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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4yQ9HpsHcPqpP9kfgzdHdLw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024001200701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240150</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Achado Raro: Caso de Angioma Card&#237;aco em Paciente Adulto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1819-5507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Conde</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quina-Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Braga</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Braga</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Braga, Braga &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>In&#234;s Conde</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Braga &#8211; R. das Comunidades Lus&#237;adas, 133. <postal-code>4710-243</postal-code>, Braga &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>inescmconde@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240150</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hemangioma</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Imagem Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As massas card&#237;acas abrangem um amplo espectro de etiologias, incluindo tumores prim&#225;rios, tanto benignos quanto malignos, tumores metast&#225;ticos e les&#245;es n&#227;o neopl&#225;sicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico diferencial das massas card&#237;acas &#233; desafiador devido &#224; sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, caracter&#237;sticas de imagem diversificada, heterogeneidade entre diferentes tipos de massa, experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica limitada e raridade de algumas dessas condi&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O presente caso cl&#237;nico apresenta um cen&#225;rio intrigante envolvendo uma massa card&#237;aca, que destaca as complexidades no seu diagn&#243;stico e manejo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 60 anos de idade, com hist&#243;rico de diabetes tipo 2 e dislipidemia, foi encaminhada ao Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia devido a quadro de dor tor&#225;cica opressiva e n&#227;o relacionada a esfor&#231;os nos &#250;ltimos meses. Ela n&#227;o apresentava outras queixas, como dispneia, edema perif&#233;rico, s&#237;ncope, palpita&#231;&#245;es, febre, perda de peso ou fadiga. Seu exame f&#237;sico era normal. O eletrocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) apresentava ritmo sinusal, sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. O exame de sangue mostrou hemoglobina, fun&#231;&#227;o renal e tireoidiana normais. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>) revelou c&#226;maras card&#237;acas de tamanho normal, espessura da parede ventricular normal e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular preservada. No &#225;trio direito, foi identificada uma massa arredondada, ecog&#234;nica e m&#243;vel, de etiologia incerta, aparentemente oriunda da v&#225;lvula de Eust&#225;quio, medindo aproximadamente 6 mm de di&#226;metro. Diante dessa constata&#231;&#227;o, novos testes foram solicitados. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>) mostrou, ao n&#237;vel da veia cava inferior, grande massa arredondada (25&#215;32 mm), pediculada, com bordas bem definidas e aspecto capsulado (bordas ecog&#234;nicas com interior s&#243;lido aparentemente hipoecog&#234;nico, comparado &#224;s paredes card&#237;acas). A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>) confirmou a presen&#231;a de massa m&#243;vel, bem delimitada, com 28&#215;15&#215;25 mm de tamanho, aparentemente oriunda da por&#231;&#227;o inferior da face direita do septo interatrial. A referida massa era isointensa em T1, isointensa em T2, sem perfus&#227;o nas imagens de primeira passagem e sem realce precoce ou tardio. Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de hipersinal nas imagens ponderadas em T2, esses achados poderiam ser compat&#237;veis com o diagn&#243;stico de mixoma, mas n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer um diagn&#243;stico definitivo. Ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o multidisciplinar, o paciente foi encaminhado para excis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da massa. A ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi bem-sucedida e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio transcorreu sem complica&#231;&#245;es. A an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica do tecido removido permitiu o diagn&#243;stico definitivo de angioma card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma mostrando ritmo sinusal sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240150-40150-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico PSAX ao n&#237;vel da valva a&#243;rtica (A) e apical 4 c&#226;maras (B; ampliado), evidenciando massa arredondada na aur&#237;cula direita, ecog&#234;nica, m&#243;vel, de etiologia duvidosa, com cerca de 6 mm de di&#226;metro, em poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o com a v&#225;lvula de Eust&#225;quio.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240150-40150-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, corte m&#233;dio esof&#225;gico bicaval e plano X (A) e (B), evidenciando, ao n&#237;vel da sa&#237;da da veia cava inferior, volumosa massa arredondada (25&#215;32 mm), pediculada, com limites bem definidos e aspecto capsulado (bordas ecog&#234;nicas com interior s&#243;lido aparentemente hipoecog&#234;nico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s paredes card&#237;acas).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240150-40150-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca revelando massa m&#243;vel na aur&#237;cula direita, bem delimitada (A), com 28 &#215; 15 &#215; 25 mm (B) de tamanho, aparentemente oriunda da por&#231;&#227;o inferior do septo interatrial. A referida massa era isointensa em T1 (C), isointensa em T2 (D), sem perfus&#227;o nas imagens de primeira passagem (E) e sem realce precoce ou tardio (F).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240150-40150-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica do tecido removido, estabelecendo o diagn&#243;stico de angioma card&#237;aco: (A) Les&#227;o angiomatosa de vasos ect&#225;sicos; o mioc&#225;rdio pode ser visto na periferia. (B) Vasos revestidos por c&#233;lulas endoteliais sem atipias.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240150-40150-gf05.