possibilidades diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas para cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CPC) tenham melhorado significativamente nos &#250;ltimos anos, a CPC ainda &#233; uma das principais causas de defeitos cong&#234;nitos, com 13,3 milh&#245;es de pacientes em todo o mundo em 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Avan&#231;os em cardiologia intervencionista, cirurgia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita e no tratamento da CPC reduziram significativamente a mortalidade e aumentaram a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com CPC que atingem a idade adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esses desenvolvimentos rapidamente tornaram a CPC uma condi&#231;&#227;o pass&#237;vel de acompanhar o paciente por toda sua vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Espera-se que o n&#250;mero de adultos com CPC aumente em 5% ao ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Com o aumento da sobrevida de pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita adulta (CPCA), as vari&#225;veis de sa&#250;de funcional se tornaram um elemento importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos do tratamento. No passado, o tratamento da CPC era quase inteiramente dom&#237;nio da cardiologia pedi&#225;trica, mas agora deve ser cont&#237;nuo em todos os sistemas de sa&#250;de pedi&#225;tricos e adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A crescente popula&#231;&#227;o com CPCA aumentou a import&#226;ncia das oportunidades de tratamento e tratamento na idade adulta. Sendo assim, pesquisas est&#227;o em andamento para atender &#224;s v&#225;rias necessidades da popula&#231;&#227;o com CPCA, a fim de facilitar o tratamento da doen&#231;a e desenvolver diretrizes relevantes.</p>
      <p>A intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio &#233; um grande problema para pacientes com CPCA, afetando significativamente sua qualidade de vida. A maioria dos estudos anteriores foi conduzida com pacientes pedi&#225;tricos e adultos, com uma parcela m&#237;nima incluindo apenas adultos. N&#227;o existe uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica na literatura que inclua estudos focados apenas em adultos. Portanto, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica examinando os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico sobre a capacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio e a qualidade de vida em pacientes com CPCA pode ser ben&#233;fica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. O objetivo desta revis&#227;o foi examinar estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados que avaliaram a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a de programas de treinamento aer&#243;bico e de resist&#234;ncia em paciente com CPCA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi conduzida e relatada de acordo com as diretrizes PRISMA. O protocolo de revis&#227;o foi registrado no PROSPERO (Registro Prospectivo Internacional de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas; n&#250;mero de registro CRD42022380143).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rio de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados, que investigaram os efeitos do treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e de resist&#234;ncia em pacientes com CPCA foram inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram: estudos que incluem apenas indiv&#237;duos com CPC maiores de 18 anos; estudos envolvendo o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, treinamento de for&#231;a ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos os tipos de treinamento com exerc&#237;cios. Estudos envolvendo exerc&#237;cios respirat&#243;rios, oxigenoterapia e t&#233;cnicas motivacionais foram exclu&#237;dos. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios foram capacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio (pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio [pico de VO<sub>2</sub>]), carga de trabalho m&#225;xima e qualidade de vida.</p>
        <p>A pesquisa incluiu estudos publicados em ingl&#234;s, no per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 1980 e dezembro de 2022, nas bases de dados da PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science e Scopus. As palavras-chave foram verificadas no MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) para possibilitar uma estrat&#233;gia de busca que foi ent&#227;o usada para a obten&#231;&#227;o de t&#237;tulos e resumos de estudos potencialmente relevantes. Dois revisores independentes avaliaram o texto completo dos artigos selecionados para verificar o atendimento aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade. Um formul&#225;rio de dados foi usado para registrar dados dos artigos examinados. Os autores foram contatados por e-mail quando qualquer confirma&#231;&#227;o de dados ou informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais foram necess&#225;rias.</p>
        <p>Caracter&#237;sticas do estudo (por exemplo, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, desenho do estudo), caracter&#237;sticas do paciente (por exemplo, idade, diagn&#243;stico), dados de interven&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio (por exemplo, aer&#243;bico, de resist&#234;ncia, combinado) e dados de resultados (por exemplo, incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos, pico de VO<sub>2</sub>, carga de trabalho m&#225;xima, qualidade de vida) foram extra&#237;dos dos estudos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualidade da evid&#234;ncia</title>
        <p>A escala PEDro foi usada para avaliar a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia para esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. A escala PEDro avalia a qualidade metodol&#243;gica do estudo, com itens como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o, aloca&#231;&#227;o de grupo e cegamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Dos estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados inclu&#237;dos, sete especificaram como a randomiza&#231;&#227;o foi realizada. Os m&#233;todos de randomiza&#231;&#227;o usados nos estudos inclu&#237;ram uma sequ&#234;ncia de aloca&#231;&#227;o gerada por computador, randomiza&#231;&#227;o com envelopes lacrados e randomiza&#231;&#227;o em bloco. Devido &#224; natureza das interven&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel cegar os participantes e a equipe. No entanto, as medi&#231;&#245;es de resultados foram cegas em three estudos. Todos os estudos forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre dados de resultados ausentes. Nenhum vi&#233;s foi observado para relat&#243;rios seletivos em qualquer um dos estudos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>Dois revisores independentes avaliaram o risco de vi&#233;s nos estudos eleg&#237;veis usando a ferramenta Review Manager 5.4 (Cochrane, Reino Unido) para estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, dados de pico de VO<sub>2</sub>, qualidade de vida e carga de trabalho m&#225;xima foram registrados. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica consistiu em compara&#231;&#245;es de pico de VO<sub>2</sub>, qualidade de vida e carga de trabalho m&#225;xima entre os grupos de exerc&#237;cio e controle (sem exerc&#237;cio, cuidados habituais) ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias (DMs) agrupadas com IC de 95% e valores de p foram obtidos usando um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios (DerSimonian-Laird). Um valor de p de 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Valores de I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> entre 25% e 50% foram aceitos como um indicador de heterogeneidade moderada. Valores de I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> acima de 50% foram aceitos como um indicador de alta heterogeneidade. O Review Manager 5.4 (Cochrane, Reino Unido) foi usado para a an&#225;lise dos dados extra&#237;dos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 3517 publica&#231;&#245;es foram inicialmente rastreadas, e 83 publica&#231;&#245;es que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram revisadas. Dezenove publica&#231;&#245;es foram exclu&#237;das devido a duplica&#231;&#227;o. O texto completo de 64 artigos foi revisado. Destes, 54 publica&#231;&#245;es foram exclu&#237;das, e 10 publica&#231;&#245;es foram inclu&#237;das no estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). O tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra foi 10 e o m&#225;ximo foi 40. A idade m&#233;dia dos participantes variou de 29 a 41 anos.</p>
      <p>Oito dos 10 estudos envolveram treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos. O estudo de Avila et al. envolveu treinamento combinado com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e resist&#234;ncia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e a interven&#231;&#227;o conduzida por Cordina et al. envolveu apenas treinamento de resist&#234;ncia. Os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram publicados a partir de 2003 e aumentaram em n&#250;mero nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Todos os grupos de controle receberam tratamento padr&#227;o. As caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Refer&#234;ncia</th>
                <th>Ano de publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Diagn&#243;stico do paciente</th>
                <th>Idade do paciente (anos)</th>
                <th>Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Controle</th>
                <th>Medi&#231;&#245;es de desfecho</th>
                <th>Eventos adversos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;vila et al.<sup>8</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2016</td>
                <td align="center">TF</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">Treinamento aer&#243;bico e de resist&#234;ncia combinados</td>
                <td align="center">Cuidados habituais (com orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre exerc&#237;cios)</td>
                <td align="center">Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) PNC (pg/ml) Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso Equivalentes metab&#243;licos (MET) Dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio</td>
