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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RjVNqSydR3jWyzQFmn9MxdM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200312</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00312</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240253</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto dos Bloqueios Intraventriculares na Din&#226;mica do Ciclo Card&#237;aco: Uma An&#225;lise ECO e Vetorcardiogr&#225;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6671-0820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5723-8285</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesus</surname>
            <given-names>Luciene Dias de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abensur</surname>
            <given-names>Henry</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6104-9113</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Carlos Eduardo Duarte &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>carlosduarte.ritmo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240253</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE) provoca retardos que alteram a mec&#226;nica do ciclo ventricular. O efeito de outros bloqueios intraventriculares (BIV) permanece pouco explorado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Estudar as fases do ciclo card&#237;aco (CC) e a sincronia ventricular em diferentes padr&#245;es de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal com 328 indiv&#237;duos consecutivos sem cardiopatia estrutural, eletrocardiograma normal ou BIV, realizado entre agosto/2020 e janeiro/2022. Ecocardiograma e Vetorcardiograma foram realizados simultaneamente para analisar a eletromec&#226;nica do CC. Foi uitlizada a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia de um fator (ANOVA) com teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Bonferroni, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A idade dos participantes foi de 64,8&#177;15,3 anos, com 57,9% do sexo masculino e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 67,0&#177;6,8%. O eletrocardiograma foi normal em 32,3%, 18,6% apresentavam bloqueio do ramo direito (BRD), 17,7% apresentavam bloqueio da divis&#227;o anterossuperior (BDAS), 15,6% apresentavam BRD+BDAS e 15,9% apresentavam BRE. No ecocardiograma, verificou-se aumento da pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 18,7% (p&lt;0,001) e 56,8% (p&lt;0,001) no BRD+BDAS e BRE, respectivamente. Houve contra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica p&#243;s-sist&#243;lica em todos os tipos de BIV e dissincronia ventricular no BRE. Pelo Vetorcardiograma, observou-se ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial da onda R aumentada em 17,4% no BDAS (p&lt;0,001), 43,5% no BRD+BDAS (p&lt;0,001) e 47,4% no BRE (p&lt;0,001) e final atrasada em 69,4% no BRE (p&lt;0,001), 73,6% no BRD+BDAS (p&lt;0,001) e 95,3% no BRD (p&lt;0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Todos BIV modificaram o CC; entretanto, apenas o BRE e o BRD+BDAS alteraram significativamente o ciclo ventricular esquerdo, evidenciando a maior complexidade desses dist&#250;rbios.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Impacto dos Bloqueios Intraventriculares na Din&#226;mica do Ciclo Card&#237;aco: Uma An&#225;lise ECO e Vetorcardiogr&#225;fica</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RjVNqSydR3jWyzQFmn9MxdM/f6747c4b81462e30fcebe08e4a96a500d2676ea8.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RjVNqSydR3jWyzQFmn9MxdM/f42249deeb20e6b61343513fde456ccf9a09604e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RjVNqSydR3jWyzQFmn9MxdM/01fbc1fcb469fd4374d1dbbea9c8d5478b36e161.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Bloqueio de Ramo</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Vetorcardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica intraventricular est&#227;o associados a retardo da ativa&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, altera&#231;&#227;o da sincronia ventricular normal e perda da efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Esses fen&#244;menos podem variar em grau e em localiza&#231;&#227;o, assim como acometer global ou regionalmente um &#250;nico ou ambos os ventr&#237;culos, dependendo do tipo de dist&#250;rbio el&#233;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O estudo dos efeitos dos bloqueios da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ganhou maior interesse a partir do desenvolvimento da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) e da observa&#231;&#227;o de que seus efeitos cl&#237;nicos e funcionais variavam em fun&#231;&#227;o do tipo de bloqueio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie tem sido o m&#233;todo utilizado para classificar os diversos tipos de bloqueios da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular, enquanto o ecocardiograma, nas suas diversas modalidades, tem permitido avaliar os efeitos funcionais desses dist&#250;rbios el&#233;tricos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recentemente, a transforma&#231;&#227;o matem&#225;tica dos sinais do eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie tornou poss&#237;vel a obten&#231;&#227;o do vetorcardiograma de forma simplificada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Este m&#233;todo aumenta a acur&#225;cia do ECG para determinar os atrasos da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e da repolariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por permitir a an&#225;lise vetorial simult&#226;nea em tr&#234;s planos, al&#233;m da decomposi&#231;&#227;o das al&#231;as el&#233;tricas das ondas P e T e dos complexos QRS em suas fases inicial e final, atrav&#233;s da identifica&#231;&#227;o dos seus pontos de amplitude m&#225;xima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos funcionais do bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo no ciclo card&#237;aco (CC) tem demonstrado o aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;stole e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da di&#225;stole, dentre outros efeitos delet&#233;rios &#224; din&#226;mica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) causados por este dist&#250;rbio el&#233;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Contudo, no melhor do nosso conhecimento, esses fen&#244;menos ainda n&#227;o foram estudados nos demais tipos de bloqueio intraventricular. A justificativa para o presente estudo baseia-se na necessidade de se identificar quais tipos de bloqueios intraventriculares (BIV) de padr&#227;o n&#227;o-BRE est&#227;o associados a altera&#231;&#245;es significativas do ciclo ventricular esquerdo e, que, portanto, podem se beneficiar da TRC.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, pelo vetorcardiograma e pelo ecocardiograma, indiv&#237;duos com diferentes tipos de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular, para compreender as altera&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas e suas correspond&#234;ncias mec&#226;nicas nas diferentes fases do CC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal realizado em indiv&#237;duos consecutivos referenciados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma bidimensional de rotina em um centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2020 a janeiro de 2022. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos adultos, com cora&#231;&#227;o morfologicamente normal, ritmo sinusal regular, condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular 1:1 e condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular normal ou com padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de bloqueio da divis&#227;o anterossuperior (BDAS), bloqueio do ramo direito (BRD), bloqueio do ramo direito com bloqueio divisional anterossuperior (BRD+BDAS) ou bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE). N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, especialmente defeito card&#237;aco cong&#234;nito, doen&#231;a de Chagas ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos ou percut&#226;neos cardiovasculares pr&#233;vios; abla&#231;&#227;o de arritmias card&#237;acas ou uso de dispositivo card&#237;aco eletr&#244;nico implant&#225;vel; uso de medicamentos que retardam a despolariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou alteram o intervalo QT como antiarr&#237;tmicos ou antidepressivos; &#225;reas eletricamente inativas no eletrocardiograma ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor do que 0,40; altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar; ou &#225;reas de cicatrizes ventriculares ao ecocardiograma.</p>
        <p>A amostra, definida por conveni&#234;ncia, foi composta pelos indiv&#237;duos que realizam o ecocardiograma bidimensional de rotina de maneira consecutiva no per&#237;odo do estudo e que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os casos que apresentaram inviabilidade t&#233;cnica para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas espec&#237;ficas ou para gera&#231;&#227;o das al&#231;as vetorcardiogr&#225;ficas devido &#224; baixa qualidade do sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, assim como os que apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficas indicativas de modifica&#231;&#245;es na contratilidade segmentar, &#225;reas eletricamente inativas ou sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 0,40.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dados cl&#237;nicos basais</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o no estudo, foi realizado o levantamento do hist&#243;rico cardiovascular e do estado funcional, mediante consulta do prontu&#225;rio e entrevista com os pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
        <p>As medidas temporais do CC foram determinadas a partir do in&#237;cio do complexo QRS e visaram o c&#225;lculo do intervalo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o, do per&#237;odo ejetivo, do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico e do tempo de enchimento do VE, assim como do intervalo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o e do per&#237;odo ejetivo do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD). A sincronia interventricular foi determinada pela diferen&#231;a entre os intervalos pr&#233;-ejetivos das c&#226;maras ventriculares direitas e esquerdas e a sincronia intraventricular, pela diferen&#231;a temporal entre os nadires das paredes lateral e septal obtidos durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade ventricular esquerda pelo modo M. A presen&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o muscular ap&#243;s o fechamento valvar a&#243;rtico (contra&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica) foi mensurada para as paredes septal e lateral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
        <p>A categoriza&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica dos padr&#245;es de ativa&#231;&#227;o intraventricular, foi feita por um &#250;nico analisador em conformidade com os seguintes crit&#233;rios: (1) Grupo NORMAL, caracterizado por complexo QRS &lt; 120 ms com &#226;ngulo m&#225;ximo do complexo QRS no plano frontal (S&#226;QRS) entre -30&#176; e 90&#176;; (2) Grupo BDAS incluindo complexo QRS &lt; 120 ms com desvio do eixo no plano frontal para a esquerda com S&#226;QRS &lt; -45&#176; com padr&#227;o rS em D2 e D3, sendo D3 de 15 mm e D3&gt;D2; (3) Grupo BRD compreendendo complexo QRS &gt; 120 ms e presen&#231;a de onda R trif&#225;sica em V1 ou V2 (rsr&#8217;, rsR&#8217;, rSR&#8217;); (4) Grupo BRD+BDAS caracterizado pela associa&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es de BRD e BDAS acima descritos e (5) Grupo BRE incluindo complexo QRS &gt; 120 ms na presen&#231;a onda R bif&#225;sica em V1 ou V2 (QS ou rS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As medidas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ciclo RR), da dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e dos intervalos PR e QT foram realizadas de forma autom&#225;tica pelo software do equipamento utilizado para o registro do ECG e conferidas manualmente para a certifica&#231;&#227;o de sua precis&#227;o. A corre&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi realizada pelo software seguindo a f&#243;rmula de Bazzett.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O S&#226;QRS foi anotado ap&#243;s a defini&#231;&#227;o correta dos intervalos acima mencionados. A unidade de tempo utilizada foi o milissegundo (ms), a unidade de amplitude foi o microvolt (&#181;V) e a unidade angular foi o grau (&#176;).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vetorcardiograma</title>
