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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">JtMytLTF7rJnX9p4rhVrbhq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240195</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atividade Anti-Inflamat&#243;ria <italic>In Vivo</italic> do D-Limoneno em um Modelo de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar Induzida por Monocrotalina em Ratos: Implica&#231;&#245;es &#224; Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira-Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Orts</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Jose Belato y</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1787-4535</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Polyana Leal da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Michael Ramon de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8972-749X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hermes</surname>
            <given-names>Hernan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prudencio</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2690-912X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Adolfo Lutz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Adolfo Lutz, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Danilo Roman-Campos &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Botucatu, 862, ECB, 7&#186; andar. CEP 04023-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil; E-mail: <email>drcampos@unifesp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240195</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Atividade Anti-Inflamat&#243;ria In Vivo do D-Limoneno em um Modelo de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar Induzida por Monocrotalina em Ratos: Implica&#231;&#245;es &#224; Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar causa inflama&#231;&#227;o no cora&#231;&#227;o e leva a um remodelamento funcional e estrutural do tecido. O componente natural D-limoneno administrado in vivo atenuou a resposta inflamat&#243;ria no cora&#231;&#227;o dos ratos no modelo de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar induzida por monocrotalina e melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o e a estrutura do cora&#231;&#227;o.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/JtMytLTF7rJnX9p4rhVrbhq/01698868e53b309ff660dd2dcbd8994538779e49.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/JtMytLTF7rJnX9p4rhVrbhq/b930f5b88e00a91b902dcd687fff93968fcf3499.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/JtMytLTF7rJnX9p4rhVrbhq/014bcf84966374c5f1012a8368557ef2221b9718.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O D-Limoneno (D-L) &#233; o principal monoterpeno monoc&#237;clico com propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias encontrado em plantas <italic>citrus</italic>. A Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) pode causar disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca direita e aumentar o risco de morte, em parte devido &#224; resposta inflamat&#243;ria no cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o poss&#237;vel efeito protetor do D-L sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em um modelo de HP induzida por Monocrotalina (MCT) (HP-MCT) em ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico <italic>in vivo</italic>. A t&#233;cnica de colora&#231;&#227;o tricromo de Masson foi empregada para verificar fibrose no cora&#231;&#227;o. A fun&#231;&#227;o de contratilidade do tecido atrial foi estudada usando o banho de &#243;rg&#227;os isolados. O PCR quantitativo em tempo real foi aplicado para quantificar inflama&#231;&#227;o no ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O grupo HP-MCT mostrou remodelamento estrutural e el&#233;trico do cora&#231;&#227;o, com a presen&#231;a de fibrose no tecido card&#237;aco e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas <italic>in vivo</italic>. O tratamento com D-L preveniu em parte o desenvolvimento de fibrose tecidual e o aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P no grupo HP-MCT. As velocidades de contra&#231;&#227;o e de relaxamento do &#225;trio direito e do &#225;trio esquerdo isolado foram aceleradas nos animais CTR e HP-MCT tratados com D-L. Finalmente, o D-L foi capaz de prevenir a express&#227;o anormal das citocinas inflamat&#243;rias chave, interleucina 1-&#946;, interleucina 6 e fator de necrose tumoral &#945;, no ventr&#237;culo direito dos animais do modelo HP-MCT. D-L foi capaz de aumentar a produ&#231;&#227;o da citocina anti-inflamat&#243;ria interleucina-10.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Nossos resultados mostraram que a administra&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> de D-L preveniu em parte o remodelamento molecular, estrutural e funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o no modelo HP-MCT com atenua&#231;&#227;o da reposta inflamat&#243;ria no cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Inflamat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Produtos Biol&#243;gicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o do Amparo &#224; pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2021/05584-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o do Amparo &#224; pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2020/14635-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</funding-source>
          <award-id>304257/2020-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id># 2022/14133-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id># 2023/04603-03</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id># 2022/07256-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP, projetos n&#250;meros 2021/05584-7, 2020/14635-1 e CNPq, projeto n&#250;mero 304257/2020-6 e parcialmente financiado pela FAPESP, projeto n&#250;mero 2023/04603-03 e 2022/07256-0.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="16"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica e multifatorial, caracterizada por um remodelamento progressivo do leito arterial pulmonar, resultando em disfun&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula endotelial, prolifera&#231;&#227;o anormal das c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso da art&#233;ria pulmonar, e presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias na t&#250;nica advent&#237;cia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es levam a um aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e na press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da HP, pode ocorrer uma sobrecarga de press&#227;o sobre o ventr&#237;culo direito, contribuindo para hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito e, eventualmente, a uma dificuldade de se manter o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A HP induzida por Monocrotalina (MCT) (HP-MCT) em ratos &#233; o principal modelo pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico usado para se compreender a fisiopatologia da HP em humanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A HP-MCT reproduz v&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas do cora&#231;&#227;o direito observadas em pacientes com comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca secund&#225;rio &#224; HP, incluindo remodelamento el&#233;trico e estrutural do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ao longo do curso da HP, les&#245;es no mioc&#225;rdio podem comprometer o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, com o risco de desenvolvimento de arritmias, tanto em humanos como no modelo de HP-MCT em ratos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Estudos pr&#233;vios sugeriram que vias apopt&#243;ticas, oxidativas e inflamat&#243;rias exercem um importante papel na patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca atrial e ventricular observada na HP-MCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Apesar de avan&#231;os significativos nas terapias farmacol&#243;gicas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e no manejo cl&#237;nico das doen&#231;as, a probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes com HP continua baixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; importante o desenvolvimento de novas terapias farmacol&#243;gicas que visem reduzir o remodelamento eletromec&#226;nico do cora&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;rio &#224; HP.</p>
      <p>O D-Limoneno (4-isopropenil-1-metilciclo-hexeno), ou D-L, &#233; um monoterpeno monoc&#237;clico encontrado predominantemente em &#243;leos extra&#237;dos da casca de frutas c&#237;tricas, tais como lim&#227;o, laranja e tangerina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Estudos mostraram que o D-L possui propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias e antioxidantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o D-L foi capaz de atenuar parte do remodelamento morfol&#243;gico do cora&#231;&#227;o no modelo de HP-MCT em ratos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> embora os autores n&#227;o tenham avaliado a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nem o poss&#237;vel mecanismo cardioprotetor envolvido. Nesse sentido, especulamos que o D-L poderia reduzir a resposta inflamat&#243;ria no cora&#231;&#227;o e prevenir o desenvolvimento de remodelamento funcional e estrutural do tecido card&#237;aco ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT em ratos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos de manipula&#231;&#227;o animal foram aprovados pela CEUA (Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais) da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (#5438060923). Ratos pesando em torno de 100 g foram obtidos do CEDEME (Centro de Desenvolvimento de Modelos Experimentais para Medicina e Biologia) e alojados em instala&#231;&#245;es para cuidado animal em um ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas, com alimento e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento experimental</title>