                <td align="center">Tontura leve durante o treinamento f&#237;sico em 2 pacientes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Westhoff-Bleck et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2013</td>
                <td align="center">TGA</td>
                <td align="center">29,3 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">Cuidados habituais</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> de pico (ml/kg/min) Escala de classifica&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o percebido de Borg Dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (min) Carga m&#225;xima de trabalho (W) Question&#225;rio de cardiomiopatia de Kansas City</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhum evento adverso</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Winter et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2013</td>
                <td align="center">Ventr&#237;culo direito sist&#234;mico, TGA</td>
                <td align="center">32 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">Cuidados habituais</td>
                <td align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> de pico (ml/kg/min) NT-proBNP (ng/l) Item do Short Form 36 (SF-36)</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhum evento adverso</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Novakovi&#263; et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2018</td>
                <td align="center">TF</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">Cuidados habituais (sem exerc&#237;cio supervisionado)</td>
                <td align="center">Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Carga m&#225;xima de trabalho (W) Equivalentes metab&#243;licos (MET) NT-proBNP (ng/l) Item do Short Form 36 (SF-36) sobre Qualidade de Vida em adultos (CHD-TAAQOL)</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhum evento adverso</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sandberg et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2018</td>
                <td align="center">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita complexa (atresia pulmonar, ToF, TGA)</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">Cuidados habituais</td>
                <td align="center">Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Carga m&#225;xima de trabalho (W) Escala visual anal&#243;gica EuroQol</td>
                <td align="center">Em um caso, o treinamento f&#237;sico foi interrompido devido ao desconforto do paciente durante a sess&#227;o de treinamento f&#237;sico e poss&#237;vel arritmia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>van Dissel et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2019</td>
                <td align="center">ToF, TGA, Fontan, atresia pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">Cuidados habituais</td>
                <td align="center">Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Limiar anaer&#243;bico (inclina&#231;&#227;o VE'/V'CO<sub>2</sub>) Carga m&#225;xima de trabalho (W) NT-proBNP (ng/l) Item do Short Form 36 (SF-36) Qualidade de vida em adultos (CHD-TAAQOL)</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhum evento adverso</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Opotowsky et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2010</td>
                <td align="center">ToF com estenose ou atresia pulmonar ou ventr&#237;culo direito de dupla sa&#237;da</td>
                <td align="center">41,1 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">Cuidados habituais</td>
                <td align="center">Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Carga m&#225;xima de trabalho (W) Limiar anaer&#243;bico (inclina&#231;&#227;o VE'/V'CO<sub>2</sub>) NT-proBNP (ng/l)</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhum evento adverso</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rakhmawati et al.<sup>17</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2020</td>
                <td align="center">DSA-HAP n&#227;o corrigido</td>
                <td align="center">37,5 &#177; 8,8 vs. 35,5 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">Cuidados habituais (os indiv&#237;duos mantiveram atividades e estilo de vida normais)</td>
                <td align="center">Dist&#226;ncia do TC6M (m) NT-proBNP (ng/l) Escala visual anal&#243;gica EuroQol</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhum evento adverso</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Therrien et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2003</td>
                <td align="center">TF</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 9,5 vs. 43,3 &#177; 73</td>
                <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">Cuidados habituais</td>
                <td align="center">Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Limiar anaer&#243;bico (inclina&#231;&#227;o VE'/V'CO<sub>2</sub>)</td>
                <td align="center">Batimentos ventriculares e atriais prematuros ocasionais em quatro pacientes durante o teste de exerc&#237;cio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cordina et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2012</td>
                <td align="center">Fontan</td>
                <td align="center">32 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">Treinamento de resist&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">Estilo de vida habitual</td>
                <td align="center">Pico de VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) For&#231;a muscular</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhum evento adverso</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ToF: Tetralogia de Fallot; TGA: transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias; DAS: defeito do septo atrial; HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; Pico de VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; PNC - Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; TC6M: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As interven&#231;&#245;es de treinamento com exerc&#237;cios variaram de 10 a 24 semanas de dura&#231;&#227;o. A frequ&#234;ncia mais comum de treinamento com exerc&#237;cios foi de tr&#234;s vezes por semana, e a dura&#231;&#227;o das sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios foi entre 30 e 60 minutos. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (FCm&#225;x) e o pico de VO<sub>2</sub> foram os m&#233;todos de prefer&#234;ncia para determinar a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio nos estudos inclu&#237;dos. A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio variou de 60-80% da FCm&#225;x e 50-85% do pico de VO<sub>2</sub>. Os detalhes relativos &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es nos relat&#243;rios inclu&#237;dos s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas das interven&#231;&#245;es de treinamento f&#237;sico inclu&#237;das na revis&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Refer&#234;ncia</th>
                <th>Tipo</th>
                <th>Dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento (semanas)</th>
                <th>Dura&#231;&#227;o da sess&#227;o (minutos)</th>
                <th>Sess&#245;es por semana</th>
                <th>Intensidade</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;vila et al.<sup>8</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Treinamento aer&#243;bico e de resist&#234;ncia combinados (corrida, remo, nata&#231;&#227;o e exerc&#237;cios de sustenta&#231;&#227;o de peso)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">1-2</td>
                <td align="center">70-80% FCm&#225;x</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Westhoff-Bleck et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">10-30</td>
                <td align="center">3-5</td>
                <td align="center">50% do pico de VO<sub>2</sub></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Winter et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&#8220;Step&#8221; aer&#243;bico</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">75-90% FCm&#225;x</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Novakovi&#263; et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Ciclismo e/ou caminhada r&#225;pida</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">2-3</td>
                <td align="center">60-80% FCm&#225;x</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sandberg et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">FC alvo em 75-80% da intensidade (m&#233;todo de Karvonen) ou classifica&#231;&#227;o de Borg de esfor&#231;o percebido 15-16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>van Dissel et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Esportes de prefer&#234;ncia do paciente (remo, ciclismo e patina&#231;&#227;o no gelo)</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">80% da FCm&#225;x</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Opotowsky et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Esteira, ciclismo ou remo</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">De acordo com a resposta do participante ao exerc&#237;cio e a taxa de esfor&#231;o percebido</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rakhmawati et al.<sup>17</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Esteira e caminhada</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">60-70% FCm&#225;x</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Therrien et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro e esteira</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">30-50</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">60-85% do pico de VO<sub>2</sub></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cordina et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Supino, puxada alta (lat&#237;ssimo do dorso), &#8220;leg press&#8221;, extens&#227;o de joelho, flex&#227;o de joelho, eleva&#231;&#227;o de panturrilha no hack e eleva&#231;&#227;o de panturrilha sentado</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">80% de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>FCm&#225;x: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima; Pico de VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio. Refer&#234;ncias</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pico de VO2</title>
