<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8kg4QKdLH7SjGmdzQ8TnQKJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240221</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>As Mulheres est&#227;o Associadas a Menores Riscos de Mortalidade a Longo Prazo em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio sem Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bai</surname>
            <given-names>Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-0727-0011</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Jiangang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ye</surname>
            <given-names>Qing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Cheng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Beijing Anzhen Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Capital Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Jiangang Wang &#8226; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing 100029 &#8211; China E-mail: <email>wangjiangangbj@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240221</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: As Mulheres est&#227;o Associadas a Menores Riscos de Mortalidade a Longo Prazo em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio sem Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>As mulheres est&#227;o associadas a menor risco de mortalidade a longo prazo em pacientes com oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica passando por enxerto de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8kg4QKdLH7SjGmdzQ8TnQKJ/3a690721df6c64f0cf7bf30d0f29810e51cafdb0.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8kg4QKdLH7SjGmdzQ8TnQKJ/9b50c422d17be905159001c6371e7f66f31c3ac5.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8kg4QKdLH7SjGmdzQ8TnQKJ/c0ca000ade1027e07e00d26b65d41c8021bfb9ce.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CRM sem CEC), as mulheres apresentaram menores taxas de mortalidade hospitalar e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria do que homens. No entanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre g&#234;nero e progn&#243;stico de longo prazo ap&#243;s a CRM sem CEC raramente &#233; relatada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo visa determinar se as mulheres se beneficiam mais da CRM sem CEC do que os homens, comparando a diferen&#231;a no risco de mortalidade por todas as causas em longo prazo em pacientes com oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica (CTO) coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este &#233; um estudo de coorte observacional e retrospectivo conduzido em pacientes adultos (&#8805;18 anos) com CTO coron&#225;ria submetidos &#224; CRM sem CEC em nosso hospital de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2014. Um modelo multivariado de riscos proporcionais de Cox foi empregado para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero com o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inscritos 1.256 participantes no total, dos quais 321 (25,6%) eram mulheres e 935 (74,4%) eram homens. Durante um acompanhamento m&#225;ximo de 10 anos, a taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas em mulheres foi significativamente menor do que em homens (10,3% vs. 24,3%, p&lt;0,01). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox indicou que as mulheres estavam significativamente associadas a um menor risco de mortalidade por todas as causas (HR=0,30, IC 95%: 0,20-0,44; p&lt;0,01) ap&#243;s o controle de potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> As mulheres se beneficiam mais da cirurgia CRM sem CEC do que os homens, pois t&#234;m um menor risco de mortalidade por todas as causas em longo prazo em pacientes com CTO coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ponte de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria sem Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) &#233; considerada a op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento mais popular para pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, podendo ser realizada de duas formas b&#225;sicas: CRM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) e CRM sem CEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Devido ao aumento da experi&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica e anest&#233;sica e &#224;s melhorias t&#233;cnicas nos dispositivos de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria do paciente, a aplica&#231;&#227;o da CRM sem CEC cresceu substancialmente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> respondendo por mais de 80% de todas as CRM em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento e no Extremo Oriente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de quase 2 d&#233;cadas de debate com mais de 120 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e 60 metan&#225;lises, a controv&#233;rsia sobre os benef&#237;cios e riscos de CRM sem CEC em compara&#231;&#227;o com CRM com CEC continua. No entanto, alguns estudos argumentam que CRM sem CEC &#233; uma alternativa segura para CRM com CEC em pacientes do sexo feminino e &#233; recomendado como uma t&#233;cnica preferencial em mulheres. Uma metan&#225;lise de seis estudos observacionais envolvendo 23.313 pacientes (9.596 CRM sem CEC e 13.717 CRM com CEC) revelou um menor risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio perioperat&#243;rio em CRM sem CEC (OR=0,65; IC 95%: 0,51-0,84, p=0,0009).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em um estudo retrospectivo na Holanda, a mortalidade de 120 dias ap&#243;s CRM sem CEC foi significativamente menor do que ap&#243;s CRM com CEC em mulheres (OR=0,356, IC 95%: 0,144&#8211;0,882, p=0,026), e a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi significativa nos homens (OR= 0,787, IC 95%: 0,498&#8211;1,246, p=0,307).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Mesmo em todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM sem CEC, as mulheres ainda apresentaram menores taxas de mortalidade hospitalar (0% vs. 1,3%) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (6% contra 15%) do que pacientes do sexo masculino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero e progn&#243;stico a longo prazo ap&#243;s CRM sem CEC raramente &#233; relatada.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar se as mulheres se beneficiam mais do que os homens da CRM sem CEC em pacientes com CTO cr&#244;nica, que representa a les&#227;o coronariana mais grave, com grande carga isqu&#234;mica e mau progn&#243;stico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Este estudo de coorte observacional e retrospectivo incluiu pacientes adultos (&#8805;18 anos) com CTO coron&#225;ria submetidos a CRM sem CEC em nosso hospital de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2014. CTO coron&#225;ria foi definida como estenose de 100% com fluxo de grau 0 de tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI) por mais de 3 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Para minimizar a heterogeneidade da popula&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos se tivessem sido submetidos a refazer CRM. Todos os pacientes com morte perioperat&#243;ria ou choque cardiog&#234;nico tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional do Hospital Beijing Anzhen (2022178X). Todos os procedimentos foram conduzidos de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1964 e suas emendas posteriores ou padr&#245;es &#233;ticos compar&#225;veis. O consentimento informado foi dispensado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Beijing Anzhen devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva do estudo. A