        <p>Os sinais vetorcardiogr&#225;ficos, constru&#237;dos pela transforma&#231;&#227;o matem&#225;tica dos sinais eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos seguindo a regra de Kors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>permitiram a determina&#231;&#227;o dos tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial e final da onda R, dos tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial e final da onda T, dos tempos de ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial e final da onda P nas al&#231;as tridimensionais (3-D), constru&#237;das pela soma vetorial dos planos frontal, horizontal e sagital e dos Segmentos isoel&#233;tricos ST, TP e PR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica da avalia&#231;&#227;o vetorecocardiogr&#225;fica do ciclo card&#237;aco. IPVD: intervalo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito; IPVE: intervalo de pr&#233; eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NCL: nadir da contra&#231;&#227;o da parede lateral; NCS: nadir da contra&#231;&#227;o da parede Septal; PEVD: per&#237;odo ejetivo do ventr&#237;culo direito; PEVE: per&#237;odo ejetivo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TAFP: tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o final da onda P; TAFR: tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o final da onda R; TAFT: tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o final da onda T; TAIP: tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial da onda P; TAIR: tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial da onda R; TAIT: tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial da onda T; TEVE: tempo de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240253-40253-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta eletr&#244;nica e gerenciamento dos dados</title>
        <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada em formul&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos desenvolvidos no software REDCap (<italic>Research Electronic Data Capture</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ao longo do estudo, foram utilizadas funcionalidades espec&#237;ficas do REDCap para o monitoramento da qualidade dos dados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis estudadas e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos resultados foram considerados os dados cl&#237;nicos basais, os dados do eletrocardiograma, do ecocardiograma e do vetorcardiograma. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas esta an&#225;lise foi feita pela apresenta&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas calculou-se frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) foi utilizado para a testagem da normalidade dos dados.</p>
        <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos foi realizada a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia de um fator com teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Bonferroni. Para se testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as propor&#231;&#245;es foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, conforme a natureza dos dados. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 394 indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados. Destes, 57 n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos por apresentar hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou por estar em uso de medicamentos que alteram o segmento ST ou o intervalo QT. Ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o no estudo, nove participantes foram exclu&#237;dos por apresentar, ao ecocardiograma, altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar da contratilidade card&#237;aca ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt;0,40 ou por problemas t&#233;cnicos para a obten&#231;&#227;o do vetorcardiograma. Desta forma, a amostra do estudo foi composta por 328 indiv&#237;duos, distribu&#237;dos conforme os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos estabelecidos para a condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular: NORMAL em 106 (32,3%), BDAS em 58 (17,7%), BRD em 61 (18,6%), BRD+BDAS em 51 (15,6%) e BRE em 52 (15,9%) participantes. As caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes da pesquisa segundo os grupos estudados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis estudadas</th>
                  <th>Todos (n = 328)</th>
                  <th>NORMAL (n = 106)</th>
                  <th>BDAS (n = 58)</th>
                  <th>BRD (n = 61)</th>
                  <th>BRD+BDAS (n = 51)</th>
                  <th>BRE (n = 52)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">64,9 &#177; 15,3</td>
                  <td align="center">55,2 &#177; 16,2</td>
                  <td align="center">69,8 &#177; 11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">68,2 &#177; 14,6</td>
                  <td align="center">71,8 &#177; 10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">67,3 &#177; 12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (42,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (51,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (34,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (36,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (29,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">190 (57,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (48,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (65,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (63,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (70,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (50,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classe Funcional (NYHA), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">323 (98,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (98,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (92,3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidades, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">186 (56,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (41,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (67,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (62,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (62,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (63,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (39,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (28,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (41,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (39,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (37,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (59,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (27,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (19,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (31,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (31,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (25,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (34,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,252</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipotireoidismo</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (13,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (12,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (19,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (21,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,069</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medicamentos, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de qualquer medicamento</td>
                  <td align="center">256 (78,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (58,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (86,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (85,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (90,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (88,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (60,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (48,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (70,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (61,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (58,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (65,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,186</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (19,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (23,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (43,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemida</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis Ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;trio Esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,5 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">34,0 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">34,9 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">35,5 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">37,8 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">36,9 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,9 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">46,7 &#177; 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">48,2 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">47,6 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">49,3 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">49,3 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventr&#237;culo direito (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,8 &#177; 3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">25,2 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">25,3 &#177; 2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">26,4 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,0 &#177; 6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">67,4 &#177; 6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">69,5 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">67,1 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">61,8 &#177; 9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>BRA: bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina II; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IECA: inibidores da convers&#227;o da enzima da angiotensina; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica do ciclo card&#237;aco</title>
        <p>Os momentos de abertura e de fechamento das valvas pulmonar, a&#243;rtica e mitral est&#227;o apresentados no Material Suplementar (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0253_suplementar.pdf">Tabela S1</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>Houve altera&#231;&#245;es significativas do intervalo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o e do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do VE associadas aos bloqueios da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Nota-se que os padr&#245;es de BRD e de BDAS, isoladamente, n&#227;o estiveram associados a aumento significativo da pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo NORMAL. Por outro lado, no subgrupo BRD+BDAS houve aumento de 18,7% no per&#237;odo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o e no BRE, aumento de 56,8%. Vale ressaltar que o per&#237;odo ejetivo do VE n&#227;o foi comprometido em nenhum dos tipos de BIV estudados. O tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico apresentou aumento significativo associado apenas ao padr&#227;o BRD+BDAS. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas no enchimento VE associadas aos BIV.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das fases da s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole segundo os grupos estudados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis estudadas</th>