          <p>Pacientes com CPCA que receberam as interven&#231;&#245;es de treinamento com exerc&#237;cios apresentaram pico de VO<sub>2</sub> semelhante &#224;queles que n&#227;o receberam treinamento com exerc&#237;cios. Em 8 estudos, o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP) com carga de trabalho crescente foi realizado no cicloerg&#244;metro. Apenas um estudo realizou o TECP na esteira. A an&#225;lise n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na melhora do pico de VO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes com CPCA entre os grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o e controle nos estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados inclu&#237;dos (9 estudos, n = 248: DM agrupada: 0,33 ml/kg/min [IC de 95%: &#8722;0,88-1,54 ml/kg/min]; p = 0,60; I<sup>2</sup> = 3%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> &#193;vila et al. revelaram que o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aumentou o pico de VO<sub>2</sub> em compara&#231;&#227;o com as medi&#231;&#245;es basais, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre o grupo de exerc&#237;cios e o grupo controle (grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o: mediana 27,1 [intervalo interquartil (IIQ): 25,0-33,6] ml/kg/min vs. grupo controle: 29 [IIQ: 25,5-31,0] ml/kg/min, p &gt; 0,05).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cordina et al. associaram o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios a um aumento significativo no pico de VO<sub>2</sub> (&#916; 183 &#177; 31 vs. 5 &#177; 39 ml/min, p = 0,02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Novakovi&#263; <italic>et al</italic>. compararam o treinamento intervalado e o treinamento cont&#237;nuo com um grupo controle e observaram que o treinamento intervalado melhorou o pico de VO<sub>2</sub>, enquanto o treinamento cont&#237;nuo n&#227;o. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos valores de pico de VO<sub>2</sub> entre os grupos ap&#243;s o treinamento (grupo de intervalo: mediana 22,9 [IIQ: 21,1-35,4] ml/kg/min, grupo cont&#237;nuo: 23,6 [IIQ: 20,7-27,8] ml/kg/min e grupo controle: 21,5 [IIQ: 19.4-29.1] ml/kg/min).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Semelhante a outros estudos, Opotowsky et al. revelaram que o valor de pico de VO<sub>2</sub> melhorou mais no grupo de exerc&#237;cios em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (&#916; 2,2 ml/kg/min, p = 0,002). No entanto, a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos ap&#243;s o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios n&#227;o foi significativa (grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o: 16,4 &#177; 1,5 ml/kg/min vs. grupo controle: 16,8 &#177; 2,3 ml/kg/min, p &gt; 0,05).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de floresta comparando o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios vs. controle; resultado: carga de trabalho m&#225;xima (W).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240294-40294-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Carga de trabalho m&#225;xima</title>
          <p>A carga de trabalho m&#225;xima (em watts) foi medida em 6 dos estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados inclu&#237;dos (total n = 87 no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o e n = 76 no grupo controle). Entre esses estudos, as cargas de trabalho m&#225;ximas dos participantes aumentaram significativamente ap&#243;s o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios (6 estudos: DM agrupada: 8,86 [IC de 95%: 0,78-16,93] W, p = 0,03, I<sup>2</sup> = 0%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Cordina <italic>et al</italic>. relataram resultados de carga de trabalho observados ap&#243;s 12 meses de treinamento de resist&#234;ncia de alta intensidade (interven&#231;&#227;o vs. grupo controle: 173 &#177; 15 vs. 149 &#177; 19 W, respectivamente, p = 0,01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Na compara&#231;&#227;o que realizaram entre treinamento intervalado, treinamento cont&#237;nuo e grupo controle, Novakovi&#263; et al. descobriram que tanto o treinamento intervalado quanto o cont&#237;nuo aumentaram a carga de trabalho m&#225;xima em compara&#231;&#227;o com as medi&#231;&#245;es da linha de base (grupo de intervalo: m&#233;dia &#916; 9 W, p = 0,002; grupo cont&#237;nuo: m&#233;dia &#916; 15 W, p = 0,003), mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Opotowsky et al. observaram uma melhora n&#227;o significativa na taxa de trabalho de pico (&#916; 8,1 W; p = 0,13, &#916; 9,2 W ajustado por idade; p = 0,16).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No estudo de Sandberg et al., a carga de trabalho de pico p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o no TECP incremental foi maior no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles (mediana 170 [intervalo: 90-240] vs. 140 [intervalo: 110&#8211;200] W, respectivamente) e a mudan&#231;a na carga de trabalho foi significativamente maior para o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#916; 20 [intervalo: &#8211;10-70] vs. &#916; 0 [intervalo: &#8211;20-15] W, respectivamente, p = 0,003).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, Westhoff-Bleck et al. observaram que a carga de trabalho m&#225;xima aumentou com o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios (grupo de exerc&#237;cios: 154,2 &#177; 46,4 W vs. grupo controle: 140,6 &#177; 26,4 W).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio dos resultados de outros estudos, van Dissel et al. relataram que a carga de trabalho m&#225;xima foi menor no grupo de treinamento com exerc&#237;cios em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. A raz&#227;o para esse resultado pode ser que a carga m&#225;xima de trabalho do grupo controle foi maior antes do treinamento (grupo de exerc&#237;cios: 183 &#177; 63 W vs. grupo controle: 198 &#177; 55 W, p = 0,209).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de floresta comparando o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios vs. controle; resultado: carga de trabalho m&#225;xima (W).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240294-40294-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade de vida</title>
          <p>A qualidade de vida foi avaliada usando o <italic>Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire</italic>, o <italic>36-Item Short Form Health Survey</italic> (SF-36), tradu&#231;&#245;es holandesas e italianas do <italic>CPC TNO/AZL Adult Quality of Life</italic> (CHD-TAAQOL) <italic>Questionnaire, EuroQoL Vertical Visual Analogue Scale</italic> (EQ-VAS) e <italic>Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire</italic> (MLHFQ). Os question&#225;rios mais frequentemente usados foram o EQ-VAS e o SF-36. Os participantes n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa nos escores do EQ-VAS ap&#243;s o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios (2 estudos: DM: 3,64 pontos [IC de 95%: &#8722;1,77-9,05 pontos]; p = 0,19; I<sup>2</sup>= 0%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em um desses estudos, os escores do EQ-VAS no grupo de exerc&#237;cios melhoraram incrementalmente da linha de base at&#233; a semana 12 (m&#233;dia &#916; 15,5, p &lt; 0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em contraste, Sandberg <italic>et al</italic>. n&#227;o relataram diferen&#231;as significativas na qualidade de vida entre os grupos de estudo (grupo de exerc&#237;cios: m&#233;dia &#916; 0 [intervalo: &#8211;21,0-25,0], grupo controle: m&#233;dia &#916; 0 [intervalo: &#8211;55,0-9,0], p = 0,42), resultado atribu&#237;do &#224; alta qualidade de vida na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo antes da interven&#231;&#227;o. Tr&#234;s estudos avaliaram a qualidade de vida com o SF-36, mas dados de apenas um estudo estavam dispon&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Novakovi&#263; et al. observaram que apenas o componente mental do question&#225;rio SF-36 melhorou em compara&#231;&#227;o com a linha de base no grupo de treinamento com exerc&#237;cios cont&#237;nuos (m&#233;dia &#916; 7, p = 0,028). No entanto, n&#227;o houve outras diferen&#231;as significativas dentro ou entre os grupos de intervalo, cont&#237;nuo e controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211;Gr&#225;fico de floresta comparando o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios vs. controle; resultado: qualidade de vida (EuroQoL EQ-VAS).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240294-40294-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos adversos</title>
          <p>Nenhum dos estudos relatou eventos adversos importantes relacionados ao exerc&#237;cio durante o teste de exerc&#237;cio ou treinamento. Therrien et al. relataram que batimentos ventriculares e atriais prematuros ocasionais foram registrados em quatro pacientes durante o teste de exerc&#237;cio (dois pacientes na linha de base e dois na avalia&#231;&#227;o de acompanhamento).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>No estudo de Sandberg et al., o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios foi interrompido devido ao desconforto do paciente e poss&#237;vel arritmia durante a sess&#227;o em um caso, mas nenhuma arritmia foi detectada no teste de exerc&#237;cio subsequente ou na grava&#231;&#227;o do Holter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Tontura leve foi relatada durante o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios em dois dos participantes em outro estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados sobre interven&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para pacientes com CPCA mostraram que o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aumentou a carga de trabalho m&#225;xima. No entanto, mais estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para demonstrar os efeitos sobre a capacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios, conforme avaliado pelo pico de VO<sub>2</sub> e a qualidade de vida (avaliada por EQ-VAS e SF-36). Nenhum evento adverso importante foi relatado durante a interven&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio em nenhum dos estudos inclu&#237;dos, indicando que o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios &#233; seguro para a popula&#231;&#227;o com CPCA. Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica inclui o primeiro estudo a investigar o impacto do treinamento f&#237;sico exclusivamente dentro de pesquisas focadas na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.</p>