participa&#231;&#227;o do paciente foi an&#244;nima, e o nome ou informa&#231;&#245;es de identifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram coletados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Opera&#231;&#227;o CRM sem CEC</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram tratados com anestesia padr&#227;o, cirurgia e perioperat&#243;rio por anestesistas, cirurgi&#245;es e enfermeiros experientes. Resumidamente, todos os pacientes foram levados para a sala de cirurgia e colocados na mesa em posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Quando foram anestesiados, os cirurgi&#245;es fizeram uma incis&#227;o no meio do peito para separar o esterno e a veia safena magna; ent&#227;o, eles abriram o peric&#225;rdio e expuseram completamente os cora&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes para explorar a estenose dos vasos sangu&#237;neos. Os vasos apropriados para ponte foram escolhidos com base na localiza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o vascular. Depois disso, os cirurgi&#245;es anastomosaram a aorta ascendente e a veia safena magna e suturaram o peric&#225;rdio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados e resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes foram coletadas de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, incluindo idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, comorbidades (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular), Score Synergy Between PCI With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (Syntax), classe da New York Heart Association (NYHA), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Al&#233;m disso, os dados perioperat&#243;rios, incluindo dura&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o, n&#250;mero de enxertos, tipo de enxertos (venoso, art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna esquerda [AMIE], art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna direita [AMID] e radial), dura&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de interna&#231;&#245;es na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), dura&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e medicamentos na alta tamb&#233;m foram recuperados. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a mortalidade por todas as causas. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a morte foram coletadas por meio da revis&#227;o de registros de pacientes ou por entrevista por telefone. O acompanhamento terminou dez anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia ou em dezembro de 2020, o que ocorresse primeiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Estimamos que uma amostra de pelo menos 300 pacientes por grupo forneceria &gt;90% de poder para detectar uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de 10% no risco de morte no grupo feminino, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo masculino, em um n&#237;vel alfa bilateral de 0,05. O risco relativo estimado foi baseado em resultados de estudos anteriores que exploraram as diferen&#231;as nas taxas de mortalidade entre os g&#234;neros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram relatadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e comparadas usando testes-t de Student n&#227;o pareados. Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como mediana (interquartil intervalo) e comparadas usando o teste U de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram resumidas como contagens e porcentagens, e as compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas usando o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. Um teste de log-rank e uma curva de Kaplan-Meier foram empregados para avaliar as diferen&#231;as no tempo at&#233; a mortalidade por todas as causas entre homens e mulheres. Um modelo de risco proporcional multivariado de Cox foi utilizado para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero e mortalidade por todas as causas ap&#243;s o ajuste para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi definido como estatisticamente significativo. O pacote de programa de software estat&#237;stico SPSS (vers&#227;o 22.0) foi usado para an&#225;lise de dados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inscritos 1.356 pacientes no total, dos quais 321 (23,7%) eram mulheres e 1.035 (76,3%) homens. As vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais s&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. As mulheres eram 4,7 anos mais velhas no in&#237;cio e tinham um IMC significativamente menor do que os homens (ambos p&lt;0,01). As incid&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular foram substancialmente maiores em mulheres, enquanto a incid&#234;ncia de tabagismo foi significativamente maior em homens (todos p&lt;0,01). As mulheres tiveram uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior de escore Syntax&gt;32 do que os homens (p=0,01). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> exibe as caracter&#237;sticas perioperat&#243;rias entre homens e mulheres. A dura&#231;&#227;o operat&#243;ria foi significativamente maior em homens do que em mulheres (p&lt;0,01). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas no n&#250;mero de enxertos, tipo de enxertos, dura&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de interna&#231;&#245;es na UTI, dura&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e medicamentos na alta. Durante um per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de acompanhamento de 10 anos, a mortalidade cumulativa por todas as causas em pacientes do sexo feminino foi significativamente menor do que em pacientes do sexo masculino (10,3% vs. 24,3%, p&lt;0,01). A curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central</xref>) revelou sobrevida cumulativa superior em pacientes do sexo feminino (HR=0,48, IC 95%: 0,37-0,64; p&lt;0,01). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de riscos proporcionais de Cox multivariada foi empregada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero com o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central</xref>). Mostrou que ap&#243;s controlar potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, incluindo caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes (idade, sexo, IMC, hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, comorbidades, escore Syntax, classe NYHA, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica) e dados perioperat&#243;rios (dura&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o, n&#250;mero de enxertos, tipo de enxertos, dura&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de interna&#231;&#245;es na UTI, dura&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e medicamentos na alta), pacientes do sexo feminino foram significativamente associadas a um menor risco de mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes do sexo masculino (HR = 0,30, IC de 95%: 0,20-0,44; p &lt; 0,01), e pacientes com um escore Syntax mais alto foram significativamente associados a um maior risco de mortalidade por todas as causas (HR = 6,02, IC de 95%: 4,60-7,89; p &lt; 0,01).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Mulheres (n=321)</th>
                <th>Homens (n=1.035)</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">68,0&#177;3,0</td>
                <td align="center">63,3&#177;3,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">22,3&#177;1,9</td>