                  <th>Todos (n = 328)</th>
                  <th>NORMAL (n = 106)</th>
                  <th>BDAS (n = 58)</th>
                  <th>BRD (n = 61)</th>
                  <th>BRD+BDAS (n = 51)</th>
                  <th>BRE (n = 52)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>S&#237;stole &#8211; Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intervalo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">100,8 &#177; 25,9</td>
                  <td align="center">88,4 &#177; 16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">95,9 &#177; 20,1</td>
                  <td align="center">91,1 &#177; 19,5</td>
                  <td align="center">105,0 &#177; 22,6</td>
                  <td align="center">138,7 &#177; 20,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">300,3 &#177; 33,6</td>
                  <td align="center">298,8 &#177; 32,8</td>
                  <td align="center">306,4 &#177; 35,3</td>
                  <td align="center">295,7 &#177; 34,2</td>
                  <td align="center">298,8 &#177; 34,7</td>
                  <td align="center">303,5 &#177; 31,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,427</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#225;stole &#8211; Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico</td>
                  <td align="center">87,5 &#177; 34,9</td>
                  <td align="center">79,3 &#177; 29,2</td>
                  <td align="center">86,3 &#177; 37,6</td>
                  <td align="center">85,8 &#177; 30,9</td>
                  <td align="center">100,2 &#177; 42,2</td>
                  <td align="center">95,3 &#177; 35,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de enchimento do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">473,4 &#177; 131,8</td>
                  <td align="center">472,3 &#177; 136,7</td>
                  <td align="center">475,2 &#177; 140,51</td>
                  <td align="center">473,9 &#177; 123,2</td>
                  <td align="center">509,4 &#177; 135,1</td>
                  <td align="center">437,4 &#177; 112,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>S&#237;stole &#8211; Ventr&#237;culo Direito</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intervalo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o do VD</td>
                  <td align="center">106,5 &#177; 27,3</td>
                  <td align="center">91,0 &#177; 17,6</td>
                  <td align="center">99,5 &#177; 25,7</td>
                  <td align="center">125,9 &#177; 18,7</td>
                  <td align="center">132,4 &#177; 24,2</td>
                  <td align="center">97,88 &#177; 25,59</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD</td>
                  <td align="center">306,4 &#177; 38,7</td>
                  <td align="center">308,7 &#177; 34,5</td>
                  <td align="center">312,7 &#177; 39,6</td>
                  <td align="center">299,4 &#177; 37,1</td>
                  <td align="center">307,1 &#177;40,2</td>
                  <td align="center">302,00 &#177; 45,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,329</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>BDAS: bloqueio divisional anterossuperior; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O intervalo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o do VD tamb&#233;m apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es associadas aos BIVs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Nota-se que, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o NORMAL, os padr&#245;es BRD e BRD+BDAS estiveram associados a aumento significativo dos intervalos de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o do VD, de 38,5% para o BRD e de 45,5% para o BRD+BDAS, n&#227;o tendo sido observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos padr&#245;es BDAS e BRE. Quanto ao per&#237;odo de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD, n&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o significativa associada a qualquer dos dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Dissincronia interventricular foi verificada em todos os tipos de BIV com complexo QRS largo. Enquanto nos indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o NORMAL ou com BDAS a abertura da valva pulmonar ocorreu logo ap&#243;s a da valva a&#243;rtica, a ocorr&#234;ncia de BRD ou de BRD+BDAS implicou em ampliar essa diferen&#231;a. Por outro lado, o BRE esteve associado a retardo significativo do in&#237;cio da eje&#231;&#227;o do VE. Dissincronia intraventricular foi observada apenas no padr&#227;o BRE, no qual a parede septal atingiu seu nadir notavelmente ap&#243;s o da parede lateral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Em todos os demais padr&#245;es de BIV a sincronia das paredes septal e lateral do VE foi pouco alterada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Atraso do nadir da contra&#231;&#227;o septal em indiv&#237;duo portador de Bloqueio de Ramo esquerdo. BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; NCL: nadir da contra&#231;&#227;o da parede lateral; NCS: nadir da contra&#231;&#227;o da parede septal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240253-40253-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o da sincronia ventricular e da contra&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica segundo os grupos estudados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis estudadas</th>
                  <th>Todos (n = 328)</th>
                  <th>NORMAL (n = 106)</th>
                  <th>BDAS (n = 58)</th>
                  <th>BRD (n = 61)</th>
                  <th>BRD+BDAS (n = 51)</th>
                  <th>BRE (n = 52)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sincronia interventricular (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 32,2</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 18,8</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 24,9</td>
                  <td align="center">34,9 &#177; 19,8</td>
                  <td align="center">27,4 &#177; 19,9</td>
                  <td align="center">-40,8 &#177; 25,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo transcorrido ap&#243;s o fechamento da valva a&#243;rtica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nadir de contra&#231;&#227;o da parede Septal (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,7 &#177; 70,1</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,7 &#177; 56,4</td>
                  <td align="center">25,2 &#177; 75,5</td>
                  <td align="center">34,5 &#177; 53,2</td>
                  <td align="center">34,3 &#177; 61,8</td>
                  <td align="center">82,4 &#177; 80,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nadir de contra&#231;&#227;o da parede Lateral (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 47,2</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 35,9</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 47,6</td>
                  <td align="center">23,6 &#177; 45,0</td>
                  <td align="center">22,0 &#177; 61,2</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8 &#177; 52,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sincronia entre as paredes lateral e septal do VE (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">-15,4 &#177; 76,4</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 58,5</td>
                  <td align="center">-17,7 &#177; 84,1</td>
                  <td align="center">-10,9 &#177; 65,0</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,2 &#177; 82,0</td>
                  <td align="center">-72,6 &#177; 78,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>BDAS: bloqueio divisional anterossuperior; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular durante o per&#237;odo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico, contudo, foi observada em todos os padr&#245;es de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular estudados. A &#250;nica condi&#231;&#227;o em que o nadir da contra&#231;&#227;o ocorreu durante a fase de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi no padr&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o normal da parede septal. Em todas as demais condi&#231;&#245;es, o nadir da contra&#231;&#227;o ocorreu ap&#243;s o fechamento da valva a&#243;rtica, inclusive no padr&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o normal na parede lateral do VE, sendo importante notar que, em todos os padr&#245;es de BIV estudados, a contra&#231;&#227;o mais tardia foi sempre a da parede septal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o vetorcardiogr&#225;fica do ciclo card&#237;aco</title>
        <p>Os valores m&#233;dios das fases de ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial e final, assim como as amplitudes c&#250;bicas, das ondas P, T e complexo QRS, e a dura&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos PR, ST e TP, para cada um dos subgrupos estudados, est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Intervalos de avalia&#231;&#227;o vetorcardiogr&#225;fica segundo os grupos estudados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis estudadas</th>
                  <th>Todos (n = 328)</th>
                  <th>NORMAL (n = 106)</th>
                  <th>BDAS (n = 58)</th>
                  <th>BRD (n = 61)</th>
                  <th>BRD+BDAS (n = 51)</th>
                  <th>BRE (n = 52)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo de Ativa&#231;&#227;o da onda P (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">56,4 &#177; 12,2</td>
                  <td align="center">57,4 &#177; 10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">55,7 &#177; 13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">54,4 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">57,7 &#177; 12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">56,2 &#177; 14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,520</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td align="center">61,0 &#177; 15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">56,5 &#177; 10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">62,6 &#177; 19,0</td>
                  <td align="center">63,5 &#177; 16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">65,8 &#177; 16,6</td>
                  <td align="center">61,1 &#177; 17,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo de Ativa&#231;&#227;o da onda R (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">54,6 &#177; 14,7</td>
                  <td align="center">46,4 &#177; 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">54,0 &#177; 10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">47,4 &#177; 15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">66,6 &#177; 18,7</td>
                  <td align="center">68,4 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td align="center">74,9 &#177; 25,3</td>
                  <td align="center">53,0 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">56,2 &#177; 11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">103,5 &#177; 19,3</td>
                  <td align="center">92,0 &#177; 19,4</td>
                  <td align="center">89,8 &#177; 10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo de Ativa&#231;&#227;o da onda T (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">97,1 &#177; 14,2</td>
                  <td align="center">95,7 &#177; 13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">99,6 &#177; 17,6</td>
                  <td align="center">95,3 &#177; 11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">97,1 &#177; 15,9</td>
                  <td align="center">99,6 &#177; 11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,239</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Final</td>
                  <td align="center">95,8 &#177; 18,7</td>