      <p>Dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, sete demonstraram que o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos contribuiu para melhorias no pico de VO<sub>2</sub>, enquanto apenas dois estudos que avaliaram o pico de VO<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o mostraram qualquer melhora com o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos. A CPCA abrange uma ampla variedade de doen&#231;as, e os estudos revisados inclu&#237;ram pacientes com diversas patologias diferentes, como Tetralogia de Fallot, Transposi&#231;&#227;o das Grandes Art&#233;rias, Atresia Pulmonar de Fontan e Defeito do Septo Atrial. A inclus&#227;o dessas condi&#231;&#245;es, que envolvem diferentes patologias, resulta na forma&#231;&#227;o de grupos heterog&#234;neos. Sabe-se que o pico de VO<sub>2</sub> &#233; afetado por diversos fatores, incluindo oxigena&#231;&#227;o muscular, capacidade de transporte de oxig&#234;nio, fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo (VEF<sub>1</sub>), capacidade de difus&#227;o do pulm&#227;o para mon&#243;xido de carbono (D<sub>LCO</sub>) e massa muscular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Sendo assim, os resultados inconsistentes e a aus&#234;ncia geral de uma diferen&#231;a significativa no pico de VO<sub>2</sub> com o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos podem ser atribu&#237;dos aos grupos de estudo heterog&#234;neos e &#224; influ&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos fatores sobre o pico de VO<sub>2</sub>. Os valores basais de pico de VO<sub>2</sub> tamb&#233;m impactam os resultados p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Embora tenha havido uma mudan&#231;a no pico de VO<sub>2</sub> com o treinamento f&#237;sico, valores basais mais baixos no grupo de treinamento f&#237;sico em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle podem levar a uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o err&#244;nea dos resultados. Al&#233;m disso, um tamanho de amostra insuficiente foi observado em v&#225;rios estudos. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o, somada aos altos desvios-padr&#227;o, podem ser fatores que afetaram os resultados. Al&#233;m disso, embora esteira e ciclismo tenham sido mais comumente usados, as interven&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios nos estudos inclu&#237;dos foram bastante heterog&#234;neas. &#193;vila et al. inclu&#237;ram exerc&#237;cios de corrida, remo, nata&#231;&#227;o e levantamento de peso em sua interven&#231;&#227;o combinada de treinamento f&#237;sico, enquanto van Dissel et al. usaram exerc&#237;cios de remo, ciclismo e patina&#231;&#227;o no gelo, de acordo com as prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes. Considerando que as respostas de diferentes patologias ao exerc&#237;cio ser&#227;o diferentes em estudos envolvendo diferentes CPCs, o volume de exerc&#237;cios pode ter sido insuficiente para adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Outra revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente e metan&#225;lise de estudos envolvendo pacientes com tetralogia de Fallot avaliou o efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico sobre o pico de VO<sub>2</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Embora essa metan&#225;lise tenha inclu&#237;do indiv&#237;duos com CPCA, a idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes no estudo foi de 7,4 a 43,3 anos. A ampla faixa et&#225;ria pode dificultar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para as popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;trica e adulta.</p>
      <p>Outro fator importante &#233; o papel da idade na determina&#231;&#227;o da intensidade e do tipo de exerc&#237;cio apropriados. Incluir volumes de exerc&#237;cio heterog&#234;neos em estudos impede uma compreens&#227;o clara do efeito do treinamento com exerc&#237;cios sobre o pico de VO<sub>2</sub>. O pico de VO<sub>2</sub> aumenta proporcionalmente ao aumento do n&#237;vel de exerc&#237;cio ou carga de trabalho. Mais energia por unidade de tempo (pot&#234;ncia) &#233; necess&#225;ria para executar uma carga de trabalho mais pesada. Portanto, em cargas de trabalho maiores, o VO<sub>2</sub> aumenta proporcionalmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> De acordo com os resultados dos estudos examinados, um aumento significativo na carga de trabalho foi observado com o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos.</p>
      <p>Nesta revis&#227;o, observamos que a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o do treinamento com exerc&#237;cios foi semelhante nos grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o e controle. De forma semelhante, outra revis&#227;o concluiu que qualquer tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica (promo&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica, treinamento com exerc&#237;cios e treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio) exerceu pouco ou nenhum efeito sobre a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Um estudo indicou que um programa de atividade f&#237;sica card&#237;aca domiciliar, de intensidade moderada a alta, por 12 semanas, era seguro e vi&#225;vel para crian&#231;as com circula&#231;&#227;o de Fontan e estava associado a uma melhora significativa na qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de relatada pelos pais, mas o programa n&#227;o melhorou significativamente a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de autorrelatada pelos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Em contraste, Rhodes et al. observaram melhorias nos escores do question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida relacionado &#224; sa&#250;de em 15 pacientes com CPC complexa ap&#243;s um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca hospitalar de 12 semanas e revelaram que essa melhora foi sustentada no acompanhamento de 1 ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> N&#227;o podemos esquecer que, em estudos conduzidos na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, as fam&#237;lias t&#234;m alta determina&#231;&#227;o, o que pode afetar os resultados do treinamento. Portanto, estudos com uma faixa et&#225;ria espec&#237;fica incluindo crian&#231;as t&#234;m uma generaliza&#231;&#227;o muito limitada para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Para examinar o efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico sobre a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de na popula&#231;&#227;o com CPCA, &#233; essencial avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de apenas em adultos e observar os resultados do manejo da doen&#231;a com acompanhamento de longo prazo. A qualidade de vida pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, como bem-estar f&#237;sico, situa&#231;&#227;o financeira, vida social e estado psicol&#243;gico e emocional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Por esse motivo, seria mais apropriado examinar dados de mais estudos, com an&#225;lises adicionais para entender o efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico sobre a qualidade de vida. Al&#233;m disso, em vez de question&#225;rios gerais de qualidade de vida, instrumentos desenvolvidos especificamente para CPC podem ser ferramentas de avalia&#231;&#227;o mais adequadas.</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o musculoesquel&#233;tica &#233; conhecida por ser relativamente comum em pessoas com CPCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Sandberg et al. mostraram que adultos com les&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas complexas tinham fun&#231;&#227;o muscular prejudicada em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com les&#245;es simples e controles. Al&#233;m disso, a complexidade da les&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; um fator determinante importante da fun&#231;&#227;o muscular dos membros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Terapias direcionadas &#224; melhora da fraqueza muscular s&#227;o recomendadas, uma vez que as limita&#231;&#245;es nos exerc&#237;cios demonstraram ser fortes preditores de sobreviv&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o com CPC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A literatura carece de dados referentes &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular e treinamento de for&#231;a em adultos com CPC. Acreditamos que mais estudos nesta &#225;rea ser&#227;o importantes porque a for&#231;a muscular &#233; multifatorial e pessoas com CPCA apresentam problemas musculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nenhum evento adverso importante relacionado ao exerc&#237;cio foi relatado nos estudos. Tradicionalmente, as preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre a seguran&#231;a do treinamento f&#237;sico resultaram em muitos pacientes com CPC sendo orientados por seus m&#233;dicos a n&#227;o praticar esportes ou outras atividades f&#237;sicas no in&#237;cio da vida, levando &#224; superprote&#231;&#227;o parental ou ambiental e a restri&#231;&#245;es indevidas desde a inf&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Indiv&#237;duos com CPC t&#234;m menor capacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Esta situa&#231;&#227;o aumenta a import&#226;ncia da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com CPC. Foi sugerido que a inclus&#227;o da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e do treinamento com exerc&#237;cios no manejo da doen&#231;a pode ser ben&#233;fica para pacientes com CPCA e intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora muitos estudos tenham demonstrado os benef&#237;cios do treinamento com exerc&#237;cios, foi relatado que apenas 19% das pessoas com CPC recebem orienta&#231;&#227;o formal sobre a pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Isso constitui um fator de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular na vida adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Portanto, a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios deve ser fortemente encorajada em pacientes com CPC sem restri&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> O fato de que a popula&#231;&#227;o com CPCA tem aumentado e at&#233; mesmo superado