                <td align="center">23,0&#177;2,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">89 (27,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">595 (57,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">213 (66,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">479 (46,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">79 (24,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">270 (26,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">36 (11,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">155 (15,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                <td align="center">35 (10,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (5,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de sintaxe &gt;32</td>
                <td align="center">142(44,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">376 (36,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe NYHA</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eu-II</td>
                <td align="center">181 (56,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">569 (55,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III-IV</td>
                <td align="center">140 (43,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">466 (45,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o&#8805;55%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">244 (76,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">801 (77,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Falta de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                <td align="center">20 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (4,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; Sintaxe: Sinergia entre Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea com Taxus e Cirurgia Card&#237;aca; NYHA: Associa&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca de Nova York.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados perioperat&#243;rios</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Mulheres (n=321)</th>
                <th>Homens (n=1.035)</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o operat&#243;ria, min</td>
                <td align="center">158,7&#177;5,2</td>
                <td align="center">159,7&#177;4,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de enxertos</td>
                <td align="center">2,1&#177;1,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,1&#177;0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Enxertos venosos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">96 (29,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">317 (30,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">176 (54,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">566 (54,7%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">201 (14,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">152 (14,7%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AMIE</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">60 (18,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">182 (17,6%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">261 (81,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">853 (82,4%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AMID</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">287 (89,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">957 (92,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">34 (10,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (7,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Renxertos adialis</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">205 (63,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">673 (65,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">116 (36,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">362 (35,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI, dias</td>
                <td align="center">2,5&#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,4&#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, dias</td>
                <td align="center">6,8&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,9&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medicamentos na alta</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">74 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">287 (27,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">278 (86,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">919 (88,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tienopiridinas</td>
                <td align="center">56 (17,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">199 (19,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">45 (14,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">155 (15,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA</td>
                <td align="center">45 (14,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">160 (15,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>antagonista &#946;</td>
                <td align="center">35 (10,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (11,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antagonista do c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">201 (62,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">653 (63,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitratos</td>
                <td align="center">160 (49,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">475 (45,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>AMIE: art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna esquerda; AMID: art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna direita; IECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, descobriu-se que as mulheres tinham uma menor taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas. Al&#233;m disso, a regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox indicou que pacientes mulheres estavam significativamente associadas a um risco menor de mortalidade por todas as causas ap&#243;s o controle de potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Conforme demonstrado em nossos resultados e em muitos estudos anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> as mulheres eram geralmente mais velhas, com mais comorbidades e maiores escores Syntax do que os homens no in&#237;cio do estudo. Um n&#250;mero crescente de estudos relatou que as mulheres tiveram mortalidade hospitalar ou de curto prazo significativamente maior do que os homens submetidos &#224; CRM. As mulheres tamb&#233;m foram consideradas um fator de risco em escores prevalentes para avaliar riscos perioperat&#243;rios, como o Sistema Europeu de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Risco Operat&#243;rio Card&#237;aco (EuroSCORE). Ao contr&#225;rio da mortalidade de curto prazo, nosso estudo indicou uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente menor de mortalidade por todas as causas a longo prazo em mulheres. H&#225; resultados conflitantes em estudos anteriores sobre a diferen&#231;a de sexo a longo prazo na mortalidade ap&#243;s CRM sem CEC. Em linha com nossos resultados, um estudo publicado recentemente na Finl&#226;ndia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> mostrou que a taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas em mulheres durante um acompanhamento de 10 anos foi 0,70 vezes (IC de 95%, 0,58&#8211;0,84; p &lt; 0,0001) do que em homens. No entanto, estudos com 8-11 anos de acompanhamento do Canad&#225;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e Noruega<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero no progn&#243;stico. Os resultados conflitantes entre os estudos podem ser devidos a diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, desenhos de estudo, fatores de confus&#227;o e eras de estudo.</p>