        <p>Os ratos foram separados aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: 1) grupo controle (CTR): os ratos foram tratados com 1mL/Kg/dia de &#243;leo de milho (ve&#237;culo); 2) grupo MCT: os ratos receberem uma dose &#250;nica de MCT 50mg/Kg (SIGMA Chemical Co. St. Louis, MO. EUA), via intraperitoneal (i.p.);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> 3) CTR+D-L: os ratos receberam 300 mg/Kg dia de D-L (SIGMA Chemical Co. St. Louis, MO, USA) dilu&#237;do em &#243;leo de milho; 4) MCT+D-L: ap&#243;s o tratamento com MCT (50mg/Kg, i.p.), os ratos receberam 300 mg/Kg/dia de D-L dilu&#237;do em &#243;leo de milho. Tratamentos com ve&#237;culo e D-L foram administrados oralmente (gavagem) por 18-20 dias consecutivos, dois dias ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT. Para evitar interfer&#234;ncia com metabolismo do MCT, o tratamento com D-L foi iniciado dois dias ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do MCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimentos nos &#225;trios direitos e esquerdos isolados</title>
        <p>Os &#225;trios direitos e esquerdos foram cortados perpendicularmente e foram colocados em uma cuba para &#243;rg&#227;os isolados contendo solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode (em mM): 140 NaCl, 5,4 KCl, 1,8 CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 1,0 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 0,33 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 11 Dextrose e 5 HEPES que foi continuamente gaseificado com O<sub>2</sub> 99,9% O<sub>2</sub>. As extremidades dos &#225;trios foram suspensas horizontalmente por ganchos de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel e equilibrados sob uma tens&#227;o de repouso de 0,5 gf (4,9 mN) por no m&#237;nimo 40 minutos. Somente o &#225;trio esquerdo foi submetido a est&#237;mulo em campo el&#233;trico (3 Hz, 100 V, 0,5 ms). A contra&#231;&#227;o atrial foi normalizada usando o programa OriginLab.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exame histopatol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos da cavidade tor&#225;cica e lavados com solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS). Em seguida, foram fixados com paraformalde&#237;do 4% por 24 horas, desidratado com etanol, lavados com xileno e embebidos em parafina. Os blocos de tecido fixados em parafina foram seccionados a uma espessura de 5 &#956;m e desparafinizados por submers&#227;o em xileno, seguido de reidrata&#231;&#227;o com &#225;lcool. As sec&#231;&#245;es foram coradas com tricromo de Masson, seguindo as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Em seguida, as imagens foram adquiridas por um microsc&#243;pio &#243;tico (Leica DM4000B; Leica Microsystems). A &#225;rea de fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio foi quantificada usando o programa Image J (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie</title>
        <p>Os ratos foram sedados com isoflurano 1,5-2,0% (Isoforine&#174;, Crist&#225;lia). Os exames eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados em um aparelho ECG-PC vers&#227;o 2,07 <sup>&#174;</sup>-TEB antes do in&#237;cio dos tratamentos e no &#250;ltimo dia. A deriva&#231;&#227;o II foi usada para calcular a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P, o complexo QRS, intervalos PR, intervalo QT e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Valore do intervalo QT foram corrigidos usando a f&#243;rmula QTc=QT/&#8730;RR. Todos os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram analisados <italic>offline</italic>. Para cada tra&#231;o, as medidas foram tomadas em um minuto (m&#233;dia) de registro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de RNA e an&#225;lise de PCR Quantitativo em Tempo Real (RT-qPCR)</title>
        <p>O RNA total foi extra&#237;do do tecido do ventr&#237;culo direito usando o reagente TRIzol LS (Life Technologies, Paisley, Reino Unido). O cDNA foi sintetizado usando <italic>GoScript Reverse Transcription System</italic> (Promega, D&#252;bendorf, Su&#237;&#231;a) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Quatro animais de cada grupo (CTR, MCT, CTR + D-L e MCT + D-L) foram usados para a an&#225;lise da express&#227;o celular de interleucina-1&#946; (IL-1&#946;), interleucina-6 (IL-6), interleucina-10 (IL-10), fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;), e o fator de crescimento transformador beta (TGF-&#946;) por PCR quantitativo em Tempo Real (RT-qPCR) usando primers espec&#237;ficos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e o kit GoTaq qPCR Master Mix (Promega). A express&#227;o gen&#233;tica relativa foi normalizada para a express&#227;o end&#243;gena de mRNA de &#946;-actina por cada controle representativo.</p>
        <p>RT-qPCR foi realizado em um sistema de PCR em tempo real ABI 7500 Fast real-time PCR (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA) com as seguinte condi&#231;&#245;es: desnatura&#231;&#227;o inicial (5 min 95&#176;C); desnatura&#231;&#227;o por 40 ciclos &#215; 15 segundos &#224; 95&#176;C, anelamento/extens&#227;o do primer por 60 segundos a 60&#176;C. A fluoresc&#234;ncia foi registrada durante a etapa de anelamento/extens&#227;o em cada ciclo. Realizamos duas repeti&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas para cada citoquina por grupo para avaliar a Quantifica&#231;&#227;o Relativa (QR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A QR de um gene alvo em compara&#231;&#227;o a um gene de refer&#234;ncia foi calculada de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>QR</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mi>Efici&#234;ncia</mml:mi><mml:mi>alvo</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8710;</mml:mo><mml:mi>Ct</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>alvo</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>controle</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>amostra</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mi>Efici&#234;ncia</mml:mi><mml:mi>refer&#234;ncia</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8710;</mml:mo><mml:mi>Ct</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>refer&#234;ncia</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>controle</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>amostra</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mfrac></mml:math></inline-formula>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. A normalidade da vari&#225;vel dependente foi testada com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk test. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas usando a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de uma via ou de duas vias, e o teste de Tukey para compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para rejeitar a hip&#243;tese nula foi p&lt;0,05. O n&#250;mero de animais foi representado por (N). Os dados foram analisados no Excel &#174; (Microsoft, EUA) e Origin 8,0<sup>&#174;</sup> (OriginLab, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Administra&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> de D-L n&#227;o impede o comprometimento no ganho de peso induzido pelo MCT em ratos jovens</title>
        <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT causa altera&#231;&#245;es no ganho de peso em ratos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Assim, os animais foram pesados no in&#237;cio e no final do experimento. Um aumento no peso corporal foi observado em todos os grupos no dia 20 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao basal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>) (p&lt;0,05). Contudo, 20 dias ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT, o peso corporal dos animais dos grupos MCT e MCT+D-L estava reduzido em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos CTR e CTR+D-L, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Evolu&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal ao longo do tempo. O peso corporal foi medido nos animais Controle (CTR), animais tratados com Monocrotalina (MCT), CTR + 300 mg/Kg/dia de D-Limoneno (D-L), e MCT + 300 mg/kg/dia de D-L no dia 0 e no dia 20. Dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia; p&lt;0,05, ANOVA de duas vias (two way) para medidas repetidas seguido do p&#243;s-teste de Tukey, %comparando dia 0 e dia 20 com seu respectivo controle, *comparando CTR com MCT no dia 20, &amp;comparando CTR 300 mg D-L com MCT 300 mg D-L no dia 20; N=4-6.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Remodelamento estrutural e el&#233;trico card&#237;aco causado pelo MCT &#233; parcialmente prevenido pela administra&#231;&#227;o de D-L em ratos jovens</title>