a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica com CPC exige uma perspectiva sobre o manejo da doen&#231;a e o planejamento de programas de tratamento para atender &#224;s necessidades dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Um pequeno mas crescente corpo de literatura sugere que, al&#233;m da terapia m&#233;dica de rotina, pacientes com CPC clinicamente est&#225;veis devem receber prescri&#231;&#227;o de um programa de educa&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios individualizado, compat&#237;vel com as caracter&#237;sticas de sua condi&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s uma avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Uma delas &#233; que havia poucos estudos eleg&#237;veis avaliando exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia e exerc&#237;cios combinados como interven&#231;&#245;es e usando a capacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio e a qualidade de vida como medidas de resultado. Al&#233;m disso, os estudos inclu&#237;dos n&#227;o apresentaram dados de acompanhamento de longo prazo, o que contribuiria para o manejo da doen&#231;a ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica mostra que a carga m&#225;xima de trabalho aumenta com o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios na popula&#231;&#227;o com CPCA. Al&#233;m disso, mostra que h&#225; pouca evid&#234;ncia sob a forma de estudos randomizados para fundamentar a ideia de que os exerc&#237;cios melhoram a capacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios e a qualidade de vida na CPCA. Portanto, estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados bem projetados de treinamento com exerc&#237;cios padronizados, incluindo treinamento aer&#243;bico e de resist&#234;ncia, al&#233;m de estudos com amostras maiores, fornecer&#227;o mais orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre este assunto. Estudos de acompanhamento de longo prazo, envolvendo grupos homog&#234;neos de CPCA, e programas de exerc&#237;cios padronizados podem fornecer mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os benef&#237;cios potenciais da pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240294i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Examining the Role of Exercise Training in Enhancing Life for Adult Congenital Heart Disease: Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6004-1734</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siyah</surname>
            <given-names>Tugba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis/ Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0218-140X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yagli</surname>
            <given-names>Naciye Vardar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6607-0568</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ertugrul</surname>
            <given-names>Ilker</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5136-3977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aykan</surname>
            <given-names>Hayrettin Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5323-1943</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saglam</surname>
            <given-names>Melda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hacettepe University, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ankara &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Tugba Siyah &#8226; Hacettepe University - Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation &#8211; Ankara 06800 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: tubasanli96@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Examining the Role of Exercise Training in Enhancing Life for Adult Congenital Heart Disease: Systematic Review</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240294-40294-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Current guidelines advise exercise for most congenital heart disease patients (CHD). However, physical activity remains low in CHD individuals, with limited research on exercise&#8217;s effects in adults.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of exercise training on exercise capacity and quality of life in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We searched PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus through December 2022 for randomized controlled trials assessing aerobic and resistance training effects on exercise capacity and quality of life in ACHD. Out of 3,517 citations, ten eligible articles were included.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Meta-analysis of the included randomized controlled trials (286 participants) found no significant change in peak oxygen consumption or quality of life in ACHD with exercise training (pooled mean difference = 0.33 ml/kg/min [95% CI, -0.88 to 1.54 ml/kg/min]; p = 0.60; I<sup>2</sup>= 3%). However, the increase in maximum workload was significant (pooled mean difference = 8.86 watts [95% CI, 0.78 to 16.93], p = 0.03, I<sup>2</sup> = 0%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Our review confirms that exercise training increases the maximum workload in ACHD patients. However, the lack of a standardized protocol among exercise interventions in this population may have contributed to the absence of a significant change in peak VO<sub>2</sub> and quality of life observed in the conducted studies. The heterogeneity of exercise programs could be a contributing factor to the inconsistency of the results. In this context, the implementation of standardized exercise protocols in future research, particularly with larger sample sizes, is crucial to enhance the comparability of outcomes. Well-designed randomized controlled trials studying structured exercise training in ACHD patients will provide clearer insights.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Congenital Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Endurance Training</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Although the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities for congenital heart disease (CHD) have improved significantly in recent years, CHD is one of the leading birth defects, with 13.3 million patients worldwide in 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Advances in interventional cardiology, congenital heart surgery, and CHD management have significantly reduced mortality from CHD and increased the population of patients with CHD reaching adulthood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> These developments have rapidly made CHD a lifelong condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The number of adults with CHD is expected to increase by 5% per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> With the increasing survival of patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD), functional health variables have become an important element in the assessment of treatment effects. In the past, CHD management was almost entirely the domain of pediatric cardiology, but it must now be continuous across the pediatric and adult healthcare systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The growing ACHD population has increased the importance of management and treatment opportunities in adulthood. Therefore, research is ongoing to meet the various needs of the ACHD population, facilitate disease management, and develop relevant guidelines.</p>
        <p>Exercise intolerance is a major problem for ACHD patients and significantly affects their quality of life. Most previous studies have been conducted with both pediatric and adult patients, with very few including only adults. There is no systematic review in the literature that includes studies only focused on adults. Thus, a systematic review examining the effects of exercise training on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with ACHD may be beneficial in clinical practice. The purpose of this review was to examine randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness and safety of aerobic and resistance exercise training programs in ACHD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This systematic review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; registration number CRD42022380143).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>Randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training in ACHD were included in this systematic review. Eligibility criteria included only individuals with CHD over the age of 18 years and involving aerobic exercise training, strength training, or a combination of both types of exercise training. Studies involving breathing exercises, oxygen therapy, and motivational techniques were excluded. The primary outcomes were exercise capacity (peak oxygen consumption [peakVO<sub>2</sub>]), maximal workload, and quality of life.</p>
          <p>We searched for studies published in English between January 1980 and December 2022 in PubMed/Medline, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Scopus. Keywords were checked in the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to develop a search strategy that was then used to obtain the titles and abstracts of potentially relevant studies. Two reviewers independently assessed the full text of the selected articles to verify whether they met the eligibility criteria. A data form was used to record data from the examined articles. The authors were contacted via email when any data confirmation or additional information was required.</p>
          <p>Study characteristics (e.g., year of publication, study design), patient characteristics (e.g., age, diagnosis), exercise intervention data (e.g., aerobic, resistance, combined), and outcome data (e.g., incidence of adverse events, peakVO<sub>2</sub>, maximal workload, quality of life) were extracted from the included studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality of evidence</title>
          <p>The PEDro scale was used to assess the quality of evidence for this systematic review. The PEDro scale evaluates the methodological quality of the study with items such as inclusion/exclusion criteria, group allocation, and blinding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Seven of the included randomized controlled trials specified how randomization was performed. The randomization methods used in the studies included a computer-generated allocation sequence, randomization with sealed envelopes, and block randomization. Due to the nature of the interventions, it was impossible to blind participants and personnel. However, outcome measurements were blinded in three studies. All of the studies provided information about missing outcome data. There was no bias for selective reporting in any of the studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk of bias assessment</title>