                  <td align="center">86,2 &#177; 12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">93,6 &#177; 13,9</td>
                  <td align="center">95,2 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">101,8 &#177; 16,7</td>
                  <td align="center">112,8 &#177; 27,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Amplitude c&#250;bica (&#181;V)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda P</td>
                  <td align="center">136,7 &#177; 37,9</td>
                  <td align="center">138,3 &#177; 33,0</td>
                  <td align="center">132,4 &#177; 40,0</td>
                  <td align="center">141,0 &#177; 45,2</td>
                  <td align="center">140,8 &#177; 40,1</td>
                  <td align="center">128,9 &#177; 32,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,342</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complexo QRS</td>
                  <td align="center">1010,4 &#177; 407,7</td>
                  <td align="center">1081,7 &#177; 355,7</td>
                  <td align="center">866,7 &#177; 292,5</td>
                  <td align="center">818,1 &#177; 274,9</td>
                  <td align="center">779,8 &#177; 306,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1477,1 &#177; 418,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda T</td>
                  <td align="center">365,6 &#177; 138,7</td>
                  <td align="center">352,2 &#177; 124,8</td>
                  <td align="center">333,6 &#177; 115,2</td>
                  <td align="center">385,0 &#177; 135,0</td>
                  <td align="center">336,4 &#177; 129,1</td>
                  <td align="center">434,3 &#177; 176,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Segmentos isoel&#233;tricos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segmento PR (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,0 &#177; 23,7</td>
                  <td align="center">42,9 &#177; 18,5</td>
                  <td align="center">51,2 &#177; 17,8</td>
                  <td align="center">50,0 &#177; 31,3</td>
                  <td align="center">51,7 &#177; 27,1</td>
                  <td align="center">55,1 &#177; 22,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segmento ST (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">97,9 &#177; 34,6</td>
                  <td align="center">119,0 &#177; 29,7</td>
                  <td align="center">107,2 &#177; 27,3</td>
                  <td align="center">81,4 &#177; 31,7</td>
                  <td align="center">86,1 &#177; 33,7</td>
                  <td align="center">75,5 &#177; 27,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segmento TP (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">308,8 &#177; 132,8</td>
                  <td align="center">330,0 &#177; 125,1</td>
                  <td align="center">329,0 &#177; 137,7</td>
                  <td align="center">290,0 &#177; 121,9</td>
                  <td align="center">310,2 &#177; 155,8</td>
                  <td align="center">263,8 &#177; 120,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>BDAS: bloqueio divisional anterossuperior; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial do complexo QRS n&#227;o se mostrou alterado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o normal somente pelo BRD. Nos demais padr&#245;es, houve retardo da ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular de 17,4% no BDAS, de 43,5% no BRD+BDAS e de 47,4% no BRE. O tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o final do complexo QRS n&#227;o foi alterado significativamente apenas no BDAS. Apresentou-se aumentado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Normal em todos os outros tipos de BIV estudados, com incremento m&#233;dio de 69,4% no BRE, de 73,6% no BRD+BDAS e de 95,3% no BRD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>A repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular tamb&#233;m foi alterada pelos bloqueios da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular com modifica&#231;&#245;es observadas na dura&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, na dura&#231;&#227;o da onda T e em sua simetria. O segmento ST n&#227;o se mostrou significativamente alterado apenas no padr&#227;o BDAS. Nos outros padr&#245;es de BIV houve encurtamento do segmento ST que, em m&#233;dia, foi de 36,0% no BRE, de 32,0% no BRD e de 28,0% no BRD+BDAS. A dura&#231;&#227;o da fase inicial da onda T n&#227;o se mostrou significativamente alterada em nenhum dos padr&#245;es de BIV estudados. Por outro lado, a por&#231;&#227;o final da onda T mostrou-se com dura&#231;&#227;o aumentada em todos os padr&#245;es de BIV, com incremento m&#233;dio de 8,6% no BDAS (p=0,465), de 10,4% no BRD (p&lt;0,001), de 18,1% no BRD+BDAS (p&lt;0,001) e de 30,9% no BRE (p&lt;0,001). Estas altera&#231;&#245;es descritas causaram, portanto, modifica&#231;&#245;es da simetria das ondas T (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>Os segmentos TP e PR dos grupos de pacientes com dist&#250;rbio da condu&#231;&#227;o IV n&#227;o apresentaram modifica&#231;&#245;es significativas quando comparados ao grupo NORMAL &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do grupo BRE, em que a dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo TP foi 20% menor (p=0,031) e a dura&#231;&#227;o do segmento PR foi 28% maior do que o NORMAL (p=0,022).</p>
        <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial mostrou-se semelhante em todos os padr&#245;es de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular, tendo sido notada diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo NORMAL apenas no tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o final da onda P no subgrupo BRD+BDAS em que se notou incremento m&#233;dio de 17,0% (p=0,004).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade card&#237;aca causadas por dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular t&#234;m sido estudadas desde os anos 1960.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, foi somente em 1989 que Grines et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> descreveram as modifica&#231;&#245;es ventriculares globais resultantes da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica anormal do BRE, evidenciadas principalmente pela movimenta&#231;&#227;o anormal do septo interventricular, redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o regional do VE e redu&#231;&#227;o da di&#225;stole. Essas descobertas embasaram a TRC, que visa a redu&#231;&#227;o de efeitos delet&#233;rios &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda induzidos por bloqueios da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular ou pela estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica artificial cr&#244;nica do VD. A alta taxa de n&#227;o respondedores &#224; TRC dos pacientes com padr&#227;o n&#227;o-BRE; entretanto, destaca a necessidade de uma maior compreens&#227;o das modifica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas no CC e na sincronia das paredes ventriculares desses indiv&#237;duos, a fim de evitar que pacientes com baixa probabilidade de resposta sejam submetidos &#224; TRC ou que indiv&#237;duos com maior probabilidade de boa resposta n&#227;o recebam esse tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo visou avaliar o CC em quatro padr&#245;es de bloqueio da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular para identificar as altera&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas e mec&#226;nicas que ocorrem em compara&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o normal. As principais altera&#231;&#245;es da temporiza&#231;&#227;o identificadas inclu&#237;ram aumento do intervalo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos, assincronia interventricular, assincronia intraventricular esquerda e presen&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda durante a fase de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico.</p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia do aumento do intervalo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o do VE causado pelos BIVs j&#225; foi demonstrada em estudos pr&#233;vios, inclusive, como preditor da resposta &#224; TRC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Neste estudo, observou-se que o aumento do per&#237;odo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi a principal altera&#231;&#227;o detectada no CC, estando principalmente associado ao BRE e, em menor intensidade, ao BRD+BDAS, n&#227;o estando associado ao BDAS ou ao BRD. A despeito das modifica&#231;&#245;es detectadas na pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foram identificadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas no tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o em nenhum dos padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos estudados. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas do tempo de di&#225;stole ventricular esquerda, em contraste com os achados anteriormente reportados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A falta de sincronia entre as contra&#231;&#245;es dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo, embora seja frequentemente utilizada como crit&#233;rio para indica&#231;&#227;o da TRC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> nos indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o BRD ou BRD+BDAS sinalizou, apenas, o retardo da abertura da valva pulmonar, n&#227;o tendo sido notadas consequ&#234;ncias para o ciclo do VE. Por outro lado, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da sincronia intraventricular esquerda pela medida do tempo do nadir das contra&#231;&#245;es das paredes septal e lateral do VE demonstrou que, embora apenas os indiv&#237;duos com BRE apresentassem dissincronia significativa entre essas paredes, em todos os padr&#245;es de BIV estudados, o nadir das contra&#231;&#245;es de ambas as paredes analisadas ocorria ap&#243;s o fechamento da valva a&#243;rtica, portanto, durante a fase de di&#225;stole do VE.</p>
      <p>As modifica&#231;&#245;es na ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular detectadas pelo vetorcardiograma mostraram que, a despeito do aumento global do tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o dos complexos QRS no BRD, no BRD+BDAS e no BRE, apenas os padr&#245;es BRD+BDAS e BRE apresentaram um aumento significativo no tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial. No padr&#227;o BRD, o aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS ocorreu, exclusivamente, pelo aumento do tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o final do complexo QRS, embora os padr&#245;es BRE e BRD+BDAS tamb&#233;m tenham apresentado aumento significativo da fase de ativa&#231;&#227;o final. As altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular associadas aos BIVs foram caracterizadas pelo encurtamento do segmento ST nos padr&#245;es BRD, BRD+BDAS e BRE e por modifica&#231;&#245;es na dura&#231;&#227;o e simetria das ondas T.</p>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas e mec&#226;nicas identificadas neste estudo, ao mesmo tempo que confirmam os graves impactos do BRE para o ciclo e para a sincronia ventricular esquerda, demonstram que o BDAS e o BRD isolado est&#227;o associados a modifica&#231;&#245;es menos relevantes nesta c&#226;mara card&#237;aca. Por outro lado, a associa&#231;&#227;o BRD+BDAS merece ser avaliada com um n&#250;mero amostral mais representativo, face &#224; grande diversidade de resultados detectados tanto pelo vetorcardiograma quanto pela ecocardiografia.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da demografia e da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da amostra estudada apresenta diferen&#231;as n&#237;tidas entre indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico normal e aqueles com BIV. Observa-se uma idade m&#233;dia mais elevada dos subgrupos de indiv&#237;duos com BIVs e a maior preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino nos indiv&#237;duos com os padr&#245;es BDAS, BRD e BRD+BDAS. Entretanto, &#224; semelhan&#231;a do que ocorre nos indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular normal, aqueles com padr&#227;o de BRE apresentaram equil&#237;brio na propor&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos. Quanto &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos, foi poss&#237;vel verificar o uso significativamente maior de f&#225;rmacos de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular nos indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o BRE.</p>