        <p>O remodelamento estrutural do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; um marcador de HP-MCT em ratos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As medidas do peso do cora&#231;&#227;o, do ventr&#237;culo direito, do &#225;trio direito, do &#225;trio esquerdo, da raz&#227;o entre ventr&#237;culo direito e do comprimento da t&#237;bia, e do &#237;ndice de Fulton mostrou aumentos significativos no grupo MCT em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A-F</xref>). Ainda, o peso m&#233;dio do &#225;trio esquerdo e o &#237;ndice de Fulton foram mais altos nos animais MCT+D-L em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais CTR+D-L (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 2D e 2F</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas no cora&#231;&#227;o. Grupos experimentais s&#227;o Controle (CTR), Monocrotalina (MCT), CTR + 300 mg/Kg/dia de D-Limoneno (D-L), e animais tratados com MCT + 300 mg/Kg/dia de D-L. (A) Peso do cora&#231;&#227;o. (B) Peso do Ventr&#237;culo Direito. (C) Peso do &#225;trio direito. (D) Peso do &#225;trio esquerdo. (E) Peso do ventr&#237;culo direito normalizado pelo comprimento da t&#237;bia. (F) &#205;ndice de Fulton. Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia p&lt;0,05, ANOVA de uma via seguido do p&#243;s-teste de Tukey *comparando CTR a MCT e &amp; comparando CTR+D-L a MCT + D-L; N=4-5.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>J&#225; est&#225; bem documentado que um aumento na fibrose card&#237;aca &#233; comumente observado nos animais tratados com MCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>Assim, foram realizadas an&#225;lises histol&#243;gicas e os resultados para o ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo s&#227;o ilustrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>. Os animais MCT apresentaram aumento na fibrose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 3B e 3C</xref>) em ambos os ventr&#237;culos, enquanto o tratamento com D-L atenuou a fibrose em ambos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; D-Limoneno (D-L) atenua fibrose no cora&#231;&#227;o. Grupos experimentais s&#227;o Controle (CTR), Monocrotalina (MCT), CTR + 300 mg/Kg/dia de D-L, e animais tratados com MCT + 300 mg/Kg/dia de D-L. no dia 0 e no dia 20 (A) Se&#231;&#227;o representativa do ventr&#237;culo direito e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; (B) Fibrose no cora&#231;&#227;o direito; (C) fibrose no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia p&lt;0,05, ANOVA de uma via seguido do teste de Tukey, @ comparando MCT a todos os outros grupos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em seguida, exploramos o perfil eletrocardiogr&#225;fico dos animais, que est&#225; resumido na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>. Na (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4A, i-iv</xref>) mostra tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos representativos dos quatro grupos experimentais no dia 20. Como mostrado na (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4B</xref>), n&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, medido como o intervalo RR, nem no complexo QRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4D</xref>). A administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT causou um aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4C</xref>), e o tratamento <italic>in vivo</italic> com D-L preveniu o fen&#243;tipo (grupo MCT+D-L). Al&#233;m disso, o intervalo Qt aumentou no grupo MCT em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4D</xref>), e o tratamento <italic>in vivo</italic> com D-L n&#227;o preveniu o alongamento do intervalo QT.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mudan&#231;as eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. (A) Tra&#231;os representativos do eletrocardiograma na deriva&#231;&#227;o DII para Controle (CTR (i), Monocrotalina (MCT) (ii), CTR + 300 mg/Kg/dia de D-Limoneno (D-L) (iii), e animais tratados com MCT + 300 mg/kg/dia de D-L no dia 0 e no dia 20 (iv). (B) intervalo RR. (C) dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P. (D) Complexo QRS. (E) intervalo QT; dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o p&lt;0,05, teste ANOVA de uma via seguido do teste de Tukey, @ comparando grupo MCT a todos os grupos, * comparando CTR a MCT e &amp; comparando CTR+D-L a MCT+D-L. N=4-5.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>D-L modula a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial direita e esquerda</title>
        <p>Uma vez que o tratamento com D-L evitou o remodelamento da onda P, decidimos explorar a fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do &#225;trio direito e do &#225;trio esquerdo. As (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figuras 5A-5E</xref>) resume nossos achados dos experimentos sobre contra&#231;&#227;o atrial direita em uma frequ&#234;ncia espont&#226;nea de batimento. Tra&#231;ados representativos das contra&#231;&#245;es espont&#226;neas do &#225;trio direito em todos os grupos s&#227;o apresentados na (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5A</xref>, (i-iv). Uma curva de contra&#231;&#227;o normalizada e sobreposta para todos os grupos est&#225; apresentada na (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5A</xref>, v). A frequ&#234;ncia de batimentos espont&#226;neos mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o no grupo MCT em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CTR (p=0,07). Um resultado interessante foi que a frequ&#234;ncia no grupo MCT foi diferente que a observada no grupo MCT +D-L.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mudan&#231;as na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial direita. (A) Tra&#231;os representativos de contra&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea do &#225;trio direito para o grupo Controle (CTR) (i), animais tratados com Monocrotalina (MCT) (ii) animais CTR tratados com 300 mg/Kg/dia de D-Limoneno (D-L) (iii) e animais MCT tratados com 300 mg/Kg/dia de D-L (iv). Tra&#231;ados normalizados sobrepostos para todos os grupos experimentais (v). (B) Frequ&#234;ncia de batimentos. (C) Pico de amplitude. (D) Tempo para o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o medido como o intervalo entre 10 e 90% para o desenvolvimento da contra&#231;&#227;o. (E) Tempo para o relaxamento medido como o intervalo entre 10 e 90% para o desenvolvimento do relaxamento. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia; p&lt;0,05, ANOVA de uma via seguido do teste de Tukey, #MCT em compara&#231;&#227;o a MCT+D-L, ++ CTR em compara&#231;&#227;o a CTR+D-L, N=4.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a no pico de amplitude nos grupos MCT e MCT+D-L em compara&#231;&#227;o a CTR e CTR+D-L. No entanto, ao se comparar CTR com CTR+D-L, houve uma atenua&#231;&#227;o significativa do pico de amplitude (p&lt;0,05), e uma tend&#234;ncia similar, mas n&#227;o significativa, ao se comparar MCT com MCT+D-L. Ainda, tecido do &#225;trio direito de ratos tratados com MCT apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa para um tempo mais lento para o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5C</xref>). Por outro lado, o tratamento <italic>in vivo</italic> com D-L causou uma acelera&#231;&#227;o significativa (p&lt;0,05) no tempo para o pico e para o relaxamento das curvas de contra&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito em compara&#231;&#227;o entre CTR e CTR+D-L e entre MCT e MCT+D-L. Ainda, o tempo para o relaxamento foi mais lento no grupo MCT em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5E</xref>).</p>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de batimentos espont&#226;neos do tecido atrial direito estava na faixa de 3Hz; assim, decidimos estudar as propriedades da contra&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo usando uma frequ&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o de 3Hz (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref>). Uma curva normalizada sobreposta est&#225; apresentada na (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6A</xref>) para todos os grupos experimentais. A contra&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda nos ratos MCT mostrou um tempo mais r&#225;pido para o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6C</xref>), mas n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a no tempo de relaxamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6D</xref>). Ainda, os tempos para o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos CTR+D-L e MCT+D-L. Contudo, tanto o tempo para contra&#231;&#227;o como o tempo para relaxamento foram significativamente mais r&#225;pidos nos grupos CTR+D-L e MCT+D-L quando comparados aos grupos CTR e MCT, respectivamente, indicando que a administra&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> de D-L modula a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mudan&#231;as na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda. (A) Tra&#231;ados normalizados sobrepostos do &#225;trio esquerdo sob frequ&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o de 3Hz para o grupo Controle (CTR), animais tratados com Monocrotalina (MCT) animais CTR tratados com 300 mg/Kg/dia de D-Limoneno (D-L) e animais MCT tratados com 300 mg/Kg/dia de D-L. (B) Pico de amplitude. (C) Tempo para o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o medido como o intervalo entre 10 e 90% para o desenvolvimento da contra&#231;&#227;o. (D) Tempo para o relaxamento medido como o intervalo entre 10 e 90% para o desenvolvimento do relaxamento. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia; p&lt;0,05, ANOVA de uma via seguido do teste de Tukey, @ comparando grupo MCT a todos os grupos, #comparando CTR a MCT+D-L, ++comparando CTR a CTR+D-L, N=4.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>D-L exerce efeito anti-inflamat&#243;rio no modelo de rato HP-MCT</title>