          <p>Two independent reviewers assessed the risk of bias in the eligible studies using the Review Manager 5.4 (Cochrane, UK) tool for randomized controlled trials.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>For statistical analysis peakVO<sub>2</sub>, quality of life, and maximum workload data were recorded. The statistical analysis consisted of comparisons of peakVO<sub>2</sub>, quality of life, and maximum workload between the exercise and control groups (non-exercise, usual care) after the intervention. Pooled mean differences (MDs) with 95% CI and p values were obtained using a random effects model (DerSimonian-Laird). A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> values between 25% and 50% were accepted as an indicator of moderate heterogeneity. I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> values above 50% were accepted as an indicator of high heterogeneity. Review Manager 5.4 (Cochrane, UK) was used for the analysis of the extracted data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 3517 publications were initially screened, and 83 publications that met the eligibility criteria were reviewed. Nineteen publications were excluded due to duplication. The full text of 64 articles was reviewed. Of these, 54 publications were excluded, and 10 publications were included in the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). The minimum sample size was 10 and the maximum was 40. The average age of the participants ranged from 29 to 41 years.</p>
        <p>Eight of the 10 studies involved aerobic exercise training. The study by Avila et al. involved combined aerobic and resistance exercise training,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and the intervention conducted by Cordina et al. involved only resistance training. The included studies were published starting in 2003 and increased in number in the last 10 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> All of the control groups received standard care. Characteristics of the included studies are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the included studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Reference</th>
                  <th>Publication Year</th>
                  <th>Patient diagnosis</th>
                  <th>Patient age (years)</th>
                  <th>Intervention</th>
                  <th>Control</th>
                  <th>Outcome Measures</th>
                  <th>Adverse events</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;vila et al.<sup>8</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">ToF</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">Combined aerobic and resistance training</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual care (with exercise counseling)</td>
                  <td align="center">PeakVO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) BNP (pg/ml) Resting heart rate Metabolic equivalents (MET) Exercise duration</td>
                  <td align="center">Mild dizziness during exercise training in 2 patients</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Westhoff-Bleck et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2013</td>
                  <td align="center">TGA</td>
                  <td align="center">29.3 &#177; 3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">Aerobic exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual care</td>
                  <td align="center">Peak VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Borg rating of perceived exertion scale Exercise duration (min) Maximum workload (W) Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire</td>
                  <td align="center">No adverse event</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Winter et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2013</td>
                  <td align="center">Systemic right ventricle, TGA</td>
                  <td align="center">32 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">Aerobic exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual care</td>
                  <td align="center">PeakVO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) NT-proBNP (ng/l) Short Form 36 item (SF-36)</td>
                  <td align="center">No adverse event</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Novakovi&#263; et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">ToF</td>
                  <td align="center">39 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">Aerobic exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual care (No supervised exercise)</td>
                  <td align="center">PeakVO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Maximum workload (W) Metabolic equivalents (MET) NT-proBNP (ng/l) Short Form 36 item (SF-36)Adult Quality of Life (CHD-TAAQOL)</td>
                  <td align="center">No adverse event</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sandberg et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">Complex congenital heart disease (Pulmonary atresia, ToF, TGA)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">Aerobic exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual care</td>
                  <td align="center">PeakVO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Maximum workload (W) EuroQol visual analog scale</td>
                  <td align="center">In one case, exercise training was interrupted due to patient discomfort during the exercise training session and possible arrhythmia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>van Dissel et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">ToF, TGA, Fontan, Pulmonary atresia</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">Aerobic exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual care</td>
                  <td align="center">PeakVO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Anaerobic threshold (VE&#8217;/V&#8217;CO<sub>2</sub> slope) Maximum workload (W) NT-proBNP (ng/l) Short Form 36 item (SF-36) Adult Quality of Life (CHD-TAAQOL</td>
                  <td align="center">No adverse event</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Opotowsky et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2010</td>
                  <td align="center">ToF with pulmonary stenosis or atresia or double-outlet right ventricle</td>
                  <td align="center">41.1 &#177; 12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">Aerobic exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual care</td>
                  <td align="center">PeakVO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Maximum workload (W) Anaerobic threshold (VE&#8217;/V&#8217;CO2 slope) NT-proBNP (ng/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">No adverse event</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rakhmawati et al.<sup>17</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2020</td>
                  <td align="center">Uncorrected ASD-PAH</td>
                  <td align="center">37.5 &#177; 8.8 vs. 35.5 &#177; 10.4</td>
                  <td align="center">Aerobic exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual care (subjects maintained regular activities and lifestyle)</td>
                  <td align="center">6MWT distance (m) NT-proBNP (ng/l) EuroQol visual analog scale</td>
                  <td align="center">No adverse event</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Therrien et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2003</td>
                  <td align="center">ToF</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 9.5 vs. 43.3 &#177; 73</td>
                  <td align="center">Aerobic exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual care</td>
                  <td align="center">PeakVO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Anaerobic threshold (VE&#8217;/V&#8217;CO<sub>2</sub> slope)</td>
                  <td align="center">Occasional premature ventricular and atrial beats in four patients during exercise testing</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cordina et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2012</td>
                  <td align="center">Fontan</td>
                  <td align="center">32 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">Resistance training</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">PeakVO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) Muscle strength</td>
                  <td align="center">No adverse event</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ToF: Tetralogy of Fallot; TGA: transposition of the great arteries; ASD: atrial septal defect; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; peakVO<sub>2</sub>: peak oxygen consumption; bnp - brain natriuretic peptide; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The exercise training interventions ranged from 10 to 24 weeks in duration. The most common frequency of exercise training was three times a week, and the duration of exercise sessions was between 30 and 60 minutes. Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) and peakVO<sub>2</sub> were the most preferred methods for determining exercise intensity in the included studies. Exercise intensity ranged from 60-80% of HRmax and 50-85% of peakVO<sub>2</sub>. Details pertaining to the interventions in the included reports are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the exercise training interventions included in the review</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Reference</th>
                  <th>Type</th>
                  <th>Training duration (weeks)</th>
                  <th>Session duration (minutes)</th>
                  <th>Sessions per week</th>
                  <th>Intensity</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;vila et al.<sup>8</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Combined aerobic and resistance training (jogging, rowing, swimming, and weight-bearing exercises)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">1-2</td>