      <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos, vetorcardiogr&#225;ficos e morfol&#243;gicos deste estudo destacam a maior gravidade das repercuss&#245;es do BRE, sugerindo que os pacientes com esse padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de sinais ou de sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave, devem receber aten&#231;&#227;o especial durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico, tanto para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos que evitem o agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda quanto para a indica&#231;&#227;o da TRC quando o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico n&#227;o resultar em melhora cl&#237;nica e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Al&#233;m disso, nossos resultados mostram a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o do CC em pacientes candidatos &#224; TRC.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es do CC avaliadas no presente estudo referem-se a indiv&#237;duos sem evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural ou de altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco manifestadas por arritmia atrial ou bloqueio avan&#231;ado da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular. Esses achados precisam ser validados em outras condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, disfun&#231;&#245;es valvares graves, ou em outras condi&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o foram contempladas nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos quatro padr&#245;es de dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular mostrou associa&#231;&#245;es significativas com altera&#231;&#245;es no CC e na sincronia ventricular, variando em grau de localiza&#231;&#227;o conforme o tipo de bloqueio. A principal altera&#231;&#227;o observada no CC foi o aumento do per&#237;odo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o do VE associada tanto ao BRE quanto ao BRD+BDAS. Apenas o padr&#227;o BRE apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com dissincronia intraventricular esquerda.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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    <fn-group>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4.060.942. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01">
        <label>* Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0253_suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
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    <fn-group>
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        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240253i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Intraventricular Blocks on Cardiac Cycle Dynamics: An Echocardiographic and Vectorcardiographic Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5723-8285</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Regina</given-names>
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            <surname>Jesus</surname>
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          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abensur</surname>
            <given-names>Henry</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6104-9113</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Carlos Eduardo Duarte &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: carlosduarte.ritmo@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Left bundle branch block (LBBB) causes delays that alter the mechanics of the ventricular cycle. The effect of other intraventricular blocks (IVB) remains little explored.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To study the phases of the cardiac cycle (CC) and ventricular synchrony in different ventricular activation patterns.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Cross-sectional study with 328 consecutive individuals without structural heart disease, normal electrocardiogram or IVB, conducted in the period between August/2020 and January/2022. Echocardiogram and Vectorcardiogram were performed simultaneously to analyze the electromechanics of the CC. A one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni&#8217;s multiple comparison test was used, with a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The age of the participants was 64.8&#177;15.3 years, with 57.9% male and an ejection fraction of 67.0&#177;6.8%. The electrocardiogram was normal for 32.3%, 18.6% had right bundle branch block (RBBB), 17.7% had left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), 15.6% had RBBB+LAFB, and 15.9% had LBBB. The echocardiogram showed an increased left ventricular pre-ejection by 18.7% (p&lt;0.001) and 56.8% (p&lt;0.001) in RBBB+LAFB and LBBB, respectively. There was a post-systolic myocardial contraction in all types of IVB and ventricular dyssynchrony in LBBB. Using the vectorcardiogram, initial activation of the R wave was increased by 17.4% in LAFB (p&lt;0.001), 43.5% in RBBB+LAFB (p&lt;0.001) and 47.4% in LBBB (p&lt;0.001) and delayed final activation by 69.4% in LBBB (p&lt;0.001), 73.6% in RBBB+LAFB (p&lt;0.001) and 95.3% in RBBB (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> All IVBs modified the CC; however, only LBBB and RBBB+LAFB significantly changed the left ventricular cycle, thereby evidencing the greater complexity of these disorders.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Impact of Intraventricular Blocks on Cardiac Cycle Dynamics: An Echocardiographic and Vectorcardiographic Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240253-40253-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Bundle-Branch Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Vectorcardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Disturbances in intraventricular electrical conduction are linked to delayed myocardial activation, disruption of normal ventricular synchrony, and a reduction in the heart&#8217;s mechanical efficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These effects can vary in degree and location, affecting either globally or regionally, one or both ventricles, depending on the type of electrical disturbance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Interest in the study of intraventricular conduction blocks and their impact on ventricular function has grown significantly since the introduction of resynchronization therapy (CRT) and the realization that its clinical and functional outcomes differ based on the type of block.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The surface ECG has traditionally been used to classify the various types of intraventricular conduction blocks, while echocardiography, in its various modalities, has made it possible to evaluate the functional impact of these electrical disturbances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recently, the mathematical transformation of surface ECG signals has enabled a simplified method for obtaining the vectorcardiogram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This approach enhances the accuracy of the ECG in identifying delays in electrical activation and cardiac repolarization by allowing simultaneous vector analysis in three planes, as well as decomposition of the electrical loops for the P and T waves and the QRS complexes in both their initial and final phases, identifying points of maximum amplitude.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Assessments of the functional effects of complete LBBB during the cardiac cycle (CC) have demonstrated an extension of systole and a reduction of diastole, along with other harmful effects on the left ventricle (LV) dynamics caused by this electrical disturbance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, to the best of our knowledge, these phenomena have yet to be examined in other types of intraventricular blocks. The rationale for this study stems from the need to identify which types of non-LBBB pattern IVB are linked to significant alterations in the LV cycle and may, therefore, benefit from CRT.</p>
        <p>This study aimed to evaluate, using vectorcardiography and echocardiography, individuals with different types of intraventricular conduction in order to understand the electrical alterations and their mechanical correspondence during the various phases of the CC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and ethical aspects</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional study conducted on consecutive individuals referred for routine two-dimensional echocardiography at a tertiary cardiology center between August 2020 and January 2022. The Research Ethics Committee of the Institution approved the study. All participants signed the informed consent form (ICF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Population studied</title>
          <p>Adult individuals with a morphologically normal heart, regular sinus rhythm, 1:1 atrioventricular conduction and normal intraventricular conduction or with electrocardiographic patterns of Left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), right bundle branch block (RBBB), right bundle branch block with Left anterior fascicular block (RBBB+LAFB) or left bundle branch block (LBBB) were included. Exclusion criteria included individuals with a history of structural heart disease, such as congenital heart defects, Chagas disease, or myocardial infarction; those with prior cardiovascular surgical or percutaneous procedures; prior ablation of cardiac arrhythmias or use of implantable electronic cardiac devices; use of medications that affect cardiac depolarization or alter the QT interval, such as antiarrhythmics or antidepressants; presence of electrically inactive areas on the ECG; ejection fraction lower than 0.40; segmental contractility alterations; or evidence of ventricular scarring on echocardiography.</p>
          <p>The sample was defined by convenience, composed of individuals who underwent routine two-dimensional echocardiography consecutively during the study period and who met the eligibility criteria.</p>
          <p>Cases where it was technically impossible to obtain specific echocardiographic measurements or to generate vectorcardiographic loops due to poor ECG signal quality were excluded, as well as those with ECG or echocardiographic signs of segmental contractility abnormalities, electrically inactive areas, or evidence of ventricular dysfunction with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 0.40.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of baseline clinical data</title>
          <p>After inclusion in the study, the cardiovascular history and functional status were assessed by consulting the medical records and interviewing the patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic study</title>
          <p>The temporal measurements of the CC were determined from the onset of the QRS complex and aimed to calculate the pre-ejection interval, ejection period, isovolumetric relaxation time, and LV filling time, as well as the pre-ejection interval and ejection period of the right ventricle (RV). Interventricular synchrony was assessed by the difference between the pre-ejection intervals of the right and left ventricles. In contrast, intraventricular synchrony was determined by the temporal difference between the nadirs of the lateral and septal walls during M mode evaluation of left ventricular contractility. Muscle contraction following aortic valve closure (diastolic contraction) was measured in the septal and lateral walls.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiographic study</title>