        <p>O MCT &#233; conhecido por induzir inflama&#231;&#227;o no cora&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> o que pode ter um impacto na fun&#231;&#227;o e na estrutura do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Por isso, decidimos avaliar citoquinas inflamat&#243;rias chaves que est&#227;o alteradas na HP-MCT em ratos. A an&#225;lise por RT-qPCR do tecido ventricular direito revelou que o grupo MCT apresentou uma express&#227;o mais alta de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias (IL-1&#946;, IL-6 e TNF-&#945;) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figuras 7A-7C</xref>) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CTR, e o tratamento com D-L preveniu a express&#227;o exacerbada de todas as citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias testadas, restaurando seus n&#237;veis normais de express&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CTR. Em contraste, a express&#227;o das citocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias IL-10 e TGF-&#946; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figuras 7D e 7E</xref>) estava atenuada no grupo MCT em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos CTR, CTR+D-L e MCT+D-L, e a administra&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> de D-L melhorou seus n&#237;veis na HP-MCT.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Efeito do D-Limoneno (D-L) sobre a express&#227;o de mRNA de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e citocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias no tecido ventricular direito de ratos no modelo HP-MCT. As express&#245;es de mRNA (100ng) de IL-1&#946; (A), IL-6 (B), TNF-&#945; (C), IL-10 (D) e TGF-&#946; (G) foram analisadas por PCR quantitativo em Tempo real (RT-qPCR). Os resultados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia; p&lt;0,05, ANOVA de uma via seguido do teste de Tukey, @ comparando grupo MCT a todos os grupos, #comparando MCT a MCT+D-L, &amp;comparando CTR+D-L a MCT-D+L, ++ comparando CTR a CTR+D-L (N = 4 animais por grupo em duplicata).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, a administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT (50 mg/Kg) em ratos jovens causou remodelamento mec&#226;nico el&#233;trico e estrutural grave do cora&#231;&#227;o, avaliado por achados histol&#243;gicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e achados isolados de contra&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;trios. Isso &#233; consistente com estudos pr&#233;vios usando o modelo HP-MCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Resultados de estudo pr&#233;vio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> descreveram que a administra&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> de D-L melhorou alguns aspectos fibr&#243;ticos do remodelamento no modelo HP-MCT.</p>
      <p>Na HP, a les&#227;o &#224;s pequenas art&#233;rias pulmonares inclui danos &#224;s c&#233;lulas endoteliais, espasmo arterial, fibrose e oclus&#227;o, e a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; o principal contribuinte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os danos vasculares podem levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> &#192; medida que a doen&#231;a progride, a contratilidade anormal no lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o leva a uma superprodu&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio e de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios no cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Assim, &#233; intuitivo assumir que a administra&#231;&#227;o de mol&#233;culas antioxidantes e anti-inflamat&#243;rias pode melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na HP. Acredita-se que os processos inflamat&#243;rios exer&#231;am um papel relevante na HP no homem e em experimentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pesquisa pr&#233;via mostrou que o tratamento oral com D-L (400 mg/Kg/dia) por tr&#234;s semanas consecutivas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de MCT (60 mg/Kg) reduziu o remodelamento estrutural do cora&#231;&#227;o, conforme avaliado pelo &#237;ndice de Fulton.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No entanto, h&#225; uma diverg&#234;ncia nos resultados do &#237;ndice de Fulton em nosso estudo, o que pode ser explicado em parte por: I) as linhagens dos animais eram diferentes entre os estudos. Ratos Wistar e Sprague-Dawley respondem de maneira diferente &#224; les&#227;o cardiovascular;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> II) ratos jovens e doses mais baixas de MCT influenciam a evolu&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento card&#237;aco neste modelo experimental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, observamos que a administra&#231;&#227;o de D-L atenuou o peso do ventr&#237;culo direito normalizado pelo comprimento da t&#237;bia, indicando que a revers&#227;o n&#227;o observada do &#237;ndice de Fulton pode ser atribu&#237;do a um efeito distinto sobre o ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo (septo). Al&#233;m disso, o D-L atenuou a fibrose card&#237;aca atenuada em ambos os ventr&#237;culos, o que contribui para a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular <italic>in vivo</italic>.</p>
      <p>Isso &#233; corroborado pela observa&#231;&#227;o de que o peso dos &#225;trios direitos, que geralmente encontra-se aumentado neste modelo, foi revertido pela administra&#231;&#227;o de D-L, o que n&#227;o ocorreu com o peso dos &#225;trios esquerdos. O remodelamento dos &#225;trios direitos e esquerdos contribui para a arritmia atrial neste modelo experimental<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e, sendo assim, o D-L tem um efeito ben&#233;fico nesse aspecto. Tal fato &#233; sustentado pela an&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. Ainda, observou-se que o remodelamento significativo no intervalo Qt n&#227;o foi revertido pelo D-L, sugerindo que o monoterpeno pode exercer uma habilidade &#250;nica de modular regi&#245;es distintas do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um processo patol&#243;gico essencial no remodelamento do cora&#231;&#227;o que ocorre no modelo de HP-MCT em ratos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Assim, medimos a express&#227;o das principais citocinas envolvidas na fisiopatologia de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Consistente com estudos pr&#233;vios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> n&#243;s demonstramos que a express&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias (IL-1&#946;, IL-6 e TNF-&#945;) est&#225; aumentada no grupo MCT, ao passo que a de citocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias IL-10 e TGF-&#946; est&#225; reduzida. D-L exerceu atividade anti-inflamat&#243;ria ao restaurar os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, aumentando o n&#237;vel de IL-10 e restaurando a express&#227;o de TGF-&#946;.</p>
      <p>A IL-10 &#233; uma citocina anti-inflamat&#243;ria vers&#225;til que exerce um papel crucial na regula&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios aspectos da resposta imune, inflama&#231;&#227;o, propriedades vasculoprotetoras, e do remodelamento do tecido. A IL-10 &#233; produzida principalmente por linf&#243;citos Th2 durante a inflama&#231;&#227;o, em que atua suprimindo a produ&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A IL-10 ganhou aten&#231;&#227;o significativa por sua capacidade de suprimir vasculopatia proliferativa e inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A IL-10 inibe inflama&#231;&#227;o diminuindo a produ&#231;&#227;o das citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, exercendo, assim, feitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios. Al&#233;m disso, ativa vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o que melhoram a express&#227;o de genes anti-inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O processo patol&#243;gico da HP &#233; caracterizado por n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos anormais de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias como IL-1 e IL-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Pacientes com HP geralmente exibem n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos basais elevados de IL-10, sugerindo uma resposta anti-inflamat&#243;ria protetora &#224; les&#227;o presente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Dessa forma, a IL-10 tornou-se um ponto central em terapias potenciais cujo objetivo &#233; combater fibrose associada &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A IL-10 exerce um papel indireto, mas crucial, em limitar a les&#227;o card&#237;aca e fibrose. Sua via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o, particularmente por meio de STAT3, promove o recrutamento e a reten&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais derivadas da medula &#243;ssea no local da les&#227;o card&#237;aca, influenciando, assim, o reparo e a regenera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Muitos dados da literatura sugerem um papel ben&#233;fico da IL-10 na HP. Por exemplo, no modelo de HP-MCT em ratos, a administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de IL-10 via vetor adenoviral melhorou significativamente as taxas de sobrevida e reduziu a m&#233;dia de press&#227;o arterial pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Ainda, a administra&#231;&#227;o de IL-10 recombinante melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, reduziu o remodelamento hipertr&#243;fico, atenuou a fibrose card&#237;aca e a vasculopatia proliferativa, e diminuiu a taxa de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A express&#227;o sist&#234;mica de IL-10 tamb&#233;m melhorou a sobrevida de ratos no modelo HP-MCT, preveniu o desenvolvimento de hipertrofia ventricular direita, hipertrofia medial da art&#233;ria pulmonar, reduziu o ac&#250;mulo de macr&#243;fagos, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular vascular, e reduziu os n&#237;veis de TGF-&#946;1 e IL-6 no tecido pulmonar, o que &#233; cr&#237;tico na progress&#227;o de HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Consistente com estudos pr&#233;vios usando modelo de HP-MCT em ratos, um aumento nos n&#237;veis de IL-10, induzido por administra&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de IL-10, inibiu significativamente a express&#227;o de IL-1&#946;, IL-6 e TNF-&#945; no ventr&#237;culo direito, e atenuou fibrose em ambos os ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Em geral, a IL-10 modula a din&#226;mica da rede de citocinas envolvida no remodelamento card&#237;aco induzido por HP, exercendo potencialmente seus efeitos em v&#225;rios locais.