                  <td align="center">70-80% HRmax</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Westhoff-Bleck et al.<sup>15</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">10-30</td>
                  <td align="center">3-5</td>
                  <td align="center">50% peakVO<sub>2</sub></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Winter et al.<sup>16</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Step aerobic</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">75-90% HRmax</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Novakovi&#263; et al.<sup>10</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cycling and/or speed walking</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">2-3</td>
                  <td align="center">60-80% HRmax</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sandberg et al.<sup>13</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cycle ergometer</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Target HR at 75-80% intensity (Karvonen method) or Borg rating of perceived exertion 15-16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>van Dissel et al.<sup>14</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Sports of patient's preference (rowing, cycling, and ice skating)</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">80% HRmax</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Opotowsky et al.<sup>11</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Treadmill, cycling, or rowing</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">According to the participant&#8217;s response to exercise and perceived exertion rate</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rakhmawati et al.<sup>17</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Treadmill and walking</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">60-70% HRmax</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Therrien et al.<sup>12</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Cycle ergometer and treadmill</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">30-50</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">60-85% peakVO<sub>2</sub></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cordina et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Chest press, lat (latissimus dorsi) pull-down, leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, hack calf, and seated calf</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">80% of the one-repetition maximum</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>HR: HRmax - Maximum Heart Rate; peakVO<sub>2</sub> &#8211; Peak Oxygen Consumption.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <sec>
            <title>PeakVO2</title>
            <p>Patients with ACHD who received the exercise training interventions had similar peakVO<sub>2</sub> as patients who did not receive exercise training. In 8 studies, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) with increasing workload was performed on the cycle ergometer. Only one study performed CPET on the treadmill. Analysis showed no statistically significant difference in improvement in peakVO<sub>2</sub> in patients with ACHD between the exercise training intervention and control groups of the included randomized controlled trials (9 studies, n = 248: pooled MD: 0.33 ml/kg/min [95% CI: -0.88-1.54 ml/kg/min]; p = 0.60; I<sup>2</sup>= 3%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> &#193;vila et al. found that exercise training increased peakVO<sub>2</sub> compared to baseline measurements, but there was no difference between the exercise and control group (intervention group: median 27.1 [interquartile range (IQR): 25.0-33.6] ml/kg/min vs. control group: 29 [IQR: 25.5- 31.0] ml/kg/min, p &gt; 0.05).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cordina et al. associated exercise training with a significant increase in peakVO<sub>2</sub> (&#916; 183 &#177; 31 vs. 5 &#177; 39 ml/min, p = 0.02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Novakovic et al. compared interval training and continuous training with a control group and found that interval training improved peakVO<sub>2</sub> while continuous training did not. There was no significant difference in peakVO<sub>2</sub> values between the groups after the training (interval group: median 22.9 [IQR: 21.1-35.4] ml/kg/min, continuous group: 23.6 [IQR: 20.7-27.8] ml/kg/min, and control group: 21.5 [IQR: 19.4- 29.1] ml/kg/min).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Similar to other studies, Opotowsky et al. found that peakVO<sub>2</sub> value improved more in the exercise group compared to the control group (&#916; 2.2 ml/kg/min, p = 0.002). However, the difference between groups after exercise training was not significant (intervention group: 16.4 &#177; 1.5 ml/kg/min vs. control group: 16.8 &#177; 2.3 ml/kg/min, p &gt; 0.05).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Forest plot comparing exercise training vs. control; outcome: peakVO2 (ml/kg/min).</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240294-40294-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Maximum Workload</title>
            <p>Maximum workload (in watts) was measured in 6 of the included randomized controlled trials (total n = 87 in the intervention group and n = 76 in the control group). Among these studies, the participants&#8217; maximum workloads increased significantly after exercise training (6 studies: pooled MD: 8.86 [95% CI: 0.78-16.93] W, p = 0.03, I<sup>2</sup>= 0%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Cordina et al. reported workload outcomes observed after 12 months of high-intensity resistance training (intervention vs. control group: 173 &#177; 15 vs. 149 &#177; 19 W, respectively, p = 0.01).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In their comparison of interval training, continuous training, and the control group, Novakovi&#263; et al. found that both interval and continuous training increased the maximum workload compared to baseline measurements (interval group: mean &#916; 9 W, p = 0.002; continuous group: mean &#916; 15 W, p = 0.003), but there was no difference between the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Opotowsky et al. found a nonsignificant improvement in peak work rate (&#916; 8.1 W; p = 0.13, age-adjusted &#916; 9.2 W; p = 0.16).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In the Sandberg et al. study, post-intervention peak workload in the incremental CPET was higher in the intervention group compared to controls (median 170 [range: 90-240] vs. 140 [range: 110&#8211;200] W, respectively) and the change in workload was significantly greater for the intervention group (mean &#916; 20 [range: &#8211;10-70] vs. &#916; 0 [range: &#8211;20-15] W, respectively, p = 0.003).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Similarly, Westhoff-Bleck et al. found that the maximum workload increased with exercise training (exercise group: 154.2 &#177; 46.4 W vs. control group: 140.6 &#177; 26.4 W).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Contrary to the results of other studies, van Dissel et al. reported that the maximum workload was lower in the exercise training group than the control group. The reason for this result may be that the maximum workload of the control group was higher before training (exercise group: 183 &#177; 63 W vs. control group: 198 &#177; 55 W, p = 0.209).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Forest plot comparing exercise training vs. control; outcome: maximum workload (W).</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240294-40294-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Quality of life</title>
            <p>Quality of life was assessed using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Dutch and Italian translations of the CHD TNO/AZL Adult Quality of Life (CHD-TAAQOL) Questionnaire, EuroQoL Vertical Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS), and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ). The most frequently used questionnaires were the EQ-VAS and SF-36. Participants showed no significant difference in EQ-VAS scores after exercise training (2 studies: MD: 3.64 points [95% CI: &#8722;1.77-9.05 points]; p = 0.19; I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>= 0%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In one of these studies, EQ-VAS scores in the exercise group improved incrementally from baseline to week 12 (mean &#916; 15.5, p &lt; 0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In contrast, Sandberg et al. reported no significant difference in the quality of life between the study groups (exercise group: mean &#916; 0 [range: &#8211;21.0-25.0], control group: mean &#916; 0 [range: &#8211;55.0-9.0], p = 0.42), which they attributed to the high quality of life in the study population before the intervention. Three studies evaluated quality of life with the SF-36, but data from only one study were available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Novakovic et al. observed that only the mental component of the SF-36 questionnaire improved compared to the baseline in the continuous exercise training group (mean &#916; 7, p = 0.028). However, there were no other significant differences within or between the interval, continuous, and control groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f04001">
                <label>Figure 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Forest plot comparing exercise training vs. control; outcome: quality of life (EuroQoL EQ-VAS).</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240294-40294-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Adverse effects</title>
            <p>None of the studies reported major exercise-related adverse events during exercise testing or training. Therrien et al. reported that occasional premature ventricular and atrial beats were recorded in four patients during exercise testing (two patients in baseline and two in follow-up assessment).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>In the study by Sandberg et al., exercise training was interrupted due to patient discomfort and possible arrhythmia during the session in one case, but no arrhythmia was detected in the subsequent exercise test or Holter recording.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Mild dizziness was reported during exercise training in two of the participants in another study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The results of this systematic review of randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions for patients with ACHD showed that exercise training increased maximum workload, however, more randomized controlled trials are needed to demonstrate the effects on exercise capacity as assessed by peakVO<sub>2</sub> and quality of life (assessed by EQ-VAS and SF-36). No major adverse events were reported during the exercise intervention in any of the included studies, indicating that exercise training is safe for the ACHD population. This systematic review is the first study that investigates the impact of exercise training exclusively within research focused on the adult population.</p>