          <p>A single analyzer performed the morphological categorization of intraventricular activation patterns in accordance with the following criteria: (1) NORMAL group, characterized by QRS complex &lt; 120 ms with a maximum angle of the QRS complex in the frontal plane (S&#226;QRS) between -30&#176; and 90&#176;; (2) LAFB group including QRS complex &lt; 120 ms with deviation of the axis in the frontal plane to the left with S&#226;QRS &lt; -45&#176; with rS pattern in D2 and D3, with D3 of 15 mm and D3&gt;D2; (3) RBBB group comprising QRS complex &gt; 120 ms and presence of triphasic R wave in V1 or V2 (rsr&#8217;, rsR&#8217;, rSR&#8217;); (4) RBBB+LAFB group characterized by the association of the RBBB and LAFB patterns described above and (5) LBBB group including QRS complex &gt; 120 ms in the presence of biphasic R wave in V1 or V2 (QS or rS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The measurements of heart rate (RR cycle), QRS complex duration and PR and QT intervals were performed automatically by the software of the equipment used to record the ECG and checked manually to certify their accuracy. The correction of the QT interval by heart rate was performed via the software following the Bazzett formula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The S&#226;QRS was recorded after the correct definition of the aforementioned intervals. The time unit used was millisecond (ms), the amplitude unit was microvolt (&#181;V), and the angular unit was degree (&#176;).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vectorcardiogram</title>
          <p>The vectorcardiographic signals, built by the mathematical transformation of the electrocardiographic signals following the Kors rule,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> allowed the determination of the initial and final activation times of the R wave, initial and final activation times of the T wave, initial and final activation times of the P wave in the three-dimensional (3-D) loops, as built by the vector sum of the frontal, horizontal and sagittal planes and the isoelectric segments ST, TP, and PR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Schematic representation of the vectorechocardiographic evaluation of the cardiac cycle. RVPEI: right ventricular pre-ejection interval; LVPEI: left ventricular pre-ejection interval; NLC: nadir of lateral wall contraction; NSC: nadir of septal wall contraction; RVEP: right ventricular ejection period; LVEP: left ventricular ejection period; FATP: final activation time of the P Wave; FATR: final activation time of the R Wave; FATT: final activation time of the T Wave; IATP: initial activation time of the P Wave; IATR: initial activation time of the R Wave; IATT: initial activation time of the T Wave; LVFT: left ventricular filling time; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240253-40253-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electronic Collection and Data Management</title>
          <p>Data collection was performed on electronic forms developed in the REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Throughout the study, specific REDCap functionalities were used to monitor data quality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables and Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Baseline clinical data, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and vectorcardiogram data were considered for the analysis of the results. For continuous variables, this analysis was performed by calculating means and standard deviations. For categorical variables, absolute and relative frequencies were calculated. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test was used to test data normality.</p>
          <p>One-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni&#8217;s multiple comparison test was performed to compare the groups. To test the association between proportions, the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used, depending on the nature of the data. The significance level used for the tests was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants&#8217; baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>During the study period, 394 individuals were evaluated. Of these, 57 were not included due to a history of myocardial infarction or due to taking medications that alter the ST segment or QT interval. After inclusion in the study, nine participants were excluded due to echocardiogram findings showing segmental alterations in cardiac contractility or LV ejection fraction &lt;0.40 or due to technical problems in obtaining the vectorcardiogram. Thus, the study sample consisted of 328 individuals, distributed according to the electrocardiographic criteria established for intraventricular conduction: NORMAL in 106 (32.3%), LAFB in 58 (17.7%), RBBB in 61 (18.6%), RBBB+LAFB in 51 (15.6%) and LBBB in 52 (15.9%) participants. The baseline characteristics of the sample are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of research participants according to the groups studied</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>All (n = 328)</th>
                    <th>NORMAL (n = 106)</th>
                    <th>LAFB (n = 58)</th>
                    <th>RBBB (n = 61)</th>
                    <th>RBBB+LAFB (n = 51)</th>
                    <th>LBBB (n = 52)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years), mean &#177; SD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">64.9 &#177; 15.3</td>
                    <td align="center">55.2 &#177; 16.2</td>
                    <td align="center">69.8 &#177; 11.1</td>
                    <td align="center">68.2 &#177; 14.6</td>
                    <td align="center">71.8 &#177; 10.6</td>
                    <td align="center">67.3 &#177; 12.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">138 (42.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (51.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (34.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (36.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (29.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.025</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">190 (57.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (48.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (65.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (63.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (70.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (50.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Functional Class (NYHA), n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I</td>
                    <td align="center">323 (98.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">106 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (98.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (92.3)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comorbidities, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">186 (56.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (41.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (67.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (62.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (62.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (63.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">128 (39.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (28.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (41.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (39.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (37.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (59.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (27.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (19.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (31.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (31.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (25.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (34.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.252</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypothyroidism</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (13.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (12.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (9.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (19.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (21.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.069</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Medication, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Use of any medication</td>
                    <td align="center">256 (78.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (58.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (86.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (85.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (90.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (88.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">154 (60.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (48.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (70.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (61.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (58.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (65.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.186</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (19.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (23.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (43.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.032</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Furosemide</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (8.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (10.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spironolactone</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (5.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (21.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Echocardiographic variables, mean &#177; SD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left Atrium (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.5 &#177; 4.7</td>
                    <td align="center">34.0 &#177; 3.7</td>
                    <td align="center">34.9 &#177; 4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">35.5 &#177; 5.4</td>
                    <td align="center">37.8 &#177; 4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">36.9 &#177; 5.3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left Ventricle (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">47.9 &#177; 4.9</td>
                    <td align="center">46.7 &#177; 4.8</td>
                    <td align="center">48.2 &#177; 4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">47.6 &#177; 4.5</td>
                    <td align="center">49.3 &#177; 5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">49.3 &#177; 5.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right Ventricle (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.8 &#177; 3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">25.2 &#177; 2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">25.3 &#177; 2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">26.4 &#177; 3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">27.0 &#177; 3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ejection Fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">67.0 &#177; 6.8</td>
                    <td align="center">67.4 &#177; 6.0</td>
                    <td align="center">67.9 &#177; 5.4</td>
                    <td align="center">69.5 &#177; 4.7</td>
                    <td align="center">67.1 &#177; 5.5</td>
                    <td align="center">61.8 &#177; 9.9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; SD: standard deviation; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic assessment of the cardiac cycle</title>
          <p>The opening and closing times of the pulmonary, aortic, and mitral valves are provided in the Supplementary Material (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0253_suplementar.pdf">Table S1</ext-link>).</p>