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados evidenciaram que o D-L aumentou a express&#227;o de IL-10 no tecido do ventr&#237;culo direito. A IL-10 pode estimular a s&#237;ntese de anticitocinas end&#243;genas e inibir receptores de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, e apresenta propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias potentes, reprimindo a express&#227;o de IL-1&#946;, IL-6 e TNF-&#945; por macr&#243;fagos ativados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Um estudo pr&#233;vio demonstrou que a IL-10, administrada por inje&#231;&#227;o intramuscular de um vetor viral adeno-associado, exerce v&#225;rios efeitos preventivos sobre o remodelamento vascular proliferativo e inflamat&#243;rio na HP, tais como diminuindo o ac&#250;mulo de macr&#243;fagos, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular vascular, e os n&#237;veis de TGF-1 e IL-6 no tecido pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Por fim, j&#225; foi descrita a capacidade de o D-L modular a reposta inflamat&#243;ria no cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em concord&#226;ncia com nossos resultados, um estudo pr&#233;vio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> relatou que a inflama&#231;&#227;o esteve presente na evolu&#231;&#227;o da HP e os n&#237;veis de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios est&#227;o aumentados durante a progress&#227;o da fase aguda &#224; fase cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A IL-1&#946; &#233; uma das primeiras citocinas a se elevarem no modelo experimental de MCT em ratos, e ela est&#225; relacionada a arritmias atriais e ventriculares em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O D-L pode aliviar a les&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida por intoxica&#231;&#227;o por CCl<sub>4</sub> por meio de seu potencial antioxidante e anti-inflamat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup>Al&#233;m disso, as propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias do D-L foram demonstradas anteriormente por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o de NF-&#954;B dependente de redox e de outras citocinas presentes na cascata inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, outros estudos j&#225; relataram que o D-L modula a resposta inflamat&#243;ria do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, apresentamos, pela primeira vez, uma an&#225;lise mais espec&#237;fica e detalhada mostrando que a administra&#231;&#227;o in vivo de D-L &#233; capaz de modular especificamente o status inflamat&#243;rio do ventr&#237;culo direito, que &#233; afetado no remodelamento card&#237;aco induzido por HP-MCT.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que a administra&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> de D-L pode reduzir a forma&#231;&#227;o de fibrose tecidual no modelo de PH-MCT em ratos jovens, como resumido na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, o D-L restaura as mudan&#231;as eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, e aumenta a express&#227;o de citocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias. No geral, o D-L pode ser um promissor agente anti-inflamat&#243;rio contra a HP e a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Danilo Roman Campos &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o do Amparo &#224; pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP, projeto n&#250;mero 2021/05584-7 e 2020/14635-1). Danilo Roman Campos ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq, projeto n&#250;mero 304257/2020-6). Jorge Lucas Teixeira da Fonseca &#233; bolsista da FAPESP (# 2022/14133-1). Polyana Leal da Silva &#233; bolsista da FAPESP (# 2023/04603-03). Diego Jose Belato y Orts &#233; bolsista da FAPESP (# 2022/07256-0).</p>
    </ack>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
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        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240195i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity of D-Limonene in a Rat Model of Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension: Implications to the Heart Function</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira-Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Orts</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Jose Belato y</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1787-4535</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Polyana Leal da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Michael Ramon de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8972-749X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hermes</surname>
            <given-names>Hernan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prudencio</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2690-912X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Adolfo Lutz, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address: </label> Danilo Roman-Campos &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Botucatu, 862, ECB, 7&#186; andar. Postal Code 04023-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: drcampos@unifesp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity of D-Limonene in a Rat Model of Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension: Implications to the Heart Function</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Pulmonary hypertension causes inflammation in the heart and leads to structural and functional remodeling of the tissue. The natural compound D-Limonene administered in vivo attenuated inflammatory response in the heart of rats in the monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension model and improved cardiac function and structure.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> D-limonene (D-L) is the major monocyclic monoterpene in citrus plants with anti-inflammatory properties. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can cause right heart dysfunction and increases the risk of death, partially due to inflammatory response in the heart.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the possible protective effect of D-L on cardiac function in a rat model of monocrotaline-induced PH (MCT-PH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Electrocardiogram was monitored in vivo. Masson Trichrome technique was deployed to verify fibrosis in the heart. Contractility function of isolated atrial tissue was studied using organ bath chamber. Real-time quantitative PCR was applied to quantify inflammation in the right ventricle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The MCT-PH group showed electrical and structural heart remodeling, with the presence of fibrosis in the cardiac tissue and in vivo electrocardiographic changes. Treatment with D-L partially prevented the development of tissue fibrosis and the increase in P wave duration in the MCT-PH group. The contraction and relaxation velocity of isolated right and left atrium were accelerated in CTR and MCT-PH animals treated with D-L. Finally, D-L was able to prevent the abnormal expression of the key inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1-&#946;, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-&#945;) in the right ventricle of MCT-PH animals. D-L was able to enhance the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Our results showed that in vivo administration of D-L partially prevented the molecular, structural and functional remodeling of the heart in the MCT-PH model with attenuation of the inflammatory response in the heart.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Inflammatory Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Biological Products</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic and multifactorial disease, characterized by progressive pulmonary arterial bed remodeling, resulting in endothelial cell dysfunction, abnormal proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and the presence of inflammatory cells in the tunica adventitia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These changes together lead to an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and mean pulmonary arterial pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In more advanced stages of the PH, pressure overload in the right ventricle may occur, contributing to hypertrophy and dilation of the right heart and, eventually failure to maintain cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH (MCT-PH) in rats is the main preclinical model used in understanding the pathophysiology of human PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> MCT-PH recapitulates several right heart features observed in patients with compromised cardiac function secondary to PH, including electrical and structural remodeling of the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>During the time course of PH, injuries to the myocardium compromise the electrical conduction system, with a risk for the emergence of arrhythmias, both in humans<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and in the MCT-PH model in rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Previous studies suggested that apoptotic, oxidative and inflammatory pathways are important players in the pathogenesis of atrial and ventricular heart disease observed in the MCT-PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Despite significant advances in pharmacological therapies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and clinical management of the disease, the survivability of patients with PH remains low.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Therefore, it is important to develop new pharmacological therapies that aim to reduce electromechanical remodeling of the heart secondary to PH.</p>