      <p>A diferen&#231;a de g&#234;nero na sobreviv&#234;ncia a longo prazo ap&#243;s CRM sem CEC pode estar relacionada a fatores de risco autoadquiridos, incluindo estado hormonal e ades&#227;o a medicamentos e estilos de vida saud&#225;veis. Foi relatado que o estrog&#234;nio pode proteger altamente o sistema cardiovascular de mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa e melhorar sua sobreviv&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as mulheres tiveram melhor ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e melhores estilos de vida, como menor consumo de &#225;lcool e menor taxa de tabagismo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>o que pode estar associado a melhor sobreviv&#234;ncia. Os mecanismos subjacentes para diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero no progn&#243;stico devem ser complicados e precisam ser explorados em estudos posteriores. Existem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es, primeiro, devido ao desenho retrospectivo, n&#227;o podemos excluir o vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e uma poss&#237;vel falta de vari&#225;veis que poderiam ter influenciado os resultados. Por exemplo, a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o e o estilo de vida saud&#225;vel (por exemplo, exerc&#237;cios e cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo) durante o acompanhamento de longo prazo estavam ausentes, o que pode afetar a sobreviv&#234;ncia e causar vi&#233;s. Al&#233;m disso, as medidas de desfecho prim&#225;rias foram mortalidade por todas as causas, e n&#227;o recuperamos dados sobre a causa da morte.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o g&#234;nero feminino &#233; um fator de risco independente para aumento das taxas de mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria quando CRM &#233; usada. A CRM sem CEC est&#225; significativamente associada com melhor sobrevida a longo prazo em mulheres com CTO coron&#225;ria e pode, portanto, ser proposta como a t&#233;cnica de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o preferida entre pacientes do sexo feminino.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, Alfonso F, Banning AP, Benedetto U, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on Myocardial Revascularization. EuroIntervention. 2019;14(14):1435-34. doi: 10.4244/EIJY19M01_01.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neumann</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa-Uva</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahlsson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alfonso</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banning</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benedetto</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on Myocardial Revascularization</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1435</fpage>
          <lpage>1434</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4244/EIJY19M01_01</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Taggart D. Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (OPCABG): the Beginning of the End? Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2013;2013(3):203-6. doi: 10.5339/gcsp.2013.27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taggart</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (OPCABG): the Beginning of the End?</article-title>
          <source>Glob Cardiol Sci Pract</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2013</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>203</fpage>
          <lpage>206</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5339/gcsp.2013.27</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Zhou P, Zhu P, Xiao Z, Lin X, Xu R, Zheng S. Meta-analysis of Repeat Revascularization of Off-Pump and On-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;106(2):526-31. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.02.068.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xiao</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zheng</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Meta-analysis of Repeat Revascularization of Off-Pump and On-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>526</fpage>
          <lpage>531</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.02.068</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Sarin EL, Puskas JD, Kilgo PD, Thourani VH, Guyton RA, Lattouf OM. Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting is Associated with Reduced Operative Mortality and In-hospital Adverse Events in Patients with Left Main Coronary Artery Disease. Innovations. 2009;4(2):80-5. doi: 10.1097/IMI.0b013e3181a20da6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarin</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puskas</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kilgo</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thourani</surname>
              <given-names>VH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guyton</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lattouf</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting is Associated with Reduced Operative Mortality and In-hospital Adverse Events in Patients with Left Main Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Innovations</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>80</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/IMI.0b013e3181a20da6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Attaran S, Harling L, Ashrafian H, Moscarelli M, Casula R, Anderson J, et al. Off-pump versus On-pump Revascularization in Females: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Perfusion. 2014;29(5):385-96. doi: 10.1177/0267659114525985.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Attaran</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harling</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ashrafian</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moscarelli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casula</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Off-pump versus On-pump Revascularization in Females: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies</article-title>
          <source>Perfusion</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>385</fpage>
          <lpage>396</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0267659114525985</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Woorst JFT, Hoff AHT, Haanschoten MC, Houterman S, van Straten AHM, Soliman-Hamad MA. Do Women Benefit more than Men from Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting? Neth Heart J. 2019;27(12):629-35. doi: 10.1007/s12471-019-01333-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Woorst</surname>
              <given-names>JFT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoff</surname>
              <given-names>AHT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haanschoten</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Houterman</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Straten</surname>
              <given-names>AHM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soliman-Hamad</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Do Women Benefit more than Men from Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting?</article-title>
          <source>Neth Heart J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>629</fpage>