        <p>Out of the studies included in this systematic review, seven studies demonstrated that aerobic exercise training contributed to improvements in peakVO<sub>2</sub>, while only two studies evaluating peakVO<sub>2</sub> showed no improvement with aerobic exercise training. ACHD encompasses a wide variety of diseases, and the reviewed studies included patients with many different pathologies such as Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Pulmonary Atresia Fontan, and Atrial Septal Defect. The inclusion of these conditions, which involve different pathologies, results in the formation of heterogeneous groups. It is known that peakVO<sub>2</sub> is affected by many factors such as muscle oxygenation, oxygen-carrying capacity, endothelial function, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV<sub>1</sub>), diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (D<sub>LCO</sub>), and muscle mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Therefore, the inconsistent results and overall lack of a significant difference in peakVO<sub>2</sub> with aerobic exercise training may be attributable to the heterogeneous study groups and the influence of multiple factors on peakVO<sub>2</sub>. Baseline peakVO<sub>2</sub> values also impact post-exercise results. Although there was a change in peakVO<sub>2</sub> with exercise training, lower baseline values in the exercise training group compared to the control group may be misleading in interpreting the results. In addition, insufficient sample size was noted in several studies. This situation and high standard deviations may be factors that affected the results. Furthermore, although treadmill and cycling were used most commonly, the exercise interventions in the included studies were quite heterogeneous. &#193;vila et al. included jogging, rowing, swimming, and weight-lifting exercises in their combined exercise training intervention, whereas van Dissel et al. used rowing, cycling, and ice-skating exercises in accordance with the patients&#8217; preferences. Considering that the responses of different pathologies to exercise will differ in studies involving different CHDs, the exercise volume may have been insufficient for adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Another recent systematic review and meta-analysis of studies involving patients with only tetralogy of Fallot evaluated the effect of exercise training on peakVO<sub>2</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Although that meta-analysis included individuals with ACHD, the median age of the patients in the study was 7.4-43.3 years. The large age range can make it difficult to interpret the results for both the pediatric and adult populations.</p>
        <p>Another important factor is the role of age in determining the appropriate exercise intensity and type. Including heterogeneous exercise volumes in studies precludes a clear understanding of the effect of exercise training on peakVO<sub>2</sub>. PeakVO<sub>2</sub> increases in proportion to the increase in the exercise level, or workload. More energy per unit of time (power) is required to perform a heavier workload. Therefore, at greater workloads, VO<sub>2</sub> increases proportionately.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> According to the results of the examined studies, a significant increase in workload was observed with aerobic exercise training.</p>
        <p>In this review, we found that health-related quality of life after the exercise training intervention was similar in the intervention and control groups. Another review similarly led to the conclusion that any type of physical activity intervention (physical activity promotion, exercise training, and inspiratory muscle training) had little or no effect on health-related quality of life compared with standard care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> One study indicated that a 12-week moderate- to high-intensity home-based cardiac physical activity program was safe and feasible for children with Fontan circulation and was associated with significant improvement in parent-reported health-related quality of life, but the program did not significantly improve the pediatric patients&#8217; self-reported health-related quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In contrast, Rhodes et al. observed improvements in health-related quality of life questionnaire scores in 15 patients with complex CHD after a 12-week hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation program and found that this improvement was sustained at 1-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> It should not be forgotten that in studies conducted in the pediatric population, families have high motivation, which may affect the results of training. Therefore, studies with a specific age range that includes children have very limited generalizability to the general population. In order to examine the effect of exercise training on health-related quality of life in the ACHD population, it is essential to evaluate health-related quality of life in adults only and observe the results of disease management with long-term follow-up. Quality of life can be influenced by numerous factors, such as physical well-being, financial situation, social life, and psychological and emotional state.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> For this reason, it would be more appropriate to examine data from more studies with further analyses to understand the effect of exercise training on quality of life. Also, instead of general quality-of-life questionnaires, instruments developed specifically for CHD may be better assessment tools.</p>
        <p>Skeletal muscle dysfunction is known to be relatively common in people with ACHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Sandberg et al. showed that adults with complex congenital heart lesions had impaired muscle function compared to patients with simple lesions and controls. Furthermore, the complexity of the heart lesion is an important determinant of limb muscle function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Targeted therapies to improve muscle weakness are recommended, as exercise limitations have been shown to be strong predictors of survival in the CHD population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Literature data pertaining to muscle strength assessment and strength training in adults with CHD are lacking. We believe that further studies in this area will be important because muscle strength is multifactorial and people with ACHD have muscle problems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No exercise-related major adverse events were reported in any of the studies. Traditionally, concerns about the safety of exercise training have resulted in many CHD patients being advised by their physicians not to participate in sports and other physical activities early in life, leading to parental or environmental overprotection and undue restrictions starting from childhood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Individuals with CHD have lower exercise capacity compared to healthy controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> This situation increases the importance of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with CHD. It has been suggested that the inclusion of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in disease management may be beneficial for ACHD patients with exercise intolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Although many studies have demonstrated the benefits of exercise training, it was reported that only 19% of people with CHD receive formal physical activity advice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> This constitutes a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in later life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Therefore, exercise should be strongly encouraged for CHD patients without physical activity restrictions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> The fact that the ACHD population is increasing and even outnumbing the pediatric CHD population necessitates an adult perspective on disease management and the planning of treatment programs to meet the needs of adult patients.</p>
        <p>A small but growing body of literature suggests that in addition to routine medical therapy, patients with CHD who are clinically stable should be prescribed an individualized exercise education program commensurate to the characteristics of their condition after appropriate evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>There are some limitations to this systematic review. One of these is that few eligible trials evaluated resistance exercise and combined exercise as interventions and used exercise capacity and quality of life as outcome measures. Additionally, the included studies did not include long-term follow-up data, which would contribute to disease management after the exercise intervention.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This systematic review shows that maximal workload increases with exercise training in the ACHD population. It also shows that there is little evidence from randomized trials to support the idea that exercise training improves exercise capacity and quality of life in ACHD. Therefore, well-designed randomized controlled trials of standardized exercise training, including aerobic and strength training, and studies with larger samples will provide further guidance on this subject. Long-term follow-up studies involving homogeneous CHD groups and standardized exercise programs may provide more information about the potential benefits of exercise training.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