        <p>The D-Limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene), or D-L, is a monocyclic monoterpene, predominantly found in oils extracted from the peel of citrus fruits, such as lemon, orange and mandarin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Studies have shown that D-L has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapeutic properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Furthermore, D-L was able to attenuate some morphological remodeling of the heart in the rat model of MCT-PH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> but the authors did not evaluate cardiac function or the possible cardioprotective mechanism involved. In this sense, we speculate that D-L could reduce cardiac tissue damage and altered heart function induced by MCT-PH.</p>
        <p>Thus, the objective of this study was to verify whether <italic>in vivo</italic> administration of D-L can reduce the inflammatory response in the heart and prevent the development of functional and structural remodeling of the cardiac tissue after administration of MCT in rats.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>All animal handling procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Use (CEUA) of the Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo (#5438060923). The rats weighing ~100g were obtained from the Center for Development of Experimental Models of Biology and Medicine (CEDEME) and housed in institutional animal care facilities on a 12-hour light/dark cycle with food and water <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental design</title>
          <p>The rats were randomly divided into four groups, as follows: 1) control group (CTR): the rats were treated with 1ml/Kg/day of corn oil (vehicle); 2) MCT group: rats received a single dose of MCT 50 mg/Kg (SIGMA Chemical Co. St. Louis, MO, USA), via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> 3) CTR+D-L: rats received 300 mg/Kg/day of D-L (SIGMA Chemical Co. St. Louis, MO. USA) diluted in corn oil; 4) MCT+D-L: after treatment with MCT (50mg/Kg, i.p.), rats received 300 mg/Kg/day of D-L diluted in corn oil. Vehicle and D-L treatments were administered orally (gavage) during 18 to 20 consecutive days, two days after MCT administration. To avoid interference with MCT metabolism, D-L treatment was started two days after MCT injection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experiments in isolated right and left atria</title>
          <p>The right and left atria were cut perpendicularly and mounted in a tank for isolated organs containing Tyrode&#8217;s solution (in mM): 140 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 1.8 CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 1.0 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 0.33 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 11 Dextrose and 5 HEPES that was continuously gasified with 99.9% O<sub>2</sub>. The ends of the atrial were suspended horizontally by stainless steel hooks and equilibrated under a resting tension of 0.5 gf (4.9 mN) for at least 40 minutes. Only the left atrium was subjected to electrical field stimulation (3 Hz, 100 V, 0.5 ms). Atrial contraction was normalized using OriginLab software.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histopathological examination</title>
          <p>The hearts were removed from the thoracic cavity and washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Afterwards they were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 hours, and then dehydrated in ethanol, cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were sectioned at 5 &#956;m thickness and deparaffinized by submersion in xylene, followed by rehydration with alcohol. The sections were stained with Masson Trichrome, according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. After staining, images were acquired using an optical microscope (Leica DM4000B; Leica Microsystems). The area of myocardial fibrosis was quantified using Image J software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Surface Electrocardiography</title>
          <p>The rats were sedated with 1.5-2.0% isoflurane (Isoforine&#174;, Crist&#225;lia). The electrocardiographic examination was performed on ECG-PC version 2.07 &#174;-TEB before the treatments were started and on the last day. The lead II electrocardiogram was used to calculate P wave duration, QRS complex, PR intervals, QT interval and heart rate. QT interval values were corrected using the Bazett formula QTc=QT/&#8730;RR. All ECG tracings were analyzed offline. For each trait, measurements were taken from an average of 1 min of ECG recording.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RNA extraction and Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis</title>
          <p>Total RNA was extracted from rat right ventricular tissue using TRIzol LS reagent (Life Technologies, Paisley, UK) and cDNA was synthesized using the GoScript Reverse Transcription System (Promega, D&#252;bendorf, Switzerland) according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. Four animals from each group (CTR, MCT, CTR + D-L and MCT + D-L) were used for analysis of the cellular expression of interleukin-1&#946; (IL-1&#946;), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;), and the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-&#946;) by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) using specific primers<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and GoTaq qPCR Master Mix kit (Promega). Relative gene expression was normalized to endogenous expression of &#946;-actin mRNA per each representative control.</p>
          <p>RT-qPCR was performed on an ABI 7500 Fast real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA) with the following conditions: initial denaturation (5 min 95&#176;C); denaturation by 40 cycles &#215; 15 sec 95&#176;C, 60 sec 60&#176;C primer annealing/elongation. The fluorescence was recorded during the annealing/elongation step in each cycle. We performed two technical replicates for each of the cytokines per group to evaluate the relative quantification (RQ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The RQ of a target gene in comparison with a reference gene was calculated according to the equation <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>RQ</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mi>Efficiency</mml:mi><mml:mi>target</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8710;</mml:mo><mml:mi>Ct</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>target</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>control</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>sample</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mi>Efficiency</mml:mi><mml:mi>reference</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8710;</mml:mo><mml:mi>Ct</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>reference</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>control</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>sample</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mfrac></mml:math></inline-formula>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All data are presented as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (S.E.M.). The normality of the dependent variable was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Comparisons between groups were performed using One-way or Two-way analysis of variance, and the multiple comparison Tukey post-test. The level of significance to reject the null hypothesis was p &lt;0.05. The number of animals was represented by (N). Data were analyzed in Excel &#174; (Microsoft, USA) and Origin 8.0<sup>&#174;</sup> (OriginLab, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In vivo D-L administration does not impede MCT-induced compromised body weight gain in young rats</p>
        <p>MCT administration causes changes in the body weight gain in rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Thus, the animals were weighted at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. An increase in body weight was observed in all groups at 20 days as compared with baseline (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>) (p&lt;0.05). However, at 20 days after MCT administration, the body weight of the MCT animals and the MCT+D-L animals were reduced compared to CTR and CTR+D-L, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Time course of body weight. Body weight was measured in control (CTR), monocrotaline (MCT), CTR + 300 mg/kg/day of D-limonene (D-L), and MCT treated animals + 300 mg/kg/day of D-L on day 0 and on day 20. Data are expressed as mean &#177; S.E.M.; p&lt;0.05, two way-ANOVA for repeated measurements followed by Tukey test, %comparing 0 days to 20 days within your respective control, *comparing CTR to MCT at 20 days, &amp;comparing CTR 300 mg D-L to MCT 300 mg D-L at 20 days; N=4-6.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Structural and electrical heart remodeling caused by MCT is partially prevented by D-L administration in young rats</title>