          <lpage>635</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12471-019-01333-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Bernet F, Baykut D, Reineke D, Matt P, Zerkowski HR. Impact of Female Gender on the Early Outcome in Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Eur J Med Res. 2006;11(3):114-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bernet</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baykut</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reineke</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matt</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zerkowski</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Female Gender on the Early Outcome in Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Med Res</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>114</fpage>
          <lpage>118</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Galassi AR, Werner GS, Boukhris M, Azzalini L, Mashayekhi K, Carlino M, et al. Percutaneous Recanalisation of Chronic Total Occlusions: 2019 Consensus Document from the EuroCTO Club. EuroIntervention. 2019;15(2):198-208. doi: 10.4244/EIJ-D-18-00826.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Galassi</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Werner</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boukhris</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azzalini</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mashayekhi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carlino</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Percutaneous Recanalisation of Chronic Total Occlusions: 2019 Consensus Document from the EuroCTO Club</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>198</fpage>
          <lpage>208</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4244/EIJ-D-18-00826</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Cartier R, Bouchot O, El-Hamamsy I. Influence of Sex and Age on Long-term Survival in Systematic Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34(4):826-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.07.024.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cartier</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouchot</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El-Hamamsy</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of Sex and Age on Long-term Survival in Systematic Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>826</fpage>
          <lpage>832</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.07.024</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Urbanowicz T, Michalak M, Olasinska-Wisniewska A, Haneya A, Straburzynska-Migaj E, Bocianski M, et al. Gender Differences in Coronary Artery Diameters and Survival Results after Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass (OPCAB) Procedures. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(5):2867-73. doi: 10.21037/jtd-20-3356.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Urbanowicz</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michalak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olasinska-Wisniewska</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haneya</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Straburzynska-Migaj</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocianski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gender Differences in Coronary Artery Diameters and Survival Results after Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass (OPCAB) Procedures</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Dis</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>2867</fpage>
          <lpage>2873</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21037/jtd-20-3356</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Puskas JD, Kilgo PD, Lattouf OM, Thourani VH, Cooper WA, Vassiliades TA, et al. Off-pump Coronary Bypass Provides Reduced Mortality and Morbidity and Equivalent 10-year Survival. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86(4):1139-46. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.05.073.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Puskas</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kilgo</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lattouf</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thourani</surname>
              <given-names>VH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vassiliades</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Off-pump Coronary Bypass Provides Reduced Mortality and Morbidity and Equivalent 10-year Survival</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1139</fpage>
          <lpage>1146</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.05.073</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Eifert S, Kilian E, Beiras-Fernandez A, Juchem G, Reichart B, Lamm P. Early and Mid Term Mortality after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Women Depends on the Surgical Protocol: Retrospective Analysis of 3441 On- and Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Procedures. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;5:90. doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-5-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eifert</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kilian</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beiras-Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Juchem</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reichart</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamm</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early and Mid Term Mortality after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Women Depends on the Surgical Protocol: Retrospective Analysis of 3441 On- and Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Procedures</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <size units="pages">90</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1749-8090-5-90</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Kyt&#246; V, Sipil&#228; J, Rautava P, Gunn J. Sex Differences in Outcomes Following Acute Coronary Syndrome Treated with Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Heart Lung Circ. 2021;30(1):100-7. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.02.009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kyt&#246;</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sipil&#228;</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rautava</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gunn</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex Differences in Outcomes Following Acute Coronary Syndrome Treated with Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Heart Lung Circ</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>100</fpage>
          <lpage>107</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hlc.2020.02.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Risum O, Abdelnoor M, Nitter-Hauge S, Levorstad K, Svennevig JL. Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Women and in Men; Early and Long-term Results. A study of the Norwegian Population Adjusted by Age and Sex. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997;11(3):539-46. doi: 10.1016/s1010-7940(96)01107-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Risum</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abdelnoor</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nitter-Hauge</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levorstad</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svennevig</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Women and in Men; Early and Long-term Results. A study of the Norwegian Population Adjusted by Age and Sex</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>539</fpage>