          <p>Significant changes were found in the pre-ejection interval and LV isovolumetric relaxation time, associated with intraventricular conduction blocks (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). It is noteworthy that RBBB and LAFB patterns, in isolation, did not show a significant increase in LV pre-ejection compared to the NORMAL group. However, in the RBBB+LAFB subgroup, there was an 18.7% increase in the pre-ejection period, and in LBBB, an increase of 56.8%. Importantly, the LV ejection period was not affected in any of the IVB types studied. The isovolumetric relaxation time showed a significant increase only in the RBBB+LAFB pattern. No significant changes in LV filling were observed in relation to intraventricular blocks.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characterization of the phases of systole and diastole according to the groups studied</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>All (n = 328)</th>
                    <th>NORMAL (n = 106)</th>
                    <th>LAFB (n = 58)</th>
                    <th>RBBB (n = 61)</th>
                    <th>RBBB+LAFB (n = 51)</th>
                    <th>LBBB (n = 52)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Systole &#8211; Left Ventricle</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV pre-ejection interval</td>
                    <td align="center">100.8 &#177; 25.9</td>
                    <td align="center">88.4 &#177; 16.3</td>
                    <td align="center">95.9 &#177; 20.1</td>
                    <td align="center">91.1 &#177; 19.5</td>
                    <td align="center">105.0 &#177; 22.6</td>
                    <td align="center">138.7 &#177; 20.1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection time</td>
                    <td align="center">300.3 &#177; 33.6</td>
                    <td align="center">298.8 &#177; 32.8</td>
                    <td align="center">306.4 &#177; 35.3</td>
                    <td align="center">295.7 &#177; 34.2</td>
                    <td align="center">298.8 &#177; 34.7</td>
                    <td align="center">303.5 &#177; 31.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.427</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diastole &#8211; Left Ventricle</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Isovolumetric relaxation time</td>
                    <td align="center">87.5 &#177; 34.9</td>
                    <td align="center">79.3 &#177; 29.2</td>
                    <td align="center">86.3 &#177; 37.6</td>
                    <td align="center">85.8 &#177; 30.9</td>
                    <td align="center">100.2 &#177; 42.2</td>
                    <td align="center">95.3 &#177; 35.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV filling time</td>
                    <td align="center">473.4 &#177; 131.8</td>
                    <td align="center">472.3 &#177; 136.7</td>
                    <td align="center">475.2 &#177; 140.51</td>
                    <td align="center">473.9 &#177; 123.2</td>
                    <td align="center">509.4 &#177; 135.1</td>
                    <td align="center">437.4 &#177; 112.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.102</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Systole &#8211; Right Ventricle</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV pre-ejection interval</td>
                    <td align="center">106.5 &#177; 27.3</td>
                    <td align="center">91.0 &#177; 17.6</td>
                    <td align="center">99.5 &#177; 25.7</td>
                    <td align="center">125.9 &#177; 18.7</td>
                    <td align="center">132.4 &#177; 24.2</td>
                    <td align="center">97.88 &#177; 25.59</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV ejection time</td>
                    <td align="center">306.4 &#177; 38.7</td>
                    <td align="center">308.7 &#177; 34.5</td>
                    <td align="center">312.7 &#177; 39.6</td>
                    <td align="center">299.4 &#177; 37.1</td>
                    <td align="center">307.1 &#177;40.2</td>
                    <td align="center">302.00 &#177; 45.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.329</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>LAFB: left anterior fascicular block; RBBB: right bundle branch block; LBBB: left bundle branch block; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The RV pre-ejection interval also showed changes related to IVBs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Compared to NORMAL conduction, RBBB, and RBBB+LAFB patterns showed a significant increase in RV pre-ejection intervals, with increases of 38.5% for RBBB and 45.5% for RBBB+LAFB, with no significant changes in LAFB or LBBB patterns. Regarding the RV ejection period, no significant change was observed in any conduction disorder.</p>
          <p>Interventricular dyssynchrony was identified in all IVB types with wide QRS complexes. In individuals with NORMAL conduction or LAFB, the pulmonary valve opened shortly after the aortic valve. However, in cases of RBBB or RBBB+LAFB, this delay increased. On the other hand, LBBB was associated with a significant delay in the onset of LV ejection. Intraventricular dyssynchrony was observed only in the LBBB pattern, in which the septal wall reached its nadir, notably after that of the lateral wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). In all other IVB patterns, the synchrony of the LV septal and lateral walls was little altered (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Delayed septal contraction nadir in an individual with left bundle branch block. LBBB: left bundle branch block; NLC: nadir of lateral wall contraction; NSC: nadir of septal wall contraction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240253-40253-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Assessment of ventricular synchrony and diastolic contraction according to the groups studied</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>All (n = 328)</th>
                    <th>NORMAL (n = 106)</th>
                    <th>LAFB (n = 58)</th>
                    <th>RBBB (n = 61)</th>
                    <th>RBBB+LAFB (n = 51)</th>
                    <th>LBBB (n = 52)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Interventricular synchrony (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 32.2</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 18.8</td>
                    <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 24.9</td>
                    <td align="center">34.9 &#177; 19.8</td>
                    <td align="center">27.4 &#177; 19.9</td>
                    <td align="center">-40.8 &#177; 25.2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Time elapsed after aortic valve closure</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nadir of septal wall contraction (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.7 &#177; 70.1</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.7 &#177; 56.4</td>
                    <td align="center">25.2 &#177; 75.5</td>
                    <td align="center">34.5 &#177; 53.2</td>
                    <td align="center">34.3 &#177; 61.8</td>
                    <td align="center">82.4 &#177; 80.8</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nadir of lateral wall contraction (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 47.2</td>
                    <td align="center">8.1 &#177; 35.9</td>
                    <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 47.6</td>
                    <td align="center">23.6 &#177; 45.0</td>
                    <td align="center">22.0 &#177; 61.2</td>
                    <td align="center">9.8 &#177; 52.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Synchronization between the lateral and septal walls of the LV (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">-15.4 &#177; 76.4</td>
                    <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 58.5</td>
                    <td align="center">-17.7 &#177; 84.1</td>
                    <td align="center">-10.9 &#177; 65.0</td>
                    <td align="center">-12.2 &#177; 82.0</td>
                    <td align="center">-72.6 &#177; 78.9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>LAFB: left anterior fascicular block; RBBB: right bundle branch block; LBBB: left bundle branch block; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Ventricular contraction during the period of isovolumetric relaxation, however, was observed in all intraventricular conduction patterns studied. The only condition in which the nadir of contraction occurred during the ventricular ejection phase was the normal conduction pattern of the septal wall. In all other conditions, the nadir of contraction occurred after aortic valve closure, including in the normal conduction pattern of the LV lateral wall. Notably, in all IVB patterns studied, the latest contraction always occurred in the septal wall (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vectorcardiographic assessment of the cardiac cycle</title>
          <p>The mean values of the initial and final activation phases, as well as the cubic amplitudes of the P wave, T wave and QRS complex, and the duration of the PR, ST and TP segments, for each of the subgroups studied, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Vectorcardiographic evaluation intervals according to the groups studied</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>All (n = 328)</th>
                    <th>NORMAL (n = 106)</th>
                    <th>LAFB (n = 58)</th>
                    <th>RBBB (n = 61)</th>
                    <th>RBBB+LAFB (n = 51)</th>
                    <th>LBBB (n = 52)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>P wave activation time (ms)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Initial</td>
                    <td align="center">56.4 &#177; 12.2</td>
                    <td align="center">57.4 &#177; 10.0</td>
                    <td align="center">55.7 &#177; 13.3</td>
                    <td align="center">54.4 &#177; 12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">57.7 &#177; 12.6</td>
                    <td align="center">56.2 &#177; 14.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.520</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Final</td>
                    <td align="center">61.0 &#177; 15.8</td>
                    <td align="center">56.5 &#177; 10.9</td>
                    <td align="center">62.6 &#177; 19.0</td>
                    <td align="center">63.5 &#177; 16.3</td>
                    <td align="center">65.8 &#177; 16.6</td>
                    <td align="center">61.1 &#177; 17.1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>R wave activation time (ms)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Initial</td>
                    <td align="center">54.6 &#177; 14.7</td>
                    <td align="center">46.4 &#177; 4.8</td>
                    <td align="center">54.0 &#177; 10.3</td>
                    <td align="center">47.4 &#177; 15.1</td>
                    <td align="center">66.6 &#177; 18.7</td>
                    <td align="center">68.4 &#177; 8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Final</td>
                    <td align="center">74.9 &#177; 25.3</td>
                    <td align="center">53.0 &#177; 7.9</td>
                    <td align="center">56.2 &#177; 11.9</td>
                    <td align="center">103.5 &#177; 19.3</td>
                    <td align="center">92.0 &#177; 19.4</td>
                    <td align="center">89.8 &#177; 10.6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>T wave activation time (ms)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Initial</td>
                    <td align="center">97.1 &#177; 14.2</td>
                    <td align="center">95.7 &#177; 13.5</td>
                    <td align="center">99.6 &#177; 17.6</td>
                    <td align="center">95.3 &#177; 11.8</td>
                    <td align="center">97.1 &#177; 15.9</td>