          <p>Structural remodeling of the heart is a marker of MCT-PH in rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Measurement of the weight of the heart, right ventricle, right atrium, left atrium, ratio between right ventricle and tibial length, and Fulton index showed significant increases in the MCT group when compared to the CTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 2A-2F</xref>). Also, the average weight of the left atrium and the Fulton index were higher in the MCT+D-L animals when compared to the CTR+D-L (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures 2D and 2F</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Morphological changes in the heart. Experimental groups are control (CTR), monocrotaline (MCT), CTR + 300 mg/kg/day of D-limonene (D-L), and MCT treated animals + 300 mg/kg/day of D-L. (A) Heart weight. (B) Right ventricle weight. (C) Right atrium weight. (D) Left atrium weight. (E) Normalized right ventricle weight by tibial length. (F) Fulton index. Data are expressed as mean &#177; S.E.M. p&lt;0.05, One Way-ANOVA followed by Tukey test *comparing CTR to MCT and &amp;comparing CTR+D-L to MCT + D-L. N=4-5.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>It is well documented that increased heart fibrosis is commonly found in MCT treated animals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Thus, histological analyses were performed and the results for the right and left ventricles are illustrated in (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>). The MCT animals displayed enhanced fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 3B and 3C</xref>) in both ventricles, while treatment with D-L attenuated fibrosis in both.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; D-limonene (D-L) attenuate fibrosis in the heart. Experimental groups are control (CTR), monocrotaline (MCT), CTR + 300 mg/kg/day of D-L, and MCT treated animals + 300 mg/kg/day of D-L on day 0 and on day 20. (A) representative section of the right ventricle and left ventricle. (B) Fibrosis in the right ventricle. (C) Fibrosis in the left ventricle. Data are expressed as mean &#177; S.E.M. p&lt;0.05, one way-ANOVA followed by Tukey test, @comparing MCT to all other groups.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Next, we explored the ECG profile of the animals, which is summarized in (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). In (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4A</xref>), i-iv show representative ECG tracings of the four experimental groups on day 20. As shown in (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4B</xref>), no changes in the heart rate, measured as the RR interval, nor in the QRS complex were observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4D</xref>). MCT administration caused increased P wave duration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4C</xref>), and <italic>in vivo</italic> D-L treatment prevented the phenotype (MCT+D-L group). Moreover, the QT interval increased in the MCT group when compared to the CTR group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4D</xref>), and <italic>in vivo</italic> D-L treatment did not prevent the lengthening in the QT interval.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Electrocardiographic changes. (A) Representative traces of electrocardiogram lead II for controls (CTR) (i), and monocrotaline (MCT) (ii), CTR + 300 mg/kg/day of D-limonene (D-L) (iii), and MCT treated animals + 300 mg/kg/day of D-L on day 0 and on day 20 (iv). (B) RR interval. (C) P wave duration. (D) QRS Complex. (E) QT interval. Data are expressed as mean &#177; S.E.M. p&lt;0.05, One Way-ANOVA followed by Tukey test, @comparing MCT to all groups, *comparing CTR to MCT and &amp; comparing CTR+D-L to MCT+D-L. N=4-5.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>D-L modulates left atrial and right atrial function</title>
          <p>Since D-L prevented the P wave remodeling we decided to explore the right atrial and left atrial mechanical function. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figures 5A-5E</xref> summarize our findings from the right atrial contraction experiments at spontaneous beating frequency. Representative traces of spontaneous contractions of the right atrium in all groups are shown in (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5A</xref>, (i-iv), and a superimposed and normalized contraction curve for all groups is shown in (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5A</xref>, v). Spontaneous beating frequency had a trend toward reduction in the MCT group compared to CTR (p=0.07). Interestingly, the frequency in the MCT was different from that in the MCT +D-L.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Right atrial (RA) contraction changes. (A) Representative traces of RA spontaneous contraction for the CTR (i), monocrotaline (MCT) (ii) treated animals, CTR administered 300 mg/kg/day of D-L (iii) and MCT administered 300 mg/kg/day of D-limonene (iv). Superimposed normalized traces for all experimental groups (v). (B) Beating frequency. (C) Peak amplitude. (D) Time to peak of contraction measured as the interval between 10 and 90% to development of contraction. (E) Time to relaxation measured as the interval between 10 and 90% to development of relaxation. Data are expressed as mean &#177; S.E.M. p&lt;0.05, One Way-ANOVA followed by Tukey test, #MCT compared with MCT+D-L, ++CTR compared with CTR+D-L; N=4.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>There was no difference in the peak amplitude when comparing CTR to MCT and CTR+D-L to MCT+D-L (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 5C</xref>). However, when comparing CTR to CTR+D-L a significant attenuation of peak amplitude was found (p&lt;0.05), and a similar trend, but not significant when comparing MCT to MCT+D-L. Also, right atrial tissue from MCT rats showed a non-significant trend towards a slower time to peak contraction when compared to CTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5D</xref>). On contrary, <italic>in vivo</italic> treatment with D-L caused a significant speeding (p&lt;0.05) in the time to peak and relaxation of right atrial contraction curves, when comparing CTR to CTR+D-L and MCT to MCT+D-L group. Also, the time to relaxation was slower in the MCT group when compared to the CTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5E</xref>).</p>
          <p>The spontaneous beating frequency of right atrial tissue was in the range of 3 Hz, thus we decided to further study the left atrial contraction properties using a pacing frequency of 3 Hz (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref>). A superimposed normalized curve is shown in (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6A</xref>) for all experimental groups. There was no difference in the peak amplitude among all groups, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6B</xref>). Interestingly, left atrial contraction in MCT rats showed faster time to peak contraction when compared to CTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6C</xref>), but no difference in the relaxation time was found, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6D</xref>). Also, the times to peak contraction and relaxation were not different between CTR+D-L and MCT+D-L. However, both time to contraction and time to relaxation were significantly faster in the CTR+D-L and in the MCT+D-L groups when compared to CTR and MCT, respectively, indicating that <italic>in vivo</italic> D-L administration modulates left atrial function.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Left atrial (LA) contraction changes. (A) Representative superimposed normalized traces of LA paced at 3 Hz for the controls (CTR), monocrotaline (MCT) treated animals, CTR administered 300 mg/kg/day of D-limonene (D-L) and MCT administered 300 mg/Kg/day of D-L. (B) Peak amplitude. (C) Time to peak of contraction measured as the interval between 10 and 90% to development of contraction. (D) Time to relaxation measured as the interval between 10 and 90% to development of relaxation. Data are expressed as mean &#177; S.E.M. p&lt;0.05, one Way-ANOVA followed by Tukey post-test, @comparing MCT to all other groups, #comparing MCT to MCT+D-L, ++comparing CTR to CTR+D-L, N=4|Z|.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>D-L display anti-inflammatory effect in MCT-PH rat model</title>
          <p>MCT is known to induce heart inflammation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> which may impact the function and structure of the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Thus, we decided to evaluate key inflammatory cytokines known to be altered in the course of MCT-PH in rats. The RT-qPCR analysis of the right ventricular tissue revealed that MCT group had a higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1&#946;, IL-6 and TNF-&#945;) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figures 7A-7C</xref>), in comparison to CTR, and treatment with D-L prevented the overexpression of all pro-inflammatory cytokines tested, restoring their normal expression levels when comparing to CTR group. On the contrary, the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-&#946; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figures 7D and 7E</xref>) was found attenuated in the MCT group when compared to CTR, CTR+D-L and MCT+D-L groups, and <italic>in vivo</italic> D-L administration improved their levels in the MCT-PH.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Effect of D-limonene (D-L) on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in right ventricular tissue of MCT-PH model rats. The mRNA (100 ng) expressions of IL-1&#946; (A), IL-6 (B), TNF-&#945; (C), IL-10 (D) and TGF-&#946; (G) were analyzed by real time-qPCR. The results are reported as the mean &#177; S.E.M. p&lt;0.05, One Way-ANOVA followed by Tukey post-test. @comparing MCT to all other groups, #comparing MCT to MCT+D-L, &amp;comparing CTR+D-L to MCT-D+L, ++ comparing CTR to CTR+D-L (N = 4 animals per group in duplicate).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240195-40195-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, the administration of MCT (50 mg/kg) in young rats caused severe structural, electrical and mechanical remodeling of the heart, assessed through histological, electrocardiographic and isolated atria contraction findings. This is consistent with previous studies using the MCT-PH model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Previous findings<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> described that <italic>in vivo</italic> D-L administration improved some fibrotic aspects of tissue remodeling in the MCT-PH model.</p>