          <lpage>546</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s1010-7940(96)01107-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Wren BG. The Effect of Oestrogen on the Female Cardiovascular System. Med J Aust. 1992;157(3):204-8. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137091.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wren</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Effect of Oestrogen on the Female Cardiovascular System</article-title>
          <source>Med J Aust</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>157</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>204</fpage>
          <lpage>208</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137091.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Nielsen J&#216;, Shrestha AD, Neupane D, Kallestrup P. Non-adherence to Anti-hypertensive Medication in low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 92443 Subjects. J Hum Hypertens. 2017;31(1):14-21. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2016.31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nielsen</surname>
              <given-names>J&#216;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shrestha</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neupane</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kallestrup</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-adherence to Anti-hypertensive Medication in low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 92443 Subjects</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>14</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/jhh.2016.31</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Renda G, Patti G, Lang IM, Siller-Matula JM, Hylek EM, Ambrosio Get al. Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Burden in Women: Gender-related Issues in the Response to Antithrombotic Therapies. Int J Cardiol. 2019;286:198-207. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.02.004</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Renda</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siller-Matula</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hylek</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ambrosio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Burden in Women: Gender-related Issues in the Response to Antithrombotic Therapies</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>286</volume>
          <fpage>198</fpage>
          <lpage>207</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.02.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do nstitutional Review Board of Beijing Anzhen Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2022178X. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240221i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Females are Associated with Lower Risks of Long-Term Mortality in Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bai</surname>
            <given-names>Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-0727-0011</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Jiangang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ye</surname>
            <given-names>Qing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Cheng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Jiangang Wang &#8226; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing 100029 &#8211; China E-mail: wangjiangangbj@163.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Females are Associated with Lower Risks of Long-Term Mortality in Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240221-40221-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> In patients who underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG), females were reported to have lower rates of in-hospital mortality rate and postoperative atrial fibrillation than males. However, the association between gender and long-term prognosis following OPCABG is rarely reported.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study aims to determine if women benefit more from OPCABG than men by comparing the difference in the risk of long-term all-cause mortality in patients with coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This is an observational, retrospective cohort study conducted in adult patients (&#8805;18 years) with coronary CTO undergoing OPCABG at our hospital from January 2011 to December 2014. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was employed to assess the association of gender with the risk of all-cause mortality. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Totally 1,256 participants were enrolled, among which 321 (25.6%) were females and 935 (74.4%) were males. During a maximum follow-up of 10 years, the all-cause mortality rate in women was significantly lower than that in men (10.3% vs. 24.3%, p&lt;0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that women were significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR=0.30, 95% CI: 0.20-0.44; p&lt;0.01) after controlling for potential confounding factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Women benefit more from OPCABG surgery than men, as they have a lower risk of long-term all-cause mortality in patients with coronary CTO.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Beating Heart Coronary Artery Bypass</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is regarded as the most popular treatment option for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), which can be performed in two basic ways: on-pump CABG (ONCABG) and off-pump CABG (OPCABG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Owing to increases in surgical and anesthesia expertise and technical improvements in intraoperative patient stabilization devices, the application of OPCABG has grown substantially,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> accounting for over 80% of all CABG in developing countries and the Far East.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite nearly 2 decades of debate with more than 120 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and 60 meta-analyses, the controversy regarding the benefits and risks of OPCABG compared with ONCABG continues. However, some studies argue that OPCAB is a safe alternative to ONCABG in female patients and is recommended as a preferred technique in females. A meta-analysis of six observational studies involving 23,313 patients (9,596 OPCAB and 13,717 ONCABG) revealed a lower risk of peri-operative myocardial infarction in OPCABG (OR=0.65; 95% CI: 0.51- 0.84, p=0.0009).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In a retrospective study in the Netherlands, the 120-day mortality after OPCABG was significantly lower than that after ONCABG in women (OR=0.356, 95% CI: 0.144&#8211;0.882, p=0.026), and the difference was not significant in men (OR= 0.787, 95% CI 0.498&#8211;1.246, p=0.307).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Even in all patients who underwent OPCABG, females still had lower rates of in-hospital mortality rate (0% vs. 1.3%) and postoperative atrial fibrillation (6% vs. 15%) than male patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, the association of gender and long-term prognosis following OPCABG is rarely reported.</p>