                    <td align="center">99.6 &#177; 11.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.239</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Final</td>
                    <td align="center">95.8 &#177; 18.7</td>
                    <td align="center">86.2 &#177; 12.0</td>
                    <td align="center">93.6 &#177; 13.9</td>
                    <td align="center">95.2 &#177; 12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">101.8 &#177; 16.7</td>
                    <td align="center">112.8 &#177; 27.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cubic amplitude (&#181;V)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P wave</td>
                    <td align="center">136.7 &#177; 37.9</td>
                    <td align="center">138.3 &#177; 33.0</td>
                    <td align="center">132.4 &#177; 40.0</td>
                    <td align="center">141.0 &#177; 45.2</td>
                    <td align="center">140.8 &#177; 40.1</td>
                    <td align="center">128.9 &#177; 32.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.342</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>QRS complex</td>
                    <td align="center">1010.4 &#177; 407.7</td>
                    <td align="center">1081.7 &#177; 355.7</td>
                    <td align="center">866.7 &#177; 292.5</td>
                    <td align="center">818.1 &#177; 274.9</td>
                    <td align="center">779.8 &#177; 306.6</td>
                    <td align="center">1477.1 &#177; 418.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>T Wave</td>
                    <td align="center">365.6 &#177; 138.7</td>
                    <td align="center">352.2 &#177; 124.8</td>
                    <td align="center">333.6 &#177; 115.2</td>
                    <td align="center">385.0 &#177; 135.0</td>
                    <td align="center">336.4 &#177; 129.1</td>
                    <td align="center">434.3 &#177; 176.1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Isoelectric segments</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PR segment (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.0 &#177; 23.7</td>
                    <td align="center">42.9 &#177; 18.5</td>
                    <td align="center">51.2 &#177; 17.8</td>
                    <td align="center">50.0 &#177; 31.3</td>
                    <td align="center">51.7 &#177; 27.1</td>
                    <td align="center">55.1 &#177; 22.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ST segment (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">97.9 &#177; 34.6</td>
                    <td align="center">119.0 &#177; 29.7</td>
                    <td align="center">107.2 &#177; 27.3</td>
                    <td align="center">81.4 &#177; 31.7</td>
                    <td align="center">86.1 &#177; 33.7</td>
                    <td align="center">75.5 &#177; 27.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TP segment (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">308.8 &#177; 132.8</td>
                    <td align="center">330.0 &#177; 125.1</td>
                    <td align="center">329.0 &#177; 137.7</td>
                    <td align="center">290.0 &#177; 121.9</td>
                    <td align="center">310.2 &#177; 155.8</td>
                    <td align="center">263.8 &#177; 120.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>LAFB: left anterior fascicular block; RBBB: right bundle branch block; LBBB: left bundle branch block; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The initial activation time of the QRS complex was not changed in relation to the normal pattern by RBBB alone. In the other patterns, there was a delay in ventricular activation of 17.4% in LAFB, 43.5% in RBBB+LAFB and 47.4% in LBBB. The final activation time of the QRS complex was not significantly changed in LAFB only. It was increased in relation to Normal in all other types of IVB studied, with an average increase of 69.4% in LBBB, 73.6% in RBBB+LAFB and 95.3% in RBBB (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>Intraventricular conduction blocks also changed ventricular repolarization with changes observed in the ST segment duration, the T wave duration, and its symmetry. The ST segment was not significantly changed in the LAFB pattern only. In the other IVB patterns, there was an average shortening of the ST of 36.0% for LBBB, 32.0% for RBBB and 28.0% for RBBB+LAFB. The duration of the initial phase of the T wave was not significantly changed in any of the IVB patterns studied. In contrast, the final portion of the T wave showed prolonged duration across all IVB patterns, with an average increase of 8.6% in LAFB (p=0.465), 10.4% in RBBB (p&lt;0.001), 18.1% in RBBB+LAFB (p&lt;0.001), and 30.9% in LBBB (p&lt;0.001). These alterations caused changes in T wave symmetry (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>The TP and PR segments of the groups with IV conduction disorders showed no significant differences compared to the NORMAL group, except in the LBBB group, where the TP interval was 20% shorter (p=0.031), and the PR segment duration was 28% longer than in the NORMAL group (p=0.022).</p>
          <p>Atrial activation was similar in all intraventricular conduction patterns, with a difference in relation to the NORMAL group only being noted in the final activation time of the P wave for the RBBB+LAFB subgroup, in which a mean increase of 17.0% was noted (p=0.004).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Research on changes in cardiac contractility caused by intraventricular conduction disorders dates back to the 1960s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, it was not until 1989 that Grines et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> described the global ventricular alterations resulting from abnormal electrical activation in LBBB, particularly abnormal interventricular septal motion, reduced regional LV ejection fraction, and shortened diastole. These findings supported CRT, aimed at reducing the adverse effects on LV function caused by intraventricular conduction blocks or chronic artificial RV electrical stimulation. The high rate of non-responders to CRT in patients with non-LBBB patterns; however, highlights the need for a greater understanding of changes that occur in the CC and the synchrony of the ventricular walls of these individuals, in order to prevent patients with a low probability of response from undergoing CRT or individuals with a higher probability of good response from not receiving this treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aimed to evaluate the CC in four types of intraventricular conduction block to identify the electrical and mechanical changes that occur compared to the normal conduction pattern. The main timing changes identified were an increase in the pre-ejection interval of the ventricles, interventricular dyssynchrony, left intraventricular dyssynchrony, and LV contraction during the isovolumetric relaxation phase.</p>
        <p>The significance of the increased LV pre-ejection interval due to IVBs has been demonstrated in previous studies, including its use as a predictor of CRT response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In this study, the increase in the LV pre-ejection period was the main CC alteration observed, primarily associated with LBBB and, to a lesser extent, with RBBB+LAFB, with no association seen in LAFB or RBBB. Despite the changes detected in pre-ejection, no significant changes in ejection time were observed in any of the electrocardiographic patterns studied. Furthermore, no significant changes in left ventricular diastole time were observed, in contrast to previously reported findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The lack of synchrony between right and left ventricular contractions, although often used as a criterion for indicating CRT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> in individuals with RBBB or RBBB+LAFB patterns only reflected the delay in pulmonary valve opening without affecting the LV cycle. In contrast, the evaluation of left intraventricular synchrony by measuring the nadir timing of the septal and lateral wall contractions of the LV revealed that, although significant dyssynchrony between these walls was only observed in individuals with LBBB, the nadir of contractions in both walls occurred after the closure of the aortic valve in all IVB patterns studied, which places these contractions during the LV diastole phase.</p>
        <p>Ventricular electrical activation changes detected by vectorcardiography showed that despite the overall increase in QRS complex duration in RBBB, RBBB+LAFB, and LBBB patterns, only RBBB+LAFB and LBBB patterns presented a significant increase in initial activation time. In the RBBB pattern, the prolongation of the QRS complex was solely due to the extension of its final activation time. At the same time, LBBB and RBBB+LAFB patterns also exhibited a significant increase in the final activation phase. The ventricular repolarization changes associated with IVBs were characterized by a shortened ST-segment in RBBB, RBBB+LAFB, and RBBB patterns, along with changes in T wave duration and symmetry.</p>
        <p>The electrical and mechanical changes identified in this study confirm the severe impacts of LBBB on the CC and LV synchrony. At the same time, LAFB and isolated RBBB were associated with less significant alterations in this cardiac chamber. On the other hand, the RBBB+LAFB combination warrants further investigation with a larger sample size due to the wide range of results detected by both vectorcardiography and echocardiography.</p>
        <p>The analysis of the demographics and clinical presentation of the sample studied shows clear differences between individuals with a normal electrocardiographic pattern and those with IVB. There was a higher mean age in the subgroups of individuals with IVBs and a higher prevalence of males in individuals with the LAFB, RBBB, and RBBB+LAFB patterns. However, similar to individuals with a normal intraventricular conduction pattern, those with an LBBB pattern showed a balanced sex distribution. Regarding medication use, a significantly greater use of cardiovascular drugs was noted in individuals with LBBB patterns.</p>
        <p>The clinical, vectorcardiographic, and morphological data from this study highlight the greater severity of LBBB&#8217;s effects, suggesting that patients with this electrocardiographic pattern, even without signs or symptoms of heart failure or severe LV dysfunction, should receive special attention during clinical follow-up, both for prescribing medications to prevent worsening LV function and for considering CRT when pharmacological treatment does not result in clinical or LV functional improvement. Moreover, our results show the importance of evaluating the CC in patients who are candidates for CRT.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The CC alterations evaluated in this study pertain to individuals without structural heart disease or rhythm disturbances, such as atrial arrhythmia or advanced atrioventricular conduction block. These findings need to be validated in other clinical conditions, such as previous myocardial infarction, LV dysfunction, severe valvular diseases, or other situations that were not part of this study&#8217;s inclusion criteria.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The analysis of the four intraventricular conduction disorder patterns demonstrated significant associations with CC and ventricular synchrony changes, varying in degree and location according to the block type. The main change observed in the CC was the increase in LV pre-ejection period, associated with both LBBB and RBBB+LAFB. Only the LBBB pattern showed a significant association with left intraventricular dyssynchrony.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Carlos Eduardo Duarte, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 4.060.942. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12112/2024-0253_suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