        <p>In PH, damage to the small pulmonary arteries includes impairment of endothelial cells, artery spasm, fibrosis and occlusion, and inflammation is the major contributor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The vascular changes can lead to right ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> As the disease progress, abnormal contractility in the right side of the heart leads to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators in the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Thus, it is intuitive to assume that the administration of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules can improve cardiac function in PH. It is believed that inflammatory processes play a relevant role in human and experimental PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous research has shown that oral treatment with D-L (400 mg/Kg/day) for three consecutive weeks after MCT administration (60 mg/kg) reduced the structural remodeling of the heart, as assessed by the Fulton index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, there is a divergence in the results of the Fulton index observed in our study, which can be explained in part by: I) the animal strains were different between studies. Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats are known to have distinct responses to cardiovascular injury;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> II) Young rats and lower doses of MCT influence the course of heart remodeling in this experimental model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study we observed that D-L administration attenuated right ventricular weight normalized by tibial length, indicating that the unobserved reversal of the Fulton index may be due to a distinct effect on the right and left ventricle (septum). Furthermore, D-L attenuated the heart fibrosis observed in both the right and left ventricles, which contributes to the improvement of ventricular function <italic>in vivo</italic>.</p>
        <p>This is supported by the observation that the weight of the right atria, which is usually increased in this model, was reversed by D-L administration, but not the left atria weight gain. Remodeling of both, right and left atria contributes to atrial arrhythmia in this experimental model,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> thus D-L is beneficial in this regards. This aspect is further supported by the ECG analysis. Also, it was found that the significant remodeling observed in the QT interval was not reversed by D-L, suggesting that the monoterpene may have a unique ability to modulate distinct regions of the heart.</p>
        <p>Inflammation is an essential pathological process involved in heart remodeling in the MCT-PH rat model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Thus, we measured the expression of the main cytokines involved in the pathophysiology of heart diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Consistent with previous studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> we demonstrated that the expression level of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1&#946;, IL-6 and TNF-&#945;) is enhanced in the MCT group, while the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-&#946; are down-regulated. D-L displayed anti-inflammatory activity through restoring the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, increasing the level of IL-10 and restoring the TGF-&#946; expression.</p>
        <p>Il-10 is a versatile anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of the immune response, inflammation, vasculoprotective properties, and tissue remodeling. It is primarily produced by type-2 helper T (Th2) lymphocytes during inflammation, where it acts to suppress the production of several proinflammatory cytokines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> IL-10 has gained significant attention due to its ability to suppress inflammatory and proliferative vasculopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> IL-10 inhibits inflammation by decreasing the production of the inflammatory cytokines, thus exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, IL-10 activates signaling pathways that enhance the expression of anti-inflammatory genes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The pathological process of PH is characterized by abnormal serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Patients with PH often exhibit elevated baseline serum levels of IL-10, suggesting a protective anti-inflammatory response to the ongoing injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Therefore, IL-10 has become a focal point in potential therapies aimed at combating fibrosis linked to inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>IL-10 plays an indirect yet crucial role in limiting cardiac injury and fibrosis. Its signaling pathways, particularly through STAT3, promote the recruitment and retaining bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells at the site of heart injury, thereby influencing repair and regeneration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Much of the experimental data in the literature suggest a beneficial role for IL-10 in PH. For instance, in the MCT-PH rat model, intravenous administration of IL-10 via adenoviral vector significantly improved survival rates and reduced mean pulmonary artery pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Similarly, recombinant IL-10 administration improved ventricular function, reduced hypertrophic remodeling, attenuated cardiac fibrosis and proliferative vasculopathy, and lowered mortality rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Systemic expression of IL-10 also enhanced survival in MCT-PH rats, prevented the development of right ventricular hypertrophy, medial hypertrophy of the pulmonary artery, reduced macrophage accumulation, vascular cell proliferation, and lowered pulmonary tissue levels of TGF-&#946;1 and IL-6, which are critical in PH progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Consistent with previous studies using MCT-PH rat model, increased IL-10 induced by specific administration of IL-10 significantly inhibited the expression of IL-1&#946;, IL-6 and TNF-&#945; in the right ventricle, and attenuated fibrosis in both the right and left ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Overall, IL-10 modulates the dynamics of cytokine networks involved in PH-induced heart remodeling, potentially exerting its effects at various sites.</p>
        <p>Our results evidenced that D-L augmented the expression of IL-10 in right ventricular tissue. IL-10 can up-regulate endogenous anti-cytokines and down-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokine receptors, and shows potent anti-inflammatory properties, repressing the expression of IL-1&#946;, IL-6 and TNF-&#945; by activated macrophages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> A previous study has demonstrated that IL-10, delivered by an intramuscular injection of an adeno-associated virus vector, exerts multiple preventive effects on inflammatory and proliferative vascular remodeling in PH, such as reduced macrophage accumulation, vascular cell proliferation, and pulmonary tissue levels of TGF-1 and IL-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Lastly, D-L was already described to modulate inflammatory response in the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In line with our result, in a previous study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> it was found that inflammation covered almost the entire course of PH and inflammatory mediator levels are increased during the progression from acute and chronic inflammatory phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The IL-1&#946; is one of the first cytokines to be elevated in the course of the experimental MCT model in rats, and it has been shown to be related to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias observed in a range of heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
        <p>D-L can ameliorate cardiac injury induced by CCl<sub>4</sub> intoxication through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup>Moreover, D-L anti-inflammatory properties have previously been proven through the inhibition of redox-dependent NF-&#954;B and other downstream inflammatory cytokines which are key players in exhibition of inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In line with this concept, D-L was already described to modulate inflammatory response in the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> In our study, we provide for the first time a more specific and detailed analysis showing that <italic>in vivo</italic> D-L administration is able to specifically modulate the inflammatory status of the right ventricle, which is severely affected in the MCT-PH- induced heart remodeling.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Based on the findings, it can be concluded that <italic>in vivo</italic> administration of D-L can reduce the formation of tissue fibrosis in the MCT-PH model in young rats, as summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref>. Moreover, D-L restores electrocardiographic changes and increase the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Overall, D-L may be a promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent against PH and cardiac dysfunction.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgement</title>
        <p>Danilo Roman Campos to Funda&#231;&#227;o do Amparo &#224; pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP, project number 2021/05584-7 and 2020/14635-1). Danilo Roman Campos to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq, project number 304257/2020-6). Jorge Lucas Teixeira da Fonseca holds a fellowship from FAPESP (# 2022/14133-1). Polyana Leal da Silva holds a fellowship from FAPESP (# 2023/04603-03). Diego Jose Belato y Orts holds a fellowship from FAPESP (# 2022/07256-0).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (CEUA/UNIFESP) under the protocol number 5438060923. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by FAPESP, project numbers 2021/05584-7, 2020/14635-1 and CNPq, project number 304257/2020-6 and partially funded by FAPESP, project number 2023/04603-03 and 2022/07256-0.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