        <p>The present study aims to evaluate if women benefit more than men from OPCABG in patients with coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO), which represents the most severe coronary lesion with heavy ischemic burden and poor prognosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>This observational, retrospective cohort study enrolled adult patients (&#8805;18 years) with coronary CTO undergoing OPCABG at our hospital from January 2011 to December 2014. Coronary CTO was defined as a 100% stenosis with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade 0 flow for more than 3 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> To minimize the heterogeneity of the population, patients were excluded if they underwent re-do CABG. All patients with peri-operative death or cardiogenic shock were also excluded.</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beijing Anzhen Hospital (2022178X). All procedures were conducted according to the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was waived by the Ethic Committee of Beijing Anzhen Hospital because of the retrospective nature of the study. Patient participation was anonymous, and the name or identifying information was not collected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>OPCABG operation</title>
          <p>All patients were treated with standard anesthesia, surgery, and peri-operative nurses from experienced anesthetists, surgeons, and nurses. Briefly, all patients were brought to the operating room and placed on the table in the supine position. When they were anesthetized, surgeons made an incision down the middle of the chest to separate the sternum and the great saphenous vein; then, they opened the pericardium and fully exposed patients&#8217; hearts to explore the stenosis of blood vessels. The appropriate bridging vessels were chosen based on the location of the vascular lesion. After that, surgeons anastomosed the ascending aorta and the great saphenous vein and sutured the pericardium.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and outcomes</title>
          <p>Patients&#8217; baseline demographic and clinical features were collected from medical records, including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, peripheral artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease), Synergy Between PCI With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (Syntax) score, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, ejection fraction, and myocardial viability. In addition, the peri-operative data, including operation duration, number of grafts, type of grafts (venous, left internal mammary artery [LIMA], right internal mammary artery [RIMA], and radialis), postoperative length of intensive care unit (ICU) stays, postoperative length of hospital stays, and medications at discharge were also retrieved. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Death information was collected by reviewing patient records or by phone interview. The follow-up ended ten years after the surgery or in December 2020, whichever came first.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>We estimated that a sample of at least 300 patients per group would provide &gt;90% power to detect a relative reduction of 10% in the risk of death in the female group, as compared with the male group, at a two-sided alpha level of 0.05. The estimated relative risk was based on results from earlier studies that explored the differences in mortality rates between genders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Continuous variables with a normal distribution were reported as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and compared using unpaired Student&#8217;s t-tests. Variables with a non-normal distribution were presented as median (interquartile range) and compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were summarized as counts and percentages, and comparisons were made using the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test as appropriate. A log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier curve were employed to evaluate differences in time to all-cause mortality between males and females. A Multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was utilized to assess the association of gender and all-cause mortality after adjusting for potential confounders. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was set to be statistically significant. The SPSS statistical software program package (version 22.0) was used for data analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Totally 1,356 patients were enrolled, among which 321 (23.7%) were women and 1,035 (76.3%) were men. Baseline demographic and clinical variables are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Women were older by 4.7 years at baseline and had a significantly lower BMI than men (both p&lt;0.01). The incidences of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease were substantially higher in women, while the incidence of smoking was significantly higher in men (all p&lt;0.01). Women had a significantly higher proportion of Syntax score&gt;32 than men (p=0.01).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Females (n=321)</th>
                  <th>Males (n=1,035)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">68.0&#177;3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">63.3&#177;3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22.3&#177;1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">23.0&#177;2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking history</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (27.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">595 (57.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">213 (66.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">479 (46.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (24.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">270 (26.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peripheral artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (11.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (15.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (10.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (5.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Syntax score &gt;32</td>
                  <td align="center">142(44.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">376 (36.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA class</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I-II</td>
                  <td align="center">181 (56.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">569 (55.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III-IV</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (43.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">466 (45.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ejection fraction&#8805;55%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">244 (76.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">801 (77.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lack of myocardial viability</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (4.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>IBMI: body mass index; Syntax: synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> displays the peri-operative features between men and women. Operative duration was significantly longer in males than in females (p&lt;0.01). There were no significant differences in the number of grafts, type of grafts, postoperative length of ICU stays, postoperative length of hospital stays, and medications at discharge.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Perioperative data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Females (n=321)</th>
                  <th>Males (n=1,035)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Operative duration, min</td>