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico diferencial das massas card&#237;acas apresenta desafios significativos devido &#224; diversidade de patologias que podem acometer o cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Sintomas comuns incluem dor tor&#225;cica, palpita&#231;&#245;es, dispneia e sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No entanto, alguns pacientes podem permanecer assintom&#225;ticos e a massa pode ser descoberta incidentalmente durante exames de imagem card&#237;acos solicitados por outros motivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre massas benignas e malignas, bem como a identifica&#231;&#227;o de tipos espec&#237;ficos de tumores, &#233; fundamental para o manejo adequado e obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados satisfat&#243;rios para o paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Embora as t&#233;cnicas de imagem, como ecocardiografia, RMC e tomografia computadorizada, desempenhem um papel crucial na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial das massas card&#237;acas, elas podem nem sempre garantir uma diferencia&#231;&#227;o definitiva entre les&#245;es benignas e malignas, ou tipos espec&#237;ficos de tumores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica de uma amostra de tecido, obtida por meio de ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou bi&#243;psia, desempenha um papel central na obten&#231;&#227;o de um diagn&#243;stico preciso, orientando as decis&#245;es de tratamento e otimizando o atendimento ao paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O angioma card&#237;aco, tamb&#233;m conhecido como hemangioma card&#237;aco, &#233; um tumor benigno raro que se origina nos vasos sangu&#237;neos do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Este tumor cresce lentamente e frequentemente regride espontaneamente durante a inf&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia exata e a distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria dos angiomas card&#237;acos n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidas devido &#224; sua raridade e &#224; limita&#231;&#227;o dos dados dispon&#237;veis. Contudo, diversos estudos e relatos de casos observaram maior incid&#234;ncia em crian&#231;as e lactentes. Devido &#224; sua raridade, existem poucos estudos dispon&#237;veis com foco espec&#237;fico em casos na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este tumor vascular raro pode ocorrer em qualquer camada do cora&#231;&#227;o, incluindo endoc&#225;rdio, mioc&#225;rdio ou peric&#225;rdio. Embora se pensasse anteriormente que o &#225;trio esquerdo era o local predominante para este tumor, evid&#234;ncias recentes indicam que n&#227;o h&#225; predile&#231;&#227;o por c&#226;mara espec&#237;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na RMC, os angiomas card&#237;acos geralmente aparecem como massas heterog&#234;neas com intensidade de sinal moderada a alta nas imagens ponderadas em T1 e alto sinal difuso nas imagens ponderadas em T2. O agente de contraste geralmente &#233; absorvido de forma desigual, com realce significativo durante a fase arterial, resultando em alta intensidade de sinal e realce prolongado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No caso apresentado aqui, os achados da RMC foram discordantes daqueles geralmente descritos nesse tipo de tumor. Considerando a idade avan&#231;ada do nosso paciente, pode-se sugerir que esta massa seja um angioma antigo, que gradualmente perdeu vasculariza&#231;&#227;o, o que explicaria a aus&#234;ncia de hipersinal nas imagens ponderadas em T2 e a falta de perfus&#227;o nas imagens de primeira passagem. Al&#233;m disso, a localiza&#231;&#227;o da massa favorecia mais a hip&#243;tese de mixoma em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros tumores, sendo nossa principal suspeita antes da excis&#227;o e dos resultados patol&#243;gicos, mesmo sem hipersinal evidente nas imagens ponderadas em T2.</p>
      <p>O manejo de pacientes requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar, frequentemente envolvendo cardiologistas, cirurgi&#245;es cardiotor&#225;cicos, radiologistas e patologistas. A experi&#234;ncia conjunta desses profissionais facilita decis&#245;es de tratamento bem fundamentadas, o planejamento da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e garante cuidado integral ao paciente. A ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; a principal modalidade de tratamento para angiomas card&#237;acos. O objetivo da cirurgia &#233; conseguir a excis&#227;o completa do tumor, preservando a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica e a abordagem dependem da localiza&#231;&#227;o, tamanho e extens&#227;o do angioma no cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os angiomas card&#237;acos s&#227;o tipicamente considerados tumores benignos, que geralmente apresentam progn&#243;stico mais favor&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o com os tumores malignos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A extens&#227;o da ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica desempenha um papel fundamental no progn&#243;stico dos angiomas card&#237;acos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A remo&#231;&#227;o completa do tumor normalmente est&#225; associada a um melhor progn&#243;stico, j&#225; que elimina o risco de recorr&#234;ncia e reduz o potencial de complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A ressec&#231;&#227;o incompleta ou tumor residual pode aumentar a probabilidade de recorr&#234;ncia ou exigir interven&#231;&#245;es adicionais.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de angiomas card&#237;acos, &#233; crucial realizar acompanhamento e vigil&#226;ncia regulares, incluindo avalia&#231;&#245;es peri&#243;dicas por imagem para monitorar sinais de recorr&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a residual da doen&#231;a, avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e detectar poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es. A frequ&#234;ncia e a dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento podem variar dependendo de caracter&#237;sticas individuais do paciente e do tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante observar que, devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de casos e &#224; raridade dos angiomas card&#237;acos, prever o progn&#243;stico para um paciente individual pode ser desafiador. O progn&#243;stico &#233; influenciado por diversos fatores, como as caracter&#237;sticas do tumor, o sucesso da remo&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e a aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es. Assim, um monitoramento rigoroso, acompanhamento regular e cuidados multidisciplinares envolvendo cardiologistas, cirurgi&#245;es cardiotor&#225;cicos e patologistas s&#227;o essenciais para garantir o manejo ideal e os resultados de longo prazo para pacientes com angiomas card&#237;acos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Devido &#224; sua raridade, as massas card&#237;acas frequentemente representam um desafio diagn&#243;stico na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Embora as t&#233;cnicas de imagem sejam fundamentais para o diagn&#243;stico de massas card&#237;acas, elas nem sempre proporcionam uma diferencia&#231;&#227;o definitiva entre les&#245;es benignas e malignas ou tipos espec&#237;ficos de tumores. Muitas vezes, a &#250;nica forma de estabelecer definitivamente um diagn&#243;stico &#233; por meio de an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica de uma amostra de tecido. Diagn&#243;stico definitivo como implica&#231;&#227;o importante no manejo e progn&#243;stico do paciente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Braga sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 200-2024. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tyebally</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhattacharyya</surname>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240150i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Rare Encounter: Case of Cardiac Angioma in an Adult Patient</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1819-5507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Conde</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quina-Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Braga</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Braga, Braga &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>In&#234;s Conde</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Braga &#8211; R. das Comunidades Lus&#237;adas, 133. <postal-code>4710-243</postal-code>, Braga &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>inescmconde@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hemangioma</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Imaging Techniques</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac masses encompass a wide spectrum of etiologies, including primary tumors, both benign and malignant, metastatic tumors, and non-neoplastic lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The differential diagnosis of cardiac masses is challenging due to overlapping clinical presentations, diverse imaging characteristics, heterogeneity among different mass types, limited clinical experience, and the rarity of some of these conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This clinical case presents an intriguing scenario involving a cardiac mass, highlighting the complexities in its diagnosis and management.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case presentation</title>
        <p>A 60-year-old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia was referred to a Cardiology Outpatient Clinic due to oppressive chest pain unrelated to exertion over the previous months. She had no further complaints, namely dyspnea, peripheral edema, syncope, palpitations, fever, weight loss or fatigue. Her physical examination was unremarkable. Her electrocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>) showed sinus rhythm with no further changes. Blood work showed normal hemoglobin, renal and thyroid function. A transthoracic echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>) revealed normally sized heart chambers, normal ventricular wall thickness and preserved biventricular systolic function. Within the right atrium, a rounded, echogenic, and mobile mass of uncertain etiology, apparently arising from the Eustachian valve, measuring approximately 6 mm in diameter, was identified. Given this finding, further testing was requested. A transesophageal echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>) showed, at the level of the inferior vena cava, a large, rounded mass (25&#215;32 mm), pediculated, with well-defined borders and capsulated aspect (echogenic borders with apparently hypoechogenic solid interior, compared to the cardiac walls). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>) confirmed the presence of a well-delimited, mobile mass, 28&#215;15&#215;25 mm in size, with apparent origin in the lower portion of the right face of the interatrial septum. This mass was isointense on T1, isointense on T2, without perfusion on first-pass images and early or late enhancement. In spite of the absence of a hyper signal in T2-weighted images, these findings could be compatible with the diagnosis of myxoma, but a definitive diagnosis could not be established. After a multidisciplinary discussion, the patient was referred for surgical excision of the mass. Surgical resection was successful and the post-operative period was unremarkable. Histopathological analysis of the removed tissue allowed for the definitive diagnosis of a cardiac angioma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Electrocardiogram showing sinus rhythm with no further changes.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240150-40150-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram PSAX at the level of the aortic valve (A) and apical 4 chambers (B; zoomed in), showing in the right auricle, in possible relation to the Eustachian valve, a rounded, echogenic, mobile mass of doubtful etiology, with about 6 mm in diameter.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240150-40150-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transesophageal echocardiogram mid-esophageal bicaval view and X-plane (A) and (B), showing, at the level of the outflow of the inferior vena cava, a voluminous rounded mass (25&#215;32 mm), pediculated, with well-defined borders and capsulated aspect (echogenic borders with apparently hypoechogenic solid interior in relation to the cardiac walls).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240150-40150-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance showing, in the right auricle, a well delimited, mobile mass (A), 28 &#215; 15 &#215; 25 mm in size (B), with apparent origin in the lower portion of the interatrial septum. This mass was isointense on T1 (C), isointense on T2 (D), without perfusion on first-pass images (E) and without early or late enhancement (F).