                  <td align="center">158.7&#177;5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">159.7&#177;4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of grafts</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1&#177;1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1&#177;0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Venous grafts</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (29.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">317 (30.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (54.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">566 (54.7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">201 (14.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (14.7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LIMA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (18.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">182 (17.6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">261 (81.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">853 (82.4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RIMA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">287 (89.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">957 (92.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (10.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (7.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Radialis grafts</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">205 (63.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">673 (65.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (36.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">362 (35.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Postoperative length of ICU stays, days</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Postoperative length of hospital stays, days</td>
                  <td align="center">6.8&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medications at discharge</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (23.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">287 (27.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirin</td>
                  <td align="center">278 (86.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">919 (88.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thienopyridines</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (17.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">199 (19.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (14.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (15.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (14.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (15.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#946; antagonist</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (10.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (11.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium antagonist</td>
                  <td align="center">201 (62.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">653 (63.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrates</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (49.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">475 (45.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>LIMA: left internal mammary artery; RIMA: right internal mammary artery; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>During a maximum follow-up period of 10 years, the cumulative all-cause mortality in female patients was significantly lower than that in male patients (10.3% vs. 24.3%, p&lt;0.01). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>) revealed superior cumulative survival in female patients (HR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.37-0.64; p&lt;0.01).</p>
        <p>Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was employed to evaluate the association of gender with the risk of all-cause mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). It showed that after controlling for potential confounders including patients&#8217; baseline demographic and clinical features (age, gender, BMI, smoking history, comorbidities, Syntax score, NYHA class, ejection fraction, and myocardial viability) and peri-operative data (operation duration, number of grafts, type of grafts, postoperative length of ICU stays, postoperative length of hospital stays, and medications at discharge), female patients were significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality compared to male patients (HR=0.30, 95 %CI: 0.20-0.44; p&lt;0.01), and patients with a higher syntax score were significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR=6.02, 95% CI: 4.60-7.89; p&lt;0.01).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, females were found to have a lower all-cause mortality rate. Moreover, multivariate Cox regression indicated that female patients were significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality after controlling for potential confounders.</p>
        <p>As shown in our results and many previous studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> women were generally older with more comorbidities and higher Syntax scores than men at baseline. An increasing number of studies have reported that females had significantly higher in-hospital or short-term mortality than males who underwent CABG. Females have also been regarded as a risk factor in prevalent scores for assessing peri-operative risks, such as the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE). Contrary to short-term mortality, our study indicated a significantly lower incidence of long-term all-cause mortality in females. There are conflicting results in previous studies on the long-term sex difference in mortality after OPCABG. In line with our outcomes, a recently published study in Finland<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> showed that the all-cause death rate in females during a 10-year follow-up was 0.70 times (95% CI, 0.58&#8211;0.84; p&lt;0.0001) than that in males. However, studies with 8-11 years of follow-up from Canada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and Norway<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> did not find gender differences in the prognosis. The conflicting outcomes across studies may be due to different populations, study designs, confounding factors, and study eras.</p>
        <p>The gender difference in long-term survival following OPCABG may be related to self-acquired risk factors, including hormonal status and adherence to medicines and healthy lifestyles. It has been reported that estrogen could highly protect the cardiovascular system of postmenopausal females and improve their survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Moreover, females had better medication adherence and better lifestyles, such as lower alcohol consumption and a lower smoking rate,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> which might be associated with better survival. The underlying mechanisms for gender differences in prognosis should be complicated and need to be explored in further studies.</p>
        <p>There are several limitations. Firstly, because of the retrospective design, we cannot exclude selection bias and a possible lack of variables that could have influenced the results. For instance, medication adherence and healthy lifestyle (e.g., exercise and smoking cessation) during the long-term follow-up were lacking, which may affect survival and cause bias. In addition, the primary outcome measures were all-cause mortality, and we did not retrieve data on the cause of death.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, the female gender is an independent risk factor for increased postoperative mortality rates when CABG is used. OPCABG is significantly associated with better long-term survival in women with coronary CTO and may, therefore, be proposed as the preferred revascularization technique among female patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institutional Review Board of Beijing Anzhen Hospital under the protocol number 2022178X. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