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240150-40150-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histopathological analysis of the removed tissue establishing the diagnosis of cardiac angioma: (A) Angiomatous lesion of ectatic vessels; myocardium can be seen on the periphery. (B) Vessels lined by endothelial cells without atypia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-12-e20240150-40150-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The differential diagnosis of cardiac masses presents significant challenges due to the diverse range of pathologies that can affect the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Common symptoms include chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, and signs of heart failure. However, some patients may remain asymptomatic, and the mass may be incidentally discovered during cardiac imaging for other reasons.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Differentiating between benign and malignant masses, as well as identifying specific tumor types, is crucial for appropriate management and patient outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> While imaging techniques, such as echocardiography, CMR, and computerized tomography, play a crucial role in the initial evaluation of cardiac masses, they may not always provide definitive differentiation between benign and malignant lesions or specific tumor types.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Histopathological analysis of a tissue sample obtained through surgical resection or biopsy plays a pivotal role in achieving an accurate diagnosis, guiding treatment decisions, and optimizing patient care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac angioma, also known as cardiac hemangioma, is a rare benign tumor that originates from blood vessels in the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This tumor grows slowly and frequently regresses spontaneously during childhood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The exact prevalence and age distribution of cardiac angiomas are not well established due to their rarity and the limited data available. However, several studies and case reports have reported a higher incidence in children and infants. Due to its rarity, there is limited literature available specifically focusing on adult cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This rare vascular tumor can occur in any layer of the heart, including the endocardium, myocardium, or pericardium. While the left atrium was previously thought to be the predominant site for this tumor, recent evidence indicates that there is no specific chamber predilection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On CMR, cardiac angiomas typically appear as heterogeneous masses with moderate to high signal intensity on T1-weighted images and a diffuse high signal on T2-weighted images. The contrast agent is usually absorbed unevenly, with significant enhancement during the arterial phase, resulting in high signal intensity and prolonged enhancement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In our case, CMR findings were discordant with those usually described in this type of tumor. Given our patient's advanced age, it can be suggested that this mass was an ancient angioma that became progressively less vascularized, thus justifying the absence of hyper signal in T2-weighted images and lack of perfusion on first pass images. In addition, the location of the mass was more suggestive of a myxoma rather than another tumor, and this was our first hypothesis before the excision and pathological findings, even in the absence of hyper signal in T2-weighted images.</p>
        <p>Patient management requires a multidisciplinary team approach, typically involving collaboration among Cardiologists, Cardiothoracic Surgeons, Radiologists, and Pathologists. Their combined expertise helps in making informed treatment decisions, planning the surgical approach, and ensuring comprehensive patient care. Surgical resection is the primary treatment modality for cardiac angiomas. The goal of surgery is to achieve complete excision of the tumor while preserving cardiac function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The surgical technique and approach depend on the location, size, and extent of the angioma within the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac angiomas are typically considered benign tumors, which generally have a more favorable prognosis compared to malignant tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The extent of surgical resection plays a crucial role in the prognosis of cardiac angiomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Complete removal of the tumor is typically associated with a better prognosis, as it eliminates the risk of recurrence and reduces the potential for complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Incomplete resection or residual tumor may increase the likelihood of recurrence or require additional interventions.</p>
        <p>Regular follow-up and surveillance are important after surgical resection of cardiac angiomas. These include periodic imaging evaluations to monitor for signs of recurrence or residual disease, assess cardiac function, and detect potential complications. The frequency and duration of follow-up may vary depending on individual patient factors and the characteristics of the tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is important to note that due to the limited number of cases and the rarity of cardiac angiomas, predicting the prognosis for an individual patient can be challenging. Various factors, including tumor characteristics, the success of surgical resection, and the absence of complications influence the prognosis. Therefore, close monitoring, regular follow-up, and multidisciplinary care involving cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, and pathologists are crucial in ensuring optimal management and long-term outcomes for patients with cardiac angiomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Due to their rarity, cardiac masses often present a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice. Although imaging techniques are essential in the diagnosis of cardiac masses, they may not always provide definitive differentiation between benign and malignant lesions or specific tumor types. Often, the only way to definitively establish a diagnosis is through histopathological analysis of a tissue sample. Definitive diagnosis has important implications for the patient's management and prognosis.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Braga under the protocol number 200-2024. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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